CHAPTER 6 : CARBONYL COMPOUNDS |CHEMISTRY UNIT KMKt 2021/2022
4. Ketones are formed by oxidation of
A. primary alcohols
B. secondary alcohol
C. tertiary alcohol
D. amines
5. An aqueous solution of silver nitrate in excess ammonia called
A. Schiff reagent
B. Tollen's reagent
C. Fehling's solution
D. both A and B
6. An excess of 2-propanol can be oxidised to propanone using a hot solution of potassium
permanganate (VII). Which of the following reagents can be used to confirm that oxidation
has taken place?
A. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
B. Diaminesilver ion complex, Ag(NH3)2+
C. Iodine in aqueous hydroxide solution
D. Cu2+ tartarate complex
7. Propanone differs from propanal in its reaction with
A. hydroxylamine
B. aqueous silver nitrate with aqueous ammonia
C. potassium cyanide in alcohol
D. aqueous sodium bisulphite
8. When X (C4H10O) is oxidised, Y (C4H8O) will form. Y gives a yellow precipitate when
heated with hot alkaline iodine. Each X and Y is
X Y
A. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CHO
B. (CH3)2CHCH2OH CH3COCH2CH3
C. CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 CH3CH2COCH3
D. CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CHO
9. A compound Q has the following properties.
• It gives a positive triiodomethane test
• It gives a silver mirror with Tollen’s reagent.
Q could be B. CH3CHO
A. CH3CH2CHO D. CHO
C. COCH3
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10. OH
CH3 C CN
CH3
The above cyanohydrin compound can be prepared by the reaction between
A. CH3COCH3 and KCN/H3O+
B. CH3CH(OH)CH3 and HCN
C. CH3COCH3 and HCN
D. CH3CH2CHO and KCN/H+
Revised by:
Melani Sari Binti Wan Ismail
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CHAPTER 7: CARBOXYLIC ACID | CHEMISTRY UNIT KMKt 2021/2022
CHAPTER 7: CARBOXYLIC ACID
GENERAL OVERVIEW
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7.1 STRUCTURES OF CARBOXYLIC ACID
● Carboxylic acid is an organic compound contain COOH group attached
directly to alkyl or aryl groups.
● General formula of carboxylic acid is R-COOH or Ar-COOH.
O
● R-COOH also can be writen as R-CO2H or R C OH (R= alkyl, aryl or H)
● The molecular formula of carboxylic acid is CnH2nO2 or CnH2n+1COOH.
● Some example of carboxylic acid in our daily life:
CARBOXYLIC ACID EXAMPLE
Ethanoic acid Vinegar
Methanoic acid Preservative/antibacterial agent
Stearic acid, C17H35COOH Soap/shampoo
7.2 NOMENCLATURE
1. Simple carboxylic acid (contain C1 to C6 attached to COOH) have common
name that are more widely used than their IUPAC names as shown in
TABLE 1.
NO OF FORMULA IUPAC NAME COMMON
NAME
CARBONS
*Formic acid
1 HCOOH Methanoic
*Acetic acid
acid Propionic acid
2 CH3COOH Ethanoic acid Butyric acid
Valeric acid
3 CH3CH2COOH Propanoic
Caproic acid
acid
4 CH3CH2CH2COOH Butanoic acid
5 CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH Pentanoic
acid
6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COO Hexanoic acid
H
*simple carboxylic acid limited to C1 until C10 only.
*included in our syllabus.
TABLE 1
● For Straight chain (unbranched) carboxylic acid:
● IUPAC names of carboxylic acid have the –oic acid suffix.
(* A suffix is a letter/group of letter added at the end of the word which
makes a new word).
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EXAMPLE 1:
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE IUPAC NAME
FORMULA FORMULA
Propanoic acid
(CnH2n+1COOH) CH3CH2COOH Pentanoic acid
C2H5COOH CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH Hexanoic acid
C4H9COOH Octanoic acid
C5H11COOH CH3(CH2)4COOH Nonanoic acid
C7H15COOH CH3(CH2)6COOH
C8H17COOH CH3(CH2)7COOH
● For aromatic carboxylic acid, Ar-COOH:
● The parent name is benzoic acid.
