ROOFING

BQS452 | GROUP 4 ROOFING

MUHAMMAD NUR ADDIN BIN AQILAH BINTI ADIB
MOHAMAD SALLEH 2021609884
2021454872

SYAKIR Al-AQiB BIN NOOR AZMI
2021888148

FATHIAH BINTI JUMAINI MUHAMMAD IZZAT BIN SULAIMAN

2021454654 2021823422

Table
of
Contents

01 Acknowledgement

02 What Is Roof?

03 Types of Roof Material For Pitch Roof

04 Roofing Material : Tiles , Pre-painted aluminium
& Bituminous Corrugated

05 Advantages and Disadvantages

Acknowledgement

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all
parties who gave us the opportunity to complete this
report. First of all, we are thankful to God because with
His permission, this handbook can be completed
successfully despite having to go through various tests
throughout the process.

Our sincere gratitude goes to highly respected lecturer
Madam Hazwani Binti Ramli, whose support and inspiring
suggestions, helped us organise our effort, particularly in
the drafting of this handbook. This appreciation is also
extended to both of our parents who have always given
moral support and prayed for our success.

Not to be forgotten is also a thank you to the members
of this group who provided a lot of cooperation,
interesting ideas and help to the group members in
need.Our efforts and hard work finally paid off after this
book was successfully completed.

2

WHAT
IS ROOF?

"The sky's the Over time, thicker branches and timbers
limit if you have were used to span roofs, and the spaces
a roof over your between them were filled with clay or
head" another material that was generally
impermeable. These materials allowed for
ROOF - serves as a building's top the construction of flat and gabled roofs.
layer of defence from weather The basic roof shapes of the dome and
extremes including wind, rain, and vault first emerged with the introduction of
snow. Flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, brick and cut stone for construction.
or combinations of these have all
been used to build roofs as required Sloping roofs and flat roofs are the two
by technical, economical, or primary forms of roofing. In the 19th
aesthetically pleasing factors. century, flat roofs gained popularity in
Europe and the Americas as new
The first roofs built by humans were waterproof roofing materials, the use of
probably thatched roofs made of structural steel, and concrete made them
straw, leaves, twigs, or reeds. These more useful. Warehouses, office buildings,
roofs were often pitched at an angle and other commercial buildings, as well as
to allow rainwater to run off them. A many residential structures, eventually
excellent illustration of this kind is adopted flat roofs as the most often used
the conical thatched roof, which is style.
still often found in rural Africa and
other places. Sloping roofs exist in a wide range of styles.
The lean-to, or shed, has just one slope,
making it the simplest. A gable, or pitched,
roof is one with two slopes that create a "A"
or triangle. Hip and gable roofs can also be
employed on houses with more intricate
floor plans. A gable roof style known as a
gambrel roof has two slopes, with the top
slope being less steep than the lower. The
mansard roof has two slopes on each side
since it is a hipped gambrel roof.

3

ROOFING PROPERTIES
HOME DESIGN
The architectural style of your property will influence some of your
roofing material choices. For instance, whereas tiles are better suited
for older-type homes, asphalt shingles are adaptable and go with
practically any architectural style.

ROOFING APPLICATION
When choosing your roofing material, consider whether it will be put on
a brand-new building, as a replacement roof, or as an addition to an
existing structure. With new roofs, you have more options since, unlike
with replacement roofs, you are not constrained by the current roof's
materials, the composition of the underlying roof structure, or the roof
pitch. Your material options are further limited by the additional
roofing, which must both operate and integrate in with the existing
structure.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
The correct roof may lower your energy costs and help you save
money. The heat from the sun is reflected away from the attic by some
materials, such as metal and asphalt shingles, as opposed to being
absorbed and transferred to the area below. Your air conditioner won't
have to work as hard to lower the temperature to a tolerable level if
your roof is cool. Your energy costs may be significantly impacted by
this.

CLIMATIC CONDITION
When choosing a roofing material, it’s important to take into account
local climate. For example, a sloping roof that can flow and withstand
the heavy rain. Trees higher than your roof and a humid coastal climate
is another factor since it can cause mould, mildew, moss, or algae to
grow on your roof and affect its performance. Materials like terracotta,
concrete and slate tiles, for instance, are ideal for hotter climates. If you
live in a colder area, you may want to choose materials that’ll trap heat,
such as slate, metal and asphalt shingles

4

ROOFING PROPERTIES

MAINTENANCE
What will it take to keep your roof maintained? How does routine
maintenance appear? Will it require annual painting or recoating? How
frequently will you require the services of a roofer? What is the price of
expert maintenance? When selecting a roofing material, keep all these care
considerations in mind.

