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Illustrated_Encyclopedia_of_the_Universe_by_Martin_Rees_PDFbooks&magazines

Illustrated_Encyclopedia_of_the_Universe_by_Martin_Rees_PDFbooks&magazines

index

Fishes see Pisces distribution 298 399 Gemini South telescope 95 Grand Unified Theory era 46 G U I DE TO T H E U N I VI NE RDSEEX
Fish’s Mouth 239 earliest 323 Gamma (γ) Corvi 381 Geminid meteor shower 358, granulation, Sun 122
Flaming Star Nebula 343 galaxies cont. Gamma (γ) Crucis (Gacrux) gravitational lensing
Flammarion, Camille 87 see also elliptical galaxies 480, 480
Flamsteed, John 88 evolution 298–99 230, 396 general theory of relativity black holes and 263, 269
expanding space 42, 42 Gamma (γ) Draconis (Etamin) galaxy clusters 317, 317,
star atlas 68, 331, 331 formation 51, 51, 298, 298 40–41, 49
flare stars 248 giant elliptical galaxies 300 339 genes 52 322–23
flares, solar 10, 114–15, 122, gravitational lensing 322–23 Gamma (γ) Equulei 369 geometry gravitational waves, binary
Hubble Ultra-Deep Field 16 Gamma (γ) Leonis (Algieba)
246 interstellar medium 228 early scientific astronomy 84 pulsars 270
flat universe 54, 55, 55 irregular galaxies 26, 297 361, 361 space-time curvature 55 gravitons 31, 46
flocculent spiral galaxies 295, lenticular galaxies 26, 296 Gamma (γ) Leporis 391 Gerasimenko, Svetlana 219 gravity 24, 30, 36–37, 89
merging 299, 299, 317 Gamma (γ) Lyrae 349 Gertrude Crater (Titania) 199
295, 301 radiation 34 Gamma (γ) Orionis (Bellatrix) Ghost of Jupiter 378, 378 Big Bang 46
Florida Keys 9 red shift 33, 33 Ghost Nebula (NGC 1977) 79, Big Crunch 54, 55, 55
Fly see Musca rotation 37 67 black holes 26, 263
Flying Fish see Volans Seyfert galaxies 305, 310, 310 Gamma (γ) Pegasi 370 375 development of structures 50,
flying saucers 71, 71 see also spiral galaxies Gamma (γ) Piscis Austrini 388 Giacobini–Zinner, Comet 219
Foal see Equuleus star formation 237, 237 gamma rays 31, 32 giant elliptical galaxies 296, 50
focusing binoculars 75 superclusters 16, 23 Einstein’s theories 92
Fomalhaut (Alpha (α) Piscis 20th-century astronomy 92, Geminga Pulsar 264 296, 300 expanding space 42, 54
main-sequence stars 246 galaxy clusters 316, 317 extra-solar planets 291
Austrini) 249, 388, 388 93 Milky Way 227, 311 giant stars 25 galaxy clusters 27
Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) types of 294–97 observatories 35, 35 Aldebaran 252 galaxy superclusters 324, 325
wavelengths 297 Gamma (γ) Ursae Majoris classification 231 globular clusters 285
diagram 230 galaxy clusters 27, 316–21 evolution 233, 234 light 40, 40, 41
in monthly sky guides 451, Abell 1689 321 (Phad) 68, 344 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) matter 28
Abell 2065 (Corona Borealis Gamma (γ) Ursae Minoris 338 Moon 149, 150, 150
457, 462, 463, 468, 475, 481 Gamma (γ) Veloram (Regor) diagram 230, 230, 251 multiple stars 270, 270
force-carrier particles 30, 30, Cluster) 321 multiple stars 270 Newton’s laws 98
Abell 2125 321 231, 249, 394 novae 278 orbits 37, 37
31, 46 Abell 2218 322–23 Gamma (γ) Virginis (Porrima) planetary nebulae 251 particle physics 31
forces Coma Cluster 320 red giants 25, 250 planet formation 233
evolution 317 249, 362 star life cycles 233–35, 234 precession 60
Big Bang 46 Fornax Cluster 319 Gamma (γ) Volantis 406 see also supergiants Principle of Equivalence 40,
electromagnetic (EM) force gravity bending light 41 Gamma-1 (γ1) Normae 398 TT Cygni 252
Hercules Cluster 321 Gamma-2 (γ2) Normae 398 Type I supernovae 279, 279 40
30, 30 Hickson Compact Group Gamow, George 48, 49 Giotto mission 111, 218 protostars 237
gravity 30, 36–37, 89 Ganymede 25, 178, 184, 194 Giraffe see Camelopardalis quantum gravity 41
string theory 31 27 Giza, pyramids 83 red giants 250
strong nuclear force 30, 30 Hydra Cluster 320 impact craters 215 glacial lakes, on Earth 144 Solar System 116
weak nuclear force 30, 30 Local Group 27, 316, 316, space probes 110 glaciers, on Earth 147 space-time 40–41, 40–41
forests, on Earth 141, 141 Ganymede, in mythology 371 glass star formation 232, 232, 236,
Fornax (the Furnace) 389 318 Gaposchkin, Sergei 231 impactites 221
Alpha (α) Fornacis 389 radiation 34 Garnet Star (Mu (μ) Cephei) volcanic glass 157, 157 237
Fornax A 389 Sculptor Group 319 Glatton meteorite 222 stars 230, 230
Fornax Cluster (Abell S 373) Seyfert’s Sextet 319 230, 241, 241, 250, 283, Glenn, John 100, 100 Great Attractor 324, 324
Stephan’s Quintet 320 340, 340 Gliese 229 25 Great Bear see Ursa Major
319, 324, 389, 389 Virgo Cluster 319 gas clouds 24, 28 Gliese 229b 25 Great Comet of 1680 216
Fornax dwarf galaxy 318 X-rays 319, 319 Eta (η) Carinae Nebula 24 Global Microlensing Alert Great Dark Spot (Neptune)
Fortuna Tessera (Venus) 132 galaxy superclusters 16, 23, 24, formation of Solar System
Fox see Vulpecula 116–17 Network 269 201, 201
France, observatories 88, 88 27, 324–25 galaxy collisions 299 Global Positioning System Great Lakes (Earth) 146
Frank, Anne 210 filaments 325, 325 gas-giant planets 25, 119 Great Red Spot (Jupiter)
Fraunhofer, Joseph von 90, 123 formation 50, 50 extra-solar planets 291, 291 (GPS) 39, 106
Fraunhofer lines 123 voids between 325 formation of Solar System 117 global warming, Earth 147 12–13, 90, 179, 179
free fall 36, 37 Galilean moons (Jupiter) 25, Jupiter 176–85 globes, celestial 330–31 Great Rift Valley (Earth) 142,
Freedom 7 mission 100 Neptune 200–203 globular clusters 285, 285, 286
Fried Egg Galaxy (NGC 7742) 178, 180–85 Saturn 186–95 168
Galileo Galilei 88 Uranus 196–99 M4 288 Great White Spots (Saturn) 188
313 gases M12 289 Greater Dog see Canis Major
Fuji, Mount (Earth) 143 Galilean moons 25, 180–81 interstellar medium 228 M14 289 Greece
fundamental particles 31, 46, 48 mapping the Moon 151, 151 molecules 24 M15 289
fundamental strong nuclear force Saturn’s rings 189 novae 278 M68 289 ancient astronomy 83
study of gravity 36 spectroscopy 33 M107 289 constellations 330
30, 30 telescopes 76, 76 states of matter 30 Milky Way 229, 229 early scientific astronomy 84,
fungi 141 Galileo space probe 110, 110, Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect 322 NGC 3201 288
Furnace see Fornax Gaspra 210 NGC 4833 289 84
180, 181, 181 gauge bosons 31 Omega Centauri 288 Greek alphabet, Bayer’s system
G Galle ring (Neptune) 201, 201 gegenschein 71, 71 47 Tucanae 288
Gamma (γ) Andromedae Geminga Pulsar (SN 437) 264 gluons 28, 29, 31 68, 331, 333
G stars 231 Gemini (the Twins) 358 Big Bang 46, 48, 48 greenhouse effect, on Venus 129
Gacrux (Gamma (γ) Crucis) (Almach) 273, 352 see also Castor (Alpha (α) forces 30 Gregory, James 89
Gamma (γ) Aquarii 371 Geminorum) Eskimo recreating Big Bang 47 GRO J1655-40 268
230, 396 Gamma (γ) Aquilae (Tarazed) Nebula 255 Goddard, Robert 98, 98 Grus (the Crane) 401, 463
Gaea (Amalthea) 180 Eta (η) Geminorum (Propus) gods and goddesses 83
Gagarin, Colonel Yuri 100, 100 367, 367 280, 358 Gold,Thomas 96 Beta (β) Gruis 401
Galactic Centre, Milky Way 238 Gamma (γ) Arietis 355, 355 Geminga Pulsar 264 Golden Fleece 355 Delta (δ) Gruis 401, 401
Galatea 201, 201 Gamma (γ) Boötis 444 in monthly sky guides 420, Goldfish see Dorado Mu (μ) Gruis 401, 401
galaxies 14–15, 24, 26, 292–325 Gamma (γ) Caeli 389 426, 432, 438, 474, 480, 481 Gomez, Arturo 258 Guardians of the Pole 338
Gamma (γ) Canceri 359, 359 see also Pollux (Beta (β) Gomez’s Hamburger Nebula Guardians of the Sky 252
see also individual galaxies Gamma (γ) Canum Venaticorum Geminorum) Gula Mons (Venus) 133
active galaxies 310–15 U Geminorum 280 (IRAS 18059-3211) 258 GUM 29 245
barred spiral 26, 26, 294, 308 (La Superba) 346 Zeta (ζ) Geminorum Gossamer Ring (Jupiter) 180 Gum Nebula see Vela Supernova
Big Chill 55 Gamma (γ) Cassiopeiae 281, 341 (Mekbuda) 282, 358 GPS (Global Positioning Guth, Alan 96
black holes 26, 297, 297 Gamma (γ) Ceti 373 Gemini missions 100, 101, 102,
catalogues 69 Gamma (γ) Comae Berenices 102 System) 39, 78, 106 H
classification 294, 294 Gemini North telescope 94 Grand Canyon (Earth) 146, 166
clusters 16–17, 23, 24 360 “Grand Tour”, space probes 109 H1504+65 262
collisions 237, 237, 299, 308, Gamma (γ) Coronae Australis h3752 391
Hadar (Beta (β) Centauri) 248,
308
density waves 237 382

index

IGGNUUDIIEDDXEE TTOO TT HH EE UU NN II VV EE RRSS EE apparent magnitude 67 helium cont. high-velocity stars 229 Hydra (the Water Snake) cont. ice cont.
Hadar (Beta (β) Centauri) cont. on Uranus 197 Himalayas (Earth) 144–45 Epsilon (ε) Hydrae 378 Neptune 200
Wolf–Rayet stars 251 Himalia 178 ESO 510-G13 308 Pluto 204, 204
in monthly sky guides 427, Himeros (Eros) 212 M68 289, 378 Uranus 196
432, 433, 439, 439, 451, Helix Nebula (NGC 7293) Hinduism 83 in monthly sky guides 426,
457, 463 253, 371, 371, 463 Hipparchus of Nicaea 66, 84, 432, 433 ice ages 138
Mu (μ) Hydrae 378 ice dwarfs 25
Hadley, John 409 Hellas Basin (Mars) 162 330 Ida 116, 208, 211
Hadriaca Patera (Mars) 171 Hellas Planitia (Mars) 173 Hipparcos satellite 66, 66 Hydra Cluster (Abell 1060) 320 Ijiraq 188
Hadron Era 48 hematite, on Mars 171, 175 Hiten space probe 153 hydrogen 24 Ikeya Kaoru 216
hadrons 31, 48 Hen-1357 (Stingray Nebula) 260 Hoag’s Object (PGC 54559) Ikeya–Seki, Comet 216
Hahn, Friedrich von 253 Heraclitus 84 absorption into galaxies 299 Ikeya–Zhang, Comet 25
Hale, Alan 218 Herbig Haro objects 240 309 Big Bang 48, 48–49, 50 Imbrium Basin (Moon) 154
Hale–Bopp, Comet 214, 216, Hercules 68, 348 Hoba West meteorite 223 atomic number 29 impact craters
Hodge 301 301 galaxy superclusters 325, 325
218 Epsilon (ε) Herculis 348 Hoffmeister, Cuno 315 Bug Nebula 256 asteroids 209, 209
Hale Crater (Mars) 172 Eta (η) Herculis 348 Homer 286, 374 dark galaxies 316 Callisto 185
Hale Telescope 93, 93 Kappa (κ) Herculis 348 Homunculus Nebula 258 first stars 51 formation 119
Hall, Asaph 163 Keystone 348, 444, 450 Hooke, Robert 216, 355 intergalactic medium 317 Mars 162, 172–75
Halley, Edmond 69, 90, 91, 258 in monthly sky guides 450, Hooker Telescope 93, 93 interstellar medium 95, 228 Mercury 126, 126, 127, 127
Halley’s Comet 218 Horologium (The Pendulum Jupiter 176, 176, 177, 178, meteorites 221, 221
456 Miranda 198
discovery 90, 90, 216 mythology 227, 339, 339, Clock) 403 178 Moon 149, 151, 154–55,
Eta Aquarid meteor shower Alpha (α) Horologii 403 Lyman Alpha lines 325, 325
359, 361, 378 Horsehead Nebula (Barnard 33) main-sequence stars 246, 247 158–59
439 Pi (π) Herculis 348 Mercury 125 moons 215
gravity 89 Ras Algethi (Alpha (α) 238, 239, 375, 375 in meteorites 223 ray craters 151
orbit 214 Hourglass Nebula (MyCn18) Moon 149, 159 Venus 131, 131, 136–37
space probes 111, 111 Herculis) 281, 348 nebulae 236 Vesta 210
tail 215 Rho (ρ) Herculis 348 241, 259 Neptune 200, 201 impactites 221
halo stars 229 Zeta (ζ) Herculis 348 Houtman, Frederick de 400 nuclear fusion 31, 31, 95 Incas 63
haloes 95 Herculis 348 planetary nebulae 251 India, ancient astronomy 82, 83,
ice 70, 70 100 Herculis 348 Apus 407 properties 29
Milky Way 229, 269 Hercules Cluster (Abell 2151) Chamaeleon 407 re-ionization 51 83
Hamlet Crater (Oberon) 199, Dorado 405 red giants 250, 250 Indian see Indus
321, 348 Grus 401 Saturn 186 Indus (the Indian) 400
199 Herdsman see Boötes Hydrus 403 star formation 230, 232, 232,
Harch, Ann 211 Hermippe 179 Indus 400 Epsilon (ε) Indi 400
Harding, Karl Ludwig 253 Herschel, Caroline 90, 91, 217 Musca 397 236 Theta (θ) Indi 400
Hare see Lepus Herschel, John 244 Pavo 408 stellar evolution 233, 234, inferior planets, motion 64, 64,
Harold II, King of England 218 Herschel,William 90 Phoenix 401
Harpalyke 179 star catalogue 330 234 65
Harvest Moon 462 Cone Nebula 240 Triangulum Australe 398 in Sun 120 inflation theory, Big Bang 46,
Hawking, Stephen 21, 94 Eskimo Nebula 255 Tucana 402 supergiant stars 250
Hazard, Cyril 315 planetary nebulae 251 Volans 406 Uranus 197 46
HD 23608 273 Polaris B 275 Hoyle, Fred 95, 96 Wolf–Rayet stars 251 infrared 32
HD 44179 (Red Rectangle Saturn’s moons 191 H-R diagram see hydrothermal vents 142
Sombrero Galaxy 306 hydroxyl (OH) 217 astronomy from space 96
Nebula) 254 telescopes 91, 91 Hertzsprung–Russell Hydrus (the Little Water Snake) galaxies 297
HD 48915 B see Sirius B Uranus’s moons 199 diagram telescopes 34, 34
HD 56925 260 Herschel crater (Mars) 162 Hubble, Edwin 43, 43, 293 403 Infrared Space Observatory 107
HD 62166 (NGC 2440 nucleus) Herschel Crateris (Mimas) 191, Andromeda Galaxy 302, 303 Pi (π) Hydri 403 Inquisition 87
galaxy classification 294, 294 Hyginus 330, 330 instability strip,
264 191 Hooker Telescope 93, 93 hyperbolas, orbits 37
HD 107146 290 Herschel 36 241 Hubble 5 (Butterfly Nebula) Hyperion 188, 195 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R)
HD 206267 241 Herschel’s Garnet Star (Mu (μ) 251 hypernovae 35, 51 diagram 251
HD 226868 268, 268 Hubble constant 42, 42 inter-continental ballistic
heat 32 Cephei) 230, 241, 241, Hubble Deep Field 96, 298 I missiles (ICBMs) 98, 98, 99
250, 283, 340, 340 Hubble Space Telescope 43, 97, interference, light waves 32, 32
protostars 237 Hertzsprung, Ejnar 230 107 Iapetus 188, 195 intergalactic medium 317
states of matter 30 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) Pillars of Creation 242, 242 IC (Index Catalogue) 69 intermediate-period comets 214
see also temperature diagram 94, 230, 230 Hubble Ultra-Deep Field 16 IC 349 287 International Astronomical
Helen of Troy 358 instability strip 251 Huggins,William 90, 90 IC 405 343 Union 331
Helene 188, 193 main-sequence stars 230, Hulst, Hendrick van der 95 IC 434 375 International Comet Explorer
Helios space probe 121, 121 230, 247 Humboldt Crater (Moon) 155 IC 1396 241 219
helioseismology 95, 95 star classification 231 Hun Kal (Mercury) 126 IC 1590 236 International Space Station (ISS)
helium 24 star evolution 233, 233 Hunter see Orion IC 2163 299 71, 107, 107
Big Bang 48, 48–49, 50 Hevelius, Johannes 88, 330, 368 Hunting Dogs see Canes Venatici IC 2391 394, 394, 421 interstellar medium 24, 28
atomic number 29 Canes Venatici 346 Huron, Lake (Earth) 146, 146 IC 2395 394, 421 early Universe 51
burning in old stars 234, 234, Lacerta 353 Huygens, Christiaan 115, 189, IC 2602 (Southern Pleiades) Milky Way 228
Leo Minor 360 194 radio astronomy 95, 95
251 Lynx 343 Huygens Crater (Mars) 172 395, 427, 433 star formation 232, 237
carbon stars 252 Mira 281 Huygens lander 110, 110, 194, IC 2944 244 inverse square law 67
first stars 51 Scutum 366 194 IC 4665 365, 450 Io 13, 25, 178, 180, 182–83
helium flash 251 Sextans 380 Hyades (MEL 25) 286, 287, IC 4703 (Eagle Nebula) 236, space probes 109, 110, 110
Jupiter 176, 176, 178, 178 Vulpecula 368 356, 356 Iocaste 179
main-sequence stars 246, HH 320 238 Aldebaran 252 242–43, 364, 364, 451 ions 28, 28
HH 321 238 in monthly sky guides 475, IC 4756 364 ionic compounds 29, 29
247 Hickson 92 (Stephan’s Quintet) 480, 481 Icarus 208 plasma 30
Mercury 125, 125 320 Hyakutake, Comet 74, 207, ice Sun 122
Moon’s atmosphere 149 Hickson Compact Group 27 214, 217, 218 Iota (ι) Canceri 359
nebulae 236 Hidalgo 209 Hyakutake Yuji 74, 217 Callisto 185 Iota (ι) Carinae 395
Neptune 200, 201 Higgs bosons 46 Hydra (the Water Snake) Earth 141, 141, 147, 147 Iota (ι) Librae 363
nuclear fusion 31, 31, 95 high-mass stars 378–79 Europa 181 Iota (ι) Normae 398
red giants 250 life cycle 233, 234, 234 see also Alphard (Alpha (α) Ganymede 184, 184 Iota (ι) Orionis 375
Saturn 186 nuclear reactions 246 Hydrae) ice haloes 70, 70 Iota (ι) Pictoris 404
star formation 232 structure 246 Mars 160, 160, 163, 163, Iran 85
stars 230, 232 supergiants 250 Iraq 85
Sun 120 supernovae 232 169, 170, 170, 171
supergiants 250