EXAMPLE 2:
O OH
Cl COOH
4-chlorobenzoic acid OH
or
3-hydroxybenzoic acid
p-chlorobenzoic acid or
O OH m-hydroxybenzoic acid
NO2 O OH
H3C
2-nitrobenzoic acid
or 2-methylbenzoic acid
or
o-nitrobenzoic acid
o-methylbenzoic acid
2. To name carboxylic acid according to International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC system, follow the steps below:
● Count the longest continuous carbon chain and must contain the COOH.
● The chain is numbered starting from the COOH carbon atom as C1.
● Name the compound as alkane, drop ‘e’ in alkane and add suffix ‘oic acid’
(eg: methane changed to methanoic acid)
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EXAMPLE 3:
CH3 H3C O
CH3-CH-COOH
CH3 OH
3 21 65 4 3 2 1
2-methylpropanoic acid 5-methylhexanoic acid
3. If the longest continuous chain contain more than one substituent with
same group/functional groups, use ‘di’, ‘tri’ and ‘tetra’ prefix together with
respective position number. (*prefix is a word, letter, or number placed
before another).
EXAMPLE 4:
CH3CH3 NO2NO2 NO2
H3C-CH2-CH-CH-CH2-CH-COOH
H3C-CH-CH-COOH
76 5 4 3 2 1
43 2 1 2,4,5-trinitroheptanoic acid
2,3-dimethylbutanoic acid
4. If the longest continuous chain contain more than one substituent with
different groups/functional groups, alphabetical order is applied.
(*alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed
in order based on the position of the characters in the
conventional ordering of an alphabet; a, b, c, d, e, f, g........x,y,z).
EXAMPLE 5:
Br CH3 O H3C NH3OH
H3C-CH-CH-CH-COOH
CH3 CHCHCH2 C OH
5 432 1 54 3 2 1
4-bromo-3-methylpentanoic acid 3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic
not acid
3-methyl-4-bromopentanoic acid
5. If two carboxyl groups are present, add – dioic acid to the name of parent
alkane; alkanedioic acid.
EXAMPLE 6:
HOOC-CH2-COOH HOOC-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH
Propanedioic acid 12 3 4
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid
not
3-hydroxybutanedioic acid
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CHAPTER 7: CARBOXYLIC ACID | CHEMISTRY UNIT KMKt 2021/2022
6. If carboxyl group come together with OTHER functional groups, give priority
to COOH group and other functional group treated as substituent group.
EXAMPLE 7:
CH3 O
HO CH CH2 CH2 CH2 C OH H3C-CH(NH3)-CH2-COOH
5-hydroxyhexanoic acid 3-aminobutanoic acid
7. Carboxylic acid with double bonding are named as x–alkenoic acid.
(*x = position of double bond).
EXAMPLE 8: H3C-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-COOH
76 5 4 3 2 1
O CH3
4-heptenoic acid
HO C CH2 CH CH CH CH3
12 3 4 5 6
5-methyl-3-hexenoic acid
8. Suffix “cis” and “trans” also can be applied in naming carboxylic acid.
EXAMPLE 9:
O OH O
O OH
H3C OH
HO CH3 HH
cis-2-butenedioic acid
O
trans-2,3-dimethylbutenedioic acid
9. A cyclic carboxylic acid is named as:
(i) cycloalkane carboxylic acid
(ii) cycloalkene carboxylic acid
The C atom which is attached to –COOH is numbered as C1.
EXAMPLE 10: COOH
1 1
COOH 62
cyclopentanecarboxylic acid 5 3
4
CH3
3-methyl-2-cyclohexenecarboxylic acid
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CHAPTER 7: CARBOXYLIC ACID | CHEMISTRY UNIT KMKt 2021/2022
10. A cyclic dicarboxylic acid is named as:
(i) 1,x – cycloalkanedicarboxylic acid
(ii) 1,x – cycloalkenedicarboxylic acid
EXAMPLE 11:
COOH
COOH 4-chloro-1,2-cyclohexenedicarboxylic acid
1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid
11. An aromatic carboxylic acid is the situation when R is an aryl group (Ar-
COOH). The parent name is benzoic acid, and the COOH is always
designated as C1.
EXAMPLE 12:
3 CH3
4 1 2 COOH
Cl COOH 31
56 4 6
4-chlorobenzoic acid NH3 5
or 4-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid
p-chlorobenzoic acid
12. An aromatic dicarboxylic acid is named as 1,x-benzenedicarboxylic acid.
EXAMPLE 13:
HOOC 3 2 HOOC 3
4 1
5 CH3
COOH 6
CH CH3
56
1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 2
1 COOH
2-isopropyl-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid
EXERCISE 1:
Give IUPAC name for the following compounds:
1. Br-CH2COOH
2.
