TIMBER

TIMBER

BQS 452
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY II

Group Members

NURUL NADHIRAH SYAZWANI BINTI IBRAHIM

2021829354

NOR ADAWIYAH BINTI DZULKIFLI
2021454446

BALQIS SOFEA BINTI MOHD AZIAN
2021886468

WAN KHADIJAH BINTI MOHD NOH
2021822826

NURUL MAHIRAH BINTI SHARUDDIN
2O21886422

TABLE OF
CONTENT

Acknowledgment 1
General 2
Maintenance 3
Properties 6
Advantage&
Disadvantage 9
Usage for Door 13
Usage for Window 19
Conclusion 22
Reference 23

There are races in today's world that want to succeed. With a new chapter on
using timber in building, this manual project acts as a link between
understanding and learning. We would first and foremost like to express our
gratitude to the All-Powerful God, who has always led us to pursue the correct
course in life and provided us with the opportunity to finish this manual. This
manual would never exist without His grace. Then, we'd like to express our
gratitude to our parents for raising us with so much love and encouragement
to this point. The most essential point is that we truly thank our deserving
professor, Madam Hazwani Binti Ramli, and our cherished friends for leading us
through this guidebook. We are all grateful to each other for our gracious
attitudes and cooperation in successfully completing this guide.

1

GENERAL

The term "timber" refers to wood that has
been milled into planks and beams for
construction purposes. To put it simply,
timber is wood or fuel from trees that have
been grown. Timber may be defined as
any wood that can produce a minimum
dimensional size. Prepared wood for
construction and carpentry is also known
as timber. Structural purposes call for the
usage of timbers. Wood that is employed
in building and other technical sectors is
referred to as timber. Timbers are those
woods that may be used for construction
reasons. Standard timber dimensions are
provided to the industry for the supply of
finished wood. Buildings and furnishings
are both made from wood.

To make furniture, nothing beats
the usage of hardwoods like maple,
hickory, and oak. Beams and planks
are also widely produced using this
material. Growing trees are used to
make timber, which is a wood
species capable of producing a
dimension with a minimal amount
of thickness. Building a structure is
the most common usage for this
material. Building materials,
furniture, and a wide range of other
products all rely on wood, which is
in high demand.

2

MAINTENANCE

OF TIMBER

3

'' Timber window and door need to be
cleaned and maintained to prolong
their life and keep their original
aesthetic ''

CLEANING

To lightly clean it, use a soft cloth and water
with cleaning liquid or something like. This will
promote with the removal of dust, insects, and
other impurities that promote the growth of
algae and fungus.
Once completed, always rinse completely with
a mild detergent solution.
After washing window panes, take care to
never get glass cleaner on the timber frames.
If cleaning exterior timber, avoid fully wetting
the surface with a hosepipe.
Remember to clean the weather-seals and
trickle vents as well.

CHECKING FOR DAMAGE

If the surface has been worn away,
carefully remove the damages by
scraping away the affected area using an
appropriate tool or equipment, such as a
sandpaper . Ensure that all work is done in
the direction of the grain and that all dust
is removed from the finished timber
window or door.
Hence it is advised that the timber be
recoated with a fresh protective coating to
guarantee that the timber is resealed and
that additional damage from moisture or
severe weather is avoided.
If denibbing is necessary, lightly sand the
surface of the timber coating using a fine
grade hand pad (such as Scotch-BriteTM),
then apply a new layer of the original
coating to restore the surface quality to
new.

4

REFINISHING AND REPAINTING




WHEN TO REPAINTING? WHEN TO REFINISHING ?

It is advisable to apply two coats of recoating. Make sure you know what kind of finish your
Firstly, clean the timber wood has and how long it will last. It is never
Using a fine grade sandpaper , lightly scrape a good idea to wait until the coating has
down the current paint or varnish. This activity begun to deteriorate before taking action.
is not intended to remove the current coating, A three coat factory finish in opaque white
but rather to eliminate any oil or dust buildup, will normally last 5 to 6 years. However, if
resulting in a smoother surface. timber is applied in a severely exposed or
Remove any dust and dirt with a damp cloth coastal region, this time span may be
and allow the surface to dry completely. lowered.
Apply the paint or finish, being careful not to Translucent three coat factory stain
get any on the ironmongery or other treatments have a significantly lower
mechanical pieces. durability and will require repair sooner. In
Allow it to cure completely before applying a most cases, after 3 to 4 years.
second layer.

