THE ANTHILL: ESTABLISHING AN ECOLOGICAL SPONGE IN DAVAO CITY THROUGH A PROPOSED EARTH-BERMED EXTRA-SCHOLASTIC COMMUNITY PARK UTILIZING BIOMORPHISM TO CONTROL URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT

MAPUA MALAYAN COLLEGES MINDANAO College of Engineering and Architecture "THE ANTHILL: ESTABLISHING AN ECOLOGICAL SPONGE IN DAVAO CITY THROUGH A PROPOSED EARTH-BERMED EXTRA-SCHOLASTIC COMMUNITY PARK UTILIZING BIOMORPHISM TO CONTROL URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT" AR106-P - Architectural Design 7: Community Architecture and Urban Design Galindez, Shane Alden V. Submitted to: Ar. Virgil G. Palanca Jr., UAP Instructor

Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Brief...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Review of Related Literature............................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Ecological Sponge......................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Low-Income Bermed-Earth Housing .............................................................................. 4 1.2.3 Urban Effects on Land Surface Temperature in Davao City........................................... 7 Chapter 2: Site Analysis............................................................................................................. 1 2.1 Location Existing Conditions............................................................................................. 1 2.2. History ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.3 Geography........................................................................................................................ 3 2.4 Social Aspect............................................................................................................... 4 2.5 Safety .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.6 Traffic and Transportation................................................................................................. 6 2. 7 Economy ......................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 3: Presentation of the Problem & Solution Findings.....................................................10 3.1 Presentation of the Problem ............................................................................................10 3.2 Methodologies (as assessed through Typology Studies) .................................................10 Typology Study 1: Dela Cruz, Navarra (2022). Typologies of Open Space in Quezon City’s Lifestyle Tourism District........................................................................................................10 Typology Study 2: Tatarovic (2016). Typologies of American Park. .......................................13 3.3 Design Solutions and Recommendations ........................................................................17 3.4 Presentation of data and studies .....................................................................................18 3.5 Identification of installations/facilities/amenities addressing the problem..........................20 3.6 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................30 Annexes and Appendices .........................................................................................................31

1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Project Brief The increase in urban folds and road segments has compressed different facets of the city into one, merging pedestrian, urban structures, accommodation, and commercial buildings. The site, located at the middle of C. Bangoy Street and near Roxas where traffic is congested has long been an avenue for local livelihood. Areas where local food stalls and portions of commercial buildings cater towards the students in need of places to study should be fully grounded in comfort and safety. These areas are dense in population, comprising mostly of students and common folk, these areas lack open spaces. The rapid rise of huge urban establishments partakes in the weaving of multiple urban problems such as Heat Island Effect especially in cities such as Davao City. THE SITE

2 1.2 Review of Related Literature 1.2.1 Ecological Sponge Ecological concretes encompass the construction field that makes up sponge cities, to reach goals of obtaining green environments and low-carbon living. In consideration of global environments, ecological sponge cities try to explore models exclusively designed for the construction industry with hopes of changing the status quo of high resource consumption and environmental pollution. A thorough understanding of the construction industry dictates the improvement of energy consumption and commercial exploitation. A challenging problem in development leans towards the construction industry playing devil’s advocate and weighing out options as they try to consider augmentations on concrete to prolong shelf life and overall lifespan of the material. Rapid urbanization and changes in land use affect socio-economic development processes and water flooding, presumably trying to put an earmark on water-related problems. 2014 saw the introduction of “sponge cities” in the People’s Republic of China, which will address urban surface water floodings and related urban water management issues, such as purification of urban runoff and attenuation of peak runoff, and water conservation. 2014 saw the introduction of “sponge cities” in the People’s Republic of China, which will address urban surface water floodings and related urban water management issues, such as purification of urban runoff and attenuation of peak runoff, and water conservation (Chan et al., 2018). As a natural life support system, the sponge city is important to support ecological civilization construction (Saravanan et el., 2019). It permits the expansion of the city towards greater lengths without compromising the people in urban areas and overall cater to the existing organisms through nature-based solutions. It also provides solutions for naturally occurring disasters caused by rainwater as it can flexibly adapt to environmental conditions. As a natural life support system, the sponge city is important to support ecological civilization construction (Saravanan et el., 2019). The urbanization of sponge cities depends on the infrastructure with considerations regarding plasticity, spatial expressiveness, texture, and shape of ecological concrete, proving to be essential in the construction of highly conceptualized sponge cities.

