wonderful world of science INVENTIONS P2

-...,-

1!.:tJ ,,. CIENCE -Wol!'ldofrful Worr~d of
I

Weapons of

Medleva
well-protect
cities Sol!leti

fO!' J!lonths.

.- ,:;;,,,··-•I.,a_; ' ,._'t1_·:1:..JI;l.,i

' --._, -IIE ~-- -
. I , ;:rn+~dTfi~ Romans The liest gunpowdee

massive t'ock-hut'ling weapons. was usecl in rit'ewot-ks. The
Chinese invented gunpowder over
In medieval times, armies in 1000 years ago . In 1221 they used it
Europe and the Middle East still to make exploding bombs and in 1282
used the same weapons in city they invented the first gun, a cannon .
and castle sieges. The trebuchet Cannons and mortars, which fired bombs
slung great rocks or burning or large stone balls very high through
material over city walls. The the air, were used in European sieges
ballista fired missiles such as from the 14th century onwards.
stones or spears with huge The first small firearms carried
force at the enemy. by soldiers appeared in
the 15th century.

-4Ir8_trJ) :he batter-ing r-arri could srriash thr-ough I DOPl'T

rnass1~e city ~a~ls and gates. The Egyptians may 8££1£V£ IT/
have invented it in 2000 BC to destroy brick walls . It
1453 the biggest can
was a huge tree-trunk , often with an iron head swung in the world could tire

back and forth in a frame . Sometimes it had a r~of to hmali.lPe.-toInt nwe~GsGlt-lhon ball o

protect the soldiers from rocks and arrows from above . Turkish SI
to win
Const

471Gunpowde" was used in JIIO) r:-
, ' Q Greek tire
tunnels to blow up castle walls.
was a secret weapon
Attackers in a siege dug tunnels
under the walls and supported them that burned on wate °
with wooden props. Then, they blew
The Greeks invented it in
up or burned away
the props so that the 7th century AD to destroy
the walls collapsed .
ships attacking Constantinople. A chemical

mixture was squirted at enemies through

copper pipes. It was still being used many

centuries later in medieval sieges, pumped

down onto the heads o

T The biggest

battleship guns can hurl
explosiVe shells more
than 40 kilometres.

A -µie Gatling ,. t '_
gun

b\1could t ire S~)( 11e: ~ _.
""h -=-;-r:::-...;..,....a..~ ~ -

4r9Modem roach!: :~.

thousands or bullets per- rriinute. Richard

Gatling, an American, invented a gun that would

later lead to the development of the machine

gun in 1862. As in all modern guns, each

machine-gun bullet has its own metal case

packed with deadly explosives .

1-1

Measuring time

60The hu9e stone slabs Hour
markin<JS
of Stonehenge can be used

as a calendar. Some of its

stones are lined up with
sunrise on the longest
day of the year. It was
built and rebuilt in
Wiltshire in southern
England between
3000 and 1550 BC.

A sundial's shadow llloves rrolll west to 61 One of the e0rliest clacks was a stick
east during the day.
stuck in the gt'ound. Invented in Egypt up to
T Raising the huge lllain stones or Stonehenge
?f4000 years ago, the length and position the
reciuired the lllUScles or l!lany workers and the
---=-- -shadow gave the time of day. Later sundials had a
know-how or skilled Sron-ie Age engineers.
face with hours, and a pointer that cast a shadow.

,2 An hourglass
shows a time period
~ ~ Candles, watet> and sand can all be
used to tell the ti111e. The Egyptians invented has passed, not the
time OT clay.
a clock that dripped water at a fixed rate about

1400 _Be. Candle clocks were marked with rings,
and in the hourglass, invented about AD 1300

sand ran between two glass globes. '

Until the invention
OT ctuarti movements,
wristwatches contained

springs ancl cogs.

ill Yo<J e<1o't see aoy MOVihg
pal"ts in a 111odet'n ctuat"t-i clock. Early

clocks depended on movement. A Dutchman,

Christiaan Huygens, invented a clock in 1656 which

l<atchet wheel depended on a swinging pendulum . About the same

~ 1 111 time, clocks driven by coiled springs were invented .

