ory of the
om
on Chen
Things to Know
Matter is the fundamental idea of all Many Ato
objects that have a mass and take up changed
space subatom
Terms:
The most basic unit that composes all Element:
matter would be the Atom! Neutron:
Cathode
Timeli
Democritus Aristotle Dalton Thomson Rutherford
w...
omic Theories were made by scientists, and these concepts
d over long periods of time. Today, atoms are known to have 3
mic particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
: Defined as substance that are made of one kind of atom
: A subatomic particle in the atom with a neutral charge
e Ray: A constant stream of Electrons
ine
Bohr Schrodinger Einstein Heisenberg
Atomic Model Democritus
Represented by a Fun Fact: Dem
sphere that could as the ‘Laugh
not be further being a rela
separated also took ne
ideas to be r
Analogy - Lego De
in
A lego block is
makes up larger At
structures, but De
cannot be taken fo
apart al
em
ab
m
hi
s (400 BC)
mocritus was known
hing Philosopher’ for
atively cheerful man. It
early 2000 years for his
recognized!
emocritus hypothesized that if you constantly split an object
n half, you would eventually reach to a point where the object
s no longer divisible. Democritus named this unit of matter
tomos, later to be named as the Atom. According to
emocritus, the Atom cannot be further divided into smaller
orm of matter and is the base unit of all matter. Democritus
lso stated that along with Atoms, Matter was composed of
mpty space called a Void. Democritus eventually brought an
bundance of influence to many scientific thinkers, however,
many of his beliefs were rejected by other philosophers during
is time.
Aristotle (
Fun Fact: Aristotle was
the tutor of Alexander the
great!
Unlike the other scientists, Aristotle was a philosopher who be
that there was no such concept as the Atomic Theory. Instead,
Aristotle theorized that matter is made up of four elements: Fire
Water, Air, and Earth. He observed substances, and whether if th
features fit under the category of the elements. For example, w
substances would contain more Water, and solid substances w
contain more Earth. Aristotle also theorized that matter is made
smaller forms of the four elements, and spread these ideas to o
Aristotle’s teachings rejected Democritus’s beliefs, and for abo
2000 years, people opposed Democritus’s theory.
(340 BC) Atomic Model
Matter is
composed
by the four
natural
elements
elieved Analogy - Cake
e, Cake is made up of
heir four main
wet components: Flour,
would sugar, milk, and
e of frosting. A soggy cake
others. has more milk, a dry
out cake has more flour,
etc.
Atomic Model John Dalto
Elements can At first
combine to form and the
definite ratio realize
molecules, resulting a Propor
compound Multip
form fi
Analogy - Smoothie discov
of defin
All strawberry banana ideas:
smoothies should have the identic
same strawberry to banana numbe
ratios, otherwise the
smoothie would taste and
look different than other
smoothies with the same
ingredients
on (1803)
Fun Fact: Dalton’s Theory was based
off of Democritus’s ideas
t, Dalton began studying the pressures of certain mixed gases
e proportions of gases. During his experiments, Dalton
ed two important laws: Law of Conservation and Law of
rtion. He used these laws to develop his own, called the Law of
ple Proportions, stating that elements that form compounds
ixed ratios throughout the substance. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
vered that atoms of an element were formed in combinations
nite ratios and were uniform. Dalton’s theory stated 4 main
All elements are composed of atoms, Atoms of an element are
cal, Elements can combine to form compounds in whole
er ratios, and Atoms are rearranged in chemical reactions.
J.J. Thomso
Fun Fact: J.J. Thomson married
one of his own students!
Thomson started a major breakthrough in Atomic Theory, disco
existence of a negatively charged particle within the atom. Tho
his experiment by placing two charged metal discs(electrodes
pressure tube(vacuumed, empty space) and connected the tw
high electricity source. Within the vacuumed tube, a charged b
appeared between the discs. Both discs were oppositely charg
positive and one negative. This beam became known as the Ca
which repelled from the matching negative electrode, but attra
opposite positive electrode. Thomson observed that since opp
attract and repel from the same charges, the Cathode Ray wou
stream of negative particles. Thomson named the particle corp
to be known as the Electron. Thomson concluded that the conc
electrons is present in all atoms.
on (1904) Atomic Model
overing the Plum pudding model
omson began demonstrated the
s) in a low electrons embedded
wo discs to a in a positively
beam charged surrounding,
ged, one representing a
athode Ray, neutral atom
acted to the
posites Analogy - Watermelon
uld be a
puscles, later Seeds are
cept of electrons that
are spread out
in the red fruit,
which is the
positive charge
Ernest Rutherf
Fun Fact: The element
Rutherfordium is named
after him
Rutherford set the second major breakthrough in the Atomic Th
the existence of a new positively charged particle within the at
Rutherford casted a stream of alpha particles(positively charg
atoms) at a thin sheet of gold foil. Rutherford expected the part
straight through, since electrons are negative and would not re
particles. On rare occasion, an alpha particle would repel from
sheet at large angles. The lack of repelling informed Rutherfor
atoms were mostly empty space, and the particles only bounce
positive particles. Rutherford proposed that the atom containe
center, the nucleus, which is where the positively charged part
known as protons, were located. The discovery of protons disp
Plum pudding model made by J.J. Thomson.
ford (1911) Atomic Model
The atom has a
nucleus that
contains protons
and neutrons,
surrounded by
electrons
heory, proving
tom.
ged helium
ticles to pass Analogy - Apple with core
epel positive
m the gold Seeds of the
rd that the apple are
ed off of larger centralized in
ed a dense the apple’s
ticles, later core,
proved of the surrounded by
the apple fruit.