OH OH
O
O
NH2 OH
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CHAPTER 7: CARBOXYLIC ACID | CHEMISTRY UNIT KMKt 2021/2022
3.
O OH
OH
Cl
7.3: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
(a) (i) Boiling point of carboxylic acid within successive members.
● The boiling point of carboxylic acid is increase as the number of carbon
increase (increasing molecular weight).
● The number of carbon increase, means Van der Waals also forces also
increase.
● More energy is needed to overcome the stronger Van der Waals forces.
● Thus, boiling point increase.
EXAMPLE 1:
MOLECULE NO OF Mr (g/mole) BOILING POINT
CARBONS (°C)
Ethanoic acid 60 117.9
Propanoic acid 2 75 141
Butanoic acid 3 88 164
Pentanoic acid 4 102 186
5
(a) (ii) Boiling point of carboxylic acid with alcohols.
● The boiling point of carboxylic acid is higher than alcohols.
● It is due to carboxylic acids molecule are arranged closely packed, as stable
dimers.
● Thus, more energy is needed to overcome the strong hydrogen bonding
produced in dimers.
Hydrogen bond
●
Hydrogen bond
Dimerisation of Carboxylic Acid
*Dimer is a molecule composed of two identical simpler molecules (monomers).
**Dimerisation is an addition reaction in which two molecules of the same
compound react with each other.
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CHAPTER 7: CARBOXYLIC ACID | CHEMISTRY UNIT KMKt 2021/2022
EXAMPLE 2:
Why ethanoic acid (118°C) have high boiling point compare to ethanol (78°C)?
● Ethanol have hydrogen bond between their molecules.
H
H3C-CH2-OH O-CH2-CH3
Hydrogen bond
● Boiling point of ethanoic acid is higher than ethanol because it exists as
stable dimers through hydrogen bonding.
O HO CH3
O
H3C
OH
Hydrogen bond
(b) Solubility of carboxylic acid in water.
● Carboxylic acids are soluble in water due to the formation of hydrogen bond
between the water molecules and carboxylic acid molecules.
H
O H-O
H-O
R-
OH
H
Hydrogen bond
● The solubility of carboxylic acid in water is almost the same as alcohol.
● Simple carboxylic (C1-C5) are completely soluble in water.
● Aliphatic carboxylic acids with C > 5 are insoluble in water. As the length of
the hydrocarbon chain increases, hydrophobic area increase, hydrogen
bonding with water molecule hardly formed thus the solubility of the acid in
water decreases.
●
Hydrophobic area Hydrophilic area
(the fear of water) (having a tendency to mix
with water or to dissolve in
water)
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CHAPTER 7: CARBOXYLIC ACID | CHEMISTRY UNIT KMKt 2021/2022
● Aromatic carboxylic acids are slightly soluble in water due to the huge
aromatic ring (large hydrophobic area).
large hydrophobic area
Cl COOH
● Dicarboxylic acids are relatively more soluble since more hydrogen bonds
can be formed with water molecules.
Hydrogen bond
EXERCISE 2:
(i) Why heptanoic acid is less soluble than butanoic acid in water? Explain.
(ii) Why cyclohexane carboxylic acid is more soluble than benzoic acid in
water? Explain.
(iii) Why propanedicarboxylic acid is more soluble than propanoic acid in
water? Explain.
7.4: PREPARATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
(a) Preparation of carboxylic acids through oxidation of primary alcohols and
aldehydes.
H PCC R R O
CH2Cl2 C strong oxidizing agent
R C OH OC
H H HO
1o alcohol carboxylic acid
aldehyde
(PCC is mild oxidizing agent)
Strong Oxidizing agent 157 | Page
(1° alcohol will directly produce carboxylic acid)
KMnO4/H3O+, or K2Cr2O7/H3O+, or Na2Cr2O7/H3O+, or
KMnO4, H+, or K2Cr2O7/H3O+, heat or i)Na2Cr2O7/OH-, ii)H3O+,
CHAPTER 7: CARBOXYLIC ACID | CHEMISTRY UNIT KMKt 2021/2022
EXAMPLE 1: KMnO4 ,H+, H3C
C
H O
H3C C OH HO
H
carboxylic acid
1o alcohol
H3C Na2Cr2O7,H3O+ H3C
C C
O O
H HO
aldehyde carboxylic acid
EXERCISE 1:
Identify the missing compound.