Q) , ,So111e clocks at>e like Modern quartz crystal clocks work

toys. Swiss cuckoo clocks contain on invisible vibrations and

a bird on a spring that flies out of a are very accurate. ~ EA, 1
little door and 'cuckoos' the time. They were first
Some 18th-century clocks looked
like ships, and their guns fired to produced in 1929. 'F SHAoow CLOCK /
mark the hours.
'Xa.bout5~
Wristwatches were not ca.ne Uprigh( c t~ tre
lllacle until 1190. Many Use loflip I in _a. !~ Piecss o ga.rBen ':
Mcler n watches have
a lictuicl crystal display the len~ ~-Ji>r 'twi sof ground.
<LCD> ancl show changing , sha.qg(v e11 a. f1-. Ositi n tfo tna.rk~
numerals instead OT hour "' toI h4oupr.rnca·,e.sr1·tyfs hour, O the
ancl minute hands.
orn 9
Pthosesfsiph/e· Wh·tcah..rn.
shado ? Ortest

I1-9

Harvesting nature's energy

SSThe fit·st inventions to use
wihd powet' wet'e sail ihg boats.

Invented around 3500 BC by

the Egyptians, and also by the

Sumerians of Mesopotamia,

the first sailing boats had a

single square sail. By AD 600,

windmills for grinding grain had Rotation ---.-~::;,.-
been invented in Arab countries. point

Some European windmills, in use

from about AD 1100 onwards,

could be turned to face the wind .

~o

DJ The fil"St watet'wheels ihVehted wet'e flat,

hot U):>t'ight. The ancient Greeks were using upright
wheels more than 2100 years ago, and the Romans
improved the design with bucket-like containers and
gears to slow the turning rate . As well as grinding corn,

some were used
to drive pumps

Many windl!lillS
were l!lade entirely

or wood apart rrolll

the lllillstones.

In overshot
waterl!lills, the
water strikes the
top or the lllillwheel.

30

I DON'T
BELIEVE IT!

1he earliest 9teatn en9ine \ -
w,zas..otoootay\\ey~ru99ea\~eo99a. {\round
Greek ' --:__.t... ,..!..". ':· .·
-.-:.•.;_-. ~ -

en9ineer (~~d 9'.eatn ~1r en/J,. Hydroelecfi;tc d~ms change the energy
moving water into electrical energy.
1nachine ~ith d 9pmnm9
metal 'oal\.j Un11 r-tunate\y Q _I f:at'ly stealll engines orten tht'eatened
\ , no one cpul thi~k ot/
to exr,lode. Thomas Savery's 1698 steam pump,
any u'se . or ,t.

-ii•'1I \11
""
I, •Li > invented in Devon, England, wasted fuel and was

'<i9 ; , ·• -<'9

U dangerous. Englishman Richard Trevithick developed
·b' 41 Ai ( . a steam engine to move on tracks in 1804.
t C...,,/2
Generator char,ses
The ar,sle ot the blades "-
-~ " ) the S~innir,s movement
trorn the rotor into enchar,ses accordir,s to the
speed the wind
r OJ electrical energy ~
Ql Q Spinning lllagnets can ct'eate an
electt'ic CUt't'ent. Michael Faraday and other /

scientists invented the first magnetic electricity

generators (producers) in the 1830s. Today,

huge dams use the power of millions of tonnes

of flowing water to turn electricity generators,

which have spinning electromagnets inside them.

S9The strer,gtt, o! 1he wind usually pointir,s into the wind

increases the higher up you at'e. Some of the

largest wind turbines in use today stand as high as enAn increasing -Rotor
a 50-storey building, with propellers spanning more / blade
than the length of a football pitch. They produce number wind
enough electricity to power 5000 homes or more. turbines are
being built to
make electricity.