index

IRAS telescope 249 Jupiter cont. L lenticular galaxies 26, 296 lithosphere, Earth 140, 140 G U I DE TO T H E U N I VI NE RDSEEX
IRAS 18059-3211 (Gomez’s rings 179, 179 classification 294, 294 Little Bear see Ursa Minor
short-period comets 214 L Puppis 393 Spindle Galaxy 307 Little Dipper 338, 444, 450
Hamburger Nebula) 258 space probes 109, 110 L2 Puppis 393 Little Dog see Canis Minor
iron structure 176, 176 Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de 330, Leo (the Lion) 68, 331, 361 Little Lion see Leo Minor
Trojan asteroids 208, 208 Algieba (Gamma (γ) Leonis) Little Water Snake see Hydrus
Earth 138 weather 179 406 361, 361 Lizard see Lacerta
formation of 29, 51, 95 Antlia 380 Denebola (Beta (β) Leonis) 68 Lob Crater (Puck) 198
high-mass stars 234 K Caelum 389 in monthly sky guides 420, Local Bubble, Milky Way 229,
interstellar medium 228 Circinus 397 421, 426, 426, 427, 432,
Mercury 125 k Puppis 393 Horologium 403 433, 439, 444 229
meteorites 223 K stars 231 Mensa 406 Zeta (ζ) Leonis 361 Local Group 23, 27, 316, 316,
old stars 234 Kachina Chasmata (Ariel) 199 Microscopium 387 40 Leonis 361
supergiant stars 250 Kailas Range (Earth) 144 NGC 4833 289 see also Regulus (Alpha (α) 318
supernovae 262, 262 Kale 179 Norma 398 Leonis) Andromeda Galaxy 302
iron meteorites 208, 220 Kalyke 179 Octans 409 galaxy superclusters 324, 324
irregular clusters Kant, Immanuel 116 Pictor 404 Leo I galaxy 296 Local Interstellar Cloud 229
Abell 2125 321 Kappa (κ) Boötis 347 Pyxis 392 Leo II groups, galaxy Local Supercluster 23, 324
Hercules Cluster 321 Kappa (κ) Coronae Australis 399 Reticulum 404 long-period comets 207, 207,
Local Group 318 Kappa (κ) Crucis (Jewel Box, Sculptor 388 superclusters 324
Sculptor Group 319 Telescopium 400 Leo Minor (the Little Lion) 360 214
Virgo Cluster 319 NGC 4755) 288, 396, 396 Lacerta (the Lizard) 353 lookback distance 43, 43
irregular galaxies 26, 297 in monthly sky guides 433, BL Lacertae (BL Lac) 315, Beta (β) Leonis Minoris 360 Loop I, Milky Way 229
Cigar Galaxy 304 46 Leonis Minoris 360 Loop II, Milky Way 229
classification 294, 294 439, 445 353 Leonid meteor shower 220, Loop III, Milky Way 229
distribution 298 Kappa (κ) Herculis 348 Lada Terra (Venus) 135 Lorentz contraction 39, 39
Large Magellanic Cloud Kappa (κ) Leporis 391 Laelaps 376 220, 361, 410–11, 474 Louis XIV, King of France 88
Kappa (κ) Lupi 383 Lagoon Nebula (M8) 241, 384, Leonov, Alexei 101, 101, 105 Lousma, Jack 106
(LMC) 300–301 Kappa (κ) Pavonis 408 Lepton Era 48 Lovell, Jim 103
Small Magellanic Cloud Kappa (κ) Tucanae 402 384 leptons 31 low-mass stars
Kappa (κ) Velorum 394 binocular astronomy 75
(SMC) 301 Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius in monthly sky guides 451, after Big Bang 48, 48 life cycles 233, 234, 234
Whirlpool Galaxy 305 Lepus (the Hare) 391 structure 246
irregular variable stars 229, 229 457, 457 low-surface-brightness galaxies
Gamma (γ) Cassiopeiae 281 Karatepe (Mars) 174 Lagrange points, orbits 192 Gamma (γ) Leporis 391 Malin 1 309
R Coronae Borealis 283 Kasei Vallis (Mars) 170 Laika 99 Kappa (κ) Leporis 391 Lowell, Percival 205
Ishtar Terra (Venus) 131, 132 Keck Telescope 93 lakes, on Earth 144, 146 R Leporis 391 Lowell Crater (Mars) 173
Isidis Planitia (Mars) 173 Keel see Carina Lakshmi Planum (Venus) 132 Levy, David 219 Lowell Observatory 306
Islam Kemble, Lucian 342 Lalande, J.J. 381 Libra (the Scales) 363 luminosity 67, 231
early scientific astronomy 84, Kemble’s Cascade 342, 342 Lambda (λ) Aquilae 367 Delta (δ) Librae 363 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R)
Kennedy, John F. 102, 102 Lambda (λ) Arietis 355 Iota (ι) Librae 363
85, 86 Kennedy Space Center 9 Lambda (λ) Cepheus 340 Mu (μ) Librae 363 diagram 230, 230
zodiac 60 Kepler, Johannes 64, 87, 211, 268 Lambda (λ) Tauri 280, 356 sky guide 433 main-sequence stars 247
islands, volcanic 142, 142, 143 Lambda (λ) Velorum 394 Zubenelgenubi (Alpha (α) pulsating variable stars 278
Isonoe 179 Kepler’s Star 269, 365 Landsat satellites 106 stellar classification 231
Ithaca Chasma (Tethys) 192, laws of planetary motion 87, Langren, Arnold van 330–31 Librae) 363 Type I supernovae 279
Laplace, Pierre-Simon de 90, Zubeneschamali (Beta (β) lunar eclipses 63, 63
192 87, 89, 118 lunar month 62
Izar (Epsilon (ε) Bootis) 25, Kepler’s Star (SN 1604) 35, 116 Librae) 363 Lunar Orbiter 103, 103
Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) life 52–53 Lunar Prospector 151, 153, 159,
273, 347, 347, 444 269, 365
Keyhole Nebula 245, 395 297, 300–301, 405, 405 extra-solar planets 291, 291 159
J Keyser, Pieter Dirkszoon 400 MACHO 96 269 Mars 97 Lunar Rover 150, 156
Milky Way halo 229 search for 97 Lunar Surveyor 103
James Webb Space Telescope Apus 407 in monthly sky guides 415, water and 141 Lunik (Luna) space probes 101,
97 Chamaeleon 407 life cycles, stars 232–35
Dorado 405 421, 427, 469, 474, 475, light 32 101, 108, 151, 151, 153
January sky guide 414–19 Grus 401 481, 481 after Big Bang 50 Lunokhod rovers 105
Janus 190 Hydrus 403 supernova 261 analysing 33, 33 Lupus (the Wolf) 383
Jason and the Argonauts 355, Indus 400 Larissa 201, 202 black holes 263
Musca 397 Larsen Ice-shelf (Earth) 147 emission nebulae 24, 24 Epsilon (ε) Lupi 383
394 Pavo 408 Lassell,William 199, 202, 203, expanding space 43 Eta (η) Lupi 383
Jason Crater (Phoebe) 195 Phoenix 401 203 galaxies 297 Kappa (κ) Lupi 383
Jauslin, Karl 220 star catalogue 330 Lassell ring (Neptune) 201, 201 gravitational lensing 263, 269, in monthly sky guides 445
Jeanne Crater (Venus) 136 Triangulum Australe 398 Latin names, constellations 68 Mu (μ) Lupi 383
jets, superluminal 311, 311 Tucana 402 latitude, and celestial sphere 58 317, 317, 322–23 Pi (π) Lupi 383
Jewel Box (Kappa (κ) Crucis, Volans 406 lava flows gravity 40, 40, 41 Xi (ξ) Lupi 383
Keystone 348, 444, 450 Io 182 ice haloes 70, 70 Lyman Alpha lines 325, 325
NGC 4755) 288, 396, 396 Kirch, Gottfried 216 Mars 162, 165, 168, 168 inverse square law 67 Lynx (the Lynx) 343
in monthly sky guides 433, Kiviuq 188 Mercury 126 light pollution 72, 78 12 Lyncis 343
Kiyotsugu, Hirayama 211 Moon 149, 150, 154 observable Universe 23 19 Lyncis 343
439, 445 Kleinmann-Low Nebula 239 Venus 130–35 Olbers’ paradox 49 38 Lyncis 343
Job’s Coffin 369 Köhler, Johann 307 Le Verrier, Urbain 90, 118 optical telescopes 35, 35 Lyons, Harold 39
Jodrell Bank 93 Korolev, Sergei 100, 100, 101, Le Verrier ring (Neptune) 201, photoelectric effect 32, 32 Lyra (the Lyre) 349
John Sobieski, King of Poland 201 prisms 89, 89 Beta (β) Lyrae (Sheliak) 277,
158 lead, formation of 51 red shift 42
366 Korolev Crater (Moon) 158 Leavitt, Henrietta 282, 301, 340 space and time 38–39 349
Juliet 197 Koronis family, asteroids 211 Leda 178 spectroscopy 90, 90 Delta (δ) Lyrae 349
July sky guide 450–55 Kowal, Charles 180 Leda, Queen of Sparta 351, stars 25 Epsilon (ε) Lyrae 272, 349
June sky guide 444–49 Kuiper, Gerard 206 358 telescopes 76 Gamma (γ) Lyrae 349
Jupiter 176–85 Lemaître, Georges 48, 96 velocity of 32, 38, 39 M40 273
Miranda 198 lenses wave-like behaviour 32, 32 Ring Nebula 253, 349, 349,
atmosphere 178, 178 Neptune’s moons 202 binoculars 74 light-year 22
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Kuiper Airborne Observatory telescopes 76 lightning 71, 71 456, 457
lensing see gravitational lensing lights in the sky 70–71 RR Lyrae 282
219 197, 197 lenticular clouds 71 line-of-sight binaries 270 see also Vega (Alpha (α) Lyrae)
formation of Solar System 117 Kuiper Belt 206 Lion see Leo Zeta (ζ) Lyrae 349
Great Red Spot 12–13, 90 Lippershey, Hans 76 Lyrid meteor shower 349, 432
magnetic field 177, 177 Pluto 204 liquids, states of matter 30 Lysithea 178
moons 13, 25, 178, 178–79, space probes 111 lithium 49

180–85
occultations 65
orbit and spin 118, 176, 176

index

IGGNUUDIIEDDXEE TTOO TT HH EE UU NN II VV EE RRSS EE M M84 319, 319, 362 main-sequence stars cont. Mars Pathfinder 110, 110, 162 Meridiani Planum (Mars) 171,
M85 360 classification 231 mass 174, 175
M stars 231 M86 319, 319, 362 energy 246
M1 (Crab Nebula) 94, 266–67, M87 296, 299, 313, 319, 362, evolution 233, 233, 234 and energy 39, 39 Merope 287, 287
Fomalhaut (Alpha (α) Piscis fate of Universe 54–55 Merope, in mythology 357
356, 356 362 Austrini) 249 galaxy clusters 317, 323, 323 mesas, on Mars 166, 172
M2 371, 463 M88 360 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) gravitational lensing 317 mesons 31, 48
M2-9 (Twin Jet Nebula) 253 M89 294 diagram 230, 230, 247 laws of gravity 36 Mesopotamia, ancient astronomy
M3 25, 69, 346 M90 35 magnetism 247 and luminosity 231
M4 268, 288, 386 M92 348 Porrima (Gamma (γ) Virginis) main-sequence stars 246, 247 83, 83
M5 364, 364, 444, 450 M93 286, 286, 393, 393 249 neutron stars 263 mesosphere, Earth’s atmosphere
M6 see Butterfly Cluster M94 346 Proxima Centauri 248 nuclear reactions 230
M7 386, 386, 445, 445, 451, 457 M95 361 Regor (Gamma (γ) Velorum) and space-time 40–41, 40–41 140
M8 see Lagoon Nebula M96 361 249 star evolution 233 Messier, Charles 69
M10 365, 365, 450 M97 69, 344, 344 Regulus (Alpha (α) Leonis) star formation 236
M11 (Wild Duck Cluster) 366, M99 360 249 stellar endpoints 262 catalogue 90
M100 360 rotation 247, 247 stellar structure 246 Crab Nebula 267
366, 456, 457 M101 (Pinwheel Galaxy) 306, Sirius A (Alpha (α) Canis white dwarfs 262 Eagle Nebula 242
M12 289, 365, 450 Majoris) 248 massive stars, death of 262, 262 Pinwheel Galaxy 306
M13 53, 348, 348, 444, 450 344, 438, 444 structure 246, 246 Mathilde 111, 210 Sombrero Galaxy 306
M14 289 M102 (Spindle Galaxy) 307, Vega (Alpha (α) Lyrae) 249 matter 24, 28–31 Spindle Galaxy 307
M15 289, 370, 371, 462, 463 61 Cygni 248 antimatter 31, 311, 311 Whirlpool Galaxy 305
M16 242, 364, 451, 457 380, 380 atoms 28, 28–29 metallic (M-type) asteroids 208
M17 (Omega Nebula) 90, 238, M103 341, 341 Malin 1 309 Big Bang 46–49 Meteor Crater (Arizona) 221,
M104 (Sombrero Galaxy) 306, Manger Cluster see Beehive Big Chill 55
384, 385 black holes 263 222
M20 (Trifid Nebula) 244, 384, 362, 362 Cluster chemical compounds 29, 29 meteor showers 220
M105 361 mantle chemical elements 29
384, 451 M106 310 see also dark matter Delta Aquarid 451
M22 384, 384, 451, 457 M107 289 Earth 138, 138 development of structures 50, Eta Aquarid 371, 438, 439
M23 384 M108 69 Mars 160, 160 Geminid 358, 480, 480
M24 384, 451 M109 69 Mercury 125, 125 50 Leonid 220, 220, 361,
M25 384 M110 294, 303, 318, 352, 352 Moon 148, 148 Einstein’s theories 92
M27 (Dumbbell Nebula) 253, Maat Mons (Venus) 130, 130, Neptune 200, 200 forces 30, 30 410–11, 474
Uranus 196, 196 particle physics 31 Lyrid 349, 432
368, 368, 456, 457 134, 134 maps states of matter 30 Orionid 374, 468
M30 387, 387 MACHOs (massive compact ancient astronomy 83 Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii Perseid 216, 220, 456, 456
M31 see Andromeda Galaxy mapping the sky 332–37 Quadrantid 347, 414
M32 294, 303, 318, 352, 352 halo objects) 27, 96 269 mapping the Universe 324 202 Taurid 356, 474
M33 (Triangulum Galaxy) 294, Maffei group, galaxy Maraghah 85 Maximilian, Emperor 222 meteorites 208, 220–23
March sky guide 426–31 Maxwell, James Clerk 132 in Antarctica 147, 221
301, 318, 353, 353, 469, 475 superclusters 324 Mare Crisium (Moon) 154 Maxwell Montes (Venus) 130, impact craters 119
M34 354 Maffei 1 319 Mare Imbrium (Moon) 151 from Mars 97, 165, 165
M35 77, 358, 358, 420 Magellan, Ferdinand 300, 301, Mare Orientale Crater (Moon) 131, 132, 136 on Mars 171
M36 343, 414, 414 May sky guide 438–43 Moon craters 149
M37 343, 414, 414 301 159 Maya 83, 83 from Vesta 210, 210
M38 343, 414, 414 Magellan space probe 96, 108, Mare Serenitatis (Moon) 154, Mayor, Michel 96 meteoroids 25, 220
M39 284, 351, 351, 462 Mead Crater (Venus) 137 see also meteor showers
M40 273 130, 131 156 measurements see distance meteors 71, 220, 221
M41 376, 415, 415, 421 Magellanic Clouds see Large Mare Tranquillitatis (Moon) 154 Mecca 85 methane
M42 see Orion Nebula maria, Moon 149 Méchain, Pierre 69, 217 atomic structure 29
M43 239, 375 Magellanic Cloud (LMC); Mariner space probes Medea, in mythology 355 extra-solar planets 291
M44 see Beehive Cluster Small Magellanic Cloud medieval astronomy 86–87 Jupiter 178
M46 393, 393, 421 (SMC) Mars 101, 108, 108, 109, 167 Medusa, in mythology 354, 370 Neptune 200
M47 393, 421 Magellanic Stream 301 Mercury 126, 126 Megaclite 179 Pluto 204
M48 378 magma, plate tectonics 142 Venus 101, 130 Mekbuda (Zeta (ζ) Saturn 187
M49 296, 319, 362 magnesium, on Earth 138 Marius, Simon 180–81, 182 Titan 194
M50 377 magnetic fields Mars 160–75 Geminorum) 282, 358 Uranus 196, 197, 197
M51 (Whirlpool Galaxy) 14, aurorae 70 asteroids 208, 208 MEL 25 see Hyades Methone 188, 190
black holes 310 atmosphere 161, 161 Melas Chasma (Mars) 167 Methuselah 268
294, 305, 346, 346, 438, 444 Earth 139, 139 canyons 13 Melotte 20 354 Metis 178, 180
M52 286, 341, 341, 468 electromagnetic (EM) features formed by water Melotte 111 (Coma Star Mexico, ancient astronomy 82
M54 300 radiation 32 the Mice (NGC 4676) 308
M57 (Ring Nebula) 253, 349, Jupiter 177, 177 169–71 Cluster) 360, 432, 438 Michell, John 94
Mercury 125 impact craters 162, 172–75 Menkar (Alpha (α) Ceti) 373 Michigan, Lake (Earth) 146
349, 456, 457 Milky Way 228 manned missions 111 Mensa (the Table Mountain) micrometers 91
M59 294 Neptune 200 maps 162–63, 163 Microscope see Microscopium
M60 307 neutron stars 263 meteorites from 97, 165, 165, 406 Microscopium (the Microscope)
M63 (Sunflower Galaxy) 346, pulsars 263 Alpha (α) Mensae 406
Saturn 186 222 Menzel 3 (Ant Nebula) 255 387
346 stars 247 moons 163, 163 Merak (Beta (β) Ursae Majoris) Alpha (α) Microscopii 387
M64 (Black Eye Galaxy) 304, Sun 10, 122, 123 orbit and spin 118, 160, 160 AU Microscopii 290
synchrotron mechanism 310 retrograde motion 64, 64 68, 73, 344 microwaves 32
360, 360 Uranus 196 robot vehicles 97 Mercator, Gerardus 360 cosmic microwave
M65 361, 361 magnetosphere search for life 53 Mercury 124–27
M66 361, 361 Earth 139, 139 space probes 101, 108–10, background radiation
M67 359, 359 Jupiter 177, 177 atmosphere 125, 125 (CMBR) 34, 49, 50, 96,
M68 289, 378 magnification 162, 167 geography 126 322, 325
M69 362 binoculars 74, 75 structure 160, 160 motion 64 microwave observatories 34,
M71 366 telescopes 77, 77 surface features 162 orbit and spin 41, 118, 118, 34
M74 35, 372, 372 magnitude see absolute tectonic features 162, 164–68 Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Earth)
M77 373, 373, 475 magnitude; apparent water 163, 163 124, 124 142
M79 391, 391 magnitude Mars Exploration Rovers 110, space probes 108, 108 Middle East
M81 (Bode’s Galaxy) 26, 69, Maia 287 structure 125, 125 ancient astronomy 82, 83
Main Belt, asteroids 119, 208, 208 110, 162, 162 surface features 126, 126 early scientific astronomy 85,
304, 344, 344, 426, 432 main-sequence stars 246–49 Mars Express 162, 162, 163, transits 65 86
M82 (Cigar Galaxy) 69, 297, Alpha (α) Centauri 248 Mercury programme 100, 100, midnight Sun 60–61
Altair (Alpha (α) Aquilae) 167, 167 Milk Dipper 384
304, 344 248 Mars Global Surveyor 110, 160, 102
M83 (Southern Pinwheel) 294, meridian, celestial 59
162, 162, 163, 163, 167
378, 378, 439, 445