Niels Bohr
Fun Fact: The element
Bohrium is named after him
Physicist Niels Bohr described the movement of electrons
within the atom and changed the model of the Atomic Theory
once again. By using Rutherford’s model of the nucleus, Bohr
discovered that electrons orbit around the nucleus, similar to
planetary orbits in the solar system. Not only that, Bohr also
found that the number of electrons determines chemical
properties of an element. In Bohr’s model, the energy of an
electron depended on the distance of the electron’s orbit was
from the nucleus. The closer the orbit was, the less energy the
orbit had.
r (1913) Atomic Model
Nucleus contains
proton and neutrons,
and electrons revolve
in an orbital style
Analogy - Solar System
Planets have different
distances from the sun
and all planets circle the
sun, center of the solar
system
Atomic Model Erwin Schrodi
The pathway of electrons
is represented as a “cloud”
region around the nucleus.
However, the pathway of
electrons is NOT random!
The path depends on the
distance from the nucleus
Analogy - Dandelion
The center represents
the nucleus, and
surrounding it is the
“cloud” of electrons that
surround the nucleus
inger (1926)
Fun Fact: One of his most
famous experiments was
named “Schrodinger’s Cat”
Schrodinger developed a mathematical equation to predict
the position of an electron. Schrodinger proved Bohr’s
model to be inaccurate, concluding that it is impossible to
determine the exact path of an electron. Instead,
Schrodinger created a model to predict a path of an
electron. This model is known as the Quantum Mechanical
Model, which predicts the location of the electron based on
the probability of encountering an electron in a certain
region in the “electron cloud”. The more dense the region is
with electrons, the higher the probability of an electron
passing the region.
Albert Eins
Fun Fact: He married his
cousin, Elsa Einstein
Einstein made a remarkable study on the
Photoelectric effect, where light is shone upon
metals. As the metals were observed, energy from the
light caused electrons to “jump off” or emit from the
metal. Not only that, the amount of electrons that were
produced depended on the intensity of the light
particles. The more sense the light was, more
electrons flew off the metal. This achievement
allowed further observation in the energy levels of
electrons in matter
stein (1905)
Atomic Model
Einstein's model Analogy - Plasma ball
demonstrates a
similar concept
proposed by
Schrodinger, where
an electron’s
position cannot be
exactly determined
The center of the
plasma ball represents
the nucleus, while the
plasma sparks are the
irregular movement of
the electrons that
surround it
Werner Heisen
Repre
conta
the nu
impos
exact
Fun Fact: He won the Nobel
Prize in Physics, 1932
Similar to Schrodinger’s ideas, Heisenberg concluded that
there is a certain limit of precision to determining the
amount of energy an atom holds, and where the exact
position the electron is. Heisenberg developed the
Heisenberg Principle, which states that it is impossible to
know exactly where an electron is or the amount of
energy, given a point in time. Electrons had 3 dimensional
movements, which contributed to the probability of an
electron’s position, which would be 3 dimensional as well.
nberg (1927) Atomic Model
esents the cloud region that
ains the electrons around
ucleus, and that it is
ssible to determine the
position of an electron
Analogy - Cotton Ball
Cotton ball displays the
cloud-like region that
contains the electrons. It
represents the
uncertainty of an
electron’s pathway
Work References
"Aristotle Atomic Theory Model Explained." HRF, 9 Jan. 2018,
healthresearchfunding.org/aristotle-atomic-theory-mode
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"History and Quantum Mechanical Quantities | Boundless Physics
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n%201904%2C%20Thomson%20proposed%20a,positioned%20ba
"John Dalton." Purdue University College of Science Welcome,
chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/dalton.html#
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tml
Work References
"The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom." Khan Academy,
www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physi
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odel%20of%20the%20atom,treats%20electrons%20as%20matte
ple%20states%20that%20we%20can't%20know,and%20position
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www.britannica.com/science/Rutherford-model.
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www.thoughtco.com/bohr-model-of-the-atom-603815.
ics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/a/the-quantum-mechanical-model
C3%B6dinger%20proposed%20the%20quantum%20mechanical%20m
er%20waves.&targetText=The%20Heisenberg%20uncertainty%20princi
n%20of%20an%20electron
016,
odel/.
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By Elto