Harbrace Essentials

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of historical research paper, CMS documentation style for articles
35b: 380–381 from, 35a: 376–377

to questionnaire, 30e: 257 CSE documentation style for articles
of research report, 36b: 392, 394 from, 36a: 390, 391, 392
introductory clause, phrase, or word,
MLA documentation style for
comma following, 15b: 139–140 articles from, 33b: 295–298, 304,
introductory list, dash following, 310–311

19d: 168 scholarly, 30c: 252, 31b: 261
introductory series, dash following, Jr., 23a: 191
JSTOR, 30c: 252, 33b: 312, 314
19d: 168
inverted word order Kakutani, Michiko, 10d: 109
keyword search, 30b: 250
agreement errors and, 4f: 52–53 Kidder, Tracy, 18a: 161
for emphasis, 10e: 110–111 kind of a, sort of a, 406
IRBs, 30e: 257 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 9c: 105
irregardless, 406 Kingsolver, Barbara, 25d: 208
irregular verbs, 4a: 35–36
is because/reason, mismatch of, 7d: 91 Lakoff, Robin, 19e: 169
issue number(s), 33b: 297, 35a: 376, language(s)

36a: 390 capitalization of names of, 21a: 183
it, 5d: 70 inclusive, 12c: 122–126
later, latter, 406
as expletive, 5d: 71, 14a: 135 Latin American, use of, 12c: 124
italics Latin expressions
abbreviation of, 23d: 193
for aircraft names, 22b: 189 italics for, 22b: 189
for emphasis, 22b: 189 Latino/Latina, use of, 12c: 125
for foreign words, 22b: 189 law case. See legal case(s)
for legal cases, 22b: 189 lay, lie, 406
for satellite names, 22b: 189 lead, led, 406
for ship names, 22b: 189 least, 6b: 79
for spacecraft names, 22b: 189 lecture, MLA documentation style for,
for submarine names, 22b: 189
for titles of works, 22a: 188–189, 33b: 319–320
lecture notes, APA documentation style
34b: 347, 35a: 370
for words, letters, or figures referred for, 34b: 353
legal case(s)
to as such, 22b: 190
its, it’s, 406 italics for, 22b: 189
MLA documentation style for, 33b:
jargon, 12c: 122
Jensen, Heather, 4d: 48 307, 317
journal(s), 33b: 295 less, 6b: 79

APA documentation style for articles
from, 34b: 347–349, 352

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less, less than. See fewer, less -ly ending, 6a: 76
letter Lycos, 30d: 253, 31a: 260

of application, 29d: 245–246 magazine(s), 30c: 252, 33b: 295
business, 29a: 237–239 APA documentation style for articles
to editor, documentation of, from, 34b: 349, 352
CMS documentation style for articles
34b: 350 from, 35a: 376, 378
of inquiry, 29a: 238–239 CSE documentation style for articles
published, documentation of, 33b: from, 36a: 390, 391, 392
evaluating, 31b: 261–262
308, 35a: 375 MLA documentation style for articles
LexisNexis, 30c: 252 from, 33b: 295–299, 311

MLA documentation style for article main clause, 1e: 20. See also independent
from, 33b: 312, 314 clause(s)

Librarian’s Index to the Internet, 30d: main idea, revising and, 26a: 209–210,
253 211

library, and research, 30b: 250–251, man/mankind, as sexist usage, 12c: 123,
30c: 252 407

lie. See lay, lie manner, adverbs of, 6a: 76
like. See as, like manuals. See style manuals
line drawings, 27b: 219 map, MLA documentation style for,
line graphs, 27a: 217–218
linking verbs, 1a: 2 33b: 308
Marx, Patricia, 26a: 210
with subject complements, 1c: 13, may. See can, may
6a: 77 may of, might of. See could of
maybe, may be, 407
list McKibben, Bill, 1a: 8
colon signaling, 16b: 152 meaning, reading for, 24d: 203
dash following introductory, measurement words, agreement of verbs
19d: 168
parentheses around numbers or letters with, 4f: 54
in, 19f: 170 media, 4f: 55
media, medium, 407
listserv, 30e: 258 medium
literally, 406
literary present (tense), 4b: 41 as part of context, 24d: 203
live performances, MLA documentation of publication, 33b: 297, 309,

style for, 33b: 319–320 312–313, 315
logic, in comparisons, 6b: 79–80 memos, 29b: 241–243
logical appeals, 28f: 226
logical order, 26a: 211–212 colon use in, 16b: 152
logos, 28f: 226 menu items, computer, capitalization of,
lose, loose, 407
lots, lots of, 407 21d: 187
lowercase letters, in APA documentation message, in rhetorical situation, 24a: 199

style, 34a: 340, 34b: 341

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metaphor(s), 7b: 89, 13a: 128, 129 for documentation of images,
method section, in research report, 33b: 308–309, 318–319, 321