index

Milky Way 26, 224–91, 318 Moon cont. Nanedi Vallis (Mars) 170 Newton, Isaac 36, 89 NGC 2841 69 G U I DE TO T H E U N I VI NE RDSEEX
activity 311 gravity 36, 89 Nansen, Fridtjof 173 Great Comet of 1680 216 NGC 2997 380, 380
binocular astronomy 75 Harvest Moon 462 Nansen Crater (Mars) 173 law of universal gravitation NGC 3031 (Bode’s Galaxy)
black hole 14, 226 history 149 Naos (Zeta (ζ) Puppis) 393 36, 64, 89, 98
Cygnus Rift 351, 456 ice haloes 70, 70 NASA 100 laws of motion 36, 36, 98, 304, 344, 344
dark matter 229, 264 impact craters 149, 151, 124 NGC 3034 (Cigar Galaxy) 69,
galactic centre 34, 229 158–59 Deep Space 1 mission 219 telescope 89, 89
globular clusters 285, 285 influence on Earth 150, 150 Discovery programme 212 297, 304, 344
halo 229, 269 maps 151 Lunar Orbiters 151, 151 Newtonian telescopes 76 NGC 3079 69
interstellar medium 228 meteorites from 222, 223, 223 Moon landings 102–105 Newtonian universe, space and NGC 3114 395
Local Group 318 movements across sky 59 Skylab space station 106, 106 NGC 3115 (Spindle Galaxy)
mapping 90 near side 152 space probes 101, 108–10 time 38
in monthly sky guides 414, occultations 65, 65, 249 Space Shuttle 107, 107 NGC (New General Catalogue) 307, 380, 380
421, 456 orbit and spin 37, 148, 148 Stardust mission 111, 219 NGC 3132 (Eight-Burst
old stars 252 phases 62, 62 navigation, Pole Star 83, 275 26, 69, 237
Omega Centauri 288 size 22 Nazis 98 NGC 55 319, 388 Nebula) 250–51, 394, 427
open star clusters 284, 285 space probes 101, 101, 151, 153 Near Earth Asteroid NGC 104 (47 Tucanae) 288, NGC 3195 407
size 22 structure 148, 148 NGC 3201 288
sky guides 414, 421, 456, 480 surface features 150, 150 Rendezvous (NEAR) space 301, 402, 402, 463, 469, 475 NGC 3242 (Ghost of Jupiter)
star clusters 286 probe 111, 212 NGC 224 see Andromeda
star formation 238 moon dogs 70, 70 Nebra Disc 287, 287 378, 378
stellar end points 262–63 moons 25 Nebuchadnezzar, King of Galaxy NGC 3309 320
Babylon 150 NGC 253 319, 319, 388 NGC 3311 320, 320
Miller, Stanley 52, 52 asteroids 211, 211 nebulae 24 NGC 281 236 NGC 3312 320
Milton, John 225 Jupiter 13, 25, 178, 178–79, BHR 71 238 NGC 288 388 NGC 3314 320
Milvian Bridge, Battle of (AD bubble nebulae 260 NGC 292 see Small Magellanic NGC 3370 299
180–85 Carina Nebula 245 NGC 3372 see Carina Nebula
312) 65 Mars 163, 163 catalogues 69 Cloud (SMC) NGC 3532 395, 395
Mimas 188, 190, 191 Neptune 201, 201, 202–203 Cone Nebula 240 NGC 362 402, 469 NGC 3603 232
minerals, on Earth 138, 139 Pluto 204, 204 dark nebulae 24, 228, 238 NGC 383 310 NGC 3628 361
Mir space station 107, 111 Saturn 188, 188–89, 190–95 DR 6 241 NGC 457 341, 474 NGC 3766 382
Mira (Omicron (ο) Ceti) 281, Uranus 197, 198–99 DR 21 244 NGC 598 (Triangulum Galaxy) NGC 3918 (Blue Planetary)
Morecambe Bay (Earth) 150 Eagle Nebula 242–43
373, 474, 475, 475 motion emission nebulae 24, 33, 228, 294, 301, 318, 353, 353, 382
Miralaidjii Corona (Venus) 135 accelerating 40, 40 238 469, 475 NGC 4038 and 4039 (Antennae
Miranda 197, 198 celestial sphere 58–59, 58–59 Horsehead Nebula 238 NGC 604 301, 301
Mirphak (Alpha (α) Persei) Newton’s laws 36, 36, 98 IC 1396 241 NGC 660 294 Galaxies) 35, 307, 308, 381,
planets 64–65, 87 IC 2944 244 NGC 663 341, 474 381
230, 354, 480 retrograde 64, 64 Lagoon Nebula 241 NGC 752 352 NGC 4261 313
mirrors, telescopes 76, 97 stars 66 Orion Nebula 239 NGC 869 354, 354, 474, 480 NGC 4414 295
missiles 98, 98, 99 Mount Palomar, California 93 see also planetary nebulae NGC 884 77, 354, 354, 474, NGC 4438 26
Mizar (Zeta (ζ) Ursae Majoris) Mount Wilson, California 93 RCW 49 245 480 NGC 4449 297
mountains reflection nebulae 237 NGC 1261 403, 403 NGC 4486 313
68, 272, 344, 345, 438 Earth 143, 144 spectroscopy 33 NGC 1275 314 NGC 4526 279
moldavite 221 Moon 156 star-forming nebulae 25, 236, NGC 1300 294, 390, 390 NGC 4565 360, 360
molecular clouds 238 mountings, telescopes 76 238–45 NGC 1316 299, 319, 389 NGC 4590 289
moving clusters 344 Trifid Nebula 244 NGC 1365 319, 389, 389 NGC 4594 (Sombrero Galaxy)
see also dark nebulae moving lights, in sky 71 neon, in Moon’s atmosphere NGC 1399 319, 389 306, 362, 362
radio astronomy 95, 95 Mu (μ) Arae 291 149 NGC 1427A 237 NGC 4622 294
star formation 228, 232, 232, Mu (μ) Boötis 347 Neptune 200–203 NGC 1435 see Pleiades NGC 4649 307
Mu (μ) Cephei (Garnet Star) atmosphere and weather 200, NGC 1502 342, 342 NGC 4650A 297
236 200, 201, 201 NGC 1530 26, 26 NGC 4676 (the Mice) 308
Molecular Ring, Milky Way 229 230, 241, 241, 250, 283, discovery 90 NGC 1851 392 NGC 4755 (Jewel Box) 288,
molecules 29 340, 340 and Kuiper Belt 206, 206 NGC 1952 (Crab Nebula) 94, 396, 396, 433, 439, 445
monerans 141 Mu (μ) Columbae 392 moons 201, 201, 202–203 266–67, 356, 356 NGC 4826 (Black Eye Galaxy)
Mongols 275 Mu (μ) Crucis 396 orbit and spin 119, 200, 200 NGC 1976 see Orion Nebula 304, 360
Monoceros (the Unicorn) 377, Mu (μ) Draconis 339 and Pluto 204 NGC 1977 (Ghost Nebula) 79, NGC 4833 289, 397
Mu (μ) Gruis 401, 401 rings 201, 201 375 NGC 4881 320
420 Mu (μ) Hydrae 378 space probes 109 NGC 1981 375 NGC 4889 316, 320
Alpha (α) Monocerotis 377 Mu (μ) Librae 363 structure 200, 200 NGC 2017 391, 391 NGC 5128 see Centaurus A
Beta (β) Monocerotis 277, Mu (μ) Lupi 383 Nereid 201, 201, 202 NGC 2070 see Tarantula Nebula NGC 5139 see Omega Centauri
Mu (μ) Scorpii 386 Nereidum Montes (Mars) 173 NGC 2158 358 NGC 5194 and NGC 5195
377 multiple stars 270–77 Net see Reticulum NGC 2207 299 (Whirlpool Galaxy) 14,
Cone Nebula 240, 276, 377, Mundilfari 189 neutrinos 28, 30, 31, 120 NGC 2232 377 294, 305, 346, 346, 438, 444
Mundrabilla meteorite 223 after Big Bang 48, 48, 50 NGC 2244 377, 377, 420 NGC 5457 (Pinwheel Galaxy)
377 Musca (the Fly) 397 Big Chill 55 NGC 2264 (Cone Nebula) 306, 344, 438, 444
Red Rectangle Nebula 254 BHR 71 238 detectors 27, 27, 95 240, 276, 377, 377 NGC 5460 382
S Monocerotis 240, 377 Hourglass Nebula 259 neutron stars 25, 233, 263 NGC 2264 IRS 240 NGC 5548 313
V838 Monocerotis 261, NGC 4833 289, 397 formation 94, 234, 234, 235 NGC 2266 250, 285 NGC 5822 383, 383
Theta (θ) Muscae 397 gamma-ray astronomy 35 NGC 2359 260 NGC 5866 307
278–79 MyCn18 (Hourglass Nebula) Geminga Pulsar 264 NGC 2362 376, 376 NGC 6025 398
8 Monocerotis 377 241, 259 PSR B1620-26 268 NGC 2392 (Eskimo Nebula) NGC 6027 and NGC 6027A-C
15 Monocerotis 276 myths, Moon 150 RX J1856.5-3754 264 255, 358, 358 (Seyfert’s Sextet) 319
Montes Apenninus (Moon) 154 space-time 41 NGC 2403 342 NGC 6041A 321
Montes Cordillera (Moon) 159 N neutrons 28, 28–29 NGC 2440 nucleus (HD 62166) NGC 6050 321
Montes Rook (Moon) 159 after Big Bang 48, 48 264 NGC 6087 398, 398
monthly sky guides 410–85 N44C 251 forces 30, 30 NGC 2447 286 NGC 6121 288
months, measuring 62 Naiad 201 New General Catalogue see NGC 2451 393, 421 NGC 6128 289
Moon 9, 148–59 naked-eye astronomy 72–73 NGC NGC 2467 236 NGC 6171 289
angular diameter 73 Nakhla meteorite 222 New Horizons space probe 111 NGC 2477 393, 393, 421 NGC 6193 399
Apollo missions 102–105, 154 names Newgrange 83 NGC 2516 395, 421 NGC 6231 386, 445
astrology 60, 83 NGC 2547 394 NGC 6302 (Bug Nebula)
atmosphere 149, 149 constellations 68 NGC 2736 (Vela Supernova) 256–57
early scientific astronomy 84 stars 68, 330 265, 394 NGC 6397 285, 399, 399
eclipses 63 NGC 2755 294 NGC 6402 289
far side 153 NGC 2787 296 NGC 6405 see Butterfly Cluster
features 154–59
formation 149, 149
future missions 111
Galileo’s observations 88, 88

index

IGGNUUDIIEDDXEE TTOO TT HH EE UU NN II VV EE RRSS EE NGC 6514 244, 244 Nu (ν) Coronae Borealis 363 open universe 55, 55 Orion (the Hunter) cont. particles cont.
NGC 6523 241 Nu (ν) Draconis 339 Ophelia 197, 198 Trapezium (Theta (θ) particle physics 31
NGC 6530 241, 384, 451 Nu (ν) Scorpii 386 Ophir Chasma (Mars) 167, 167 Orionis) 239, 239, 271, quantum mechanics 41
NGC 6541 399 nuclear fission 31 Ophiuchus (the Serpent Holder) 272, 277, 375, 375 radiation 32
NGC 6543 (Cat’s Eye Nebula) nuclear fusion 31, 31 42 Orionis 375 radioactive decay 32
364, 365 45 Orionis 375 solar wind 123, 139
254, 339, 339 discovery 92 Barnard’s Star 66, 365 states of matter 30
NGC 6633 365, 450 inside stars 95, 230, 232, 232 Cygnus Rift 351, 456 Orion Arm, Milky Way 227, string theory 31
NGC 6744 408, 408 main-sequence stars 246 Kepler’s Star 35, 269, 365 229, 229 Sun 122
NGC 6751 25, 251 protostars 237 M12 289, 365, 450
NGC 6752 408, 408 star formation 236 M14 289 Orion Nebula (M42, NGC Pascal, Blaise 158
NGC 6782 308 Sun 120 M107 289 1976) 14–15, 239, 300, Pascal Crater (Moon) 158
NGC 6822 (Barnard’s Galaxy) nucleons 30 in monthly sky guides 450, 374, 375, 375 Pasiphae 179
Nucleosynthesis Era 48 Pasithee 179
318 nucleus, atom 28, 29 456 binocular astronomy 75, 75 Pavo (the Peacock) 408, 463
NGC 6826 351 after Big Bang 48 Rho (ρ) Ophiuchi 290, 365, bow shock 20–21
NGC 6888 (Crescent Nebula) forces 30, 30 in monthly sky guides 414, Alpha (α) Pavonis 408
365 Kappa (κ) Pavonis 408
255 O RS Ophiuchi 283 415, 415 NGC 6782 308
NGC 6960/95 (Cygnus Loop) Twin Jet Nebula 253 Theta (θ) Orionis 277 Xi (ξ) Pavonis 408
O stars 231, 251 Zeta (ζ) Ophiuchi 264 young stars 51 Pavonis Mons (Mars) 164
228, 265 O3 stars 245 36 Ophiuchi 365 Orionid meteor shower 374, Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia 231
NGC 6992 351 OB stars 239 70 Ophiuchi 365 Peacock see Pavo
NGC 7000 (North America Oberon 197, 199 Opik, Ernst 207 468 peculiar (Pec) galaxies 297
Oberth, Hermann 98 Opportunity rover, on Mars Orpheus, mythology 349 Pegasus (the Winged Horse)
Nebula) 351, 351, 462 observable Universe 23 Orthosie 179
NGC 7009 (Saturn Nebula) observatories 88, 88 174–75 Ovda Regio (Venus) 135 370
opposition, planets 64 Overwhelmingly Large Alpha (α) Pegasi 370
251, 371, 371, 463 early scientific astronomy 85, optical telescopes 35, 35 Beta (β) Pegasi 370
NGC 7078 289 85 orange stars Telescope (OWL) 35 Enif (Epsilon (ε) Pegasi) 370,
NGC 7293 (Helix Nebula) Owl Nebula 344, 344
see also telescopes Alpha (α) Centauri (Rigil oxygen 462
253, 371, 371, 463 occultation 65, 249 Kentaurus) 248 Fried Egg Galaxy 313
NGC 7320 320, 320 oceans (Earth) 141, 141 Earth’s atmosphere 140, 140 Gamma (γ) Pegasi 370
NGC 7479 294 61 Cygni 248 extra-solar planets 291 M15 289, 370, 371, 462, 463
NGC 7654 286 tides 150, 150 orange-red stars formation 29, 51, 95 see also Square of Pegasus
NGC 7662 (Blue Snowball) Octans (the Octant) 409 main-sequence stars 246 Stephan’s Quintet 320
Proxima Centauri 248 Mercury 125, 125 Upsilon (υ) Pegasi 370
352, 352, 468 Delta (δ) Octantis 409 orbits meteorites 223 51 Pegasi 96, 370
NGC 7742 (Fried Egg Galaxy) Sigma (σ) Octantis 409 planetary nebulae 251 Pegasus, in mythology 370
Octant see Octans asteroids 208, 208–209 silicates 24 Pele (Io) 183
313 October sky guide 468–73 comets 214, 214 supergiants 250 Pellepoix, Antoine Darquier de
Niagara Falls (Earth) 146 Odysseus Crater (Tethys) 192 Earth-centred cosmos 85, 85 Type I supernovae 279
Nicholson Regio (Ganymede) OH231.8+4.2 (Calabash elliptical galaxies 296 Wolf–Rayet stars 251 253
globular clusters 285 Ozza Mons (Venus) 134 Pendulum Clock see
184 Nebula) 258 Jupiter 176, 176
nickel oil reserves, on Earth 147 Kuiper Belt objects 206, 206 P Horologium
Okmok volcano (Earth) 143 Lagrange points 192 penumbral eclipses 63
Earth 138 Olbers, Heinrich 211 laws of planetary motion 87 Paaliaq 189 Penzias, Arno 49
meteorites 222, 223 Olber’s paradox 49 Mars 160, 160 Pacific Ocean (Earth) 8, 83 Perseid meteor shower 216,
Nile, River 82 old stars 250–61 Mercury 41, 124, 124 Pacific Ring of Fire (Earth) 143
nitrogen Moon 148 Painter’s Easel see Pictor 216, 220, 456, 456
Bug Nebula 256 globular clusters 285 multiple stars 270, 270 Palermo Circle 211, 211 Perseus (the Victorious Hero)
Earth’s atmosphere 140 Olympus Mons (Mars) 162, Neptune 200, 200 Palisa, Johann 211
main-sequence stars 246 Pluto 204, 204 Pallas 211 354
meteorites 223 162, 164, 164, 165 Saturn 186, 186 Pallene 188, 190 Algol (Beta (β) Persei) 272,
planetary nebulae 251 OMC-1 239 Sedna 207 Palus Putredinis (Moon) 151
Pluto 204, 204 Omega Centauri (NGC 5139) shapes of 37, 37, 87 Pan (Amalthea) 180 354, 354, 480
Titan 194 Solar System 118–19 Pan (Saturn’s moon) 188, 387 Mirphak (Alpha (α) Persei)
Wolf–Rayet stars 251 284, 286, 288, 382 space-time 40–41, 40–41 Pandora 188, 189
Nixon, Richard 104 binocular astronomy 75 spiral galaxies 294 Papin, Denis 380 230, 354, 480
Noah 392 density 285 synchronous rotation 148 parabolas, orbits 37 in monthly sky guides 414,
noctilucent clouds 71, 71, 444 in monthly sky guides 402, Uranus 196, 196 parallax shift 66, 66
Noctis Labyrinthus (Mars) 166 Venus 128, 128 parhelia 70 420, 421, 474, 474, 480, 481
Norma (the Set Square) 398, 433, 439, 445 Orion (the Hunter) 68, 374–75 Paris Observatory 260 NGC 1275 314
Omega Nebula (M17) 90, 238, Alnilam (Epsilon (ε) Orionis) Parsons,William 266, 305, 305, Rho (ρ) Persei 354
445 Perseus, in mythology 352, 354
Ant Nebula 255 384, 385 230 346, 356 Pettifor, Arthur 222
Epsilon (ε) Normae 398 Omega (ω) Scorpii 386 Alnitak (Zeta (ζ) Orionis) partial eclipses 63 PG 0052+251 310
Gamma-1 (γ1) Normae 398 Omicron (ο) Ceti (Mira) 281, particle-like behaviour, PGC 54559 (Hoag’s Object)
Gamma-2 (γ2) Normae 398 230, 374, 375, 375
Iota (ι) Normae 398 373, 474, 475, 475 Bellatrix (Gamma (γ) Orionis) electromagnetic (EM) 309
Norse mythology, Polaris 275 Omicron (ο) Cygni 350 radiation 32 PGC 54876 321
North America Nebula (NGC Omicron (ο) Draconis 339 67 particles Phad (Gamma (γ) Ursae
Omicron (ο) Eridani 272, 390, Delta (δ) Orionis 374 in atoms 28
7000) 351, 351, 462 Ghost Nebula 79 aurorae 70 Majoris) 68, 344
north celestial pole 58 390 Horsehead Nebula 238, 239, Big Bang 46–49 Phaethon, in mythology 390
North Polar Region (Mars) 169 Omicron (ο) Velorum 394 Big Chill 55 phases
North Polar sky 332 Ontario, Lake (Earth) 146 375, 375 cosmic rays 24, 228
Northern Coalsack 351 Oort, Jan Hendrik 207 Iota (ι) Orionis 375 dark matter 27, 28 Moon 62, 62
Northern Cross see Cygnus Oort Cloud 207 mythology 374, 386 electromagnetic (EM) force planets 64
Northern Crown see Corona Opaque Era 49 in monthly sky guides 415, 30, 30 Phi (φ) Cassiopeiae 341
open clusters 284, 286 force-carrier particles 30, 30 Philae lander 219
Borealis 420, 421, 426, 427, 480, 481 and magnetic fields 247 Phobos 163, 163
Northern Lights 123 Beehive Cluster 286 naked-eye astronomy 73, 73 matter 28 Phoebe 189, 195
novae 278 Butterfly Cluster 286 Orion’s belt 68, 374, 415 neutrinos 27, 27 Phoenix 401, 463
evolution 285, 285 Sigma (σ) Orionis 238, 277, particle accelerators 31, 31, Zeta (ζ) Phoenicis 401
binocular astronomy 74 Hyades 286 47 photoelectric effect 32, 32
Nova Cygni 1992 278, 283 Jewel Box (Kappa (κ) Crucis) 374, 375 photo-evaporation 242
RS Ophiuchi 283 star colours 66–67 photography 79, 79, 91
T Coronae Borealis (Blaze 288 see also Betelgeuse (Alpha (α) photons 28
M52 286 absorption lines 33
Star) 282 M93 286 Orionis); Rigel (Beta (β) after Big Bang 48, 48–49, 50
November sky guide 474–79 Pleiades 287 Orionis)
Nu (ν) Boötis 347