WEIGHT
The structural stability of the roof may be impacted by the weight of the
materials on the roof. Instead, use materials that enhance rather than stress
your building's structural stability. Keep in mind that a structure begins to lose
strength as it ages. For houses constructed more than 40 years ago, it's
crucial to choose a lightweight roofing material, such as asphalt, to lessen the
total load on the structure.

COST
When choosing roofing materials, budget is a factor, just as with any home
repair job. Prices for various materials vary based on the brand, quality, and
cost of manufacture. It should come as no surprise that long-lasting, premium
roofing materials cost more than inferior one. It's crucial to keep in mind,
though, that just because a material is costly doesn't always indicate it will
last forever; it could merely be pricey due to its brand. To assist you in making
the material choice that best fits your demands and budget, speak with a
reputable roofing provider.

LONGEVITY
Remember to look at the lifespan. You must select the roofing material that
best achieves your objectives since different roofing materials have various
lifespans. Ask yourself if you plan to sell your home soon or stay in it. Choose
based on your interests and long-term goals. Roofs endure a lot of damage,
including sweltering heat, torrential rain, heavy snowfall, and powerful winds.
Selecting the proper material is crucial since they safeguard your house, its
residents, and their possessions. Take into account all of the aforementioned
variables to make an informed choice.

5

TYPES OF
MATERIAL
FOR PITCH
ROOF

Roof can increase the value of strong winds, and heavy rains.
the house to the most — so if
the materials used are suitable Despite being such a crucial
for the type of house. component of the building,
the roof is occasionally
The roof and the roofing ignored and underestimated,
materials are the most which forces property owners
important of all the key to often pay for repairs or
components of a building or replacement roofs. So, while
home. The roof of the building selecting a roofing material for
protects both living and non- your new or existing home or
living items within from structure, considerable
weather conditions including caution should be used.
rain and sunlight. Roofs must
withstand severe temperature
changes, prolonged UV
radiation exposure,

pn
6

TYPES OF MATERIAL

Here are some common types of home roof materials :

Sheets

Tiles Slate

Shingles Built-up
roofing

Metal
roof

7

ROOF COMPONENTS

Truss
Roof

8

JKR SPECIFICATION

According to Clause 1, Section G :

1.1 Unless otherwise specified, the
manufacturer's recommended pitch and laps
must be rigorously followed for each kind of
roof covering.
1.2 All roof covering components or
accessories, such as eaves, hips, ridges,
valleys, etc., must be made of the same
material as the overall covering unless
otherwise allowed.

11

ROOFING
MATERIALS

Interlocking concrete
tiles

Clay tiles

ROIOFLINEG S
12

ROOFING TILES

An Introduction There are many kinds of roof tiles available
and used in Malaysia. Below are the lists of
Tiles roof is one of the important types of roof tiles based on the specification
material that determines the guide provided by JKR :
aesthetical point of a building. The roof
tiles usually will be overlapped and Interlocking concrete tiles
securely attached to the batten on a Clay tiles
pitch roof. Bituminous Corrugated Roofing Tiles

There are many kinds of materials that This materials standard specification may be
can be used for various kinds of referred on JKR's guide, which is the
buildings that is suitable with the Standard Specification for Building Works
weather in Malaysia, depends on its 2014.
purposes. Usually the roof tiles will be
installed based on the guides given by
the supplier.

13

Interlocking
Concrete Tiles

Installation based
on JKR Specification

Clause : Section G, Clause 2
2.1

Laid on timber battens at 600mm spacing maximum, either
tightly nailed or screwed as recommended by supplier

2.2
Roofing tiles are laid to slope in accordance to the
supplier's recommendation and S.O's approval

2.3
Tiling fillers, 1:3 cement mortar is provided at the feet of
the rafters

Common Characteristics

Lifespan : minimum of 60 years
Can be laid from at least 15 degree angles up
to 90 degree angles
Low cost
Quick to be lay
Batten spacing may be from 300mm to
600mm maximum
Usually used for residency buildings,
extensions or refurbishments project

Maintenance

JKR Specification clearly states that the supplier shall provide
the accessories of roofing tiles together and laid to bond with
general roof tiles

Concrete materials is low maintenance, but do have a regular
inspection for the chips and bruises in the tiles as well as cleaning
the algae and debris.