HINGES AND LOCKS

After all course, it's not only the wood in your
windows and doors that has to be cared for. The
following can also help the moving parts:

Lubricate door hinges with light oil on a regular

basis.

The locking device on the vertical frame of a

French door or casement window will benefit

from a little grease after installation and on a

regular basis. When necessary, use a tiny

amount of lubricating oil to smooth the

movement of the lock.

Door handles/plates - Use a soft cloth to clean

door handles or plates areas and avoid harsh

detergents. 5

PROPERTIES
OF TIMBER

6

PROPERTIES

Engineers utilize timber in a variety of ways, Grain and Texture
including in the construction industry. The phrases grain and texture are used in
Everywhere from big towers and bridges to describing the texture of wood. Grains are
doors and windows and home decor, timber commonly used to describe the relative sizes
constructions are used nowadays. Choosing and distributions of cells in the texture of the
a high-quality timber for building is now log, it is stated either as coarse grains or as
critical. Ensure the quality of timber before fine grains; this usage of grains is generally
utilizing it for a specific purpose. In order to equivalent to the strength of the wood. It is
guarantee quality, it is necessary to study the also used to denote the orientation of fibers
properties of timber. as in straight grains, spiral grains or interlock
grains. The texture is another phrase used to
describe the size of the cells in wood. Based
on the size of cells, it is considered to be even
textured or uneven textured wood.

Fire Resistance
Timber has an extremely poor fire-resistance
rating. Dense timber is the most fire-resistant
of all timber varieties, but only up to a certain
point. Moisture content, density, porosity, and
other characteristics all have a role in
determining the wood's thermal conductivity.

Sound
Timber has a sound velocity that is around 12
times greater than that of air. When hit, a
good piece of wood should generate a
distinct ringing sound. Many musical
instruments are built of wood for this same
reason: Wood that has been rotted emits an
indistinguishable sound.

7

Toughness 8
Toughness refers to a product's ability to
withstand jolts and jolts of energy. Wood should
be able to withstand rapid impact loads and
vibrations in order to be considered a good
material. The tight interlocking of the grains in
the structure of the wood increases its tensile
strength. For the handles of various tools and
car components, a strong and durable
hardwood is used.

Structure
A nice piece of wood has a consistent grain
structure. Timber should have solid, straight
fibers. To tell whether a tree is old enough for
use as a source of lumber, the rings of the tree's
yearly growth should be tightly spaced. Hard and
compact medullary rays are ideal. Trees can be
safely felled at any age between 50 and 100
years old.

Appearance
When newly sawn, a nice piece of wood should
have a lustrous look. Due to the presence of
resinous substance in the wood, the surface of
the wood appears shiny. The arrangement of
cells in the structure of wood determines its
appearance. If they are placed in a symmetrical
fashion, cutting will result in a uniform look. The
look of wood is harmed by fungus-caused flaws
such as blue stain, sap stain, and others.

Shrinkage and Swelling
Different plants have different amounts of
shrinkage and swelling. After drying, some yield a
larger percentage. When the timber's cell walls
begin to leak water, shrinkage begins to take
place. Timber expands as water is absorbed by
its cell walls in a damp environment. Swelling is
minimized in high-quality woods. In comparison
to thinner timbers, those with a thicker wall
expand more.

Durability
First and foremost, engineering materials must
be able to withstand the rigours of daily use.
Wood should be resistant to the effects of
chemical agents, biological agents, and physical
agents, among other factors. Strong acids and
alkalis will weaken wood, although it can survive
light acids and alkalis.

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF TIMBER.