36b: 392 for documentation of legal case,
Mexican American, use of, 12c: 124 33b: 307, 317
might could, 407
military terms, capitalization of, for documentation of live and
recorded performances,
21a: 183, 184 33b: 317–318, 319–320, 322
misplaced modifiers, 6d: 82
mixed construction, 7c: 89 for documentation of map or chart,
mixed metaphor(s), 7b: 89 33b: 308–309, 319
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research
for documentation of online source,
Papers, 17a: 155, 33: 280 33b: 309–319
MLA style, 33: 280
for documentation of pamphlet,
abbreviations in, 33a: 283, 285, 286, 33b: 307–308
33b: 305, 306, 312, 315, 316
for documentation of public law,
for block quotations, 33a: 288–289 33b: 307, 317
capitalization in, 16b: 151,
for documentation of published
21c: 185 dissertation, 33b: 308
for citations of poetry, drama, and
for documentation of published letter,
sacred texts, 16b: 152, 33a: 33b: 308
285–286
for documentation of advertisements, for documentation of republished
33b: 309, 319 book, 33b: 304–305
for documentation of art,
33b: 318–319, 321 for documentation of sacred text,
for documentation of articles, 33b: 306, 317
33b: 295–299, 305, 310–311
for documentation of books, for documentation of translated book,
33b: 299–306, 311–312 33b: 304
for documentation of bulletin,
33b: 307–308 for in-text citations, 33a: 280–290
for documentation of cartoon or italics in, 22b: 189
comic strip, 33b: 308, 319 for numbered notes, 33a: 281
for documentation of dictionary for punctuation in citations and
entry, 33b: 306
for documentation of digital sources, quotations, 33a: 288–290
33b: 321–322 for quotation marks, 18c:
for documentation of encyclopedia
entry, 33b: 316 163–164
for documentation of government sample student paper in, 28h:
publication, 33b: 306–307,
316, 317 229–235, 33c: 323–336
for spaces following punctuation

marks, 19: 166
spelling out of numbers in,

23e: 194
for title page of paper, 33c: 323
for works-cited list, 33a: 280–281,

33b: 290
modal auxiliaries, 4a: 38

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Modern Language Association (MLA), names. See proper names
33: 280. See also MLA style narration, 26a: 211
Native American/Native People, use of,
modifier(s), 6: 75. See also adjective(s);
adverb(s) 12c: 124–125
n.d., 33b: 315
absolute, 6b: 80 near, as logical operator, 30b: 250
commas with nonessential elements negation, 6c: 81–82
neither . . . nor, 1a: 9, 4f: 52
used as, 15d: 143 never, 15e: 145
comparative and superlative forms of, New York Public Library Picture

6b: 79–80 Collection Online, 30d:
as double negatives, 6c: 81 255
infinitive phrases as, 1d: 17, 6a: 78 newsgroup, MLA documentation style
nouns as, 6a: 78 for posting to, 33b: 316
placement of, 6d: 82–84, 6e: 85–86 newspaper(s), 30c: 252, 33b: 295
prepositional phrases as, 1d: 19, 6a: APA documentation style for
article from, 34b: 349,
78–79 350, 352
recognizing, 6a: 75–79 CMS documentation style for article
verbal phrases as, 1d: 16 from, 35a: 378
monetary amounts, words versus CSE documentation style for
article from, 36a: 390,
numerals for, 23f: 195 391, 392
months, capitalization of, 21a: 183–184 evaluating, 31b: 261–262
monument names, capitalization of, MLA documentation style for article
from, 33b: 295–299, 311
21a: 183 use of italics for, 22a: 188, 189
mood, 4e: 49–51 noncount noun(s), 1a: 3, 1d: 14
more, 6b: 79, 80 none, agreement with, 4f: 54
most, 6b: 79, 80, 407 nonessential elements, 15d: 142
motion picture. See film set off by commas, 1d: 19,
multiple audiences, 24c: 202 15d: 142–145
multiple-choice questions, 30e: 257 set off by dash or pair of dashes,
multivolume work 19d: 168
nonracist language, 12c: 124–125
APA documentation style for, 34b: 346 nonrestrictive element(s), 15d: 142.
CMS documentation style for, 35a: 373 See also nonessential element(s)
MLA documentation style for, nonsexist language, 12c: 122–124
nor
33a: 284–285, 33b: 305 joining antecedents, 5c: 67
musical work, MLA documentation style joining subjects, 4f: 52

for, 33b: 317–318, 322
myself. See herself, himself, myself, yourself

n. pag., 33b: 311
name-year system, for CSE

documentation, 36a: 384–385,
36b: 392, 395–396

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not, as logical operator, 30b: 250 for monetary amounts, 23f: 195
not only . . . but also, 1a: 9, 9d: 106, of paragraphs or sections in MLA-

15e: 145 style citations, 33a: 287
notes parentheses around, 19f: 170
to refer to pages and divisions of
in MLA-style paper, 33a: 281,
33c: 334 books and plays, 23f: 195
referred to as such, 17c: 158, 22b: 189
for research paper, 32b: 265–266 superscript, 33a: 281, 35a: 366, 367,
nothing like, nowhere near, 407
noun(s), 1a: 3. See also specific types 36a: 385, 386
words versus, 23e: 194
agreement of singular and plural in
same sentence, 4f: 55 object(s)
dependent clause as, 1e: 21
apostrophe use with, 17a: 154–158 direct and indirect, 1c: 12
as complements, 1c: 12, 13 of preposition, 1d: 14, 19
formation of plural of, 20c: 179–180 pronouns as, 5b: 61–62
gerund phrases as, 1d: 15
infinitive phrases as, 1d: 17 object complement, 1c: 13
as modifiers, 6a: 78 objective case, 5b: 62–63
-s ending to, 4f: 55 off of, 407
as subject of sentence, 1b: 11 omission
verbal phrases as, 1d: 15
noun clause, 1e: 21 apostrophe marking, 17b: 158
beginning with what, and verb ellipsis points to mark, 19g: 171–173
on account of, 407
agreement, 4f: 56 on the other hand, 407
following verb for attribution, 7d: 92 online catalog, 30b: 250–251
noun phrase, 1d: 14 online discussion group(s), 30e: 256
N.p./n.p., 33b: 315, 34b: 353 MLA documentation style for posting
number, agreement in, 1d: 14, 5c: 66–68
number of, 407 to, 33b: 315
numbers. See also issue number(s); page online sources, 30d: 253–254

number(s); volume number(s) APA documentation style for,
in addresses, 23f: 195 34b: 350–355
call, 30b: 251
colons in, 16b: 152 CMS documentation style for,
to express decimals and percentages, 35a: 376–377