KMnO4, H+ O
Δ C OH
?
(i)
Na2Cr2O7, H+ ?
(ii) CH3(CH2)6CH2OH
7.5: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
(a) (i) Reaction with Group 1 and 2 metals (electropositive metals) such as Na,
K, Ca and Mg.
● General equation:
OO
R C OH + M R C O-M+ + H2
(metal)
● Air bubbles of hydrogen gas produced.
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EXAMPLE 1: CHAPTER 7: CARBOXYLIC ACID | CHEMISTRY UNIT KMKt 2021/2022
+ H2 (air bubbles)
(a) (ii) Neutralisation with a base.
• Carboxylic acids are acidic, it can react with base such as NaOH (aq) to give
metal carboxylate salts.
• General equation:
+ NaOH + H2O
Na+
EXAMPLE 2: O
C O- Na+
O
C OH + H2O
+ NaOH sodium benzoate
benzoic acid
O NaHCO3 O
CH3 CH2 C OH
Propanoic acid +@ CH3 CH2 C O- Na+ + CO2 + H2O
Na2CO3 Sodium Propanoate
(a) iii) Esterification
● Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of mineral acid catalyst
to produce esters.
● Together with heating process symbol,
● General equation:
+ R’-OH + H2O
Carboxylic acid alcohol
ester water
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CHAPTER 7: CARBOXYLIC ACID | CHEMISTRY UNIT KMKt 2021/2022
EXAMPLE 6:
O + H2O
Propanoic acid ethanol CH3 CH2 C OCH2 CH3
Ethyl propanoate
EXERCISE 4:
Draw the organic products formed in each reaction.
(a) 2CH3COOH + Mg
O
(b)
–C–O–H + KOH
+CH3CH(CH3)COOH OH
H2SO4
(c)
Δ
Prepared by: Revised by:
Kasbah Bin Andi Dahran @ Asmad Siti Fatimah Binti Md Sollhi
160 | Page
TUTORIAL CHAPTER 7: CARBOXYLIC ACID |CHEMISTRY UNIT KMKt 2021/2022
1. (a) Give the general formula of carboxylic acids.
(b) What is the name of functional group for carboxylic acids?
2. Name the following compounds according to the IUPAC nomenclature
i) HCO2H
ii) O
OH
iii) CH2(COOH)2
iv) CH2 CH3 O
CHCH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C OH
v)
vi) CH2CH3
CH3 CHCH2 C OH
O
vii)
3. Draw the structural formula for each of the following compounds.
i) 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethanoic acid
ii) 2-chlorobutanedioic acid
iii) o-hydroxybenzoic acid
4. Which compound has higher boiling point, CH3CH2COOH or CH3CH2CH2COOH?
Explain.
5. Which compound has higher boiling point, butanoic acid or 1-butanol? Explain.
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6. Which compound is more soluble in water, CH3CH2COOH or CH3(CH2)4COOH? Explain
your answer.
7. Complete the equation below.
i) KMnO4/H+ Q
CH3CH2CH2OH
ii) K2Cr2O7/H+
R
iii) KMnO4/H+
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO S
8. Give the product of the reaction between pentanoic acid and each of the following
reagents:
a) sodium metal
b) sodium hydroxide
c) 2-propanol, H2SO4, heat
9. Lactic acid is one of the example of carboxylic acid. Explain Lactic acid in terms of
a) structure
b) IUPAC name
c) where we can find Lactic acid in daily life?
10. Explain the solubility of carboxylic acid from methanoic acid to decanoic acid (C1 to C10).
11. Indicate the reagent needed for the following conversions:
a) 1-propanol to propanal
b) butanol to butanoic acid
12. Explain the existance of air bubbles when propanoic acid react with alkali metal.
13. Explain why benzoic acid is less soluble in water but soluble in acetone, benzene, CCl4,
CHCl3 or alcohol.
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14. An alcohol 2-methylpropanol react with weak oxidizing agent to produce AA, while BB is
produced when this alcohol react with strong oxidizing agent. Esterification of this alcohol
meanwhile produced an ester CC. Determine the structure of AA, BB and CC.