9

ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER Durability and easy maintenance

The idea that if one tree is cut down, another will be Contrary to popular belief, a wood
grown in its place qualifies timber as a renewable frame is quite robust and lasting.
resource. The supply will remain stable as long as High-quality wood structures will
this equilibrium is upheld. survive as long as possible if they are
installed appropriately. In fact, some
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE varieties of wood and well-built
ADVANTAGES: timber constructions can live for
hundreds of years. Keeping it in good
Excellent insulation and energy working order is also a snap and
efficiency doesn't cost a lot of money. You may
fast and easily change its colour or
Timber products are fantastic because they add additional layer of strength!
naturally insulate. They assist manage the
temperature in your home by being installed on Natural material for ecology and
your windows, doors, and flooring. They have a
lower capacity for heat conduction since they are sustainability
inherently thermally insulating. As a result, they
use less energy for heating and cooling, Choosing a wood frame for your
increasing the overall energy efficiency of your
home. building project might make all the

difference. For starters, it is a renewable

building material that can be recycled

and maintained provided the residents

firmly adhere to ecological

conservation, such as growing more

trees. The second reason for using it is

that it's eco-friendly. Natural, non-toxic

materials don't release harmful

chemicals into the air, harm human

health, or harm the ecosystem. 10

DISADVANTAGES

Condensation Low level of fire resistance

Condensation is an issue that can If a fire starts, a timber-framed house
arise in any form of construction, but will not be able to survive the heat and
dealing with it can be incredibly flames as well as a brick or steel
challenging. Condensation happens construction. Although a timber-
when warm air from the inside comes framed house can be coated with fire
into contact with a cold wall that has retardants, this tends to reduce the
not been properly insulated. If this spread of flames on the surface while
happens to a timber-framed also reducing smoke production.
construction, the skeleton of the
building may decay.

Deterioration

The surface of wood can deteriorate if it is regularly exposed
to high and low temperatures, direct sunshine, and drying
and wetting cycles. It also deteriorates as a result of fungi,
termites, carpenter ants, and marine borers. To summarise,
engineers used to have access to raw wood items.
Nowadays, a wide range of natural wood items are
available. The necessity to improve the efficiency of wood
product use has resulted in the creation of engineering
wood products.

11

THE USES OF
TIMBER




12

13

A timber door is a significant component of The style of timber doors must vary as technology advances,
the façade; its form, colour, and texture are interior design trends change, and people's aesthetic
essential in completing the perfect ambiance preferences do as well. Aesthetic forms like contemporary
of a particular space. The usage of European composition and metallic sensation will undoubtedly catch
classics is still prevalent inside while the use on as trends. Modern aesthetic composition techniques often
of Chinese classical symbols is decreasing include progressive change, specificity, sequence, ultra-long
(such as colour painting, window leakage, proportions, etc. To create the contrast of metal sensation, a
Ruyi, and caisson) (Such as Baroque arch metal inlay is added to a timber door to create a difference
plus flat line symmetry symbol). This emblem in texture. In terms of colour, non-moderate hues like mixed
may be seen on the majority of wood doors oil and black walnut will continue to dominate the market in
now on the market, including early tata the next years, however some individuals may also embrace
goods. purple and cherry trees with a strong affinity.

When purchasing wood doors, you must first choose a
design and colour that complements the decor of your
space while also taking into account their lasting
attractiveness. It won't be worth the loss if you can't alter
the door after the décor has been up for a short while.
Generally speaking, timber doors are strongly tied to
furniture, wall paint, and window coverings in a house.
This is because the timber door is a part of the façade
functional adornment of the living room. The connection
to the floor is rather minimal. You may select a warmer
hue for the timber door in a warm living room
atmosphere, such as purple, cherry, teak, Sapele, etc.
When the living room is chilly, you should go for a lighter
timber door, such blended oil White, birch, and so on.