index

photons cont. planetary nebulae cont. Pluto cont. Propus (Eta (η) Geminorum) Q
Big Chill 55 NGC 6751 25 space probes 111 280, 358
charge-coupled devices NGC 7662 352, 352, 468 structure 204, 204 Quadrans Muralis 347, 414
(CCDs) 79 Red Rectangle Nebula 254 Prospero 197
electromagnetic force 30 Ring Nebula 253 Pointers 248 Proteus 201, 202 Quadrantid meteor shower
energy 32 Stingray Nebula 260 polar ring galaxies 297 protists 141
radiation 246 Twin Jet Nebula 253 polar sky charts 332–33 protons 28 347, 414
Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect Polaris (Alpha (α) Ursae
322 planetesimals 117, 117, 233 after Big Bang 48 quadruple stars 270
planets 12–13, 25, 124–205 Minoris) 274–75, 338, 338, Big Chill 55
photosphere 344 in chemical elements 29 Alcor (80 Ursae Majoris) 272
stars 246, 246 ancient astronomy 83 circumpolar stars 332 forces 30, 30
Sun 120, 122, 122, 123 astrology 60 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) proton–proton chain reaction Alcyone (Eta (η) Tauri) 273
conjunction 64, 65, 65 diagram 230
physics Copernican revolution 86–89 in monthly sky guides 432, (pp chain) 31, 246 Algol (Beta (β) Persei) 272
astrophysics 90 Earth 138–47 438 protoplanetary discs 25
gravity 36–37 Earth-centred cosmos 85, 85 naked-eye astronomy 73, 73 protoplanets 117 Almach (Gamma (γ)
laws of motion 36, 36 extra-solar planets 96, 290–91 Pole Star protostars
laws of planetary motion 64, formation 116, 117, 233, navigation 83, 83 Andromedae) 273
87 see also Polaris (Alpha (α) brown dwarfs 232
matter 28–31 233 Ursae Minoris) evolution to main-sequence Epsilon (ε) Lyrae 272
radiation 32–35 gas giants 119 Vega as 249
space and time 38–41 gravity 89 poles stars 230 Mizar (Zeta (ζ) Ursae
Jupiter 176–85 magnetic poles 139 formation 232, 232–33, 236,
Pi (π) Aquarii 371 Mars 160–75 celestial poles 58, 421 Majoris) 272
Pi (π) Arietis 355 Mercury 124–27 Poliakov,Valeri 111, 111 237
Pi (π) Herculis 348 moons 25 pollution, light 72, 78 protosun 117 Trapezium (Theta (θ)
Pi (π) Hydri 403 motion 59, 64–65, 64, 87 Pollux (Beta (β) Geminorum) Proxima Centauri 22, 230, 248,
Pi (π) Lupi 383 Neptune 200–203 358 Orionis) 277
Piazzi, Giuseppe 369 orbits 118–19 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) 382
protoplanetary discs 25 diagram 230 Psi (ψ) Draconis 339 quanta 32
Ceres 90, 209, 211 rocky planets 119 in monthly sky guides 420, Psi-1 (ψ1) Piscium 372
Pictor (the Painter’s Easel) 404 rotation 37 421, 427 PSR B1620-26 268 quantum mechanics 41
Saturn 186–95 Polydeuces 188, 193 PSR 0531 +21 267, 267
Beta (β) Pictoris 290, 404, search for life 53 Polynesians, navigation 83 PSR 1257 291 Quaoar 206
404 searching for 205 Pons, Jean Louis 217 Ptolemy 57, 85
Solar System 25 Pope, Alexander 198 Quark era 46–47
Iota (ι) Pictoris 404 space probes 108–11 Population I stars 227 astrology 83
Pillars of Creation 242, 242–43 space-time 40–41, 40–41 Population II stars 227, 285 Cetus 373 quarks 28, 29, 31
Pinwheel Galaxy (M101, NGC transits 65, 65 populations, stars 227 Corona Australis 399
Uranus 196–99 Porrima (Gamma (γ) Virginis) Delphinus 369 Big Bang 46–48, 47, 48
5457) 306, 344, 438, 444 Venus 128–37 249, 362 Earth-centred cosmos 59, 85,
Pioneer space probes 101, 108, zodiac 65 Portia 197 forces 30
planispheres 72, 72 positrons 31 86, 87
108, 109, 121, 130 plants 141 Big Bang 47 Equuleus 369 recreating Big Bang 47
pions 30, 48 Planum Australe (Mars) 171 Big Chill 55 Piscis Austrinus 388
Pisces (the Fishes) 68, 372 Planum Boreum (Mars) 169 emergence of 48 star catalogue 85, 330, 405 quasars 310, 310
plasma 30 Milky Way 311, 311 Puck 197, 198
Alrescha (Alpha (α) Piscium) magnetic fields 247 potassium, on Mercury 125 Pulcherrima (Epsilon (ε) Boötis) BL Lac objects 353
372, 372 recreating Big Bang 47 Praesepe 286, 359, 420
states of matter 30 Praxidike 179 see Izar discovery 94, 94
Eta (η) Piscium 372 Sun 122, 123, 123 precession 60, 60, 138 pulsars 94, 263, 263
in monthly sky guides 469, plasma balls 30 pressure distribution 311
plate tectonics, on Earth 140, Earth’s atmosphere 140 binary systems 270
469, 474, 480, 481 star formation 232 extra-solar planets 291 Lyman Alpha (α) lines 325,
PKS 2349 315 140 stars 230, 230 Geminga Pulsar 264
Psi-1 (ψ1) Piscium 372 Plato 84 pressure stripping, galaxy PSR B1620-26 268 325
TX Piscium 372, 372 Pleiades (NGC 1435) 287, 356, collisions 299 PSR 0531 +21 267, 267
Zeta (ζ) Piscium 372 Principle of Equivalence 40, 40 rotation 37 PKS 2349 315
Piscis Austrinus (the Southern 356 Principle of Relativity 38 Vela Pulsar 265, 265
Alcyone (Eta (η) Tauri) 273 prisms, analysing light 33, 33 pulsating variable stars 278 superluminal jets 311
Fish) 388 Aldebaran 252 Procyon (Alpha (α) Canis Delta (δ) Cephei 282
Beta (β) Piscis Austrini 388 binocular astronomy 75 Minoris) 280, 376 Eta (η) Aquilae 282 3C 48 315
see also Fomalhaut (Alpha (α) “missing” Pleiad 357 classification 231 Mira (Omicron (ο) Ceti)
in monthly sky guides 475, Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) 3C 273 315, 362
Piscis Austrini) diagram 230 281
Gamma (γ) Piscis Austrini 480, 481 in monthly sky guides 420, Mu (μ) Cephei (Garnet Star) Queloz, Didier 96
Pleione 287, 356 481
388 Plough 344–45 naked-eye astronomy 73 283 quintuple stars
Pistol Nebula 261 Winter Triangle 420, 420, RR Lyrae 282
Pistol Star 261 changing shape 66 480 W Virginis 282 Sigma (σ) Orionis 277
Pius Institute, Pope 281 in monthly sky guides 414, Procyon B 230 Zeta (ζ) Geminorum
PKS 2349 315 Project Gemini 102, 102 R
Plancius, Petrus 330, 342, 400 420, 426, 432, 432, 433, Promethei Terra (Mars) 171 (Mekbuda) 282
438, 450, 468 Prometheus (Io) 182 Puppis (the Stern) 393, 420, R Coronae Borealis 279, 283, G U I DE TO T H E U N I VI NE RDSEEX
Camelopardalis 342 naked-eye astronomy 73, 73 Prometheus (Saturn’s moon) 363
Columba 392 naming stars 68 188, 189, 190 421
Monoceros 377 pattern 68, 68 Prometheus space probe 110 b Puppis 393 R Leporis 391
Planck era 46 Pluto 204 prominences, Sun 10, 122 Calabash Nebula 258 R Scuti 366
Planet X 205 atmosphere 204 propane, on Jupiter 178 e Puppis 393 Rabinowitz, David 207
planetarium software 78, 78 formation of Solar System proper motion, stars 66 k Puppis 393 radar, space probes 96
planetary nebulae 25, 251, 252 117 L Puppis 393 radial velocity, stars 66
Ant Nebula 255 and Kuiper Belt 206 L2 Puppis 393 radiation
Bug Nebula 256–57 moons 204, 205 M93 286
Calabash Nebula 258 and Neptune 204 Naos (Zeta (ζ) Puppis) 393 Big Bang 22
Cat’s Eye Nebula 254 orbit and spin 37, 118, 119, NGC 2440 nucleus 264 black holes and 263
Crescent Nebula 255 204, 204 Xi (ξ) Puppis 393 cosmic background
Egg Nebula 254 Purcell, Edward 95
Eskimo Nebula 255 Pwyll Crater (Europa) 181 microwave radiation
formation 233–35, 234 pyramids, astronomical (CMBR) 34, 49, 50, 96,
Gomez’s Hamburger Nebula 322, 325
orientation 82, 82, 83, 83 see also electromagnetic (EM)
258 Pythagoras 84 radiation
Helix Nebula 253 Pyxis (the Compass) 392 main-sequence stars 246
Hourglass Nebula 259 red shift and blue shift 33, 33
T Pyxidis 392 radiation belts
Jupiter 177
Van Allen radiation belts
(Earth) 139
radio astronomy 93, 93
telescopes 34, 34, 97
radio galaxies 310, 310
Centaurus A 312
Cygnus A 314
distribution 311
M87 313
NGC 1275 314
NGC 4261 313
Radio Lobe, Milky Way 229
radio pulsars 94
radio waves 32
interstellar medium 95
Milky Way 229, 229
radio window 34
radioactive decay 30, 30, 32
radioactivity 31, 92

index

IGGNUUDIIEDDXEE TTOO TT HH EE UU NN II VV EE RRSS EE Ram see Aries Rho (ρ) Herculis 348 S/2002 N1 201, 202 Saturn cont. SETI (search for extraterrestrial
Ramsden, Jesse 211 Rho (ρ) Ophiuchi 290, 365, S2002 N2 201 structure 186, 186 intelligence) 53
random walk, radiation 246 S2002 N3 201 weather 188, 188
Ranger space probes 101, 103, 365 S2002 N4 201 Seven Sisters see Pleiades
Rho (ρ) Persei 354 S/2003 J1 178, 179 Saturn Nebula (NGC 7009) Sextans (the Sextant) 380
153, 155 rifting, plate tectonics 142 S/2003 J2 179 251, 371, 371, 463
Ras Algethi (Alpha (α) Herculis) Rigel (Beta (β) Orionis) 277, S/2003 J3 179 sky guide 426
S/2003 J4 179 Saturn V rockets 102, 103, 103, 17 Sextantis 380
281, 348 374 S/2003 J5 179 105 18 Sextantis 380
ray craters, Moon 151 classification 231, 231 S/2003 J6 179 Sextant see Sextans
Rayet, Georges 251, 260, 260 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) S/2003 J7 179 Scales see Libra sextuple systems
RCW 49 245 S/2003 J8 179 Schiaparelli, Giovanni 172, 216, Castor 272
red dot finders 77 diagram 230 S/2003 J9 178 Seyfert, Carl 313, 314
red dwarfs 25 in monthly sky guides 415 S/2003 J10 179 220 Seyfert galaxies 305, 310, 310
Right Ascension 59, 59, 73 S/2003 J11 178 Schiaparelli Crater (Mars) 172 Circinus Galaxy 312
evolution 233 Rigil Kentaurus see Alpha (α) S/2003 J12 179 Schmidt–Cassegrain telescopes distribution 311
Gliese 229 25 S/2003 J13 179 Fried Egg Galaxy 313
red giants 25, 250 Centauri S/2003 J14 179 76, 78 M77 373, 373, 475
Aldebaran 252 Riley, Margaretta 136 S/2003 J15 179 Schmitt, Harrison “Jack” 156, NGC 1275 314
Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) Riley Crater (Venus) 136 S/2003 J16 179 NGC 5548 313
ring galaxies S/2003 J17 179 156 Seyfert’s Sextet (NGC 6027 and
diagram 230, 230, 251 S/2003 J18 179 Schwarzschild, Martin 95
multiple stars 270 Hoag’s Object 309 S/2003 J19 178 Scooter (Neptune) 201 NGC 6027A-C) 319
planetary nebulae 251 Ring Nebula (M57) 253, 349, S/2003 J20 179 Scorpion see Scorpius Shackleton, Ernest 174
star life cycles 233–35, 234 S/2003 J21 179 Scorpius (the Scorpion) 386 Shakespeare,William 198, 199
TT Cygni 252 349, 456, 457 S/2003 S1 189 Shakespeare region (Mercury)
red light, photoelectric effect Ring of Fire (Earth) 143 S2003/U1 197 see also Antares (Alpha (α)
rings S2003/U2 197 Scorpii) 127
32, 32 S2003/U3 197 Shapley, Harlow 92
Red Rectangle Nebula (HD gravity 36–37 Sacajawea Patera (Venus) 133 Beta (β) Scorpii 386 sheets, galaxy superclusters 325
Jupiter 179, 179 Sachs Patera (Venus) 133 BM Scorpii 286, 386 Sheliak (Beta (β) Lyrae) 277,
44179) 254 Neptune 201, 201 Sagan, Carl 109, 109 Bug Nebula 256–57
red shift 33, 33 Saturn 13, 36–37, 186, 189, SagDEG (Sagittarius Dwarf Butterfly Cluster 286 349
Delta (δ) Scorpii 386 Shepard, Alan 100, 104
cosmological red shift 33 189 Elliptical Galaxy) 300, 318 GRO J1655-40 268 shepherd moons, Saturn 189
expanding space 42, 323 Uranus 197, 197 Sagitta (the Arrow) 366 M4 288 Sher 25 261
Lyman Alpha forest 325, 325 River see Eridanus Mu (μ) Scorpii 386 Shergotty meteorite 165
mapping the Universe 324 rivers, on Earth 146, 146 S Sagittae 366 in monthly sky guides 439, Shield see Scutum
red sprites 71 robotic space exploration 97, WZ Sagittae 366 Shoemaker, Carolyn 219, 219
red supergiant stars 250 Zeta (ζ) Sagittae 366 445, 450, 451, 456, 457 Shoemaker, Eugène (Gene)
Antares (Alpha (α) Scorpii) 101 Sagittarius (the Archer) 384–85 Nu (ν) Scorpii 386
rockets 98–100 Beta (β) Sagittarii 384 Omega (ω) Scorpii 386 151, 151, 219
252 Epsilon (ε) Sagittarii 384 PSR B1620-26 268 Shoemaker–Levy 9, Comet
Betelgeuse (Alpha (α) Apollo missions 102, 103, Gomez’s Hamburger Nebula Scorpius X-1 386
103 Xi (ξ) Scorpii 386 179, 179, 219
Orionis) 252 258 Zeta (ζ) Scorpii 386, 445 shooting stars 71, 220
evolution 233 rocks Lagoon Nebula 241 Scorpius–Centaurus Association short-period comets 214
V838 Monocerotis 261 Earth 138 MACHO 96 269 Shorty Crater (Moon) 156,
Redstone rockets 100 Mars 175, 175 in monthly sky guides 439, 229, 229
reflecting telescopes 76, 76, 89, Moon 150, 150, 156, 157 Sculptor 388 157
445, 450, 451, 456, 457 Siarnaq 189
89, 91, 93 rocky planets 119 Pistol Star 261 Cartwheel Galaxy 309 Sickle 361
reflection nebulae 228, 237 Roman Catholic church 87 Teapot 384, 451, 457 Epsilon (ε) Sculptoris 388 sidereal day 62, 62
reflex finders 77 Romans, constellations 330 Trifid Nebula 244 Sculptor Group 319, 324 sidereal month 62, 65
refracting telescopes 76, 76, 91 Romulus and Remus Crater WR 104 255 Scutum (the Shield) 366, 456 Sif Mons (Venus) 133
refraction phenomena 70, 70 WR 124 260 Delta (δ) Scuti 366 Sigma (σ) Coronae Borealis
Regor (Gamma (γ) Velorum) (Dione) 193 9 Sagittarii 384 R Scuti 366
Rosalind 197 15 Sagittae 94 Wild Duck Cluster 366, 366, 363
231, 249, 394 Rosetta space probe 111, 111, Sagittarius A 229, 384 Sigma (σ) Octantis 409
regular clusters Sagittarius A* 229, 229, 384, 451 456, 457 Sigma (σ) Orionis 238, 277,
219 Sagittarius A West 229, 229 Scutum Star Cloud 366
Abell 1689 321 Rosette Nebula 377, 377, 420 Sagittarius Arm, Milky Way 227 Sea Goat see Capricornus 374, 375
Abell 2065 (Corona Borealis Rotanev (Beta (β) Delphini) Sails see Vela Sea Monster see Cetus Sigma (σ) Tauri 356
salts 29, 29 Sea of Tranquillity (Moon) silicaceous (S-type) asteroids
Cluster) 321 369 Salyut space stations 106, 106
Abell 2218 322–23 rotating variable stars Samarkand 85, 85 154 208
Coma Cluster 320 Sandage, Allan 315 seas, on Earth 147 silicates
Fornax Cluster 319 Procyon (Alpha (α) Canis Sapas Mons (Venus) 134 seasons
Hydra Cluster 320 Minoris) 280 Saskia Crater (Venus) 137 dust 24
Regulus (Alpha (α) Leonis) satellites 106, 106 Earth 61, 61, 138 interstellar medium 228
rotation astronomy from space 96 Mars 160, 160 silicon, formation of 51
249, 361 angular momentum 37, 37 observing 71 Neptune 200 Silverstein, Dr. Abe 102
Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) neutron stars 263, 263 Space Race 99–100, 99 Uranus 196 singularity, black holes 26, 41
spiral galaxies 294 Saturn 186–95 Secchi, Father Angelo 281 Sinope 179
diagram 230 stars 247 atmosphere 187, 187 Second World War 98 Sinus Iridum (Moon) 151
in monthly sky guides 427 synchronous rotation 148 formation of Solar System Sedan Crater (Nevada Desert) Sippar Sulcus (Ganymede)
naked-eye astronomy 73
name 68 Rotten Egg Nebula 258 117 158 184
relativity Royal Greenwich Observatory moons 188, 188–89, 190–95 Sedna 207 Sirius A (Alpha (α) Canis
general theory of relativity orbit and spin 119, 186, 186 Seki Tsutomu 216
88, 88 rings 13, 36–37, 186, 189, September sky guide 462–67 Majoris) 248, 376
40–41, 49 Royal Society 88 Serpens (the Serpent) 364, 444, ancient astronomy 82
special theory of relativity Royal Stars 252 189 apparent magnitude 67
RR Lyrae 282 space probes 109, 109, 110, 450 binary system 270
38–39 RS Ophiuchi 283 Delta (δ) Serpentis 364 classification 231
Renoir region (Mercury) 127 Ruapehu, Mount (Earth) 143 194, 194 Eagle Nebula 242–43 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R)
replication, and life 52 Rupes Altai (Moon) 155 Hoag’s Object 309
residual strong nuclear force 30, Russell, Henry 230 Seyfert’s Sextet 319 diagram 230
RX J1856.5-3754 264 Theta (θ) Serpentis 364 in monthly sky guides 414,
30 Unukalhai (Alpha (α)
Reticulum (The Net) 404 S 415, 421, 426, 427, 475, 481
Serpentis) 364 naked-eye astronomy 73
Zeta (ζ) Reticuli 404 S Monocerotis 240, 377 Serpens Cauda 451 name 68
retrograde motion 64, 64 S Sagittae 366 Serpent see Serpens Winter Triangle 420, 420,
Reull Vallis (Mars) 169, 171 S1986/U10 197 Set Square see Norma
Rhea 188, 193 S/2000 J11 178 Setebos 197 480
Rhea Mons (Venus) 133 S2001/U2 197
Rho (ρ) Cassiopeiae 341 S2001/U3 197