15. An alcohol WW react with strong oxidizing agent and produced 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid.
When WW react with weak oxidizing agent, an aldehyde YY is produced. Meanwhile,
when alcohol WW react with sodium, a salt XX produced together with air bubbles.
Determine the structure of WW, XX and YY.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS COOC2H5
1. Which one of these following compounds is a carboxylic acid?
O
AB
C C2H5COO D C OH
O
2. Give IUPAC name for the structure BELOW
A. 3-methylpropanoic acid
B. butanoic acid
C. 2-ethylethanoic acid
D. propanoic acid
3. Which of the following carboxylic acids has the highest boiling point?
A. heptanoic acid
B. octanoic acid
C. nonanoic acid
D. decanoic acid
4. Which of the following compounds would be the most soluble in H2O during an extraction
purification?
A. pentane
B. ethane
C. ethanoic acid
D. octanoic acid
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5. An organic compound with the formula
CH3 CH CH2COOH
OH
OH
is dissolved in aqueous sodium hydroxide. The formula of the salt form is
A CH3 CH CH2COONa B CH3 CH CH2COONa
OH OH ONa
C CH3 CH OH CH2COONa
ONa CH2COONa D CH3 CH OH
ONa
ONa
6. Conversion of a carboxylic acid to an ester is known as
A. Reduction
B. Oxidation
C. Esterification
D. Polymerisation
7. What is a carboxylic acid?
A. An organic molecule with a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group.
B. An organic molecule with one or more hydroxyl groups.
C. An organic molecule with two or more double bonds.
D. An organic molecule with an oxygen atom within a carbon chain.
8. What is the name of this molecule?
CH3
CH3CH2CH2CCOOH
A. 2-methylpentanoic acid
B. 4-methylpentanoic acid
C. 2,2-diethylpentanoic acid
D. pentanoic acid
9. The reagent that can be used to prepare the pentanoic acid from 1-pentanol is
A. Pyridinium chlorochromate.
B. Hot acidified K2Cr2O7.
C. Aqueous NaOH
D. ZnCl2 and concentrated HCl
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10. Based on the following reaction, B is
OO
H+
CH3CH2COH + B CH3CH2COCH2CH3
A. CH3OH
B. CH3CH2OH
C. CH3CH2CH2OH
D. CH3CH (CH3)OH
Revised by:
Siti Fatimah binti Md Sollhi
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Pre-Lab Module
EXPERIMENT 1
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Course Learning Outcome:
Solve chemistry related problems by applying basic concepts and principles in physical and
organic chemistry. (C3, PLO4, CTPS2, MQF LOD6)
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to :
1. identify the organic compound.
2. explain how to determine carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur in organic
compound.
3. compare the quantity of sulphur in albumin and egg yolk
Student Learning Time:
Face-to-face Non face-to-face
1 hour 1 hour
Direction: Read over the lab manual and then answer the following question.
Introduction:
1. Define organic compound.
2. State 2 basic elements that present in an organic compound
3. Name the elements that are going to be determine during the experiment.
Procedure
(A) Determination of carbon and hydrogen in sugar
1. What is the function of using potassium chlorate in the combustion of sugar.
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(B) Determination of nitrogen in urea and albumin
1. Predict the smell of the gas emitted when urea is being heated until its melts.
2. Predict the observation when cooper sulphate is being added to the mixture of
albumin and sodium hydroxide.
(C ) Determination of sulphur in albumin and egg yolk
1. Why sodium hydroxide is added to the albumin and egg yolk before addition of the
lead acetate solution.
Experiment 1 : Data Analysis
(A) Determination of carbon and hydrogen in sugar
1. What would you observe at the mouth of the test tube and what will happened to the
lime water after the combustion of sugar.
2. Write the deduction of the observation in (1).
(B) Determination of nitrogen in urea and albumin
1. What is the gas emitted when urea is being heated and how to identify the gas.
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2. Write the deduction of the observation in (1).
(C ) Determination of sulphur in albumin and egg yolk
1. Predict is the observation after lead acetate was added to the egg yolk and albumin.
2. Predict and explain whether albumin or egg yolk contain more sulphur.
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Pre-Lab Module
EXPERIMENT 2
SATURATED AND UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON.