3 The concept of a sponge city revolves around managing rain floods, it targets urban waterlogging and tries to counter the overflow pollution of pipe networks and how they maneuver drainage systems. Flood control and delving into the economics of ecology have been proven to be substantial since it dictates sponge city construction scheme. The urban water system is comprised of supply systems, drainage and rainwater facilities that utilize falloff. While urban water includes residential water and industrial water, the addition of road sprinkling and vegetation watering enables how the water demand is structured within the area. Wang, Li & Zhang on their study about Sponge Cities Based on Emergy Analysis have stated that residents within a sponge city can use reclaimed water for irrigation of green land and other water with low water quality requirements by strengthening rainwater utilization and reclaimed water reusing, to reduce the total dependence of the system on running water from outside and bring about more internal benefits. Urban rainfall can result in surface runoff, recharged groundwater, or the flowing into the urban ecosystem (urban green space, rain garden, biological retention facilities, etc.) to be absorbed and utilized by all kinds of plants (Dong et al., 2019b). The use of LID facilities should increase channels of rainwater in the system which improves the efficiency of rainwater infiltration and utilization. It should generate more ecosystem dependent services, regulation of water runoff and reduction of occurring pollutants

4 which can be tether towards energy saving and efficient use of resources. Although the LID facilities require some sort of investment towards the capital and external associations, these types of facilities could fall under the category of micro systems that are enabled by an investment towards the economy and is fueled by garnered results from the ecological benefits it hands to the community. A refined and well-structured system that incorporates the already existing ecosystem may go hand in hand when it comes to utility and effects like carbon sequestration and reduction of pollution follow. These benefits are beneficial to humans as human survival is grounded on the earth’s overall energy produce. This is beneficial since it detangles set pipelines and segregates them to their designated use. The ecosystem provides a series of ecosystem services for sponge cities, such as carbon sequestration and pollutant reduction. These ecosystem services are the environmental benefits that human beings depend on for human survival and can be regarded as the products of nature on earth. To make the model more convenient to work, the rain and sewage drainage system in the research area is set up. On the one hand, the rain and sewage drainage system in the research area is completely separated; On the other hand, the sewage treatment rate in the research area is 100%, and the point source pollution is not included, and only the non-point source pollution of rainwater is carefully considered. 1.2.2 Low-Income Bermed-Earth Housing The impact climate change has on earth has redirected global concerns towards building environments with climate responsive designs which may enable and enhance adaptation capacity through better building energy performances. A wide knowledge of climate change derived from anthropogenic actions which are based on effects released by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was accompanied by various scientific reports on the behavior of terrestrial ecosystems suggests an increase in the number of hot days in land regions and even higher concentration of temperature rise in the tropics. Being a critical issue concerning the design and operation of structures, global warming has directly affected the conjunction of temperature behavior in buildings with an increase in hot season cooling and phenomenal

5 decrease in cold heating demands with an emphasis on these affects towards the rise of energy consumption during the structure’s operational phase. Thus, the strategic framework conceived to mitigate and adapt buildings environments to climate change increases the importance of the thermal mass effect as a strategy to counterattack its impacts, especially within warm regions located in South America with tropical Savannah climate (Aw), which is the second most common climate in the world, covering 11.5% of the world’s land area, 60.1% of South America, and 81.4% of the Brazilian territory. Mitigation and adaptation are two strategies to address climate change. The first focuses on the causes (accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere) whereas the second on adaptation to the impacts (Callejas et al. 2021). The difference when it comes to adaptation takes in the form of response towards mainly reducing or eliminating risks brought by climate change impacts on the structure and its environment. These things could be achieved by enabling capacities of the structure’s adaptation through improved building energy performance. Several studies have been conducted in the recent decade to assess the possibility of energy efficiency adaptation techniques in buildings to deal with the consequences of climate change. In Australia, a study looked at the potential influence of climate change on the heating and cooling energy requirements of residential buildings in five regional climates (from cold to hot and humid). Due to superior thermal insulation, energy-efficient or high-star rated houses may see fewer absolute variations in energy consumption. Three traditional residential house projects in the Netherlands were utilized to assess the effectiveness of passive climate change adaption methods. Using thermal simulation analysis, the following techniques were evaluated in building components: (i) enhanced thermal resistance, (ii) modified thermal capacity, (iii) increased short-wave reflectivity (albedo), and (iv) vegetation roofs Callejas et al. (2021). In trying to conceptualize buildings which are marketed to push through variations in climate change, traditional strategies like construction elements, consideration of building envelopes, geometry and orientation may not be enough to power through rapid levels of thermal increase and bioclimatic changes. For hot regions, thermal mass for cooling is an alternative measure to accumulate and retain heat during the day and return it to the exterior environment at night, acting as a climate-responsive design strategy. This behavior reduces the indoor air