23f: 195 CSE documentation style for,
hyphens in, 20e: 181–182 36a: 390–391, 392
for identification, 23f: 195
indefinite articles with, 23d: 194 evaluating, 31d: 262
in MLA-style citations of poems, of information about authors,

plays, and sacred texts, 33a: 31a: 260–261
285–286 MLA documentation style for,

33b: 309–319
open questions, 30e: 256, 257, 258

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operators, logical (or Boolean), 30b: 250 correlative conjunctions and, 9d: 106
opinion, distinguishing from fact, to link sentences, 9c: 105
recognizing parallel elements, 9a: 103
28c: 223 through repetition of form, 9b: 104
or through repetition of words, 9b: 104
paraphrase(s)
joining antecedents, 5c: 67 creating, 32d: 270–273
joining subjects, 4f: 52 documentation with, 32e: 274–275
as logical operator, 30b: 250 versus summary, 32d: 273
organization parentheses
as author, in CSE style, 36a: 389, 392 around acronyms and abbreviations,
of data in tables, 27a: 217
of notes, 32b: 265–267 19e: 169–170
of paragraphs, 26a: 211–212 in APA documentation style,
organizations’ names, capitalization of,
34b: 354
21a: 183 with MLA-style citations, 33a: 280–290
other. See another, other, the other for numbers or letters in list, 19f: 170
outline, for essay, 25c: 206–207 to set off information, 19e: 169
ownership, apostrophe indicating, parenthetical citations. See in-text

17a: 154–158 citations
parenthetical element, set off by commas,
page numbers
APA style for, 34a: 337, 338 15d: 144
CMS style for, 35a: 366, 367, 374 parenthetical sentence, capitalization of
CSE style for, 36a: 390, 392
MLA style for, 33a: 280–281, first word of, 21c: 186
33b: 297, 303, 305, 312, 313 participial phrase(s), 1d: 16–17

pagination, of journal, 34b: 348 in absolute phrase, 1e: 20
paintings, MLA documentation style for, as modifiers, 6a: 78–79
as nonessential modifier set off by
33b: 318, 321
Palmer, Parker, 11c: 117 commas, 15d: 143
pamphlet, MLA documentation style for, participle(s). See also past participle(s),

33b: 307 present participle(s)
paragraph(s) as adjectives, 6a: 76
beginning sentence with, 10f: 111
coherence of, 26a: 209, 211–212 particle, 4a: 37
in dialogue, 18a: 161 parts of speech, 1a: 2–11. See
drafting of, 25d: 207–208
examples for development of, 25d: 208 also adjective(s); adverb(s);
numbers of, in MLA-style citations, conjunction(s); noun(s);
preposition(s); pronoun(s); verb(s)
33a: 287 passed, past, 408
revising of, 26a: 209–212 passive voice, 4d: 47–48
unity of, 26a: 209, 210–211 to avoid his or her, 5c: 67
parallelism, 9: 103 of perfect subjunctive, 4e: 49–50
breaking from, 9c: 105 past form, of verb, 4a: 34, 35–36

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Index 433
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past participle(s), 4a: 34, 35–36 personal pronoun(s), 1a: 4, 5a: 57
as adjectives, 6a: 76 perspective, prospective, 408
in participial phrase, 1d: 16–17 persuasion, emphatic order and,
in passive voice, 4d: 47
26a: 211
past perfect progressive tense, 4c: 44 phenomena, phenomenon, 408
past perfect tense, 4b: 43 photocopies, taking notes on, 32b: 265
past progressive tense, 4b: 41–42 photographs, 27b: 218–220
past subjunctive mood, 4e: 49
past tense(s), 4b: 40–44 MLA documentation for, 33b: 319,
pathos (emotional appeal), 28f: 226 321
per, 408
percent, percentage, 408 Web sites for, 30e: 255
percentages, using numerals for, 23f: 195 phrasal modals, 4a: 39
perfect progressive tenses, 4b: 40, 43–44 phrasal prepositions, 1a: 7–8
perfect subjunctive mood, 4e: 49 phrasal verb, 4a: 37
perfect tenses, 4b: 40, 42–43 phrase(s), 1d: 14. See also absolute
performance, MLA documentation style
phrase(s); participial phrase(s);
for, 33b: 319 prepositional phrase(s); transitional
period (historical), capitalization of, words or phrases
appositive, 1d: 19
21a: 183 comma following introductory,
period (punctuation mark) 15b: 139
comma separating series of, 15c: 141
in abbreviations, 19a: 166 as modifiers, 6a: 78
in biblical citations, 33a: 285–286 noun, 1d: 14, 19
in divided quotations, 3c: 33 parallel, 9a: 103
at end of sentence, 19a: 166 as sentence fragments, 2b: 25–26
with interjection, 1a: 10 between subject and verb, 4f: 52
with MLA-style citations, 33a: 289–290 verb, 1d: 15
with numerals, 23f: 196 verbal, 1d: 15–16
quotation marks with, 18c: 163–164 pie charts, 27a: 217–218
to separate act, scene, and line Pinter, Rachel, 34c: 357
plagiarism, 32d: 271, 32e: 274–275
numbers in MLA-style citations, planning, of essay, 25: 204
33a: 285–286, 290 play(s)
to separate clauses, 3b: 30–31 MLA documentation style for,
periodic sentence, 10d: 109 33a: 285–286, 33b: 319
periodicals, 30c: 252. See also journal(s); pages and divisions in, 23f: 195
magazine(s); newspaper(s) plural. See also number, agreement in
evaluating, 31b: 261–262 forming with apostrophes,
permission, to use image, 30e: 255 17c: 158–159
person, 5b: 61 spelling of, 20c: 179–180
personal communication, APA plural verb forms, 4f: 51
documentation style for, 34a: 340, plus, 408
34b: 354