/ 31

Marffs 011 apage

nlc QoQr The til"9t wt"itihg wc:t9 made

~ 1 -?Ll ) .Y , up pictut'e9. Writing was invented
by the Sumerians 5500 years ago. They
t\ ls ,- f . 'Glassical Greek ti scratched their writin g onto clay tablets.
The most famous word pictures are
ABCDEF the 'hieroglyphs' of ancient Egyptians
from about 5000 years ago. Cuneiform
Cyrillic • writing was made up of wedge shapes
pressed into clay with a reed. It followed
the Sumerian picture writing.

ABBf Jl E :

, 53";~ .\

I "' Ancient picture writing used hundreds --...,
"' Sarne o-1 the religious books handwritten by
o-1 diHerent signs, but rnost rnodern
rnonks were decorated with beautiful illustrations.
alphabets have far fewer letters.
Ut!Jl I4[The wol"lcl's eal"liest books wel"e !"oils
'3Z
of papel" made fl"olll t'eecls. The fi rst of this kind
was produced in Egypt between 1500 BC and

1350 BC and was called 'The Book of the Dead'.

Christian monks used to write their rel igious books

on sheets of parchment made from animal skins.

~,
QI~ Reading suddenly
beca111e much more popular atter

the invention of printing. A

I A f:arly printing German, Johannes Gutenberg, l
presses were J11ade was an early inventor of a printing
press with movable letters in the
ol' wood, and used 15th century. By the end of the
Jl!ovable wooden century there were printing presses
letters.
63Ot>ee, people we,e all over Europe.

e,<pert at doihg SUIIIS Oh their F fo - /Ohfoihet' o1' ink/;, /'Jtx:hed ,,. Niodern hoJ11e printe~s build up
fingers. The first written numbers n to release the ink, at)d 11,e \Jl!age as J11any tin~ dots ol' ink
were invented about 3100 sc by Pt'e:surized to ~et the ink -l'orJ11fng a long row or line and 11,
Middle Eastern traders. Around ,nto- ffie fnio~zz(lee"a~i-"eo:J"-
Print head ZOOJl!S / [ l' ".a:'.n'..'o::'.1~1,er:.2lci~n·e:,_1n~e~xt_:tt£0_ijt~' ~n'~~..zE0 en
and fro_along a guide / ._·.,__·~ - -.....
rad, Squ,rt;ng o:-it tiny
AD 300, the Chinese invented a
/Jets of ink 1
counting machine called an abacus.

It was a frame with beads strung on Ner -sheets of
wires. Some people still use them .
!'1"par r are fed
the paper

™jY through a

tiny gap by rubber
rollers

I DON'T "-.

BtLU~Vt IT! '\

o e ectrly Gree!< writing
wSctSrn cctllecl, 'the wdct'Y Icttnwoc')tS(
ai JI[ 4 f:xperts can do coJ11plicated
SUJl!S very tast on an abacus. pwloruigtthesnthrr\q-rn~r,~g'i\ to lett,
then the !i)e')(t line went
Q}-; Computers do sums at lightning speed. lett to right, ,nd so on,

Early modern computers were invented in the United 1,e1cl< ~nd orth.

States and Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. Today, +l •;.-;.-F.?...,
'- Q/ ~'
computers are small, cheap and extremely powerful.
They can store whole libraries of information. The
Internet allows everyone to share information and send
messages immediately almost anywhere in the world.

1

st rt'dd rtdzt'.ed d st f ct Y'-"' - ~ t31~~t-:.t.ii~
33
r.:

Mafci11g things f1igger

U~~le
Small piecee;, of 9lae;,9
can make everythin9 look
bi99er. Spectacle-makers in
Italy in the 14th century made
their own glass lenses to look
through. These helped people
to read small writing. Scientists

later used these lenses to
invent microscopes, to see very
small things, and telescopes, to
see things that are far away.

liJ "1J Scientists saw the tiny 61The Dutch tried to keep

bacteria that cause illness -\!or the -\!irst telescope a secret.
the -\!irst tirrie with rriicroscopes. Hans Lippershey invented it in 1608,
The Dutch invented the first but news soon got out. Galileo, an
microscopes, which had Italian scientist, built one in 1609.
one lens. In the 1590s He used it to get a close look at the

Moon and the planets.