6 temperature fluctuations and maximizes the thermal lag of heat transfer of the walls, which oscillate in a damped manner (Callejas et al. 2021). Below is a figure by Callejas et al. (2021) showing thermophysical properties adopted for building systems envelope of the efficient low-income house (LIHe) and bermed earth-sheltered low-income house (LIHb) Below is a figure of housing variations depending on orientation and location: According to the written account of Low-Income Bermed Earth housing in Brazil by Callejas et al. (2021) states that during hot days, bioclimatic measures may minimize the need of

7 active air conditioning systems, thereby saving energy, and enhancing thermal comfort in an interior setting. Building walls on a hilly location may be built to be in contact with the soil, improving its thermal mass qualities. The primary elevation or face of the house remains unexposed in the "elevational" Bermed design, generally with a south-facing wall in cold areas and a north-facing wall in warmer climatic zones, while the remainder may be Bermed by the soil. Earth sheltered buildings are described as structures designed with the use of earth mass against building walls acting as external thermal mass to the wall, reducing heat loss and maintaining a consistent indoor air quality (Callejas et al., 2021). When the ground comes in touch with building walls, it works as a reservoir, storing heat in immense distances within the soil and adjusting indoor air temperatures depending on the weather. As a result, the Bermed construction style may contribute to resilience to the urban heat island phenomenon and serve as an alternative approach to adapt buildings to the effects of climate change, which is currently one of the most pressing global problems. 1.2.3 Urban Effects on Land Surface Temperature in Davao City Urban Heat Island (UHI) is an environmental phenomenon where urban temperature is higher than its surrounding rural areas (Howard, 1818). It is important to examine the spatiotemporal hot and cold spot occurrence maps for Davao City using land surface temperature images as the site is situated there. Urban heat has contributed to effects leaning on air pollutant concentrations, particulate matter (PM10), vegetation abundance under EVI, density of buildings within the city, overall albedo, and topography. Myla Tinoy on her written account regarding the Urban Effects on Land Surface Temperature in Davao City has stated that mobile traverse sampling was performed to gather results and factors were analyzed with LST to track spatiotemporal changes. The urban areas of developing countries, especially those with hot-humid climate like the Philippines, are vulnerable to excess heat. Urban Heat Island (UHI) is an environmental phenomenon where urban temperature is higher than its surrounding rural areas (Howard, 1818).

8 Figure 1-Features spatiotemporal hotspots and cold spots of Davao City from 1994-2019. Davao City is a highly urbanized city located in the southeastern part (125°13’ to 125°41’ E longitude, 6°58’ to 7°34’ N latitude) of Island of Mindanao. It is the largest city in the Philippines in terms of land area with 2,444 square kilometers. It is the third most populous city in the country after Quezon City and Manila with population of 1,632,991 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2018). A large part of Davao is mountainous, characterized by extensive mountain ranges with uneven distribution of highlands and lowlands. Figure 2- Frequency maps of transitions of cluster types. 1st row L-R: Cold to Hot, Cold to Normal, Cold to Cold, and Hot to Cold; 2nd row L-R: Hot to Normal, Hot to Hot, Normal to Cold, Normal to Hot, and Normal to Normal. The city’s Southeast is surrounded by Davao Gulf spanning approximately 60-km wide. The predominant wind direction is northward from the gulf. Compared with other parts of the

9 Philippines in which there are distinct hot and wet seasons, Davao City experiences mild tropical climate where the days are always sunny and followed by nights of rain. It is outside the typhoon belt and lacks major seasonal variations. Its annual average temperature ranges from 25.0 to 32.8 °C with the hottest occurring during the month of April, and the coldest occurring on January based on observations in 2018 (PAG-ASA, 2019).