index

Sirius B (HD 48915 B) 264, 376 solids, states of matter 30 spicules, Sun 95, 122, 123 stars cont. stony-iron meteorites 208, 220 G U I DE TO T H E U N I VI NE RDSEEX
binary system 270 Solis Planum (Mars) 168 spin asterisms 68 stony meteorites 220
Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) solstices 61, 61, 83, 138, 444 Big Chill 55 storms
diagram 230 Sombrero Galaxy (M104, NGC Earth 138, 138 binary stars 25, 270, 272
as white dwarf 94, 262 Jupiter 176, 176 brightness 67 Jupiter 179, 179
4594) 306, 362, 362 Mars 160, 160 brown dwarfs 25, 25, 94, 94 Mars 161, 161, 167
Sirrah 352 sound waves, helioseismology Mercury 124, 124 carbon stars 252, 252 Neptune 201
Sk-69 202 261 Moon 148, 148 catalogues 68, 330 Saturn 188, 188
sky guides 410–85 95, 95 Neptune 200, 200 celestial coordinates 59, 59 stratosphere, Earth’s atmosphere
Skylab space station 105, 106, south celestial pole 58, 421 Pluto 204 celestial sphere 58–59
South Polar Group 319 Saturn 186, 186 Cepheid variable stars 42, 140
106 South Polar Region (Mars) 171 Uranus 196, 196 301, 303 string theory 31, 31, 41
Slayton, Donald “Deke” 105 South Polar sky 333 Venus 128, 128 charts and atlases 331 stromatolites 52
Slipher,Vesto 205, 306, 306 South Pole, AASTO project Spindle Galaxy (M102, NGC classification 231 strong nuclear force 30, 30, 46
Sloan Digital Sky Survey 324, collapsing 235, 262 Struve, F. 273
297 3115) 307, 380, 380 colours 66–67 Struve 747 375
325 South Pole-Aitken Basin Crater spiral galaxies 26, 294–95 Copernican revolution 87 Struve 2725 369
Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC, death 25 Sualocin (Alpha (α) Delphini)
(Moon) 159 Andromeda Galaxy (M31, 18th-century astronomy 90
NGC 292) 288, 294, 297, Southern Cross see Crux NGC 224) 302–303 evolution 233–35 369
301, 402, 402 Southern Crown see Corona extreme stars 94 subatomic particles see particles
Milky Way halo 229 Antennae Galaxies 307 first stars 51 al-Sufi 302, 330, 405, 405
in monthly sky guides 415, Australis barred spiral galaxies 26, 294 formation 25, 230, 232, sulphur, properties 29
457, 463, 463, 469, 474, Southern Fish see Piscis Black Eye Galaxy 304 236–45 sulphuric acid, on Venus 129
475, 481 Bode’s Galaxy 304 giant stars 25 Sumerians
SMART-1 spacecraft 111, 151 Austrinus Cartwheel Galaxy 309 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R)
SN 437 (Geminga Pulsar) 264 Southern Pinwheel (M83) 294, classification 294, 294 diagram 94, 230, 230 ancient astronomy 83
SN 1572 (Tycho’s Supernova) density waves 227, 237, 295 hypernovae 35, 51 constellations 330
268 378, 378, 439, 445 ESO 510-G13 308 interstellar medium 228 summer solstice 61, 61, 138
SN 1604 (Kepler’s Star) 35, Southern Pleiades (IC 2602) galaxy clusters 317 life cycles 230, 232–35 Summer Triangle 444, 450,
269, 365 merger model 299, 299 light 25
SN 1680 (Cassiopeia A) 51, 269 395, 427, 433 the Mice 308 luminosity 230, 230, 231 450, 456, 457, 462, 463,
SN 1987A 261 Soviet Union Milky Way 226–29 magnetic fields 247 468, 474, 481
Society for Space Travel (VfR) NGC 6782 308 main-sequence stars 246–49 see also Altair (Alpha (α)
98, 98 Moon landings 102, 103, 105 Pinwheel Galaxy 306 mapping the sky 332–37 Aquilae); Deneb (Alpha (α)
sodium, on Mercury 125, 125 space probes 101, 108 Sombrero Galaxy 306 mass 230 Cygni)
sodium chloride 29 Space Race 98–101 Triangulum Galaxy 301 Milky Way 226–29 naked-eye astronomy 73
software, astronomical 78 space stations 106, 106, 107, Whirlpool Galaxy 305 molecular clouds 228 see also Vega (Alpha (α) Lyrae)
SOHO solar observatory Spitzer Space Telescope 26, 34, motion and patterns 66–69 Sun 10–11, 120–23
120–21, 121, 122, 123 111 multiple stars 270–77 analemma 60
Soho-6, Comet 215 Soyuz spacecraft 100, 101 51, 245, 245 names 68 angular diameter 73
Sojourner 110, 162, 162 space Sponde 179 neutron stars 25, 94 astrology 60, 83
solar day 62, 62 spring equinox 61, 61, 138 nuclear fusion 31, 31, 92 atmosphere 123, 123
solar eclipses 63, 63 astronomy from 96, 97 Sputnik 1 satellite 99, 99 old stars 250–61 celestial cycle 60
solar flares 10, 114–15, 122, Big Bang 46 Sputnik 2 satellite 99, 100 planet formation 233, 233 classification 231, 231
246 Einstein’s theories 92 Square of Pegasus 68, 352, 370 plasma 30 comets 215
Solar Maximum Mission 121, expanding 42–43, 54 populations 227 Copernican revolution 86–89
121 space and time 38–41, 55 in monthly sky guides 414, radio pulsars 94 corona 10, 63
solar nebulae, formation of Solar see also Universe 450, 456, 457, 462, 463, red dwarfs 25, 25 early scientific astronomy 84,
System 116 space probes 101, 108–11 468, 468, 469, 474, 475, rotation 37, 247 84
solar quakes 122 asteroids 111 480, 481 sidereal day 62, 62 Earth-centred cosmos 85, 85
Solar System 25, 114–223 astronomy from space 96 space-time 41 eclipses 63
asteroids 208–13 Jupiter 109, 110 SS 433 26 spectroscopy 33, 33, 90, 90 energy 92
comets 214–19 Jupiter’s moons 110 star clusters stellar end points 264–69 formation of Solar System
Earth 138–47 Mars 101, 108–10, 162, 167 structure 246 116, 117
history 116–17 Mercury 108, 108 Beehive Cluster 286 Sun 120–23 helioseismology 95, 95
Jupiter 176–85 Moon 101, 101, 151, 153 Butterfly Cluster 286 supergiants 25, 25 helium production 246
Kuiper Belt 206 Neptune 109 catalogues 69 temperature 230, 230 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R)
life, search for 53 Pluto 111 Christmas Tree Cluster 240 variable stars 258, 278–83 diagram 230
Mars 160–75 Saturn 109, 109, 110, 194, 194 evolution 285, 285 white dwarfs 25, 25, 94 ice haloes 70
Mercury 124–7 Sun 121, 121 Hyades 286 Wolf–Rayet stars 245, 251, internal structure 120
meteors and meteorites Uranus 109 Jewel Box (Kappa (κ) Crucis) 252, 260 laws of planetary motion 87
220–23 Venus 96, 101, 108, 108, 130 see also constellations; galaxies; luminosity 231
in Milky Way 229 Space Race 98–101 288 star clusters and individual as main-sequence star 247
Moon 148–59 Space Shuttle 8, 80–81, 107, M4 288 stars midnight Sun 60–61
Neptune 200–3 M12 289 in Milky Way 229, 229
Oort Cloud 207 107 M14 289 states of matter 30 movements across sky 59
orbits 37, 118–19 space stations 106, 106, 107, M15 289 Stein Crater Field (Venus) 137 nuclear fusion 31
planets 12–13 M52 286 stellar black holes 26, 26 photosphere 120, 122, 122,
Pluto 204 111 M68 289 stellar end points 262–69 123
Saturn 186–95 spacecraft 98–101 M93 286 stellar nurseries 236 plasma loops 122
size 22 M107 289 stellar winds 236, 237 prominences 10
space probes 108–11 Moon landings 102–105 moving clusters 344 Stephano 197 solar day 62, 62
Sun 120–23 see also space probes NGC 3201 288 Stephan’s Quintet (Hickson 92) solar flares 10, 114–15, 122,
Uranus 196–9 special theory of relativity NGC 4833 289 246
Venus 128–37 Omega Centauri 288 320 Solar System 25
solar systems, formation 233, 38–39 open clusters 284, 286 Stern see Puppis space probes 108, 121, 121
233, 290–91 spectra 33, 33 Pleiades 287 Stingray Nebula (Hen-1357) 260 space-time 40–41
solar wind 10, 123 Trapezium 239, 239, 277 Stone Age 83 sunspots 10–11, 122, 122,
aurorae 70 astrophysics 90, 90 47 Tucanae 288 stone circles 82, 83 247
bow shock 139 circumstellar discs 290 starburst galaxies 297, 304 Stonehenge 82, 83 surface 122, 122
charged particles 139 identifying binary stars 270 Stardust mission 111, 219 temperature 95, 122, 123
Jupiter 177 spectroscopy 33, 33 starquakes 263 transits by planets 65, 65
star classification 231 stars 14–15, 230–91 zodiac 60, 61
Wolf–Rayet stars 251 accretion discs 242, 245
spectroscopic binaries 270 ancient astronomy 83
speed of light 32, 38, 39 apparent magnitude 231
Spencer, Dr L.J. 223 Arabic names 330
Spica (Alpha (α) Virginis) 362
Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R)