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p.m. See a.m., p.m. comma following introductory,
poetry 15b: 139

MLA citation style for, 33a: 285–286 following indefinite pronoun,
quotations from, 18b: 162, 19g: 173, 4f: 54

19h: 173 as modifiers, 6a: 78
point(s) of view, argument and, with passive voice, 4d: 47
as sentence fragment, 2b: 26
28b: 222, 28f: 226 present participle(s), 1d: 17, 5b: 65
policy claim, 28e: 224 as adjectives, 6a: 76
popular magazines, 30c: 252 in participial phrase, 1d: 16, 17
positive form, of adjective or adverb, present perfect progressive tense,

6b: 79 4b: 43
possessive case, 5a: 58, 5b: 63 present perfect tense, 4b: 42–43
present progressive tense, 4b: 41–42
apostrophe for, 17a: 154–155 present subjunctive mood, 4e: 49
possessive forms, versus contractions, present tense(s), 4b: 40–44
presentation, MLA documentation style
17a: 156, 20b: 177
possessive pronoun(s), 5a: 58, 5c: 66 for, 33b: 319–320
pretty, 408
confusion of with contractions, previewing a text, 24a: 199–200
17a: 156, 20b: 177 prewriting, 25a: 204
primary audience, 24c: 202
no apostrophe with, 17a: 155 primary sources, 30a: 249–250
postal abbreviations, 23b: 192 principal, principle, 408
posting date, 30d: 254, 32b: 265 printouts, for taking notes, 32b: 265
precede, proceed, 408 proceed. See precede, proceed
preciseness. See exactness progressive tenses, 4b: 41–42, 43–44
predicate, 1b: 11. See also compound Project MUSE, 33b: 312, 314
pronoun(s), 1a: 4, 5a: 57. See also specific
predicate
predicate adjective, beginning sentence types
as adjectives, 5a: 57
with, 11b: 115 agreement with antecedent of, 5c:
predication, faulty, 7d: 90
preface, MLA documentation style for, 66–68
in appositives, 5b: 63
33b: 302–303 cases of, 5b: 61–65
prefix, spelling of words with, 20c: 178 clear references of, 5d: 69–71
prejudice, prejudiced, 408 as complements, 1c: 13
preliminary bibliography. See working first-person, 5b: 61
as objects, 5b: 62–63, 64–65
bibliography point of view and, 5b: 61
preposition(s), 1a: 7–8, 6a: 78 replacing gerund phrases, 1d: 15
second-person, 5b: 61
in collocations, 13d: 131
objects of, 1d: 14, 5b: 62
phrasal, 1a: 7
repeating for parallel structure,

9b: 104
prepositional phrase(s), 6a: 78

in absolute phrase, 1e: 20

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Index 435
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
as subject of sentence, 1b: 11, 5b: published dissertation, MLA
61–62 documentation style for, 33b: 308

types of, 5a: 57–60 published letter, MLA documentation
pronunciation, misspelling and, 20a: style for, 33b: 308

176–177 publisher(s)
proof, in argument, 28h: 228 in APA documentation style, 34b:
proofreading, 26: 209, 26b: 212–213 343, 345
proper names in CMS documentation style, 35a:
370
abbreviations with, 23a: 191 credibility of, 31b: 261–262
capitalization of, 21a: 183–184 in MLA documentation style, 33b:
proper nouns, 1a: 3, 21a: 183 315
proposition, 28h: 228. See also claim, of
Puerto Rican, use of, 12c: 125
argument punctuation
ProQuest, MLA documentation style for
apostrophe as, 17a–c: 154–159
article from, 33b: 312, 314 colon as, 16b: 151–152
prospective. See perspective, prospective comma as, 15a–g: 138–148
protocol, in URL, 33b: 309 dash as, 19d: 168–169
PsycInfo, 30c: 252 ellipsis points as, 19g: 171–173
public domain, images in, 30d: 255 exclamation point as, 19c: 167–168
public law, MLA documentation style with MLA-style citations, 33a:

for, 33b: 307, 317 289–290
publication data parentheses as,19e: 169–170
period as, 19a: 166
APA documentation style for, proofreading for, 26c: 213
34b: 343, 345, 346 question mark as, 19b: 167
quotation marks as, 18a–c: 160–165
CMS documentation style for, semicolon as, 16a: 149–150
35a: 370, 371 slash as, 19h: 173
spaces with, 19: 166
CSE documentation style for, square brackets as, 19f: 170–171
36a: 388, 389, 390 purpose (rhetorical), 24a: 199, 200
of argument, 28: 221, 28a:
MLA documentation style for,
33b: 297, 300, 309, 312–313, 315 221–222
of business writing, 29a: 237
publication date of research paper, 30a: 249
APA documentation style for,
34a: 337, 338, 339–340, qualifier(s), adverbs as, 1a: 6
34b: 347 question(s)
CMS documentation style for,
35a: 370 and argument, 28b: 222
CSE documentation style for, capitalization of abbreviated, 21d:
36a: 386, 388, 390, 392
MLA documentation style for, 33b: 187
297, 309, 315

Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, 34: 337

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question(s) (cont.) for titles of short works, 18b:
interrogative pronouns in, 5a: 60 162–163, 35a: 374
for interviews, 30e: 256
research, 30a: 248 race, referring to, 12c: 124–125
rhetorical, 11c: 116 radio program, MLA documentation
for survey, 30e: 256–258
for variety, 11c: 116 style for, 33b: 318, 320–321
raise, rise, 409
question mark ranking scale, in survey question, 30e: 257
with quotation marks, 18c: 164–165, reading, 24: 198, 24a: 199–200
33a: 290 real, really, 409
use of, 19b: 167 reason/is because, mismatch of, 7d: 91
reason why, 409
questionnaire, 30e: 256–258 reasoning, examining author’s, 32f: 277
quotation(s) reasons, in argument, 28e: 224–226,

APA style for, 34a: 337 28g: 227
attributive tags set off by commas in, redundancy, 14a: 133
reference book(s), 30b: 250, 251
15f: 146
block, 32d: 270, 33a: 288–289 APA documentation style for selection
capitalization of first word of, 21c: from, 34b: 347

185 reference list
colon directing attention to, 16b: 151 APA style for, 34b: 340–341,
divided, 3c: 33 343–355
ellipsis points to mark omission in, CSE style for, 36a: 386, 392, 36b:
392, 395–396
19g: 171–173
quotation marks for, 18a: 160–161 reflexive pronoun(s), 5a: 58
in research papers, 32d: 269, 32e: refutation, 28f: 226, 28g: 227–228
regard, regarding, regards, 409
275 regionalisms, in academic writing,
square brackets for additions or
12b: 121
alterations to, 19g: 170–171 regular verbs, 4a: 34
quotation, quote, 409 relation, relationship, 409
quotation marks relative adverb, 1e: 22
relative clause, 1e: 22. See also adjectival
with commas and periods, 18c:
163–164 clause(s)
relative pronoun(s), 5a: 58–60, 5d: 69
for dialogue, 18a: 161
for direct quotations, 18a: 160–161, to combine short sentences, 11a: 113
connection of, with verb, 7d: 91–92
32d: 270, 32e: 275 deleting unnecessary, 14b: 135
with question mark, exclamation in dependent clause, 1e: 22, 8b: 98
match of, with antecedent, 4f: 53
point, or dash, 18c: 164, 33a: 290 omission of, 1e: 22
with semicolons and colons, 18c: 164 redundant, 14a: 133
for short excerpts of poetry, 18b: 162
single, for quotations within

quotations, 18a: 161
thoughts enclosed in, 18a: 162

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Index 437
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
relevance, of sources, 31d: 262–263 review, MLA documentation style for,
reliability 33b: 299

of information (evidence), 28d: 223 revision, 25a: 204, 26: 209
of periodicals, 31b: 261–262 of choppy sentences, 1d: 17,
of research findings, 32f: 276–277 11a: 113–114
religion(s) of comma splices and fused sentences,
capitalization of, 21a: 183 3b: 30–32
referring to, 12c: 122 of double negatives, 6c: 81
repetition of misplaced modifiers, 6d: 83, 6e: 85
for emphasis, 10d: 109 of mixed metaphors, 7c: 89
for parallelism, 9b: 104–105 of sentence fragments, 2b: 26, 2c: 27
reports, congressional, MLA for unified and coherent paragraphs,
26a: 209–212
documentation style for, 33b: 316
reprinted works, MLA documentation rhetoric, 1: 2
definition of, 24a: 198
style for, 33b: 304
republished book, MLA documentation rhetorical appeal(s), 28f: 226–227
rhetorical purpose. See purpose (rhetorical)
style for, 33b: 304 rhetorical question(s), 11c: 116
research, 30: 248 rhetorical situation, 24a: 198–200

field, 30e: 255–258 adverb use and, 1a: 6
library resources for, 30b: 250–251, gerund phrases and, 1d: 16
noun choice and, 1a: 3
30c: 252 and parallelism, 9c: 105
online sources for, 30d: 253–255 research and, 30a: 248–250
rhetorical situation and, 30a: 248–250 of research paper, 32a: 264
research paper sentence fragments and, 2c: 27
in APA style, 34c: 355–365 and short sentences, 11a: 114
in CMS style, 35b: 379–383 usage and, 1: 2
in CSE style, 36b: 392–396 and use of commas and conjunctions
rhetorical situation and, 32a: 264
research question(s), 30a: 248 in a series, 15c: 141
resolution, congressional, MLA and use of commas, dashes, and

documentation style for, 33b: 316 colons, 19e: 169
resources, of rhetorical situation, and use of dashes and parentheses,

24a: 199 19f: 170
respect, in writing about differences, and use of images, 30d: 254–255
verb choice and, 1a: 3
12c: 125–126 rise. See raise, rise
respectfully, respectively, 409 root words, 20c: 178
response, to sources, 32f: 276–277 run-on sentence, 3: 29. See also fused
restrictive clause, 15d: 143
results section, of research report, sentence(s)
running head, in APA-style paper, 34c:
36b: 392
résumés, 29c: 243–245 356, 357
return address, 29a: 237, 239