1 Chapter 2: Site Analysis 2.1 Location Existing Conditions Site Analysis Typologies of the Site

2 Aerial View of Undeveloped Area

3 2.2. History Barangay 4-A has undergone significant changes in population and economy over the past thirty years. Commercial buildings now dominate the area, with many former residential areas transformed. The population has fluctuated, with significant drops and resurgences over the years. Presently, the site is classified under the commercial zone, with numerous commercial and mixed-use buildings. 2.3 Geography 2.3.1 Location This property is situated in a vibrant urban locale within Barangay 4-A, Davao City. The precise coordinates of this lot are 7°04'23"N 125°36'38"E, with an elevation of 6 meters. Additionally, this through lot is conveniently connected to two prominent roads, namely Elpidio Quirino Ave. and C. Bangoy St. Project Site Locatio

4 2.3.2 Climate Davao has a lush tropical rainforest climate with warm temperatures that usually peak at 33 degrees. The humidity and heat create a delightful tropical atmosphere. 2.4 Social Aspect The entire Region XI has flourished over time, as it gradually reinvents itself and expands to inculcate spaces; it has been proven to house quadruple the number of people since the late 90s. With each structural fold, the region became bigger and statistically, there have been numerous religious groups that have joined the already existing ones and there have been more churches since the early 2000s. The table below shows the practiced religions and adherents in Mindanao by 2015 which puts an underline and emphasis on the creation of grounds built solely for worship which will aid the development of the city.

5 Number of Adherents, Mindanao, by Region, 2015 Activities in the area include nearby recreational parts and residential-commercial spots that breathe life into the entrails of the city. Common spots recognized for commercial activities like restaurants and coffee shops contribute to the economic standing of the city. Multiple establishments that belong to accommodation such as lodges and hotels also play a role in keeping certain areas grounded. One of the prevalent factors that affect the livelihood and comfort of the people residing in the area is prominent flooding. As shown below, there are key areas that have low flooding (yellow) and areas that are highlighted as medium and high. Flood height also varies from 0.5m1.5m.

6 2.5 Safety The site has been notorious for being surrounded by weak pedestrians and foot paths that compromise the well-being of the population. It has become hostile, that the moment a user sets foot on the road to get somewhere, he/she puts his/her life at the mercy of said drivers. 2.6 Traffic and Transportation 2.6.1Traffic Analysis Traffic in Davao City's Población District is unpredictable. Weekdays are faster from 8 am to 3 pm. Rush hour from 4 pm to 8 pm is slow. Weekends are moderate with some faster traffic on Sundays. ILLUSTRATIONS ARE USED TO SHOW TRAFFIC BETWEEN DIFFERENT TIME PERIODS: 8AM ON A WEEKDAY

7 4PM ON A WEEKDAY 2.6.2 Transit System The lot has many transit options: taxis, cars, bikes, PUJs, PHABS, and private cars on site.

8 2.6.3 Traffic & Transit Existing Conditions This diagram shows important transit and traffic components like loading areas, bus stops, and traffic lights. Follow their guidelines for a safe and convenient visit. 2. 7 Economy 2.7.1 Existing Commercial Establishments and Landmarks The proposed location is near commercial establishments, schools, and landmarks. Multiple establishments like restaurants, a central market, and convenience stores are built adjacent to the site. Various schools are also established near the location. The faculty officials, students, staff, and parents can be a target market for the proposed community park. Davao City has been famous for the Roxas night market which makes it highly anticipated for possible customers that may visit the site.

9 2.7.2 Economic Trends Developing parks in urban areas can not only attract tourists but also generate revenue. One modern and popular approach to bolstering a park's economic growth is through the establishment of food kiosks. Given the Filipino's love for food and coffee, this addition is sure to draw in more visitors. With the growing trend of health consciousness, recreational activities offered by parks are becoming more desirable. To cater to this, incorporating a fitness zone and providing rentable bikes can also serve as an income source for the proposed community park.

10 Chapter 3: Presentation of the Problem & Solution Findings 3.1 Presentation of the Problem The rise of Urban developments has brought the city towards imminent effects of urban heat island and occupants near the site have been caught in traffic congestions and frequent flooding due to rainwater falloff. The growing population of students within the area has also revealed struggles with regards to lack of study areas and places for leisure. The community park aims to solve these unique challenges while weaving an integral part of nature to the heart of the city. 3.2 Methodologies (as assessed through Typology Studies) Typology Study 1: Dela Cruz, Navarra (2022). Typologies of Open Space in Quezon City’s Lifestyle Tourism District. Figure 1. Proposed Frost-Arellano Plans. Source: Maps grabbed from (R) Bondoc and (L) National Capital Region/Metro Manila is comprised of 16 cities and only one municipality. Quezon City is the largest among almost a fourth total size of the region, way before it became home to several huge buildings. Figure 1 shows how it was based on Landscape Architect Louis Croft’s plan for major roads in Manila and it has introduced a set of expansive design ideas along with sustainable magnum opus that cater to major house government offices. The plan originally introduced a 400-hectare quadrangle figure that