Course Learning Outcome:
Solve chemistry related problems by applying basic concepts and principles in physical and
organic chemistry. (C3, PLO4, CTPS2, MQF LOD6)
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to :
1. study the physical and chemical properties of alkane and alkene
2. distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon
Student Learning Time:
Face-to-face Non face-to-face
1 hour 1 hour
Direction: Read over the lab manual and then answer the following question.
Introduction:
1. What is hydrocarbon?
2. What is the type of reaction in alkane and alkene?
3. Name a test to differentiate between alkane and alkene. Explain the observation.
Procedure
1. Compare the colour intensity and soot given off for cyclohexane and cyclohexene.
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2. Predict the observation when cyclohexane and cyclohexane are added to the distilled
water.
3. State one precaution that must be taken during the reactions of cycloalkane and
cycloalkene with bromine in dichloromethane
4. Predict the observation when an alkane and an alkene is added to alkaline potassium
permanganate .
Experiment 2 : Data Analysis
1. Deduce the predicted observation of the soot given off from the combustion of
cyclohexane and cyclohexene
2. Deduce the predicted observation of the solubility of cyclohexane and cyclohexene in
water.
3. Write the chemical equation for the reaction of cyclohexane and cyclohexane with :
a) bromine in dichloromethane
b) alkaline potassium permanganate
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DK024
Pre-Lab Module
EXPERIMENT 3
REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS
Course Learning Outcome:
Solve chemistry related problems by applying basic concepts and principles in physical and
organic chemistry. (C3, PLO4, CTPS2, MQF LOD6)
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to :
1. classify alcohols
2. study the chemical properties of alcohols
Student Learning Time:
Face-to-face Non face-to-face
1 hour 1 hour
Direction: Read over the lab manual and then answer the following question.
Introduction:
1. What is the functional group of alcohol?
2. Classify the alcohols below as primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol.
Alcohol Class of alcohol
(CH3)3CCH2CH(OH)CH3
CH3CHCH2 CH2OH
CH3
(CH3)2C(OH)CH2CH3
Procedure
1. What is a Lucas reagent?
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2. State the observation of the Lucas test for the class of alcohol below.
Class of Observation
alcohol
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
3. Predict the observation for the oxidation using acidified potassium permanganate
for the alcohol below.
Alcohol Observation
(CH3)3CCH2CH(OH)CH3
CH3CHCH2 CH2OH
CH3
(CH3)2C(OH)CH2CH3
4. Describe the smell of the product formed from the esterification.
Experiment 3 : Data Analysis
1. Write the chemical equation for Lucas test for the alcohols below
Alcohol Equation
(CH3)3CCH2CH(OH)CH3
CH3CHCH2 CH2OH
CH3
(CH3)2C(OH)CH2CH3
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2. Write the chemical equation for oxidation of the alcohols below
Alcohol Equation
(CH3)3CCH2CH(OH)CH3
CH3CHCH2 CH2OH
CH3
(CH3)2C(OH)CH2CH3
3. Write the equations for the esterification process between ethanoic acid and 2-
propanol with sulphuric acid as catalyst.
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EXPERIMENT 4
ALDEHYDE AND KETONE
Course Learning Outcome:
Solve chemistry related problems by applying basic concepts and principles in physical and
organic chemistry. (C3, PLO4, CTPS2, MQF LOD6)
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to :
1. identify the carbonyl compound
2. differentiate between aldehyde and ketone
Student Learning Time:
Face-to-face Non face-to-face
1 hour 1 hour
Direction: Read over the lab manual and then answer the following question.
Introduction
1. What is the functional group of aldehyde and ketone.
2. Give a test that can be used to identify carbonyl compound.
3. Give a test that can be use to differentiate between aldehyde and ketone.
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DK024
Pre-Lab Module
Procedure
1. Name and write the structural formula of the reagent used for the Brady’s test.
2. Discribe the step to produce Tollen’s reagent in this experiment.
Experiment 4 : Data Analysis
1. Write the observation and write the chemical equation for Brady’s test for the carbonyl
compound below.
Alcohol Equation
CH3 O
CH3 C CH
CH3
O
CH3CHCH2 C CH3
CH3
175 | P a g e
Updated : 29/04/2018
DK024
Pre-Lab Module
2. Write the observation and write the chemical equation for Tollen’s test for the carbonyl
compound below.
Alcohol Observation and Equation
CH3 O
CH3 C CH
CH3
O
CH3CHCH2 C CH3
CH3
176 | P a g e
Updated : 29/04/2018