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). 438 Index
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-s ending, 4f: 55 conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs
-s form, of verbs, 4a: 34 in, 1a: 8
sacred texts, 22b: 189
cumulative and periodic, 10b:
MLA documentation style for, 16b: 108–109
152, 33a: 285–286, 290, 33b:
306, 317 editing of, 26b: 212
ending with preposition, 1a: 7
satellite names, italics for, 22b: 189 intentionally incomplete, 19h: 173
scholarly books, 30b: 250 parallelism and, 9a: 103, 9c: 105
scholarly journals, 30c: 252, 31b: 261 period at end of, 19a: 166
Scientific Style and Format: The CSE relating parts of, 7d: 90–92
run-on, 3: 29
Manual for Authors, Editors, and short, 10f: 111, 11a: 113–114
Publishers, 36: 384 subjects and predicates of, 1b: 11–12
scriptural references. See sacred texts sentence fragment(s), 2: 25
search, in online catalog, 30b: 250–251 dependent clauses as, 2a: 25, 2c: 27
search engines (search tools), 30d: 253, phrases as, 2b: 25–26
31a: 260 recognizing, 2a: 25
second person, 5f: 73 sentence structure, and paraphrasing,
second-person pronouns, 5f: 73–74
secondary audience, 24c: 202 32d: 271–273
secondary source(s), 30a: 250. See also series
indirect source(s)
section, of newspaper, in MLA book in, MLA documentation style
documentation style, 33b: 298 for, 33b: 306
section numbers, in MLA-style citations,
33a: 287 comma separating elements in,
Seitz, Anna, 28h: 228, 229 15c: 141–142
semicolon
in APA-style citations, 34a: 339 dash following, 19d: 168
between independent clauses, 1a: 10, sexist language, 5c: 67, 12c: 122–124
3b: 30, 16a: 149 sexual orientation, referring to, 12c: 126
in CSE-style citations, 36a: 385, 390 ship names, italics for, 22b: 189
in MLA-style citations, 33a: 284 short note form, in CMS style, 35a: 366,
quotation marks with, 18c: 164
separating elements that contain 367–368, 35b: 382
commas, 16a: 150 should of. See could of
senior citizens, use of, 12c: 125 Shreeve, James, 7c: 89
sensory verbs, 1c: 13 sight. See cite, site, sight
sentence(s). See also specific types signature, on business letter, 29a: 238,
capitalization in, 21c: 185–187
combining, 1d: 17, 8b: 98, 11a: 239
113–114 Silko, Leslie Marmon, 10a: 108
simile, 13a: 128–129
simple future tense, 4b: 41
simple past tense, 4b: 41
simple predicate, 1b: 11
simple present tense, 4b: 40–41

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Index 439
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
simple sentences, combining, 11a: U.S. government documents as,
113–114 30d: 254

simple subject, 1b: 11 spacecraft names, italics for, 22b: 189
simple tenses, 4b: 40–41 spatial order, 26a: 211
singular number, 5c: 67 specialized audience, 24c: 202
singular verb forms, 4f: 51 specialized dictionaries, 30b: 251
singular words, ending in -s, 4f: 55 specialized reference books, 30b: 251
sit, set, 409 specially. See especially, specially
site. See cite, site, sight specific word, definition of, 13a: 128
slang, 12b: 121 speech, MLA documentation style for,
slash, 19h: 173
33b: 318, 319–320
in URL, 33b: 309 spell checker, 20: 176
Smithsonian Images, 30d: 255
so, 410 and proofreading, 26c: 213
social sciences, samples of writing in, spelling

34c: 357–365 confusion of ei and ie in, 20d: 180
Solnit, Rebecca, 10a: 108 of homophones, 20b: 177
someplace. See anyplace, everyplace, hyphens in, 20e: 181–182
of numbers, 23e: 194–195
someplace of plural nouns, 20c: 179–180
sometime, sometimes, some time, 410 prefixes and, 20c: 178
sort of a. See kind of a, sort of a pronunciation and, 20a: 176–177
sound recording, MLA documentation proofreading for, 26b: 213
spell checkers and, 20: 176
style for, 33b: 317–318, 322 suffixes and, 20c: 178–179
sources. See also documentation of of words from Latin or Greek,

sources; electronic sources; 20c: 180
online sources; primary sources; sponsors, of Web sites, 31c: 262, 33b:
secondary sources
articles as, 30c: 252 309, 312, 315, 34b: 354
books as, 30b: 250–251 square brackets, 19f: 170–171, 21c: 185,
coverage of, 32f: 276
evaluation of, 31a: 259–261, 31b: 32d: 270, 33b: 290, 34c: 355,
261–262, 31c: 262 36a: 391
field research as, 30e: 255–258 squinting modifier, 6d: 83
indirect, 33a: 285, 34b: 340 Sr., 23a: 191
integrating into writing, 32d: state name
268–273 in addresses, 23c: 192
questionnaires as, 30e: 256–258 in APA documentation style, 34b: 344
relevance and timeliness of, in CMS documentation style, 35a: 371
31d: 262, 32f: 276 statement, arguable, 28b: 222
reliability of, 32f: 276–277 stationary, stationery, 410
responding to, 32f: 276–277 statistics, as supporting evidence,
28e: 225