11 originated from the center which moves over the four directions making an avenue of 25-hectare main rotundas. Quezon City's physical layout reflects its early adherence to urban planning, with landmarks such as the Quezon City Quadrangle, Quezon Memorial Circle, Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center, and a mini forest between the Central Bank and the Lung Center serving as remnants of the envisioned Central Park. The city is poised to play a significant role in future developments beyond its borders, particularly in becoming the Green Lung of Metro Manila through the CBD-Knowledge Community District. This district, which includes the Quezon City Quadrangle and South Triangle, is envisioned to bring to life the physical outline laid out in the Frost-Arellano Plan. The city's Comprehensive Land Use Plan outlines a key strategy to promote various tourism destinations, including the Lifestyle and Entertainment District in the South Triangle. To preserve the unique identity of Tomas Morato Avenue and establish it as the "City's Restaurant Row," Ordinance No. SP-505 was enacted in 1997 to re-classify the area as a Special Development Zone. Recently, the designation of the Tomas Morato Avenue and Timog Avenue area as the Tourism District of Quezon City, under Ordinance No. SP-2946 passed in 2020, expands the Lifestyle-Tourism District in South Triangle to include most of the Scout Community District (Figure 2). Figure 2. CBD-Knowledge Community District and Scout Community District. Source: CLUP 2011-2030

12 Figure 3. Study Area Open spaces must be identified and categorized to determine their potential uses and impact on the district's services and functions. Most of the open spaces in the Lifestyle Tourism District are found in the southwestern region. However, there are also additional open spaces situated in the Scout Community District, which extend beyond the administrative boundaries. To properly identify these open spaces, a definition was derived from relevant literature, and they were categorized into ten distinct types, including pocket parks, community parks, linear systems, monument roundabouts, residential development amenities, office grounds, church grounds, school grounds, sports complexes, and basketball courts. Figure 4. Location of Typologies of Open Space in the Lifestyle-Tourism District of Quezon City

13 Typology Study 2: Tatarovic (2016). Typologies of American Park. The public park was a unique concept compared to its counterparts, the private parks and gardens owned by the nobility. It was a designated piece of land meant for everyone's use. Over time, the public park evolved and its significance in Western culture changed based on historical contexts. Considered a heterotopia, or another space within our daily lives, it provides a sense of freedom from the structured and predictable city that surrounds it. In the 1830s, the concept of a public park had yet to be fully realized. However, the Select Committee for Public Walks strongly advocated for its necessity in London. With living conditions congested and disease rampant, it was believed that the lack of public space contributed to immoral behavior among citizens. The public park was seen as a solution to this problem, offering recreational activities such as strolling while primarily aiming to enhance the social and moral lives of its visitors. It was believed that the park provided an escape from the poor quality of life that the city offered and the negative behavior that it fostered.

14 Public parks in the US quickly realized the importance of a symbiotic relationship between themselves, visitors, and the city. Central Park in New York City, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux in 1857, became a model for other cities to enhance quality of life and promote popularity. The park's unique design accommodated many visitors and provided recreational activities. Olmsted's vision for parks continued to be associated with them throughout the 20th century and remains a significant part of their identity today.

15 Public Park design has evolved to be more inclusive and site-specific, considering our diverse society. There are two interpretations of this approach, with one focusing on modern aesthetics and urban regeneration to increase land values. Bernard Tschumi's Parc de la Villette is an example of this modernist design values approach. However, overall, the shift towards context-sensitive park design has revolutionized public park typology. Public parks are now designed to recognize the impact of city life on their environment. Known as "designer ecology," these parks acknowledge the unpredictable nature of their ecological and cultural makeup. This requires an interdisciplinary approach, evolving the classification of design professionals to "ecological urbanism." An example is the TREE CITY design by Bruce Mau and OMA, which has grown incrementally over fifteen years with minimal funding.