Zacharias Janssen of

Holland invented the

first microscope with two

lenses, which was much

more powerful. \. Which came tirst,
(a) the te\escope, or
t:arly microscopes with two or more
lenses, like those of f:r,glish ir,ver,tor ('o) spectac\es1 .
Robert Hool<e (1&"35-lr0"3l, were
"J,.. Do you stud'/ stars with
poweM'ul, but the image was unclear. (a) a microscope, or
('o) a te\escope1

._ (a')?-'oWachtiecrhiaa,roers(m'o)a\a\enrt,s1 .
.

\. -e· £ q·-z: q·
:sJaMSU'y .•..l-\-. •.
·-~ ~

6 Lod•l'l"•;c'°"cope1

make things look\ thousands ot

times bigger. A German, Ernst Ruska,

invented the first electron micr9scope in
1933 . It made things look 12,000 times

thei riactual size. r ~e-latest -micr0scopes

can magnify things millions of ti lnes .

fin electron 1T1icr0$cope\ shows a tiny par1site

in 1T10nstrous detail, but fuis tick iS actually

- - f-less tt.ah l!'i 1T1i\\i1')etres lo~. _.-:::.ii

69 You cannot I ok
rRaedbieor,teinlevesnctoehrdet·hAenf Aomen_cthrouGgh a
·it ·t . t an, rote
irs one and
bu1 . , in his backyard .in 1937

Rad.io t.elescopes pick up ·
wra1·dth10asidginsahl-sshf raopmedsp ace

receiver. The signals

come from distant

stars, and, more

recently, from

space probes.

Most radio telescope
dishes can be ITIOVed to
\'ace in any direction.

Making 1nusit;

70 tlull><lnS a~e the only 't' The 1nstru111ents o\' the
ahimals that ):>lay tuhes on
musical ihstrumehts. Stone Age modern orchestra are
grouped into sections
people made the first percussion according to type -
usually string, woodwind,
instruments, such as rattles, from bones and brass and percussion.

tusks . Modern versions of these instruments are \
still used in orchestras today .
·i
IGU/Dt: TO THt: dRCHt:S"T'Rf'I
T- nductor
insn-urnen; s, such as drums, I t

produce sound vJien t\j<'Y Ol'e made to \ e
by\l>eing hit, rubbed, shaken or scraped.

srtss instruments, sub, as 1-<irns, Ol'e l"®\ e
ot\curled brass rul>eS.\Sound is produced Y

blciNing into a cur,-shar mou1hp,ece·

idwkciwind instrument1 produce sound ""'\n a
er blowS against an edge (as in \'lutes) or
reeJ~gh O wooden
(as in clarinets).
i>rfstl.in9 instruments har strings. They uc;
sci.,nd v.!ien their strirr,is Ol'e plucked or bbwe .

'

71 0vet- 1-0,000 yea"' ago
Stone Age Europeans invented

whistles and flutes. They made them

out of bones or antlers. Modern flutes still

work in a similar way - the player covers

and uncovers holes in a tube while blowing
across it.

712 The earliest harps were

made from tortoise shells. They
were played in Sumeria and

Egypt about 5000 years ago.
Modern harps, like most
ancient harps, have strings

of different lengths. 1st violins

• 1he grand piano's stl'ings 7/3; Pianos have padded hammers inside,
are laid out hori:iontally in
a harp-shaped frame. which strike the strings. The first piano-like

instrument was invented in about 1480 and its
strings were plucked, not struck, when the keys were
pressed. It made a softer sound than a modern piano.

14 The trumpet iS among the loudest

instruments in the orchestra. A trumpet-like
instrument was found in Tutankhamen's tomb in

Egypt dating back to 1320 BC. Over 2000 years

ago, Celtic warriors in northern Europe blew bronze
trumpets shaped like mammoth tusks

to frighten their enemies.

The tl'umpet, played
" here 1,y award-winning

Alison Salsom, has a

total tul>ing length en

al>out 148 centimetl'es
as well as three
moveal>le valves.