diagram 230
in monthly sky guides 426,

427, 432, 433, 438, 439,
444, 445, 450, 451
naked-eye astronomy 73

index

IGGNUUDIIEDDXEE TTOO TT HH EE UU NN II VV EE RRSS EE sun dogs 70 Tarantula Nebula (30 Doradus) temperature cont. Triangulum (the Triangle) cont. United States of America cont.
sundials 82 301, 405 Mars 160, 161 Local Group 318 Space Shuttle 107, 107
Sunflower Galaxy (M63) 346, Mercury 124, 125 3C 48 315
brightness 300, 300 Moon 149 6 Trianguli 353 Universe
346 in monthly sky guides 415, old stars 251 age 42
sunlight Pluto 204 Triangulum Australe (the Big Bang 22, 46–49
421, 427, 475, 481 red giants 250 Southern Triangle) 398, constituent parts 24–25
noctilucent clouds 71, 71 Tarazed (Gamma (γ) Aquilae) Saturn 187 445 Copernican revolution 86–89
zodiacal light 71, 71 star classification 231 dark ages 50
suns see stars 367, 367 star formation 232, 236 Alpha (α) Triangulum early models of 59, 59
Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect 322, Tarvos 189 Sun 95, 122, 123 Australis 398 Earth-centred cosmos 85, 85
Tau (τ) Canis Majoris 376, 376 Uranus 197 expanding space 42–43, 54,
323 Tau (τ) Ceti 230, 373 Venus 129 Triangulum Galaxy (M33, NGC 323
La Superba (Gamma (γ) Canum Taurid meteor shower 356, 474 598) 294, 301, 318, 353, fate of 54–55
Taurus (the Bull) 356–57 Tethys 188, 190, 192, 193 353, 469, 475 general theory of relativity
Venaticorum) 346 Teviot Vallis (Mars) 171 41, 49
superclusters see galaxy Alcyone (Eta (η) Tauri) Thackeray, A.D. 244 Trifid Nebula (M20) 244, 384, geometry of 55
273, 287, 356 Thalassa 201 384, 451 life in 52–53
superclusters Tharsis Bulge (Mars) 162, 164, mapping 324
supergiants 25, 250 see also Aldebaran (Alpha (α) trigonometry, early scientific matter 28–31
Tauri) 166, 168 astronomy 84, 85 observable Universe 23
Antares (Alpha (α) Scorpii) Thebe 178, 179, 180 radiation 32–35
252 Alnath (Beta (β) Tauri) 230, Theia Mons (Venus) 133 Trinculo 197 scale of 22–23
343, 356 Themisto 178, 180 triple stars space and time 38–41
Betelgeuse (Alpha (α) thermosphere, Earth’s
Orionis) 252 Crab Nebula 266–67 Albireo (Beta (β) Cygni) 273 Unukalhai (Alpha (α) Serpentis)
Hyades 286 atmosphere 140 Beta (β) Monocerotis 277 364
Eta (η) Carinae 258 Lambda (λ) Tauri 280, 356 Theta (θ) Apodis 407 Omicron (ο) Eridani 272
evolution 233 in monthly sky guides 420, Theta (θ) Carinae 395, 427 Rigel (Beta (β) Orionis) 277 Upsilon (υ) Andromedae 291,
Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) Theta (θ) Eridani 390 Triton 201, 201, 202–203, 204, 291
421, 426, 480, 481 Theta (θ) Indi 400
diagram 230, 230, 251 Pleiades 287 Theta (θ) Muscae 397 205 Upsilon (υ) Pegasi 370
Sher 25 261 Sigma (σ) Tauri 356 Theta (θ) Orionis (Trapezium) Trojan asteroids 208, 208–209 Uranus 196–99
star life cycles 233, 233–35, T Tauri 237 Tropic of Cancer 61
Theta (θ) Tauri 356 239, 239, 271, 272, 277, Tropic of Capricorn 61 atmosphere and weather 197,
234 Zeta (ζ) Tauri 356 375, 375 troposphere, Earth’s atmosphere 197
stellar black holes 26 Taurus-Littrow Valley (Moon) Theta (θ) Serpentis 364
V838 Monocerotis 261 Theta (θ) Tauri 356 140, 140 discovery 90
Superior, Lake (Earth) 146, 146 156–57 Thor’s Helmet 260 Trujillo, Chad 207 and Kuiper Belt 206
superior planets, motion 64, 64 Taurus Molecular Cloud 290 Thrym 189 Trumpler 14 245 moons 197, 198–99
superluminal jets 311, 311 Taygeta 287 Thyone 179 Trumpler 16 245 orbit and spin 118, 196, 196
supermassive black holes 26, Taygette 179 Tibetan Plateau (Earth) 144, Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin 81, 98, rings 197, 197
Teapot 384, 451, 457 145 space probes 109
26, 55, 297, 297 tectonic features tides, and gravity 89, 150, 150 98, 158 structure 196, 196
Supernova 1987A 262, 300, Tigre, River (Earth) 146 Tsiolkovsky Crater (Moon) 158 Ursa Major (the Great Bear)
Earth 140, 142–45 Tikhonravov Crater (Mars) 172 TT Cygni 252
405 Mars 162, 164–68 time and space 38–41 Tucana (the Toucan) 402, 463 344–45, 432
Supernova 1994D 279 Venus 130, 130, 132–35 ancient astronomy 82, 82 Alcor (80 Ursae Majoris)
supernova remnants 25, 25 tektite 221 Big Bang 46 Beta (β) Tucanae 402
Telescope see Telescopium celestial cycles 60, 62 Kappa (κ) Tucanae 402 272, 344, 345, 438
Crab Nebula 266–67 telescopes 76–77, 331 Einstein’s theories 92 see also Small Magellanic Alioth (Epsilon (ε) Ursae
Cygnus Loop 265 astrophotography 79, 79 expanding space 43
Vela Supernova 265 computerized telescopes lunar month 62 Cloud (SMC) Majoris) 68, 344
supernovae 25, 250 medieval astronomy 86 47 Tucanae 288, 301, 402, Alkaid (Eta (η) Ursae Majoris)
and black holes 263 78–79 sidereal day 62, 62
Cassiopeia A 269 early astronomy 88, 88 sidereal month 62 402, 463, 469, 475 68, 344
dark energy 54, 54 18th- and 19th-century solar day 62, 62 Tuttle, Horace 216 Bode’s Galaxy 304, 344, 344
formation of 234, 235 space-time 39, 39, 40–41, TWA-5B 291 Cigar Galaxy 297, 304, 344
formation of elements in 234 astronomy 90, 91 40–41, 55 Twin Jet Nebula (M2-9) 253 Delta (δ) Ursae Majoris 344
Kepler’s Star 269 filters 78, 78 time dilation 39, 39 Twins see Gemini see also Dubhe (Alpha (α)
life cycles of stars 232 Galileo’s 76, 76 Titan 188, 188, 194 Tycho catalogue 66
and meteorites 222 Hubble Space Telescope 43, search for life 53 Tycho Crater (Moon) 151, 155, Ursae Majoris)
and neutron stars 263 space probes 109, 110, 110 Merak (Beta (β) Ursae
radiation 34 97, 107 Titania 197, 199 157
star evolution 233, 233 infrared astronomy 34, 34 titanium, on Moon 154 Tycho’s Supernova (SN 1572) Majoris) 68, 73, 344
star formation 236, 237, 237 Newton’s 89, 89 Titanomachia 399 Mizar (Zeta (ζ) Ursae
Tycho’s Supernova 268 optical telescopes 35, 35 Titans, in mythology 399 268
Type I supernovae 279 planet-hunting 291 Tito, Dennis 107, 107 Type I supernovae 279 Majoris) 68, 272, 344, 345,
Type II supernovae 262, 263 radio astronomy 34, 34, 93, TMR-1C 291 Type II supernovae 262, 263 438
Surtsey (Earth) 142 Tohil Mons (Io) 182 naked-eye astronomy 73, 73
Surveyor space probes 153 93 Tombaugh, Clyde 205 U Phad (Gamma (γ) Ursae
Suttung 189 reflecting telescopes 76, 76, total eclipses 63, 63 Majoris) 68, 344
Swan see Cygnus Toucan see Tucana U Geminorum 280 Pinwheel Galaxy 306, 344,
Swift, Lewis 216 89, 89, 91, 93 Toutatis 210 UFOs (unidentified flying 438, 444
Swift–Tuttle, Comet 214, 216, refracting telescopes 76, 76, Tr37 star cluster 241 star chart 68–69
TRACE satellite 121, 121, 123 objects) 71, 71 Xi (ξ) Ursae Majoris 344
220 91 transition region, Sun 123 Uhuru satellites 96 47 Ursae Majoris 291
Sycorax 197, 199 size 97 transits, planets 65, 65 ultraviolet radiation 32, 35 Ursa Minor (the Little Bear)
Syene 84, 84 space telescopes 107, 107 transverse velocity, stars 66 338
synchronous rotation 148 Spitzer telescope 245, 245 Trapezium (Theta (θ) Orionis) astronomy from space 96 Abell 2125 321
synchrotron mechanism 310, 20th-century astronomy 93 239, 239, 271, 272, 277, first stars 51 Eta (η) Ursae Minoris 338
Telescopium (the Telescope) 375, 375 galaxies 297 Gamma (γ) Ursae Minoris
310 Triangulum (the Triangle) 353 observatories 35, 35 338
400 photoelectric effect 32 see also Polaris (Alpha (α)
T Delta (δ) Telescopii 400 Ulugh Beg 85, 85, 86 Ursae Minoris)
Telesto 188, 192 Ulysses space probe 121, 217 11 Ursae Minoris 338
T Coronae Borealis (Blaze Star) Tempel–Tuttle, Comet 214, 220 Umbriel 197, 199 19 Ursae Minoris 338
282 temperature Unicorn see Monoceros US Explorer satellites 96
Big Bang 46, 49, 50 United Kingdom Infrared US Navy 99
T Pyxidis 392 gas giants 291 Utopia Planitia (Mars) 170
T Tauri 237 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) Telescope (UKIRT) 34 UW Canis Majoris 376
Table Mountain see Mensa United States of America Uzbekistan 85
the Tadpole 27 diagram 230, 230
Tagish Lake meteorite 222 interstellar medium 228 future missions 111
tails, comets 214, 215, 215 on Io 182 Moon landings 102–105
Jupiter 176, 179 Skylab space station 106, 106
main-sequence stars 246, 247 space probes 101, 108–10
Space Race 98–101

index

V Venus cont. water cont. Wilkinson Microwave Zeta (ζ) Coronae Borealis 363
space probes 96, 101, 108, features formed on Mars Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Zeta (ζ) Geminorum
V* V1033 Sco 268 108, 130 169–71 34, 34
V2 rockets 98, 99 structure 128, 128 interstellar medium 228 (Mekbuda) 282, 358
V647 Tau (τ) 273 tectonic features 130, 130, Jupiter 178 William the Conqueror, King of Zeta (ζ) Herculis 348
V838 Monocerotis 261, 132–35 and life 52 England 218 Zeta (ζ) Leonis 361
transits 65, 65 Mars 163, 163 Zeta (ζ) Lyrae 349
278–79 the Moon 159 Wilson, Robert 49 Zeta (ζ) Ophiuchi 264
Valhalla Basin (Callisto) 185, vernal equinox 61, 61, 138, Neptune 200 WIMPs (weakly interacting Zeta (ζ) Orionis (Alnitak) 230,
355, 372 Pluto 204
185 Saturn 187 massive particles) 27, 28 374, 375, 375
Valles Marineris (Mars) 109, Verne, Jules 98 Saturn’s rings 189 wind erosion Zeta (ζ) Phoenicis 401
Very Large Array, New Mexico states of matter 30 Zeta (ζ) Piscium 372
161, 162, 162, 166–67 Uranus 196, 197 Mars 172, 172 Zeta (ζ) Puppis (Naos) 393
Van Allen, James 139 34, 34 Venus 131 Zeta (ζ) Reticuli 404
Van Allen radiation belts (Earth) Very Large Telescope 51 Water Carrier see Aquarius winds Zeta (ζ) Sagittae 366
Vespucci, Amerigo 396, 396 Water Jar 371 Jupiter 179 Zeta (ζ) Scorpii 386, 445
139 Vesta 210 Water Snake see Hydra Mars 161, 161 Zeta (ζ) Ursae Majoris (Mizar)
Van De Graaff Crater (Moon) vibrations, string theory 31 wave-like behaviour, Saturn 188
Viking space probes 109, 162 stellar winds 236, 237 68, 272, 344, 345, 438
158 Virgin see Virgo electromagnetic (EM) Winged Horse see Pegasus Zeus 338, 338, 345, 351, 399
Vanguard rocket 99 Virgo (the Virgin) 362, 438 radiation 32, 32 winter solstice 61, 61, 138 zodiac 61, 65
variable stars 258, 278–83 wavelengths Winter Triangle
Abell 1689 321 analysing light 33, 33 in monthly sky guides 414, ancient astronomy 83
bizarre variables 279 M60 307 celestial objects 34 astrology 60
Cepheid variable stars 42, M87 296, 299, 313, 319, 362, electromagnetic (EM) 420, 420, 480 Islamic 60
radiation 32 naked-eye astronomy 73, 73 zodiacal light 71, 71
278, 278, 282, 301, 303 362 galaxies 297 Wirtanen, Comet 111, 111, 219 Zond 3 spacecraft 102
Delta (δ) Cephei 282 NGC 4261 313 luminosity 231 WN stars 245, 251 Zubenelgenubi (Alpha (α)
Eta (η) Aquilae 282 Porrima (Gamma (γ) Virginis) photons 32 WO stars 251
Gamma (γ) Cassiopeiae 281 red shift and blue shift 33, Wolf see Lupus Librae) 363
Mira (Omicron (ο) Ceti) 249, 362 33 Wolf, Charles 251, 260 Zubeneschamali (Beta (β)
Sombrero Galaxy 306, 362, WC stars 251 Wolf, Max 211
281 weak interaction, Big Bang 47 Wolf–Rayet stars 245, 251, 252, Librae) 363
Mu (μ) Cephei (Garnet Star) 362 weak nuclear force 30, 30 ZZ Ceti 230
see also Spica (Alpha (α) weather 260
283 Earth 140, 140 HD 56925 260 1 Ceres 90, 208, 209
Pistol Star 261 Virginis) Jupiter 179, 179 Regor (Gamma (γ) Velorum) 1 Zwicky 18 298
Procyon (Alpha (α) Canis W Virginis 282 Mars 161 1ES 1853-37.9 264
3C 273 315 Neptune 201 249 2 Pallas 211
Minoris) 280 Virgo Cluster 23, 27, 319, 360, Saturn 188, 188 WR 104 255 2M1207 291
pulsating variable stars 278 Uranus 197 WR 124 260 3C 31 310
R Coronae Borealis 283 362 weight Wunda Crater (Umbriel) 199, 3C 48 315
RR Lyrae 282 central region 317 and gravity 36 3C 273 315, 362
U Geminorum 280 dark galaxies 316 weightlessness 36, 36 199 3C 279 310
W Virginis 282 galaxy superclusters 324, 324 Weinberg, Steven 30 WZ Sagittae 366 3C 405 (Cygnus A) 314
Zeta (ζ) Geminorum in monthly sky guides 432, werewolves 150, 150 4 Vesta 210
West, Comet 217 X 9 Sagittarii 241
(Mekbuda) 282 433, 438 West, Richard 217 15 Monocerotis 276
Vatican Observatory 281 Virgo III groups, galaxy Whipple, Fred 215, 215 X-bosons 47 24 Tau (τ) 273
Vega (Alpha (α) Lyrae) 249, Whirlpool Galaxy (M51, NGC X-rays 32 30 Doradus see Tarantula Nebula
superclusters 324 5194, NGC 5195) 14, 294, 47 Tucanae (NGC 104) 288,
349, 350 Virgo Supercluster 324 305, 346, 346, 438, 444 black holes 94, 263, 310
circumstellar disc 290 viruses 52, 52 White, Ed 100 galaxy clusters 319, 319 301, 402, 402, 463, 469, 475
Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) visual binaries 270 white dwarfs 25, 25, 262 gravitational lensing 323 61 Cygni 248
voids, galaxy superclusters 325 Big Chill 55 intergalactic medium 317 243 Ida 116, 208, 211
diagram 230 Volans (the Flying Fish) 406 classification 231 observatories 35, 35, 96 253 Mathilde 111, 210
luminosity 231 Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect 433 Eros 13, 111, 208, 210,
in monthly sky guides 432, Epsilon (ε) Volantis 406 diagram 230, 230
Gamma (γ) Volantis 406 mass 94 322 212–13
438, 444, 445, 450, 451, volcanoes multiple stars 270 supermassive black holes 297 951 Gaspra 210
456, 457, 462, 463 Earth 140, 142, 142, 143, 143 NGC 2440 nucleus 264 Xanadu (Titan) 194 1992 QB1 206
naked-eye astronomy 73 Io 182, 182–83 novae 278 Xi (ξ) Boötis 347 4179 Toutatis 210
Veil Nebula 25, 265, 351 Mars 162, 164–65, 164–65, planetary nebulae 251 Xi (ξ) Lupi 383 5535 Annefrank 210
Vela (the Sails) 394, 420, 421 Sirius B 94, 264, 270, 376, Xi (ξ) Pavonis 408
Delta (δ) Velorum 394 168, 168 421, 427, 475 Xi (ξ) Puppis 393 G U I DE TO T H E U N I VI NE RDSEEX
Kappa (κ) Velorum 394 Moon 149 space-time 41 Xi (ξ) Scorpii 386
Lambda (λ) Velorum 394 Venus 130, 130, 133, 133, star life cycles 233, 233, 234, Xi (ξ) Ursae Majoris 344
NGC 3201 288 235
Omicron (ο) Velorum 394 134, 134 Type I supernovae 279, 279 Y
Regor (Gamma (γ) Veloram) Volga Delta (δ) (Earth) 147 white stars
231, 249, 394 Voskhod spacecraft 101, 101 Altair (Alpha (α) Aquilae) year, length of 82
Vela Pulsar 265, 265 Vostok missions 100, 100 248 yellow stars
Vela Supernova (NGC 2736) Voyager space probes Fomalhaut (Alpha (α) Piscis
265, 394 Austrini) 249 Alpha (α) Centauri (Rigil
velocity Grand Tour 109, 109 Sirius A (Alpha (α) Canis Kentaurus) 248
light 32, 38, 39 Neptune 109, 200 Majoris) 248
motion of stars 66 Uranus 109, 196 Vega (Alpha (α) Lyrae) 249 yellow-white stars
Venera space probes 108, 108, Vulcan 124 Wild 2, Comet 111, 219 Porrima 249, 362
130, 131 Vulpecula (the Fox) 368, 456 Wild Duck Cluster (M11) 366,
Venus 128–37 Alpha (α) Vulpeculae 368 366, 456, 457 Ymir 189
atmosphere 129, 129 Dumbbell Nebula 368, 368, Yohkoh space probe 121, 121
formation of Solar System
117 456, 457 Z
Galileo’s observations 88
impact craters 131, 131, W Zach, Franz Xaver von 209
136–37 Zeta (ζ) Antliae 380
maps 130–31, 131 W Virginis 282 Zeta (ζ) Aquarii 371
motion 64, 64 Wanda Crater (Venus) 136 Zeta (ζ) Aurigae 343
occultations 65 water Zeta (ζ) Boötis 273
orbit and spin 118, 128, Zeta (ζ) Canceri 359
128 atomic structure 29 Zeta (ζ) Cepheus 340
phases 64 Earth 139, 140, 141, 141
extra-solar planets 291
features formed on Earth