16 The park has been thoughtfully designed to integrate with the city's transportation infrastructure, including its subway system and intermodal options. Additionally, it seeks to harmonize with the natural surroundings of the Black Creek and West Don ravines, thereby creating a dynamic space that visitors can engage with over time. Elizabeth K. Meyer posits that parks constructed on formerly contaminated sites present a distinctive opportunity to educate visitors about industrial processes and the history of the area. She recommends design approaches that underscore the tension between environmentalism and consumption, encouraging a reimagining of citizenship as that of an eco-conscious consumer. For centuries, public parks have been a vital part of cities, evolving alongside the changing needs of society. From the charming gardens of the 18th century to the modern urban and ecological parks of today, they offer citizens a shared space that counteracts the growing isolation of urban life. Public parks cultivate a sense of community, promote environmental awareness, and foster interconnectedness among people. As an indispensable feature of any city, these parks should reflect the values and aspirations of their visitors, necessitating ongoing investment and redesign. Although governments may reduce funding during challenging

17 economic times, a community without a public park is one that fails to appreciate its full significance and potential. 3.3 Design Solutions and Recommendations • Retention Pond- Rainwater has caused flooding in the area since it lacks drainage pipes within its already existing sewer system. It also acts has greenery to provide stability within its banks. • Establishing Sensory Satisfaction – In order to create a kinetic experience, the community park should have contrasts of color within its ground surfaces and elements that promote movement and activity should be visible. • Visual Appropriateness – With the desire to establish an effective community park, the surrounding elements should coincide with the structures to promote cohesiveness while bringing the people together. Below is an example of a planned gazebo that

18 utilizes the concept of biomorphism in architecture to shelter people from the natural movement of the sun. Organic shapes refract light and distribute shadows with overlapping circular designs that is guaranteed to provide shade 24/7. • Robustness- The site has a myriad of nearby structures that could be accessed through different roads and intersections, solutions include making use of these open spaces so that it will not be limited to fixed design choices. • Legibility- With Lynch’s image of the city in mind, it is important to create nodes, paths and establish different landmarks to make the community park legible and make it an area where patterns of activity are present. Personalized signages and wayfinding exclusively created for the park should be visible as simple solutions like these tend to steer groups of people towards 3.4 Presentation of data and studies The typology studies served as research methodologies, referencing out two studies about parks both locally and internationally. Parks have been created not entirely for grandeur but for the needs of the community. Both studies have shown how a well mapped out city scheme and zoning regarding parks can point the community towards the proper direction. Sedentary lifestyles and fresh years out of the long-term pandemic has brought immense stress in people convoluted by narrow cities. Having a park nearby is often viewed as a valuable perk for homeowners, and it can even increase the value of their property. This thrust in property value can lead to an increase in property taxes, which can be used to support the surrounding area. It is important for people to have a safe and inviting place to spend time outdoors, as this promotes physical activity, socialization improving wellness holistically. Parks have environmental impacts, such as the opportunity to plant native flora and attract local wildlife. This approach requires less maintenance, and it allows people to appreciate the natural plant life of the region. Additionally, preserving wildlife in parks helps to sustain nature, even in densely populated urban areas.

19 These results stemmed from a number of samples mostly based off the dense population having been interviewed by the researcher in Davao City. The zoning results interpreted as data are shown below:

20 3.5 Identification of installations/facilities/amenities addressing the problem 3.5.1 Bermed-Earth Study Area and 24-hour Extra-Scholastic Building It's important for students to have a comfortable and conducive study environment, especially when studying remotely. An open space that encourages interaction and a sense of community within their own circles is ideal. Thanks to modern resources, students now have access to study areas even beyond library hours. These spaces are thoughtfully designed with axial zones, allowing students to study in their own preferred comfort zones. Figure below is an illustration created by the researcher to showcase the planned earth-bermed extrascholastic building

21 Figure below is an illustration created by the researcher to showcase the usage of SHGC LOW-E GLASS. Figure below is an illustration created by the researcher to showcase the natural light path of the BermedEarth structure.

22 3.5.2 Sunken Conversation Pits People now have green conversation pits where they can spend time with others inside receptor locations catered towards the masses. These are areas designed for comfort and covered in greenery, a sanctuary for families looking for greenspaces within the city. Figure below is an illustration created by the researcher to visually showcase the form of the ampitheatre 3.5.3 Prototype Food Stalls for Vendors Since a portion of the site has frequent vendors, we should amplify the livelihood of the existing common folk through distribution of food stall prototypes that are designed to close in

23 the evening. The design is supposed to keep the area clean and kempt during nighttime while trying to preserve the already existing livelihood of the people. Figure below is an illustration created by the researcher to showcase the prototypes of planned food stalls. 3.5.4 Drainage Pipes Drainage pipes that connect with the park’s retention ponds acts as a fast-acting sieve for water runoff and prevents flooding as water is directly expelled towards the retention pond, creating a water loop that should be able to sustain itself and perform its function without the gamble of taking so much from nature.