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style, clarity in, 12a: 120–121 summary
style manuals colon directing attention to, 16b:
151
for writing in the arts and humanities, of source material, 32d: 273
33: 280, 35: 366
superlative forms, of adjectives and
for writing in the sciences, 36: 384 adverbs, 6b: 79
for writing in the social sciences,
superlatives, double, 6b: 80
34: 337 superscript numbers, 33a: 281, 35a:
subject (of essay), focusing into specific
366, 367, 36a: 385, 386
topic, 25b: 205–206 supposed to, used to, 410
subject (of sentence), 1b: 11 Supreme Being, words denoting,

avoiding comma between verb and, capitalization of, 21a: 183, 184
15g: 147 surveys, questions for, 30e: 256–258
Suslin, Marianne, 33c: 324
mismatch of, with verb, 7d: 90 synonyms, as appositives, 13d: 132
noun phrase as, 1d: 14
pronoun as, 5b: 61–62 tables, 27a: 217–218
verb agreement with, 4f: 51–56 tags, attributive. See attributive tags
subject complement, 1c: 13, 4f: 55 take. See bring, take
subject directories, 30d: 253 Tebbe, Michelle, 36b: 392, 393
subjective case, 5b: 61–62, 63 technical words, audience and, 12c: 122
subjunctive mood, 4e: 49–50 television program
submarine names, italics for, 22b: 189
subordinating conjunction(s), 1a: 9, 8a: APA documentation style for, 34b:
355
97–98, 8b: 99, 8c: 100–101
to combine short sentences, MLA documentation style for, 33b:
318, 320–321
11a: 113
introducing dependent clause, 1a: 9 tense(s), 4b: 40–44
subordination, 8a: 97 consistency of, 4c: 44–46
avoiding faulty or excessive, 8c: in writing about historical events or
literary works, 4b: 41
100–101
effective use of, 8a: 97–98 testimony, as supporting evidence, 28e:
subscription database, MLA 225

documentation style for work than, then, 410
from, 33b: 312–314 that, omitting, 1e: 21, 5a: 59–60
subsequent mention, definite article that, which, who, 5a: 58–60
and, 1a: 5 the, 1a: 5
substantiation claim, 28d: 223–224
subtitles, capitalization of, 21b: omission of, from name of periodical,
184–185, 35a: 370, 36a: 389 33b: 295
suffix(es)
of adjectives, 6a: 75 their, there, they’re, 410
spelling and, 20c: 178–179 theirself, theirselves, 410
of URL, 31c: 262 then. See than, then
there, as expletive, 4f: 53

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Index 441
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
deleting, 14b: 135 for MLA-style paper, 33c: 323
thesis, 25b: 205 to, as infinitive marker, 1d: 17, 9b: 104
to, too, two, 410
for argument, 28b: 222 tone, and sentence fragments, 2c: 27
assessing, 25b: 205 topic
thesis statement, 25b: 205
developing, 25b: 205–206 for argument, 28b: 222
placement of, 28g: 227, 228 assessing, 25b: 205
third person, 5b: 61 focusing of, 25b: 205–206
third-person pronouns, 5b: 61 topic sentence, 26a: 209
thoughts, enclosed in quotation marks, to express main idea, 26a: 209–210
and paragraph unity, 26a: 210–211
18b: 162 toward, towards, 410
three-em dash, 35a: 368 trade books, 30b: 250, 31b: 261
time designations, abbreviation of, trade magazines, 30c: 252
transitional words or phrases, 24a: 200
23c: 192–193 beginning sentence with, 11b: 115
time periods, abbreviations of, 23c: commas following, 15b: 140, 16a: 149
to link independent clauses, 3b: 32
192–193 set off by commas, 15d: 144
time zones, abbreviations of, 23c: 192–193 translated book
timeliness, of sources, 31d: 262–263, APA documentation style for, 34b: 346
CMS documentation style for, 35a: 373
32f: 276 MLA documentation style for, 33b: 304
title(s) try and, 411

of address, abbreviation of, 23a: 191 uniform resource locator. See URL(s)
APA documentation style for, 34b: uninterested. See disinterested,

343–344 uninterested
capitalization of, 21a: 183, 184, 21b: unique, 411
unique noun, definite article with, 1a: 5
184–185 United States, abbreviation for, 23d: 193
CMS documentation style for, 35a: unity, of paragraphs, 26a: 209, 210, 211
university presses, 31b: 261
370, 374 unsigned article, MLA documentation
colon separating subtitle and, 16b:
style for, 33b: 298
152 URL(s), 30d: 253, 31c: 262, 33b:
CSE documentation style for, 36a:
309–310, 34b: 350, 352, 35a:
388, 389 377, 378, 36a: 390
italics for, 22a: 188–189 angle brackets in, 19f: 171, 33b:
MLA documentation style for, 33b: 309, 310
U.S. Constitution, MLA documentation
295 style for, 33a: 286–287, 33b: 307
previewing and, 24a: 199
quotation marks with, 18b: 162–163
set off by commas, 15d: 144
singular verb with, 4f: 55
title page
for APA-style paper, 34c: 356, 357
of book, 33b: 300, 34b: 344
for CSE-style paper, 36b: 393