71 SBagpipes sound as strange

as they look. They were invented in
India over 2000 years ago. The Roman

army had bagpipe players. In the
Middle Ages , European and Middle
Eastern herdsmen sometimes
played bagpipes while they

looked after their animals.

Some modern bagpipes still have

a bag en sewn animal skins.

31

Keepi11g i11 touf:h

JO Some Mrican tribes

usecl to use 'talking drums' to sencl messages.

Native Americans used smoke signals, visible several
miles away. Before electrical inventions such as the
telephone, sending long-distance messages had to be a

simple process. "' !:ach position ol tt,e se•aphore
s19naller's arms forms a diHereht
11Wooden ar-ms on tall )>oles acr-oss letter. What does ffiis •essage say?

the countl'y sent Signals hunclr-ecls or

miles in I8th-centur-y hance. Claude

Chappe invented this system, now called +S I
semaphore, in 1797. Until recently, navies 0
used semaphore flags to signal from ship 4
, to ship. In 1838 American Samuel Morse

invented a code of short and long
, bursts of electric current or

light, called dots and dashes. It
could send messages along a

wire, or could be flashed

with a light.

Skilled '10t'Se code N AL
operators could sehd
30 words per •ihute.

,.~~-~~--_..-
'
.;; . "'

. The telephone can send your-

£.~oice ar-ouncl the wot-lei. A Scotsman,

~ exander Graham Bell, invented it in

...the 1870s. When you speak, your voice

-~~,.is changed into electric signals that are
. sent along to a receiver held by the other

user. Within 15 years there were 140,000

:··· telephone owners in the United States.

-..:
6ell's early telephohe (top) ih 1816 had ohe ol tt,~

tirst electrical loudspeakers. 1he •oderh •o\/lh9-co1l
desigh was ihVehted ih 1898 by Oliver Lodge.

l' Sr>iar1J>fione
screen r atl,er St/h,aanvebuattt:ouch- sensitive

Pr-ot . ans or keyg.

ect,vc screen 19 With a l!lObile or cellphone

you can talk to practically anyone

.... wherever you are. Your voice is

carried on radio waves or microwaves

and passed from antenna to antenna

Metal ase until it reaches the phone you are

9'<:111 but power~ II calling. Some of the antennas are on
and long-lasting ! ts link 1t,e space satellites.

rect,argeable battery o/'rhyngei1cawlloyr~to/ compvter g0)(yf\1Radio signals fly through
' 0 dawn/oad
.t ior upload information

-t-----r.-: "'. The 1»01ile network . /
~I/ink to telecom - Dawn! 9t~tl~, ~ 'cei'l~'di~ided
1 rece,ver-ft.a ' j ach the air without wires. An Italian,
satellite to h1
lu 1»asJ, linked b c ns~,rrer--
ol\ wire Y o1»b,nations Guglielmo Marconi, invented the radio
-t--J j

i_._ _ r-','L\]---1----,M;Julu_l_,

/~ I -/=f-Person makes
I ..,..r.,.-'t- " /~icf'row5,avrfesd,ioopwtaivc~JJs-, or 'wireless' in 1899. Radio stations send

:: i ,br_esIand sate1'1I·tes. signals, carried on invisible radio waves,

which are received by an antenna. A

' 1 Scot, John Logie Baird, invented an early

- a I II on1, I Rlaodc,aol .lr-~hksto TV system in 1926. TV pictures can
iJ -_ _C' ~x _ travel through the air or along wires.

erson

; : ; ; : : = : 1 : : : ; ~ ± : : - - J -__:ion

ON' Live TY i1»a9es can 1,e
r,Ll&V& IT bea1»ed to a satellite in

'I j\/ pertortne si,ace, then redirected
wear thic
-inakeup. jhe- to the other side o\'

~o tU1-1-'/ the world.

wsz:az;%Z:V:

Bf The rirst hot- air balloon passenget"s

were a sheep, a duck and cockerel. The

Iii French Montgolfier brothers i~vented the

hot-air balloon in 1782 . The firSt human

passengers often had to put ?ut fires, as the

balloon was inflated by hot air created by

burning straw and wool!