24 3.5.5 Public Bathroom Public Bathrooms negate the need for people to hurry into huge commercial spaces just for personal time. It also supports physical activity and fitness by allowing people to enjoy the outdoors while stringing them further from the adverse effects of urinary retention. Figure below is an illustration created by the researcher to showcase the community park restrooms.

25 3.5.6 Augmented Streetlights The overall light map of the area is inconsistent with logical visual maps of highly urbanized areas, some parts remain dim and are seen as unsafe by some dwellers. A safe and welcoming community park has well-lit corners and spaces that are structured for dwelling and leisure. A map of streetlight 3.5.7 Plant Palette Considering the region’s natural ecology, the researcher has put together a plant program with endemic species of trees that cover huge areas of shade when placed in landscape. These species are not invasive and work well with the city’s well-rounded flora and fauna. Figure below is an illustration created by the researcher to showcase the plant palette to be utilized in this community park 3.5.8 Security (Cameras)

26 To avoid risk of the community park becoming an avenue for illegal use, the park has a complete set of security cameras that record and capture daytime activities 24/7. To ensure a feeling of safety for women and children, the park also has security guards stationed in between shifts. 3.5.9 Park Features as Assessed by the Vicinity’s Needs The Anthill Community Park should cater for students more, therefore having avenues and places for study and extra-scholastic activity. The figures below are illustrated by the creator to show park facilities.

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28 3.5.10 The Application of Biomorphism in the Park The overall concept of “The Anthill” as a park revolves around the idea of organic shapes bending nature’s will, instead of these shapes trying to cover domains, these shapes redirect sunlight, making the roofs of gazebos, pergolas and pavilions cool by day. Below is a simulation that I created for the client or the professor to visualize the idea-grasp the concept.

29 3.5.11 Overhead playground safety While designing a playground on a raised earth structure, safety must remain paramount. Safety demands require providing alternate touchdown sites. Strategically positioning a hedge near any metal railings will divert youngsters' attention, hence minimizing incidents. By focusing on safety first and foremost, we encourage the community to bask in the playground free from concern, plus reinforce social cohesion. Building meaningful connections and fostering a feeling of collective bonds holds great value to families in society, it is even more important to hail play areas as inclusive and disability safe.

30 3.6 Conclusion In recent years, Davao City has experienced a surge in popularity, attracting a variety of cultures and belief systems. As urban design strategies are developed, it's essential for designers to prioritize the needs and interests of the community. The park serves as a vital component of the area's ecological equilibrium, providing a reprieve from the heat for neighboring residences. Therefore, any modifications made to the area should consider the preservation of the verdant plant life. Additionally, the Anthill project serves as a commemoration of the city's students, providing them with a comfortable place to both study and reside. As a project, the Anthill is a love letter to students, a love letter to academia.

31 Annexes and Appendices Callejas, I. J. A., Apolonio, R. M., Da Guarda, E. L. A., Durante, L. C., De Andrade Carvalho Rosseti, K., Roseta, F., & Amarante, L. M. D. (2021). Bermed Earth-Sheltered Wall for Low-Income House: Thermal and energy measures to face climate change in tropical region. Applied Sciences, 11(1), 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010420 Chang, Y., Li, G., Yao, Y., Zhang, L., & Yu, C. (2016). Quantifying the Water-EnergyFood Nexus: Current status and Trends. Energies, 9(2), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9020065 Cruz, J. M. D., & Navarra, N. (2022). Typologies of open space in Quezon City’s Lifestyle-Tourism District. IOP Conference Series, 1092(1), 012023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1092/1/012023 Dong, R., Zhang, X., & Li, H. (2019a). Constructing the ecological security pattern for sponge City: a case study in Zhengzhou, China. Water, 11(2), 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020284 Tinoy, M. M., Novero, A. U., Landicho, K. P., Baloloy, A. B., & Blanco, A. C. (2019). URBAN EFFECTS ON LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES. The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-4/W19, 433–440. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w19- 433-2019 TYPOLOGY OF THE PUBLIC PARK. (2015). Andjela Tatarovic.