146–47

acknowledgments

acknowledgments

AGGCUU IIKDDNEEO TTWOOL ETTDHHGEEMUUENNNIITVVSEE RRSS EE Dorling Kindersley would like to thank 14–15 Chandra: NASA/CXC/MIT/F.K. Baganoff R.Thompson (Steward Obs., ASU,Tuscon, Ariz.) tc; College, Oxford tr; Corbis: Arthur Thévenart bcl;
the following people for their help in the et al tl; © 2005 Russell Cromon (www.rc- SPL: NASA crA, crB; courtesy of NASA/WMAP Bettmann bcr, cArr; DK Images: Courtesy of the
preparation of this book: Anne Brumfitt and astro.com): r; NOAO: Eric Peng (JHU), Holland Science Team: cAl. Science Museum, London/Clive Streeter cAr;
her colleagues at the European Space Agency Ford (JHU/STScI), Ken Freeman (ANU), Rick 52–53 Courtesy of the NAIC–Arecibo courtesy of the Science Museum, London/Dave King
for editorial advice; Stephen Hawking for White (STScI) clA;T.A. Rector and Monica Ramirez Observatory, a facility of the NSF: bcr; Corbis: crB, tcl; © National Maritime Museum, London:
permission to reproduce the quotation on clB. Roger Ressmeyer bcl; NASA: JPL/ASU cr; Provided (D7061) blr; The Picture Desk: The Art
p.21; Giles Sparrow for advice on the contents 16–17 2MASS: T.H. Jarrett, J. Carpenter, & R. Hurt by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/GSFC, and Archive/National Palace Mexico City/Dagli Orti tl;
list; Gillian Tester and Andrew Pache for DTP clA; Chandra: X-Ray: NASA/CXC/ESO/P. Rosati ORBIMAGE tc; SPL: Dr Linda Stannard, UCT cl; The Art Archive/Private Collection/Eileen Tweedy
support; Dave Ball, Sunita Gahir, and Marilou et al; Optical: ESO/VLT/P. Rosati et al r; NASA: John Reader bl; MSFC/NASA clB; SETI League cll; Science and Society Picture Library: Science
Prokopiou for additonal artwork; Malcolm HST/ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF photo, used by persmission: br. Museum, London cAl, cl.
Godwin of Moonrunner Design; Rajeev Team clB; SPL: Carlos Frenk, Univ. of Durham tl. 54–55 SPL: Royal Obs., Edinburgh/AATB br; 90–91 BAL: Philip Mould, Historical Portraits Ltd
Doshi of Combustion Design and 18–19 Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer. courtesy of Saul Perlmutter and The Supernova call; Corbis: Christel Gerstenberg bcr;
Advertising; Philip Eales and Kevin Tildsley 20–21 NASA: HST/HHT (STScI/AURA). Cosmology Project: bl. Hulton–Deutsch Collection cBl; DK Images: cAl;
of Planetary Visions;Tim Brown and Giles 22–23 Credner: cBl; NASA: HST/Dr Michael S. 56–57 Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer. courtesy of the National Maritime Museum,
Sparrow of Pikaia Imaging;Tim Loughhead Vogeley – Princetown Univ. Obs. bcl; HST/ESA, 58–59 BAL: Bibliothèque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, London/Tina Chambers cr, tcr; courtesy of the
of Precision Illustration; John Plumer of JP Richard Ellis (Caltech) and Jean-Paul Kneib France/Archives Charmet cr; SPL: David Nunuk tcr. Science Museum, London/Clive Streeter bcll; GPL:
Map Graphics; Richard Tibbitts of Antbits; (Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees, France) tcr. 60–61 British Library, London: shelfmark: bl, r; SPL: Dr Jeremy Burgess clB; Freeman D Miller
and Greg Whyte of Fanatic Design. 24–25 Corbis: tcr (Cluster); GPL: Andrea Dupree, Or.5259, folio: f.29 c; Corbis: Paul A Souders b; bclA; Harvard College Obs. tclB.
Ronald Gilliland (STScI)/NASA/ESA tcr The Picture Desk: The Art Archive/British Library, 92–93 Alamy Images: ImageState cl; Popperfoto
PICTURE CREDITS (Supergiant); Damian Peach tcr (Double); Nigel London cl; SPL: Frank Zullo tcl. tcl; Corbis: Bettmann bl; Dennis di Cicco c;
Dorling Kindersley would like to thank the Sharp, NSF REU/AURA/NOAO cr; STScI tr; 62–63 Alamy Images: Robert Harding Picture Hulton–Deutch Collection cAl; London Aerial
following for their help in supplying images: NASA: GSFC bcr; HST/ESA and J. Hester (ASU) Library cl; Corbis: Jeff Vanuga tr; Royalty–Free cBr; Company crB; Roger Ressmeyer br; SPL: bclA;
Till Credner; Robin Scagell at Galaxy Picure bl; HST, HHT (STScI/AURA) c; JPL cBr (Europa), DMI: Akiri Fujii cr; The Picture Desk: The Art David Parker cr; Hale Observatories tr.
Library; Romaine Werblow in the DK cBr (Ganymede), cBr (Io); JPL/DLR (German Archive/Biblioteca d’Ajuda, Lisbon/Dagli Orti cAr; 94–95 AAO: Photography from UK Schmidt plates
Picture Library; Anna Bond at Science Aerospace Center) cBr (Callisto); NOAO: Nathan SPL: John Sanford bl. by David Malin crr; Corbis: Michael S Yamashita bl;
Photo Library. Smith, Univ. of Minnesota tcl; SPL: J-C 64–65 akg-images: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris ESO: (VLT KUEYEN + FORSZ) tcl; Gemini
Cuillandre/Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope clA; bcrr; GPL: Jon Harper cr; SPL: Eckhard Slawik tcr, Observatory/Association of Universities for
Key: Pekka Parviainen crB. tr; John Sanford bcr; Pekka Parviainen tcl; Sheila Research in Astronomy: b, cAl; Univ. of Hawaii
t = top; b = bottom; c = centre; l = left; r = right; 26–27 Chandra: NASA/CXC/U. Amsterdam/S. Terry clB; Tunc Tezel: bcl. Institute of Astronomy/Michael Liu/NSF clA;
A = above; B = below. Migliari et al bl; Gemini 66–67 AAO: Photograph by David Malin c; SPL: A.S.Brun (CEA/Saclay), M.S. Miesch (NCAR),
Observatory/Association of Universities for ESA cl; John Chumack crr; Rev. Ronald Royer cr. and J. Toomre (JILA/Univ. of Colorado): tcr;
Abbreviations: Research in Astronomy: GMOS–South 68–69 BAL: Private Collection/Archives Charmet SST, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
AAO = Anglo Australian Observatory; ASU = Commissioning Team tcr; NASA: HST/H. Ford bcr; courtesy of the Archives, California Institute LMSAL: cr; SPL: Fred Espenak trB.
Arizona State University; BAL = Bridgeman Art (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCSC/LO), M. Clampin of Technology: bl; Corbis: Stapleton Collection tl; 96–97 Courtesy of the NAIC–Arecibo
Library (www.bridgeman.co.uk); Caltech = (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), the ACS Science Team NOAO: bcrr (M97), br; Jeff Hageman/Adam Block Observatory, a facility of the NSF: tr; DMR,
California Institute of Technology; Chandra = and ESA c; HST/Jeffrey Kenney and Elizabeth Yale cr; Joe Jordan/Adam Block bcrr (M82); N.A. Sharp COBE, NASA, Two-Year Sky Map: bl; Corbis:
Chandra X-Ray Observatory; Credner = Till (Yale Univ.) bcl; HST/N. Benitez (JHU),T. bcrr (M81); Peter Kukol/Adam Block tr;Yon Roger Ressmeyer tcr; ESO: (VLT) bcl; NASA:
Credner www.allthesky.com; DSS = Digitized Sky Broadhurst (The Hebrew Univ.), H. Ford (JHU), M. Ough/Adam Block bcrr (M108). HST/Susan Tereby (Extrasolar Research Corp.) cl; Jet
Survey; ESA = European Space Agency; ESO = © Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), G. Illingworth 70–71 Corbis: Digital image © 1996 Corbis; Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of
European Southern Observatory; GPL = Galaxy (UCO/Lick Obs.), the ACS Science Team and ESA original image courtesy of NASA clA; Credner: Technology/Mars Exploration Rover br; JPL cll, tl;
Picture Library; GSFC = Goddard Space Flight cAr; JPL – Caltech/ASU/Harvard–Smithsonian bcrr, tcr; NAOJ: H. Fukushima, D. Kinoshita, and J. SPL: NASA cBr.
Center; HHT = The Hubble Heritage Team; HST Center for Astrophysics/NOAO cl; SPL: Los Alamos Watanabe tr; Nature Publishing Group 98–99 akg-images: tl; Corbis: Bettmann bcl;
= Hubble Space Telescope; JHU = John Hopkins National Laboratory br; Max-Planck-Institut für (www.nature.com):Victor Pasko bcrA; Polar Michael Nicholson cBr; Schenectady Museum; Hall
University; JPL = Jet Propulsion Laboratory; JSC = Astrophysik cr; NOAO cAl; STScI/NASA tl. Image/Pekka Parviainen: cr; SPL: Chris Madeley of Electrical History Foundation tr; DK Images:
Johnson Space Center; KSC = Kennedy Space 28–29 DK Images: Andy Crawford cr (aluminium); c; Magrath/Folsom br; Stephan J Krasemann bl. crB; Getty Images: Hulton Archive bl; SPL: Detlev
Center; DMI = David Malin Images; MSFC = Clive Streeter/Courtesy of the Science Museum, 72–73 DK Images: bl; Andy Crawford tr; GPL: van Ravenswaay cBl, cl; NASA cAl; Novosti brl.
Marshall Space Flight Center; NASA = National London cr (bromine); Colin Keates/Courtesy of the Dave Tyler cAl; Robin Scagell c; NASA: C. Mayhew 100–101 Alamy Images: Popperfoto tclB; Corbis:
Aeronautics and Space Administration; NOAO = Natural History Museum, London cr (sulphur); and R. Simmon (NASA/GSFC), NOAA/NGDC, Leonard de Selva cAl; Roger Ressmeyer tl; NASA:
National Optical Astronomy Observatory/Association Harry Taylor cr (hydrogen); NOAO: Todd Boroson DMSP Digital Archive cl; SPL: Frank Zullo clB. Asif Siddiqi cl, crA; JSC/James McDivit c; JPL cr;
of Universities for Research in Astronomy/National cAl; SPL: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory trB; 74–75 Credner: cr (Telescope); DK Images: cl, tcr, KSC bl; Langley Research Center bcl;
Science Foundation; NRAO = Image courtesy of Philippe Plailly cl. tr; GPL: Robin Scagell bcr, bcrr, br, cr (Binoculars), NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Ranger 8 br; SPL:
National Radio Astronomy Observatory/AUI; 30–31 Corbis: Raymond Gehman tlB; SPL: Alfred crr (Focusing 1), crr (Focusing 2), crr (Focusing 3), Novosti crB, tlB, tr.
NSSDC = National Space Science Data Center; Pasieka tc; CERN bcl, cAr; SOHO: bcr. crr (Focusing 4), crr (Focusing 5); courtesy of John 102–103 Corbis: Bettmann tclB; Getty Images:
SPL = Science Photo Library; SOHO = Courtesy 32–33 DK Images: clB; NASA: HST/HHT W. Griese: bl; SPL: Frank Zullo c. MPI crB; NASA: JSC bcl, bcr, crA; KSC c; Langley
of SOHO/EIT Consortium. SOHO is a project of (STScI/AURA) tc; SPL: bcr. 76–77 akg-images: Museo delle Scienze, Florence Research Center tcr; MSFC br, clB;
international cooperation between ESA and NASA; 34–35 2MASS: cl (Infrared); Chandra: bcl; DK Images: clA, clB, tclB; Andy Crawford bcr, NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Lunar Orbiter 3 tcrB;
STScI = Space Telescope Science Institute; TRACE NASA/SAO/CXC/G. Fabbiano et al crB (X-Ray); bl; GPL: Optical Vision bcll; Robin Scagell bcrr, br, SPL: NASA cBr; Novosti cl.
= Image courtesy of the Lockheed Martin team of NGST crA (Chandra); GPL: EGRET Team crB cr (Nagler), cr (Plossl), crrA, crrB, tr. 104–105 Alamy Images: Popperfoto tcl; DK
NASA’s TRACE Mission; USGS = U.S. Geological (Gamma-Ray); Rainer Beck/Philipp 78–79 DK Images: bcr, bcr (inset), bl, cBl; Andy Images: Courtesy of Bob Gathany/Andy Crawford
Survey. Hoernes/MPIFR clB; Robin Scagell tcr; NASA: Crawford cr, crr; GPL: Celestron International tcl; bcr; Getty Images: NASA tclB; NASA; Photo by
Compton Gamma Ray Obs. crA (CO); HST/ESA, Philip Perkins br; Robin Scagell bcl, bcll, bcrr, tcr; Time Life Pictures/Life Magazine, Copyright Time
SIDEBAR IMAGES R. Sankrit and W. Blair (JHU) tr; Ultraviolet Imaging courtesy of iLanga, Inc. (www.ilangainc.com): clA; Inc./Time Life Pictures cBl; NASA: JSC bcll, bl, brl,
© CERN Geneva (Introduction); SOHO (The Telescope crB (Ultraviolet); NOAO: crB (Visible); courtesy of Main-Sequence Software Inc.: clB. cBr, clA, clB, crB, tlB, tr; KSC bcl, cr;
Solar System); NASA: HST/ESA, HEIC and HHT SPL: David Nunak cl; Dr Fred Espenak tcl; NASA 80–81 NASA: JSC. NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Apollo 11 brA.
(STScI/AURA) (Milky Way); HST/HHT crA (EUVE); courtesy of NASA/WMAP Science 82–83 akg-images: Bibliothèque Municipale, 106–107 Corbis: Reuters crB; ESA: tr;
(STScI/AURA) (Beyond our Galaxy); SPL: Kaj R. Team: cl (microwaves), tclB. Boulogne-sur-Mer tr; Erich Lessing crr; Alamy ISO/ISOPHOT and M. Haas, D. Lemke, M. Stickel,
Svensson (The Night Sky). 36–37 Alamy Images: Kolvenbach br; Corbis: bl; Images: Tor Eigeland cAr;ViewStock bl; BAL: H. Hippelein, et al CAr; Getty Images: Luis
NASA: JSC bcl; JPL tr. Bibliothèque National, Paris, France cr; British Enrique Ascui bl; Landsat 7 satellite image
1 NASA: HST/ESA, HEIC and HHT 38–39 Corbis: bl, cAr; Bettmann bcr; Lester Library, London, UK bcr; Corbis: Danny Lehman courtesy of NASA Landsat Project Science
(STScI/AURA). Lefkowitz cl. bcl; Jason Hawkes tcl; DK Images: The British Office and USGS National Center for Earth
2–3 GPL: NASA/STScI/AURA. 40–41 SPL: W. Couch and R. Ellis/NASA bc. Museum, London br;The British Museum, Resources Observation Science: bcl, cBBl;
4–5 Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer tcl; NASA: JPL tr; 42–43 NASA: HST/ESA, J. Blakeslee and H. Ford London/Alan Hills tcr; GPL: Robin Scagell cl; NASA: HST tcr; JSC b, clA; MSFC cr; Skylab cAl;
JPL/STScIcrA; NOAO: T.A. Rector (JHU) tcr; NOAO: Todd Boroson bcl; SPL: Sanford Tatsuo Nakagawa cArr. SPL: A Sokolov/ASAP tcl; Space Imaging cBl.
(NRAO/AVI/NSF and NOAO) and B.A.Wolpa Roth crA. 84–85 akg-images: Musée du Louvre, Paris crr; 108–109 Corbis: Jeff Albertson cr; NASA: Ames
(NOAO) b. 44–46 NASA: HST/H. Ford (JHU), G. llingworth BAL: British Library, London, UK c; Stapleton Research Center cBr; Ames Research
6–7 NOAO: Adam Block (background). (UCSC/LO), M. Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig Collection, UK cr; Corbis: Bettmann cl; Roger Center/Pioneer Project clA; JPL br, tcl; JPL –
8–9 Corbis: cAr; Digital Image © 1996 Corbis; (STScI), the ACS Science Team, and ESA; © CERN Ressmeyer crB; DK Images: Courtesy of the Caltech crr; NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Mariner 10
Original image courtesy of NASA l; Landsat 7 Geneva: tcr. National Maritime Museum, London/Tina cBl, cBll; Mariner 4 cAl, tclB; Mariner 9 tcr, tr;
satellite image courtesy of NASA Landsat 48–49 Corbis: Bettmann tcl, tr; NASA: HST/HHT Chambers br; The Picture Desk: The Art Venera 13 bcl, clB.
Project Science Office and USGS National (STScI/AURA) tcr. Archive/Museo Nazionale Roman, Rome/Dagli 110–111 Corbis: Joseph Sohm; ChromoSohm Inc.
Center for Earth Resources Observation 50–51 Chandra: NASA/CXC/GSFC/U. Hwang et Orti cll. cr; Roger Ressmeyer bcr; Sygma/Georges de Keerle
Science: tcr; NASA: JSC br. al br; Image courtesy of Andrey Kravstov: 86–87 akg-images: bcrA, crr; Alamy Images: br; ESA: crr; AOES Medialab tcrrB; MPAE,
10–11 Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer clA; SPL: ESA tl; Simulations were performed at the National Center images-of-france tlB; BAL: Orlicka Galerie, Courtesy of Dr H.U. Keller crA; NASA: ESA/ASU
Jisas/Lockheed cl; Scharmer et al/Royal Swedish for Supercomputing Applications (Urbana- Rychnov, and Kneznou, Czech Republic brA; clB; JHU Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest
Academy of Sciences r; SOHO: clB. Champaign, Illinois) by Andrey Kravtsov (The Univ. Corbis: Archivo Iconografica, S.A. bcrB; Carl and Research Institute tr; JPL cAl, tcl; JPL/Cassini is a
12–13 ESA: DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum) tr; of Chicago) and Anatoly Klypin (New Mexico State Ann Purcell tclB; Paul Almasy bl;The Stapleton cooperative project of NASA, the ESA, and the
GPL: JPL l; NASA: JPL crA, crB; JPL/STScI trB. Univ.). Visualizations by Andrey Kravtsov bl; NASA: Collection cr; GPL: Richard Hook tcrB; The Italian Space Agency.The JPL, a division of Caltech,
HST/ESA, A.M. Koekemoer (STScI), M. Dickinson Picture Desk: The Art Archive/British Library, manages the Cassini mission for NASA’s Office of
(NOAO) and the GOODS Team tr; HST/K.L. London, UK cl;The Art Archive/Maritiem Museum Space Science,Washington, D.C. bcl; JPL/Cornell
Luhman (Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Prins Hendrik, Rotterdam/Dagli Orti tr. tclB, tl; JPL/Galileo Mission cll; JPL/JHU/Applied
Astrophysics, Cambridge, Mass.); and G. Schneider, E. 88–89 Alamy Images: Adrian Chinery bl; BAL: Physics Laboratory tcrB; JPL/STScI bl; JPL/ASU cBl.
Young, G. Rieke, A.Cotera, H. Chen, M. Rieke, and Courtesy of the Warden and Scholars of New 112–113 NASA: JPL/STScI.