• Tue Montgolfier hot-air balloon
made the first untethered, manned
flight from Paris in 1183.

The Wright flyer had a

spruce wood frame and canvas

covering. It flew with the small

wing at the front.

12Mony inventor, have 83 The lir,st o;,c,o!t !light lo,te<l Jugt
tt'ied to tly by tlappihg bit'dlike \Z. secohds. The Wright brothers invented their

wih9S. All have airplane and flew it in 1903 in the United States. In

failed . One of the 1909 a Frenchman, Louis Bleriot, flew

first bird-men \\ across the Channel. In World War I

crashed to his \ (1914-1918) , airplanes were used in
death at a Roman
:ill.I-..,,....,...- ); combat. In World War II (1939-1945),

festival in the aircraft such as the British Spitfire beat off

1st century AD. German air attacks.

40

C

fo"Toerdfcoe1r,.m1Areroedwrosinb, au\t9isc(e,5sT'eHathamwe,ko="'-J_nyeotaws1n.n,T.aisth' etyhe
need perrect timing to pe~orm th
close rormation rlying and aer b t~lr
at high speed. 0 a cs

(D)iil ~G)~

tJh,Y En9li'3hrrian frank The rir'3t model helicopter wa'3
made by Leonardo da Vinci 0'3 lon9 a90
Whittle invented the rir'3t a<3 \480. In 1877, an Italian, Enrico Forlanini,
Jet engine in 1930. Most invented a model of a steam helicopter which
modern aircraft are jets without flew for almost half a minute and reached a
propellers. Teams of jets, such
as the Red Arrows, often height of over 10 metres. Modern
perform stunts at air shows. In helicopters can hover and land almost
1947 American Chuck Yeager anywhere, and are often used for rescue
flew faster than the speed
of sound in the rocket missions at land and sea.
plane Bell X-1 .

1,I,1D,OvP,l'T1r1 \

fhb 1183 the n_[\.t-st hydt-ogeh....,..!!!!!!Ill.,

allooh was attacked ahd

destt'oyed/f-Y t:_o/Ntied tat-m

fwot-ket-s wflieh il lahded It

had tlowh 4 ¥ilomett-~s.

_.. The Wes11and Sea kin9, retired in

13ritain in 'Z-01\, was one the world's
most successrul helicopters. It excelled
at SAR (Search and Rescue), being able

to ho\/et' steadily e\/en in stormy winds.

-

Keeping are,:ord

Y Tuo.ias Edison l>!'oduced 0 )~
lll<lny 1111/>0l'tant Inventions ~ti) The tirst sound recording
lncludlng soul)d recor-di '
was the nursery rhyme, 'Mary had
electric llghf bulbs and~~ a little lamb'. In 1877 an American,

early fllJ11-vlew1ng 111achine. Thomas Edison, invented a way of
recording sounds by using a needle to
scratch marks on a cylinder or tube.
Moving the needle over the marks again
repeated the sounds. Performers spoke
) or sang into a horn, and the sounds were

also played back through it.

17/To )'lay the fit-st disc t-ecot-ds, , I. We,-.e the f'
0:,Oh (a) discs ,,..st ,..eco,-.dihgs
you had to kee)' tut-ning a handle. Emile
Z . Which c,.. , (b) cy/ihde,-.s'il
Berliner, a German, invented disc recording
in 1887. The discs were played with steel
needles, and soon wore out. They
also broke easily if you dropped
them. Long-playing discs appeared
in 1948. They had 20 minutes of
sound on each side and were made
of bendy plastic, which didn't
break so easily.

Y Early record players had to
be wound up between records,
and the loudspeaker was a
large horn.