14

Interlocking
Concrete Tiles

Advantages The Advantages and

Concrete is known for its strength and durability. Disadvantages
This means that it is very easy to clean without
the need for protective measures or regular Concrete roof tiles have been used for decades
maintenance. The best thing you have to do to as an alternative to more traditional materials
maintain a concrete roof is to clean it from time such as clay and slate. Concrete tiles are not
to time. always what you would expect, as many beautiful
historic homes have replicas of concrete that are
Furthermore, concrete is one of the more almost indistinguishable from the classic version.
environmentally friendly building materials Although, there are still have advantages and
because the elements present in the disadvantages for this type of tiles.
concrete mixture are not extracted by
contaminating manufacturing techniques Disadvantages
and materials.
For your information, concrete is one of the
If concrete roof tiles laid properly and with heaviest choices of material, which means it’s not
great care, it will have a long life. Concrete always easy to install them. The roof first needs
slabs can last over the decades, if not 100 to be reinforced in order to support the weight of
years, if they are of high quality. Concrete is the heavy concrete slabs. Compared to more
dense, durable and inherently fire resistant. lightweight choices, like fibreglass or felt, it takes
This is a great safety feature for any home more time and effort to transport the tiles too.
and means that the structure of your
property will remain intact in the event of a Concrete is also known to lose its aesthetic
fire. appeal fairly quickly. Concrete weathers
faster than comparable products and can
The variety of concrete is suitable for stain and crack faster than, for example,
different styles and colors. Regardless of the slate and clay bricks. This tendency can also
age of the property or the appearance that promote the growth of lichens and moss,
suits your personal style, you can which can cause long-term damage to the
customize the roof to achieve the beauty roof if left unchecked.
you want.
Concrete may be strong, but it is made of
composite material. This means that if you
drop, step on, or drop a concrete roof tile
from the roof, it is likely to shatter and be
irreparably damaged.

15

Clay
Tiles

Installation Based on JKR
Specification

Section G, Clause 3.1
Size of clay tiles should be 470mm x 284mm
pattern in accordance to BS402 and has no
cracks, chips and warps unless stated
otherwise in the drawings

Section G, Clause 3.2
Minimum headlap of 95mm when laid on
timber battens approved for roofing at
recommended spacing by supplier, nailed or
screwed with supplier's recommendation and
S.O's approval

Details Common Characteristics

To protect the surface of clay tiles, an extra layer Durable and lightweight
of underlay near the roof edge and in valley, Work well on roofs with slopes with
usually all decks are covered with two layers of minimum pitch of 20 degrees
No. 30 asphalts-impregnated roofing felt. A good underlay can help to quicken the
overlaying process of clay roofing tiles
To install the clay tiles, medium consistency
mortar is to be applied at the outer end of the Common Types of Clay Tiles
first ridge tile, packing it under the outer edge of
the tile to fill the gap between the tile and batten. Slate
Mortar also need to beq applied at the outer end Thin rectangular sections of rock
of the tile at the opposite end of the ridge and
where the ridge tiles meet at the center point of Plain Tiles
the ridge. Small rectangular sections of clay with a
smooth or sanded surface finish
According to JKR Specification Section G Clause
3.3, all roofing accessories shall be provided and Pantiles
bedded in 1:3 coloured cement mortar. A distinctive clay tiles with 'S' shaped profile

Roman Tiles
Similar to pantiles with a flat cross-section

16

Clay Tiles

The Advantages and Advantages

Disadvantages Clay tile roofs are extremely durable as they do
not weather as quickly as other roofing systems.
Clay tiles are most commonly made from There are still old tiled roofs of Italy and Greece
terracotta clay, known for its distinctive red color. that have survived for hundreds of years.
Clay tile roofs have been around for hundreds of
years, demonstrating that they can withstand the Due to its stone-like properties of clay. Clay
challenges of time. clay tiles are often covered bricks are extremely refractory. They fall into the
with a special glaze composed of chemical highest fire class, Fire Class A. If your house is
compounds such as silica, manganese, flux and near a wildfire, clay tiles will greatly help protect
aluminum oxide that can increase durability and your house from falling ash and embers and
change color. The unique style, color and prevent fires.
durability make clay tiles the best choice for
many homeowners. Clay tiles can be fragile, but they are also
more impact resistant. Clay roof tiles can be
Disadvantages manufactured to withstand the impact of a
2-inch hail, resulting in the highest impact
Clay tile roofs can be fragile. If you need to resistance of Class 4.
step into a tiled roof, you need to be careful
and know where to step to prevent the tiles Clay roof tiles are relatively easy to repair. If
from breaking or cracking. a tile breaks or cracks, you can easily
replace it without removing all other tiles. If
Clay roofs are very technical to install. They you need to repair the roof, it is advisable to
need to have the correct pattern and shape hire a specialist.
to match the roof. You also need to keep
water out. This often requires cutting the Clay tile roofs are versatile and can be used
tile to fit a particular shape or angle. It is for both commercial and residential roofs.
always best to hire a specialist, especially if There are also special roof tiles suitable for
you are not accustomed to installing clay dome-shaped roof structures.
tiles.