acknowledgments

114–115 TRACE. trB; JPL/ASU cl, tcr; JPL/MSSS bcl, bl, cAl, cAll, 214–215 Corbis: Jonathan Blair crA; DK Images: NOAO: Todd Boroson blA; SPL: National Optical ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
116–117 akg-images: cl; NASA: JPL bcl, cr. cAr, cArr, cBl. br; NASA: JPL/Brown Univ. cr; JPL/USGS cAr; Astronomy Observatories bcl.
118–119 Corbis: Yann Arthus-Bertrand crA; NASA: 166–167 ESA: DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum) cAr, SPL: Pekka Parviainen cAl; SOHO: cBr. 246–247 Corbis: Bettmann cr; GPL: Gordon
Erich Karkoschka (ASU Lunar and Planetary Lab) tcr, trB; NASA: JPL/MSSS cAl, tcrB, tl; JPL/USGS b. 216–217 akg-images: cll; DK Images: cl; ESO: Garradd cl; SOHO: bc, tr; TRACE: tcl.
and NASA tcr; SPL: tcl. 168–169 ESA: DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum) bcl, Peter Stättmayer of the Munich Public Obs. bcr; 248–249 GPL: Deep Sky Survey cBr; Duncan
120–121 NASA: KSC trB; MSFC crA; SPL: Julian br, cAl, cl, tcl, tcll; NASA: JPL/ASU tlB; JPL/MSSS DMI: Akira Fujii cr; NOAO: Roger Lynds bl; SPL: Radbournel bl; W. Holland (JAC) et al: tcr; DMI:
Baum crB; SOHO: brA, c; TRACE: br. bl, cll, cr, crA; JPL/USGS tr. Detlev van Ravenswaay tcl; John Thomas tr; Pekka Akira Fujii tcl, tr, cAr; NASA: HST/HHT
122–123 Alamy Images: Steve Bloom Images bcr; 170–171 ESA: DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum) bcr, Parviainen bcl; Rev. Ronald Royer cBl; James V. (AURA/STScI) clll; courtesy of Joe Orman: bcrA;
Science and Society Picture Library: Science bl, cl, crB; OMEGA br; NASA: JPL cll; JPL/Cornell Scotti, Spacewatch Project of the Lunar and SPL: Dr. Fred Espenak cl; Eckhard Slawik bcl, bcr;
Museum, London cAr; SPL: Chris Butler trB; Jerry cAr, tcr; JPL/MSSS bcl, tcl. Planetary Laboratory, ASU. © 1994 by the NOAO cll.
Rodriguess tr; John Chumack cBl; NOAO tcl; 172–173 ESA: DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum) bcl, Arizona Board of Regents. Reproduced by 250–251 Matt BenDaniel (http://starmatt.com): bl;
SOHO: bcl, cBr, l; TRACE: crr; A.Title (Stanford bcrr, crA, tcl; NASA: JPL/ASU blA; JPL/MSSS br, permission: br. Credner: clA; NASA: HST/Bruce Balick (Univ. of
Lockheed Institute) cr. cAl, cll, crB, tr; JPL/USGS tcr; Mars Global 218–219 Corbis: Gianni Dagli Orti cl; ESA: Washington), Jason Alexander (Univ. of Washington),
124–125 Courtesy of Andrew E. Potter: cBr; SPL: Surveyor/USGS bcr; Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter MPAE, 1986, 1996 cll; Rolando Ligustri/CAST Arsen Hajian (U.S. Naval Obs.),Yervant Terzian
A.E. Potter and T.H. Morgan cr; Fred Espenak cAl; (MOLA) Science Team cl; NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Circolo AStrofili Talmassons, Italy: cArr, tcr; (Cornell Univ.), Mario Perinotto (Univ. of Florence,
NASA c. Viking Orbiter 1 clll. courtesy of Lowell Observatory: br; NASA: JPL Italy), Patrizio Patriarchi (Arcetri Obs. Italy) bcr;
126–127 GPL: NASA/JPL/Northwestern Univ. br, 174–175 NASA: JPL tcr; JPL/Cornell b, clA, tcl, crA; JPL – Caltech bcr, cBr; SPL: cAr; Frank Zullo HST/Bruce Balick (Univ. of Washington),Vincent
tcl, tr; NASA: JPL/Northwestern Univ. cr, crr; tcrB, tr. bl; Richard J.Wainscoat, Peter Arnold Inc. tcl; Icke (Leiden Univ.,The Netherlands), Garrett
NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Mariner 10 bcr, bcrr, bl, cl; 176–177 GPL: NASA/JPL/ASU c; NASA: HHT STScI/NASA bcrr. Mellema (Stockholm Univ.) crB; HST/HHT
SPL: NASA brl; USGS: Mariner 10 Image Project (STScI/AURA); NASA/ESA, John Clarke (Univ. of 220–221 Corbis: Jonathan Blair bcr; DK Images: (STScI/AURA) c; HST/HHT (STScI/AURA) cr;
bcl. Michigan) cr. Harry Taylor bcrr, cBr; GPL: Arne Danielsen cll; HHT (STScI/AURA); D. Garnett (Univerity of
128–129 NASA: JPL bcr; SPL: NASA c. 178–179 NASA: HST/Dr. Hal Weaver and T. Ed Getty Images: NASA/AFP tr; NASA: Carnegie Arizona) crA.
130–131 NASA: Ames Research Center clll; JPL cl, Smith (STScI) cBr; HST/ESA, and E.Karkoschka Mellon Univ./Robotic Antarctic Explorer (LORAX) 252–253 NASA: HST/Andrea Dupree
tcl, tcr, tcrB, cll; NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Magellan (ASU) cBl; JPL tr; JPL – Caltech cAr; JPL/Cornell br; © The Natural History Museum, London: (Harvard–Smithsonian CfA), Ronald Gilliland
tclB, trl;Venera 13 clB;Venera 4 tl; SPL: Julian Baum crB; JPL/STScI tl. 180–181 DK Images: Andy bcl, bcll, cBl; SPL: bl, cl; David McLean cAl. (STScI) and ESA cAl; HST/Bruce Balick (Univ. of
bl; NASA cr, trB. Crawford crA; GPL: NASA/JPL/DLR (German 222–223 Alamy Images: H.R. Bramaz cAr; Washington),Vincent Icke (Leiden Univ.,The
132–133 NASA: JPL bcr, bl, br, cAr, cArr, cBr, cl, Aerospace Center)/ASU br; Laurie Hatch Corbis: Matthew McKee/Eye Ubiquitous bl; DK Netherlands), Garrett Mellema (Stockholm Univ.) br;
clll, tcl; NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Magellan cArrr, Photography/Lick Observatory: cBl; NASA: Images: courtesy of the Natural History Museum, HST/Jon Morse (Univ. of Colorado) tl;
cll, tclB, trB; SPL: David P. Anderson, SMU/NASA JPL/Cornell Univ. bl, cAll, cl, cll; JPL/DLR (German London/Colin Keates cll; GPL: UWO/Univ. of HST/NOAO, ESA, the Hubble Helix Nebula Team,
bcl. Aerospace Center) cAr, tcr, tcrr; JPL/Lowell Obs. Calgary clll; Muséum National d’Histoire M. Meixner (STScI), and T.A. Rector (NRAO) cr, tr;
134–135 NASA: JPL bcr, bcrr, br, cAr, tcl, tcr, tl crB; cAl; JPL/ASU tl; courtesy of Scott S. Sheppard, Naturelle, Paris: Département Histoire de la Terre NOAO: Adam Block bcr; H. Olofsson
SPL: David P. Anderson, SMU/NASA bl, crA. Univeristy of Hawaii: bcl. bcll; NASA: JSC br; KSC crB; © The Natural (Stockholm Observatory) et al: bcl; SPL:
136–137 NASA: JPL bcl, bcr, br, cAr, cArr, cl, clll, tl, 182–183 GPL: NASA/JPL tcl; NASA/JPL/USGS r; History Museum, London: bcl, bcr, tr; SPL: D. Eckhard Slawik clA; John Chumack cl; Royal Obs.,
tr; NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Magellan bl, cBr, cll. NASA: JPL/PIRL/ASU cl; JPL/ASU bl; van Ravenswaay cBl; Michael Abbey cl; Pascal Edinburgh/AAO bl.
138–139 NASA: GSFC. Image by Reto Stöckli, JPL/ASU/LPL bcl. Goetgheluck/Francois Robert tcl. 254–255 R. Corradi (Isaac Newton Group), D.
enhancements by Robert Simmon c; SPL: Emilio 184–185 BAL: Private Collection crB; GPL: 224–225 SPL: Tony and Daphne Hallas. Goncalves (Inst. Astrofisica de Canarias): clB;
Segre Visual Archive/American Institute of Physics crB. NASA/JPL br; NASA/JPL/DLR (German Aerospace 226–227 Corbis: Image by © National Gallery W. M. Keck Observatory: U.C. Berkeley Space
140–141 Corbis: Jamie Harron/Papillio tcr; DK Center) tl; NASA: JPL bl; JPL/ASU tr; JPL/Brown Collection; by kind permission of the Trustees of the Sciences Laboratory cBr; NASA: HST/Andrew
Images: bcr (fungi); Andrew Butler bcr (plant); Univ. bcl, cBl; JPL/DLR (German Aerospace Center) National Gallery, London cr; NASA: D. Dixon Fruchter and ERO Team (Sylvia Baggett (STScI),
Geoff Brightling bcr (animal); M.I.Walker bcr cAr, tcr. (UCR), D. Hartmann (Clemson), E. Kolaczyk (U. Richard Hook (ST–ECF), and Zoltan Levay (STScI))
(protist); FLPA – Images of Nature: Frans Lanting 186–187 GPL: NASA/JPL/USGS c; NASA: Chicago) cBr; SPL: Chris Butler cAl;Tony and br; HST/ESA/Hans van Winckel (Catholic Univ. of
tc; SPL: Scimat bcr (moneran). HST/ESA, J. Clarke (Boston Univ.), and Z. Levay Daphne Hallas tcl; Milky Way map and 3-D view by Leuven, Belgium) and Martin Cohen (Univ. of
142–143 Alamy Images: FLPA bclA; Corbis: br; (STScI) bcr. Planetary Visions. California Berkely) tcl; HST/ESA, HEIC, and HHT
image by Digital image © 1996 Corbis; original 188–189 NASA: JPL tl, trB; JPL/STScI bcrA, c, cBl, 228–229 Reprinted by permission of American (STScI/AURA) bcll; HST/HHT (STScI/AURA);W.
image courtesy of NASA cAl; Jon Sparks bcr; Kevin cBr, crB, tcl; JPL/Univ. of Colorado tr. Scientist, magazine of Sigma Xi, the Scientific Sparks (STScI) and R. Sahai (JPL) bcl; STScI cAr;
Schafer tr; Lloyd Cluff tl; Michael S Yamashita crB; 190–191 NASA: JPL tcl; JPL/STScI bcl, bl, cAl, cAr, Research Society: cAr; NASA: HST/Jeff Hester SPL: NOAO crA.
Robert Gill/Papilio cAll; Sygma/Pierre Vauthey bcl; cBr, cl, cll, r. (ASU) tcl; NOAO: Adam Block bl; NRAO: cr, crr; 256–257 ESO: (ANTU UT1 + TC) bl; NASA:
NASA: ASF/JPL cr; National Geographic Image 192–193 NASA: JPL bcl, bcrrA, br, tcl, tcr; SPL: bcr; B.J. Mochejska (CfA), J. Kaluzny HST/ESA and A. Zijlstra (UMIST, Manchester, UK) r.
Collection: Image from Volcanoes of the Deep, a giant JPL/STScI bcll, bcr, bl, cl, clA, cr, tclB, tr. (CAMK), 1m Swope Telescope: bcrr. 258–259 Chandra: NASA/HST/J. Morse/K.
screen motion picture, produced for IMAX Theaters 194–195 akg-images: Huygens Museum 230–231 Courtesy of Andy Steere: bcr; Corbis: Davidson bcl; NASA: ESA and Valentin Bujarrabal
by the Stephen Low Company in association with Hofwijck/Nimatallah bl; NASA: ESA/JPL/ASU Bettmann br; GPL: Andrea Dupree, Ronald Gilliland (Observatorio Astronomico Nacional, Spain) clA;
Rutgers Univ. Major funding for the project is cAl; JPL/Cassini is a cooperative project of NASA, (STScI)/NASA/ESA crA; Robin Scagell crB; HST/Raghvendra Sahai and John Trauger (JPL), the
provided by the National Science Foundation. bl. the ESA, and the Italian Space Agency.The JPL, a SOHO: tc. WFPC2 Science Team r; HST/HHT
144–145 Corbis: Craig Lovell cBl, tcl; Macduff division of Caltech, manages the Cassini mission for 232–233 NASA: HST/C.A. Grady (NOAO, NASA, (STScI/AURA) tcl; SPL: Dr Kris Davidson cBl.
Everton bl; Landsat 7 satellite image courtesy of NASA’s Office of Space Science,Washington, D.C. GSFC), B.Woodgate (NASA, GSFC), F. Bruhweiler 260–261 ESO: W. Brandner (UIUC) et al, ESO,
NASA Landsat Project Science Office and tcl; JPL/STScI bcl, br, cBr, cl, clA, crA, tcr, trB; and A. Boggess (Catholic Univ. of America), P. Plait 1.54-m Telescope, Chile bcr; NASA: HST br;
USGS National Center for Earth Resources JPL/ASU bcr, tl. and D. Lindler (ACC, Inc., GSFC), and M. Claupin HST/Matt Bobrowsky (Orbital Sciences
Observation Science: clA; NASA: JSC – Earth 196–197 Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer crB; GPL: (STScI) br; HST/Wolfgang Brandner (JPL/IPAC), Corporation) bcl; HST/HHT (AURA/STScI) tr;
Sciences and Image Analysis r. JPL/STScI c; W. M. Keck Observatory: Courtesy Eva K. Grebel (Univ.Washington),You-Hua Chu HST/Yves Grosdidier (Univ. of Montreal and
146–147 Corbis: tcr; Elio Ciol cAll; Galen Rowell Lawrence Sromovsky, UW-Madison Space Science (Univ. Illinois Urbana-Champaign) tcl. Observatoire de Strasbourg), Anthony Moffat (Univ.
br, crr; image by Digital image © 1996 Corbis; and Engineering Center tr; NASA: JPL cBr. 234–235 Courtesy of Andy Steere: bl; Chandra: of Montreal), Gilles Joncas (Univ. Laval), Agnes Acker
original image courtesy of NASA bl; Layne Kennedy 198–199 Corbis: Sygma cAr; Brett Gladman, NASA/STScI/R. Gilliand et al tcr. (Observatoire de Strasbourg) cl; NOAO: Peter and
bcl; Marc Garanger tr;Tom Bean tl; NASA: Paul Nicholson, Joseph Burns, and JJ Kavelaars, 236–237 AAO: Photograph by David Malin cAl; Suzie Erickson/Adam Block tcl; © Observatoire de
GSFC/JPL, MISR Team cl; JSC – Earth Sciences and using the 200 inch Hale Telescope: br; NASA: courtesy of Armaugh Observatory: bcr; NASA: Paris: bl; SPL: Celestial Image Co. tl.
Image Analysis cAl; JPL cr. HST/Erich Karkoschka (ASU) tl; JPL bcl, bcr, bcrr, HST/ESA and HHT (STScI/AURA) cr; HST/J. 262–263 Chandra: NASA/U. Mass/D.Wang et al c;
148–149 Michael Light bl, cBr, cl, cll, tcr, tr; JPL/USGS cBl; Hester and P. Scowen (ASU) cl; HST/J. Hester Univ. of Leicester tcl; NASA: HST/Peter Challis and
(www.projectfullmoon.com): c. NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Voyager 2 cAl. (ASU) tr; HST/Kirk Borne (STScI) tcr; NOAO: Robert Kirshner (Harvard–Smithonian Center for
150–151 akg-images: clA; Corbis: Roger 200–201 GPL: NASA/JPL c; NASA: JPL crB; Gemini Obs./Travis Rector, Univ. of Alaska, Astrophysics), Peter Garnavich (Univ. of Notre
Ressmeyer cAl, crr; ESA: Space-X, Space JPL/HST cr. Anchorage bl; C. and F. Roddier (IfA, Hawaii), Dame), and the SINS Collaboration bl.
Exploration Institute br; Galaxy Contact: NASA 202–203 Liverpool Astronomical Society: With CFHT: brA; Chris Sauer: tcl. 264–265 AAO: Royal Obs., Edinburgh. Photograph
cr; GPL: Thierry Legault tr; NASA: JSC cl; MSFC thanks to Mike Oates br; Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer 238–239 ESO: J. Alves (ESO), E.Tolstoy from UK Schmidt plates by David Malin crB;
bl; NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Lunar 3 cBrr; Scala bcll; NASA: JPL bcl, bl, tl; JPL/USGS cBr, tr; (Groningen), R. Fosbury (ST–ECF), and R. Hook Chandra: G. Pavlov, M.Teter, O. Kargaltsev, D.
Art Resource: Biblioteca Nazionale, Florence, Italy NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Voyager 2 cl, cll; courtesy (ST–ECF) (VLT) cl; Leonardo Testi (Arcetri Sanwal (PSU), CXC, NASA br; NASA/CXC/SAO
cBr; SPL: ESA, Eurimage tclB; USGS: crB. of A. Tayfun Oner: bcr; SPL: NASA cAl. Astrophysical Obs., Florence, Italy (NTT + SOFI) tl; tcl; NASA/SAO/CXC cll; ESO: M. van Kerkwijk
152–153 Berkeley Cosmology Group: tcl. 204–205 Getty Images: Michal Cizek/ Stringer/ Mark McCaughrean (Astrophysical Institute, (Institute of Astronomy, Utrecht), S. Kulkarni
154–155 NASA: JSC bl; JPL cAr, tl; AFP bl; W.M. Keck Observatory: Marcos van Dam Potsdam, Germany (VLT, ANTU, and ISAAC) tr; (Caltech),VLT Kueyen cl; NASA: Compton Gamma
NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Apollo 11 bcl; Apollo 12 bc; NASA: ESA, H.Weaver (JHU/APL), A. Stern NOAO: T.A. Rector (NOAO) and HHT Ray Obs. blAr; HST/Fred Walter (State Univ. of
bcrr; Apollo 17 tcr; Galileo cBl; Lunar Orbiter 5 br, (SwRI), and the HST Pluto Companion Search (STScI/AURA/NASA) bl; SPL: Chris Madeley c; © New York at Stony Brook) cAl; HST/Jeff Hester
cl; Ranger 9 crA; USGS/Clementine crB; SPL: John Team; ESA, J. Parker (Southwest Research Institute), Smithsonian Institution: br. (ASU) crA; HST/HHT (AURA/STScI) bclA;
Sanford bcr, cAl. P.Thomas (Cornell University), L. McFadden 240–241 Richard Crisp William P. Blair and Ravi Sankrit (JHU) tcr.
156–157 Michael Light (University of Maryland, College Park), and M. (www.narrowbandimaging.com): tcr; NASA: 266–267 ESO: (VLT KUEYEN + FORS2) l;
(www.projectfullmoon.com): b; NASA: JSC cAl, Mutchler and Z. Levay (STScI) cr HST/H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCSC/LO), NASA: HST/Jeff Hester and Paul Scowen (ASU)
cAr, tcl; NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Apollo 17 tr. 206–207 Corbis: Bettmann bcl; Jonathan Blair crA; M. Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), the ACS bcr, cBr; SPL: Dr S. Gull and Dr J. Fielden cr;
158–159 U.S. Department of Energy: bcl; ESA: GPL: Michael Stecker cAr; NASA: HST/M. Brown Science Team and ESA tcl; JPL – Caltech/S. Carey GSFC/NASA tr.
Space-X, Space Exploration Institute clll; GPL: (Caltech) bl; JPL – Caltech br, cBr; (Caltech) bcr; NOAO: Michael Gariepy/Adam 268–269 Chandra: NASA/CXC/GSFC/U. Hwang
NASA bcll, bcr, cl; NASA: JPL/USGS tr; Lunar NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Denis Bergeron, Canada cl. Block bcl; N.A. Sharp, REU Program cBr;T.A. et al bcr; Corbis: bl; GPL: Michael Stecker cAl;
Prospector br;The Clementine Project crB; 208–209 DK Images: tr; NASA: HST/R. Evans Rector (NRAO/AUI/NSF and NOAO) and B.A. NASA: ESA, R.Sankrit, and W. Blair (JHU) tr;
NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: Apollo 15 tcl; Lunar and K. Stapelfeldt (JPL) cl. Wolpa (NOAO) cl; SPL: J-C HST/Dave Bennett (Univ. of Notre Dame, Indiana)
Orbiter 3 cll; Lunar Orbiter 4 tcr. 210–211 Corbis: R Kempton cBl; GPL: Cuillandre/Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope tr; br; HST/ESA and HHT (STScI/AURA) tcr;
160–161 NASA: JPL br; JPL/ASU cr; USGS: c. NASA/JPL br; NASA: HST/Ben Zellner (Georgia Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories bcrr. HST/ESA, CXO, and P. Ruiz-Lapuente (Univ. of
162–163 ESA: DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum) cAr Southern Univ.), Peter Thomas (Cornell Univ.) bl, 242–243 ESO: (VLT, ANTU + ISAAC) r; NASA: Barcelona) bcl; HST/H. Richer (Univ. of British
(Phobos), cl; illustration by Medialab, ESA 2001 clllB; blAr; JPL cr; JPL – Caltech cll, clll; JPL/JHU/APL HST/ESA, STScI, J. Hester, and P. Scowen (ASU) bl; Columbia) clA; HST/NOAO, Cerro Tololo Inter-
NASA: JPL cll, clllA, tcl, tclB; JPL/Cornell bcl, tcl; JPL/USGS cllll; NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: NOAO: T.A. Rector (NRAO/AUI/NSF and American Obs. bcrr; NOAO: Doug Matthews and
Univ./Mars Digital bl; JPL/MSSS tcr, tr; Goldstone DSC antenna-radar cl; courtesy of NOAO) and B.A.Wolpa (NOAO) tcl. Charles Betts/Adam Block cr; SPL: Dr S. Gull and
NSSDC/GSFC/NASA: JPL/Mars Global Surveyor Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo 244–245 2MASS: E.Kopan (IPAC)/Univ. of Dr J. Fielden cBl; Royal Greenwich Obs. cAl (inset).
clll;Viking Orbiter 1 tl;Viking Orbiter 2 cAr Giuseppe S.Vaiana: trB; SPL: Dennis Milon cAr; Massachusetts tcr; NASA: HST/HHT 270–271 ESO: Mark McCaughrean (Astrophysical
(Deimos). Mark Garlick cArr. (AURA/STScI) bcr; HST/HHT (STScI/AURA) Institute Potsdam, Germany) (VLT ANTU + ISAAC)
164–165 ESA: DLR/FR Berlin (G. Neukum) bcr; 212–213 GPL: NASA/JPL/JHU/APL r; NASA: cAl; JPL – Caltech tcl; JPL – Caltech/Spitzer Space r; Astronomische Vereinigung Kärnten, Austria:
DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum) tcl; NASA: JPL brA, JPL/JHU/APL bl, clA, clB; SPL: NASA tcl. Telescope br; JPL – Caltech/Univ. of Wisconsin tr; cAl.


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