3. o,-. (b) t/hoeh.g..fm-;e1any,m-..sgt' ( movies,
Was
a)

,-.eco,-.ds'i/

(a) f/owe,-.s , st Photog,-.aph of

'\ 4. ","tnt. e thnjtl,,,.--.,...Oso\tJ,-g.mh(obqv) ,.he,-0s.oIeowfeitho,-.peas'i/
Viewed

box -
-~ . ue o,-. fa/se'i/
•.., ':.... an11
·i,. q . e ·c: q .l

E
.SJaMSU'\{

. '1, • ...J. \, ·• ' ·

Q)0 ) ~ oo. .-:-,o"-l'ba~~ l

CJ)QJ It took ei9ht hours to tak ~ ~-----~ T
ph_oto9raph ih
the world's rirst \aiZ. • Digital cameras have a dis)'lay screen that shows the
View the lens sees, which is the i/ll<lge that will be stored.
Frenchman Joseph N1cephore Niepce was
89 Only one pe,son at a time could
the inventor, and the first photograph
watch the rirst movies. The viewer peered
was of rooftops. Early cameras were huge, through a hole in a box. Thomas Edison's
and the photos were on glass plates. In company invented movies in 1888. The
1881 Peter Houston invented rolls of film invention of a projector in 1895 by the French
Lumiere brothers allowed a whole audience
which George Eastman developed for the' to watch the film on a screen .

company _Kodak, making photography

much easier.

• The Lum•i·ere brothers, who invented +'nLe mov,.e )'roJector '
also made Tllms and O)'ened the first )'ublic cinema.

Launched in 1-001,
the iPod took liffie more
than one year to develo)'.

90 The !ol'e!'unne,

or the MP'3 player was

the portable laser-based
CD player. It was more than
ten times bigger and heavier
than an iPod . Moving it often
made the compact disc (CD) skip.

lll4llllii

R«,u11d tt,e t,-,use I

11AI .
hor-se and car-t wer-e
I heeded to move the Tit'St l \",/ ...~----;-" ... '} . .

success.Pu! vacuum cleahet' .J Ii

Clt'OUhd. An English engineer,
Hubert Cecil Booth, invented it in
,,
//1902. The first 'Hoover' electric
'\ .,., .'• .
vacuum cleaner was built from a

wooden box, an electric fan and an I ·I '-• "\ ., : ,- ,;
old sack in 1907 in America.
--~-~': }I·.)_:.';::-;:':/_;',::c±{,-,:.f-:.;;-~,·; \:-;~-: .',,·\/.•....•,•
T Refrigerators were once large,
noisy and had little -l'ood SJ:>ace. -- ~- _, __-_.:..:. ,__..,,-~,,...~ ·:/ .( _:__ -- -

12 m··_.. early vacuum cleaners worked by 01>enin9
and closing a bellows with a handle.
Early refrigerators, invented in the 19th century,

killed many people. They leaked the poisonous gas that was

used to cool them. In 1~29 the gas was ~ -

changed to a non-poisonous one . '-'"
called freon . We now know that

freon causes damage to the planet's _ · f/.

atmosphere, so that has been _

changed too.

. ~.;J..---~. , .

.:' \. v,·d thcet)t<irl ShtorusnJeo,oo\/rer
need ( e\ectr·,c tctn'?
(\,) ctn retri9ere1tors .,
dc,"t.,n·caWeroeurSe 'eocetrc\eY\1ues1eke,\d<l)ptohiesoYn\,9\eel1Ns'?
/

up or (\,) theY e hctd chin<l

, '3. Toe Crf~n~ectrS e190 -
toi\etstr4u-e0 or,~. e1\se1

44

®~ A,,,.Jted chocolate bell' Jed to

orthe ihVehtioh the llliCrowave oVeh.

An American, Percy L. Spencer, invented it
in 1953 after noticing that a microwave
machine where he worked had melted the
chocolate in his pocket. In a microwave
oven the microwaves make the food heat

itself up from the inside.

.a. /h a microwave oveh the microwaves 9-4,There i9 no air inside a light J,uJJ,. If there

are derlected by metal vaheS dowh ohto was, it would burn out in no time. The first light bulbs
the rood below. failed because air could get in . American Thomas
Edison invented an air-tight light bulb in 1879 that
•JJ. f:hergy-savihg bulbs make could burn for a long time. He opened the first electric

light uSihg rluorescehce, where light company in 1882.
a che11Jical substahce called
1>hos1>hor lihihg the tube glows. Vacuum bulb lh a light bulb,
filament electricity causes a
Screw
thread wire rila11Jeht to
Po,,er contact glow brightly ih the
airless bulb.