The colour of the furniture and the window covering should be as similar
as feasible, and the same goes for the timber doors ( Many of the current
set doors have matching window covers, skirting boards, and corner lines)
A matching contrast should exist for the same wall's hue. For instance, it is
advisable to colour the wall paint with white timber doors that have been
stained with oil. The space can only be layered in this fashion, and peace
will also give the space a very clean feeling. Although it is desirable to
avoid consistency, the colour of the ground should match the tone of the
timber door (such as cold and warm). Avoid having the ground become
disorganised next to the wall and reducing the room's feeling of space.
Darker black walnut, which may provide a more tranquil mood, is an
excellent option for big or sunny areas. There is nothing wrong with the
hue; it is gorgeous in and of itself.

WHAT

IS TIMBER DOOR

HOW AND

TO CHOOSE THE SUITABLE
ONE

14

TYPE OF TIMBER DOOR

PANELED DOOR WHAT IS
PANELLED
For a long time, panel doors have
been highly popular. Their name DOOR?
simply describes what they are,

which is a door made up of

multiple panels rather than a solid
piece of wood or other material.
Any of these panels will be
assembled to form the completed
door. A door can have a single
panel or many panels. Panel doors
are commonly used for external
doors. Panel doors are renowned
for their design as well as the fact
that they are more robust owing to
their construction. Paneled doors
come in a variety of styles,
including one panelled door, two
panelled door, three panelled
door, and four panelled door. We
recommended a single swing door
with a side hung double leaf 3
solid panel door for this timber
house. A double leaf door is made
up of two doors that meet in the
middle and open in the same
direction. Top rail, middle rail,
intermediate rail, bottom rail,
muntin rail, stile, and panel are the
main components of panelled
doors. Panelled door components
are typically between 100mm to
200mm wide and 38mm to 50mm
thick.

15

ADVANTAGES OF PANELLED DOOR

Hard And Strong DISADVANTAGES OF
PANELLED DOOR
Panelled door can be selected as a main
door for this house is because it can protect High Cost
the door from breaking since panelled doors
T usually use wood as their material. This panel door is very costly,
material does not damage easily. It's quite particularly when made from
improbable that they would break or split wood
because of how durable the material is and
how well it can sustain regular usage. Require more daily
cleaning
Friendly User
It requires expert cleaning
For example, panel doors are since it easily gathers dust.
simple to install and need little
to no upkeep. They may be 16
painted or polished as needed
after installation, and they are
usually waterproof after that.

Weather Proof

Bad weather and

temperature variations from

one time to the next may

easily harm the door, and

the usage of this panel door

can optimize the

architectural effect

TYPE OF TIMBER DOOR

FOLDING DOOR WHAT IS
FOLDING
Folding doors can be used
individually or as folding partitions DOOR?
to allow two rooms to be used as a

single room or separately

depending on the situation. They
are more common in rooms with
access to the yard, patios, and
verandahs. A folding door is made
up of many panels that may be
folded or unfolded to open or close
the door. This door is sometimes
known as a bi-fold door . However,
calling it a bi-fold door is
inaccurate because it normally
consists of two, four, or more
panels. Using the use of rollers, the
panels move down a track, and
the user may draw them back to
one side with a knob. There are
three kinds of folding doors which
are aluminium, wood and UPVC
(Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride).
Wood folding door is the best
option to be selected because it
shows a wonderful natural
appearance and will give some
impact to the appearance of the
house.

17

ADVANTAGES OF FOLDING DOOR DISADVANTAGES OF FOLDING
DOOR
Give A Nice View From Outside
High Cost
It can show a wide and great view from
outside, especially during sunrise and sunset. Installing across a greater
region might be costly
T Give An Aesthetic Look
Time Consuming
they have the ability to completely
change the appearance of an interior Opening the doors for rapid
area which can add the classic finish or frequent access in large
places might be time-
Leave A Lot Of Space consuming

The living space appears 18
brighter and more
spacious. Folding the door
frees up the area that a
regular door would have
taken up

Excellent ventilation and air movement

ventilation in the home should
be prioritised since it may
contribute to a productive day.
Due to inadequate aeration, a
conventional door might make
your rooms stuffy.