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). 442 Index
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U.S. Courts, 30d: 254 not used in progressive form, 4b: 42
U.S. Government, as source of public phrasal, 4a: 37
regular, 4a: 34
information, 30d: 254 taking indirect objects, 1c: 12
U.S. Government Printing Office, tenses of, 4b: 40–44
voice and, 4d: 47–48
30d: 254 verb phrase, 1d: 15
U.S. Postal Service, abbreviations of, verbal, 1d: 15
verbal phrase(s), 1d: 15–18
23b: 192 as sentence fragment, 2b: 26
usage, 397. See also word choice and variety in sentences, 11b: 115
very, 411
conciseness in, 14a–b: 133–136 video, online, MLA documentation style
exactness in, 13a–d: 127–132
rhetorical situation and, 1: 2 for, 33b: 318
use, utilize, 411 videocassette, CMS documentation style
used to. See supposed to, used to
for, 35a: 379
values, and argument, 28b: 222, visual art. See art
28e: 224 visual elements, 27: 217

variety, in sentences, 11: 113 in combination with text, 27a–b:
length and form and, 11a: 217–220
113–114
openings and, 11b: 115–116 vocative, 15b: 140
type of sentence and, 11c: voice, 4d: 47–48
116–117 volume number(s), 33a: 284–285, 33b:

verb(s), 1a: 3. See also action verb(s); 296–297, 35a: 373, 376, 36a:
auxiliary verb(s); linking verb(s); 390
tense(s)
Walker, Alice, 13b: 129, 25d: 207–208
agreement of subject with, 4f: ways, 411
51–56 Web address. See URL(s)
Web Gallery of Art, 30e: 255
for attribution and their Web log. See blog
complements, 7d: 92 Web site(s)

in attributive tags, 32d: 269 APA documentation style for,
avoiding comma between subject and, 34b: 353–354

15g: 147 CSE documentation style for,
consistency in tenses of, 4c: 36a: 391

44–46 evaluation of, 31c: 262
followed by gerunds and/or MLA documentation style for, 33b:

infinitives, 1d: 18 309–310, 311–312, 315
forms of, 4a: 34–39 sponsors of, 31c: 262, 33b: 309, 311,
irregular, 4a: 35–36
mismatch of, with complement, 315, 34b: 354
WebClipz, 30e: 255
7d: 91–92
mismatch of, with subject, 7d: 90
mood and, 4e: 49–51

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Index 443
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
well. See good, well useless, 14a: 134
what, in noun clause, and verb wordy expressions, replacements for,

agreement, 4f: 56 14a: 135
where, 411 working bibliography, 32c: 267–268
where . . . at, where . . . to, 411 works-cited list, 33a: 280–281, 33b:
which. See also that, which, who
290–291
beginning dependent clause, 8a: 98 sample student, 28h: 235, 33c:
versus that, 5a: 59
White (or white), use of, 12c: 124 335–336
who, whom, 5a: 60, 5b: 64–65 world view, of author, 31a: 260
who, whose, whom, 5a: 58–60 would of. See could of
whoever, whomever, 5b: 64–65 writer, in rhetorical situation, 24a: 198
wire service article, MLA documentation writing

style for, 33b: 298 argumentative, 24c: 201
with regards to. See regard, regarding, choosing subjects for, 25a: 204
expository, 24c: 201
regards expressive, 24c: 201
word choice, 12b: 121–122, 13a: rhetorically, 24a: 198–199
writing process, 25: 204
127–129, 32d: 271 stages of, 25a: 204
word order WWW Virtual Library, 30d: 253

inverted, 4f: 52–53, 10e: 110–111 -y, changing to i, 20c: 178
in noun combinations, 6a: 78 Yahoo, 30d: 253
word processor. See grammar checker; Yamamoto, Hisaye, 13b: 129
year of publication, in APA-style
spell checker
wordiness, 5d: 71, 14a: 133–135 citations, 34a: 337, 340
words yes-or-no questions, 30e: 257
you, addressing reader as, 5f: 74
comma separating series of, 15c: 141 your, you’re, 411
versus numerals, 23e: 194–195 yourself. See herself, himself, myself,
placing for emphasis, 10a: 108
referred to as such, 22c: 190 yourself
repeating for emphasis, 10d: 109–110
repeating for parallelism, 9b: 104

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). REVISION SYMBOLS
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
ab 23a–c Abbreviation ital 22 Italics
ac 23d Acronym log 28f Logic
adj 1a(4), 6a–b, Adjective lc Lowercase
mm 6d–e Misplaced
6d Adverb modifier
adv 1a(5), 6d Agreement mla 33 MLA
agr pronoun- documentation
antecedent n 17b, 23e–f Number
5c subject-verb ^ Omission
APA ¶ 9 Paragraph
4f documentation // 19e Parallelism
apa 34 Apostrophe () 18c(1), 19a Parentheses
Argument . Period
v’ 17 Awkward pl 1b, 7d Plural
arg 28 Capital pred 5, 8a(2) Predication
awk CMS pro 18c(3), 19b Pronoun
cap 21 documentation ? 18 Question mark
cms 35 Coherence “” 14a(1) Quotation marks
modifiers red 5d Redundant
coh paragraphs ref 9b, 10d Reference
6d–e Colon rep 26a–b Repetition
26a Comma rev 16a, 18c(2) Revision
Comma splice ; Semicolon
: 16b, 18c(2) Conciseness sg 19h Singular
, 15, 18c(1) Coordination / 20a–d Slash
cs 3 CSE sp 8a, 8c Spelling
con 14 documentation sub 19f Subordination
coor 8b–c, 15g(2) Dash [] 4b Square brackets
cse 36 Delete t Tense
Development trans 26a Transition
— 18(c)3, 19d 7 Transpose
essays u 15g Unity
dev paragraphs 12, Glossary
25g Editing , of Usage paragraph
25d Ellipsis points usg 11 sentence
Emphasis 4 Unnecessary
ed 26a–b Exactness var 7e–g, 12b–c Usage
. . . 19g Exclamation v 14a
emp 10 point wc 13a–c Variety
ex 13 Fragment w Verb
! 18c(3), 19c Fused sentence ww Word choice
Hyphenation Wordiness
frag 2 Idiom Wrong word
fs 3
hy 20e
id 13c