95 four thousahd
years ago in Crete in

Greece the king's r,alaces

had flushing toilets. They

used rainwater. In England, toilets

that flushed when you (

pulled a handle were invented ~a.r-~r7j~v;..,~ -1'.

in the 18th century. In 1885

Thomas Twyford invented the first

all-china flushing toilet.

45

raf. From th i..ntO.s. p;lt.e.

·.. .

@® Concot'de .Plew at twice the gpeed o-P gounc:f, neat"I~

'2-150 kilornetl"eg an hout'. This is at least twic~ as fast as the•.

earliest jets. The huge jet airliner crossed •·

the Atlantic at a height of over
18,000 metres. All Concordes
were retired in 2003 .

. .- .... <@~ Ge_: war ~et, •
iring ~i55iles.
ih Worlcf Wat' // Cl9'39-1945)
11Rocket,
bycoulcf tr,avel '31-0,kilometres to
helped the Chihese drive
hit t:ngla11cf. They were invented
away a Mohgol army ih the
a scientist called Wernher von Braun.
13th Cehtury. The rockets used cAfter the war he helped the United

gunpowder, which the Chinese States b.,uild space rockets.

had invented 300 years earlier,
but had only used in fireworks.

flf'"ieGSearmfuarnnrovcrkoectkp·eitoneer ·von Braun designed

I DON'T ar/Y veursi5onotfof•ieUMS poroens.idHeenrteeh•·eSesnhho·owwsear.n o_,._
BELIEVE IT! T

A Chinaman,
15th-cen1:1rYto make a

Wan Hu, trh~ed out ot 41
ie~\y1.n9

1
111C1C din:etwo kites . !n.li•.i,,
asrtoedtcrh1.vkSeaCemhn1t."esrh,Ctr1sesllCslalhe1.lr~vet!-~,1e1111)1(e0,,\aeonsvdieroornWc.ik.naenCt lsHu

. ...;....-- ··...···••+·''J• . _. · . .

.. .

+·1nm'U1..ih·e · Cmrr,ard ft\ L..uror

flpo;kHI spacect'aft.lan~ed the. • r,-odu\e (~J- ;l- module

I

J • • 'fil"St 11>en sncthe Moon in 1969, On Earth people . ·. /ii'

watched on TV as Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin : . <;epPa"r·\~nttion i I c;eparation
,rd :t ·\ point
&'.stepped down ont~ the ._.. >J,· . • •• J-1s-teagngeine ; , 1-rd stage

'.(l_~J~,t~,t) -.. Moon'.s surfac~. .. · .,~ @\ :, _
100. . . L ·. . . .• . t ' IIC--~. i _·"ll',t)---I.AU
It"\/
. . .. /,p11l,\.,P.,.~7,ll'b~ i(one t·~ • ,

(it'-<;epara ,on 00
: : , ~,

The $pace Sh:e _-

I· • t.ravelled on a ·giant fuel tank with side .t"ockets point I
ir:,to...epac~ 0
T,hen and ro~kets dropped awh 1st stage
the tank

and the shuttle circled the Earth 13-t 'a hefght of 241 • ; - ooot">"l !oe'

•kilornetresf America!')·seientists ~nv.ented the r~u~able

: Space Shuttl~, which firstflew if 1981. The shuttles l
A
were retired in 201~: .. . ·. • · • . . ••. ·
·1.;J:• f.
· • Space %little used

· rockets to enter space, bui>
_, came back wi'lhout 1he111,

,fJ,,. The three-stage c,aturn \/ roc·rkett

carried the s1>acecrMart al' ;e;~h:d
rnen to land on the oon.
over 1-100 tonnes.

T The rnighty Saturn V's
forerunner was a t iny
liquid-ruelled rocket,
invented by Robert
Goddard in 191-6.

1

'4 1