TIMBER
WINDOW

19

CASEMENT WHAT IS A
WINDOW TIMBER

Casement window frames are quite common and look CASEMENT
wonderful on both traditional and contemporary homes. WINDOW?
Casement windows, which are recognized for their

usefulness, are a very adaptable type of timber window

frame. Of all window kinds, these windows are without a
doubt the most practical. They have a contemporary
style, yet they also look well in older homes. One or more
hinges hold the casement window to the frame. The
windows are cranked away from the structure as part of
the opening process. This device can open automatically
but is often handled manually.
.

EASY MAINTENANCE

The way casement windows open makes it practical and
incredibly simple to clean the exterior window glass
from the inside. You may quickly fully open the window
frame and use a towel and warm water to clean both
the glass and the wooden frame.

HIGHLY EFFICIENT

The most energy-efficient casement window frames are
made of wood. There is no track allowing them to glide
up and down, in contrast to other frame kinds like sash.
When fully closed and latched, this offers a considerably
tighter seal, which greatly lessens heat and cold
transfer.

GREAT VENTILATION

Particularly when they are completely opened, timber
casement window frames offer great ventilation as the
frame and glass gently push fresh air through the open
area. Additionally, the way the frames are hinged gives
you discretion over how much you want them to open
from just a tiny gap to completely wide.

20

SLIDING
WINDOW

The Window Exchange sliding window is simple to use
and has big expanses of glass that let in lots of light and
fresh air with only a movement of the sash. It also has
sleek, modern designs. The sliding window is a
dependable, historically low-maintenance design that has
developed into a modern window that complements most
architectural types. When big, clean-opening sashes are
required, like in servery scenarios, sliding windows are
the best option. They may be quickly connected to sliding
and fixed window units.

Long-life hardware

Due to the small number of moving components and the
movable sash sliding down a sturdy aluminium track,
operation is smooth and requires little maintenance.

Strong and secure design

Stegbar timber sliding windows have interlocking sashes
for greater window strength and are completely weather
sealed around the frame to reduce draughts, dust, and
water penetration.

Sustainably sourced timber

To make sure we utilise every component of this
exquisite work of nature, our timber is responsibly
sourced, and if it's an option, we prefer engineered
timber solutions.

WHAT IS A
TIMBER
SLIDING

WINDOW?






21

Conclusion

Timber is an extremely versatile

material. Timber is used in construction

because of its fire resistance, good

structural characteristics, insulating

properties, and affordability. It is one of

our oldest building materials, naturally

forming long slender elements ideal for

framing. Recent advancements in

processing and technology have

resulted in timber products with a wide

range of applications. Timber begins to

compete with steel and concrete as

wooden technologies overcome

constraints.

22

REFERENCES

Advantages and Disadvantages of Timber in Structures. (2019, May 31). Martin Perry
Associates. Retrieved June 30, 2022, from

https://mperryassociates.com/blog/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-timber-in-
structures/



Anupoju, S. (2019, July 28). Characteristics of Good Timber. The Constructor.
Retrieved June 30, 2022, from https://theconstructor.org/building/building-
material/characteristics-good-timber/35288/



Desai, J. (2019, November 7). What are the Use, Advantages & Disadvantages of
Timber for House Construction? Gharpedia. Retrieved June 30, 2022, from
https://gharpedia.com/blog/timber-use-advantages-disadvantages/



Desai, M. (2016, June 4). Advantages and Disadvantages of Panel Door. Gharpedia.
Retrieved June 30, 2022, from https://gharpedia.com/blog/advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-panel-door/



Diffey, N. (2019, March 22). How to Clean and Maintain Timber Doors and Windows.
Salisbury Joinery. Retrieved June 30, 2022, from

https://www.salisburyjoinery.com/blog/how-to-clean-maintain-timber-doors-windows



Large, D. (2018, December 14). A Guide to Different Styles of Timber Windows.
Crown Windows. Retrieved June 30, 2022, from

https://www.crownwindows.co.uk/news/2018/12/a-guide-to-different-styles-of-timber-
windows



What is a Bifold Door? Pros and Cons of a Bifold Door Design. (2021, February 26).
South Coast Windows. Retrieved June 30, 2022, from

https://www.southcoastwindows.co.uk/blog/what-is-a-bifold-door/


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