Clay roof tiles are a heavy roofing system.
You need to make sure that the roof frame
and structure are strong enough to support
this type of weight. If you have used asphalt
singles before and would like to try clay
bricks. The roof needs to be checked and
possibly rebuilt to support the extra weight.

17

ROOFING 18
MATERIALS


Pre-painted Aluminium

Bituminous Corrugated

SpHn REOOEFITNSG

MATERIAL DETAILS:
ROOFING SHEET

Introduction Roof sheets come in a variety of
styles and are widely utilised in
Malaysia. The following are lists of
roof sheet varieties based on JKR's
standard guide:

Building constructions employ Pre-painted Aluminium Roofing
Sheet
Bituminous Corrugated Roofing
Sheets

roofing sheets as their This materials standard

coverings. These are specification can be found in JKR's

dependable and simple to 2014 Standard Specification for

install. These require relatively Building Works.

little maintenance and are

rust-resistant. You must


decide which is ideal for your

specific situation

There are several types of

roofing sheets, and some are

more suitable for specific

projects than others. Having a

good roof's strength depends

on the materials you use. Due

to increased industrial use and

a shift to more modern

materials over more

traditional ones, the market

for roofing sheets has

changed.

19

Pre-painted

Aluminium Roofing

Sheet Common Types

Long span aluminium roofing sheets,
short span aluminium roofing sheets,
step tiles aluminium roofing, stone
coated aluminium roofing sheets,
painted corrugated metal roofing
sheets, and zinc aluminium roofing
sheets are the most popular types of
aluminium roofing sheets.

Common


Gauge Installation

JKR Specification Roofing Different
aluminium manufacture
sheet is means different
normally procedures used
gauged at for installation.
0.5-5.0 mm.

Location Examples

According to Clause 4, Section G: Aluminium roofing sheet is extensively
employed in a variety of uses :
Roofing Works
Industrial and civil building roof and
Location of aluminium roof sheet wall decorating
Warehouse, superior buildings, and a
being used must be stated. steel structure with a huge span
Airport and train station waiting
All the types, gauges and finishes of rooms, conference rooms, and the
opera house
aluminium roof sheet must refer to Shipbuilding
Sector of aircraft processing
the drawing Counter decoration for the goods
display
The installation procedures must

follow the manufacturer’s

recommendation firmly.

20

Advantages of Aluminium ALUMINIUM
Roofing Sheets ROOFING SHEETS

Aluminum roof sheets are becoming more and Advantages and Disadvantages
more popular among contractors and roof sheets That You Should Know
suppliers due to their unparalleled advantages.
Due to their high formability, it is easy for roof Disadvantages of Aluminium
sheets manufacturers to customize them and Roofing Sheets
provide roof panels that perfectly fit your needs.
Let's take a look at the various benefits of Aluminum is one of the types of metal roofs to
aluminum roofing membranes. These advantages choose from alongside steel and zinc. Not all metal
make it a favorite of both roof membrane roofs are the same. Different materials use
manufacturers and users. different characteristics and therefore different
levels of performance. In this post, we will analyze
Aluminum is durable, but a very lightweight the disadvantages of aluminum roof sheets
material that makes it easy to move from one
place to another. Handling of roofing membranes Aluminum is considered to be a much higher
at construction sites is also significantly easier. quality material than zinc and steel. This will
The weight is not very high, which greatly reduces increase the price of the metal roof market. The
the weight of the entire structure. is much more expensive to install because it is
more durable than roofing materials such as tiles
Aluminum has the highest strength-to-weight ratio and asphalt roofing boards. A well-trained roofer is
of most other metals. This property makes it an required, as the way it is built can change.
ideal material for aircraft construction. This unique
property of aluminum makes it very strong and, in The main problem with aluminum sheets and other
combination with its lightweight properties, makes types of metal roofs is that they can make noise
it one of the most suitable materials for roofs. when it rains. Each heavy raindrop is like a
drumstick hitting the batterhead of a drum.
Aluminum is corrosion resistant and is less likely to During a violent storm, they form a chaotic drum
corrode than other metals used in roofs. Aluminum symphony, which can be annoying to some people.
sheets can withstand highly corrosive
environments, making them ideal for use in The characteristic of aluminum is its malleability.
industrial areas and all other geographic locations. Malleability means that it is not cracked or
damaged and can be hammered to shape it. This
may sound like a good attribute of sheet aluminum,
but it may not be when it comes to protecting
your home from the elements.

A heavy object falls on an aluminum roof during a
violent storm. B. You can leave marks on the
branches and roof. The dents affect the aesthetic
appearance of the roof. Besides, it can also reduce
the efficiency of the roof water flow.

21

Bituminous Corrugated Roofing Sheets

JKR Specification

Regarding to Clause 8, Section G: Roofing Works
Clause 8.1 states that the bituminous corrugated roofing sheets must have
minimal requirements of:
Length = 2000 mm
Width = 950 mm
Cover width = 855 mm
Thickness = 3 mm
Weight of material = 3.3 kg/m2
Thermal resistance R- value = 0.04 mK/W
Thermal conductivity = 0.066 W/mk
Clause 8.2 states that Bituminous Corrugated Roofing Sheets must be laid at least
5° on spaced timber battens and firmly nailed/screwed as specified by the
manufacturer.
Clause 8.3 states, ridge capping, nails, and screws which matching the roofing
sheets must be provided. Ridges, verges, eaves, hips, valleys, side-wall and end-
wall detailing must be properly followed to the manufacturer guidelines.

Requirements

The dimensions of Installation Maintenance

bituminous corrugated Bituminous Corrugated Here are some dos and don'ts
Roofing Sheets must be
roofing sheets must at least installed at an angle of at for maintaining corrugated
least 5° on timber battens
2000mm x 950mm and at spacing (usually not roofing:
more than 600mm) and
3mm thickness. Its fastened by nails or screw. Ensure that your
Match the roof sheet with
covering should at least provided ridge capping, contractor is using the
nails, and screws. Follow
855mm. Its material must proper guidelines by the correct fasteners and
manufacturer for the
have minimal weight details of ridges, verges, installing them correctly.
eaves, hips, valleys, side-
which is 3.3kg/m2. wall and end-wall Check and replace faulty

Thermal resistant must screws and fasteners on a

0.04 mK/W or more. regular basis.

Thermal conductivity Check overlaps and seams.

should be 0.066 W/mk or Don't leave scrap metal on
a roof.
more. Make sure leaks are dealt
Immediately.

22

Bituminous Corrugated
Roofing Sheets

Advantages The Advantages and

Bitumen roofs offer several advantages Disadvantages
when used in a home or building. Unlike
other new types of roofs, bitumen roofs Bitumen roofing or modified bitumen roofing
have a very long and proven history and are is one of the longest-lasting and most
reliable and reliable. durable roods available. Modified bitumen is
a form of asphalt and it can be used in many
Bitumen roofs can easily last for over 20 ways when applied to the roof in both cooler
years. No matter how you apply the material and warmer temperatures. Eventhough this
to the roof, such as hot mop asphalt, self- roof has many benefits, but, there are
adhesive sheets, cold glue, the seams can disadvantages when using Bituminous
be fused to prevent leaks. Corrugated roofing sheets,

Another advantage of bitumen roofs is that Disadvantages
they are also very durable. Bitumen has a
very high tensile strength, so it is unlikely All roof types have some drawbacks, and
that the types of cracks commonly found on bitumen roofs are no exception. First, their
flat roofs and other types of membrane natural black color tends to absorb heat
roofs will occur. It is also highly rated for hail, rather than reflect it. Also, if the insulation is
fire and wind and is unlikely to be damaged not used properly, heat absorption can
by heavy storms. For bitumen roofs, the life cause a phenomenon called overheating of
of the roof is usually guaranteed by a very the building under the roof.
long manufacturer's warranty.
However, two- and three-tier bitumen roofs
are quite expensive and can be one of the
most expensive products for flat roofs.
Granules should be incorporated as an
important part of the installation process to
protect the roof from the sun. Without this
process, the temperature of the building will
continue to rise and can damage the roof.

Unfortunately, not all bitumen roof
installations contain granules. Finally, in
situations where the roof can hold a large
amount of water, or where pools of water
accumulate after a downpour, the bitumen
roof can deteriorate prematurely and age.

23

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opes,or%20a%20thin-set%20product%20to%20level%20the%20surface.

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roof-tiles.html

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roof-tiles
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pitched-roofs
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installation/#:~:text=Roofing%20sheets%20are%20used%20as,is%20appropri
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