FIELDWORK LEVELLING

NURUL ASYIKIN BINTI OSMAN
NOOR IZMA BINTI AB GHANI
SITI ZALEHA BINTI IBRAHIM

POLITEKNIK KOTA BHARU

Published and printed by:
Department of Civil Engineering
Politeknik Kota Bharu
KM 24, Kok Lanas, 16450 Ketereh, Kelantan

Engineering Survey: Fieldwork Levelling

First Edition 2022
© 2022 Nurul Asyikin binti Osman, Noor Izma binti Ab Ghani &
Siti Zaleha binti Ibrahim

All rights reserved. No part of publication may be reproduced, stored in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise
without prior written permission of the copyright holder.

Nurul Asyikin, Noor Izma & Siti Zaleha

Fieldwork Levelling Engineering Survey / Nurul Asyikin, Noor Izma & Siti Zaleha

AUTHORS BIO

NURUL ASYIKIN BINTI OSMAN is a lecturer in the
Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic of Kota Bharu.
Started working in Polytechnic from 2002 until now. She has 20
years of experience in the civil engineering field. She has
registered as a qualified technician with Mbot and as an
Inspector of Works with BEM. Her teaching interests include
Engineering Surveying, Engineering Drawing, Occupation
Safety and Health, Brickwork and Concrete Laboratory, and
Plumbing and Carpentry Workshop.

Sr. NOOR IZMA BINTI AB GHANI holds a Bachelor of
Surveying (Land) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).
She is a Head of Department in the Department of Civil
Engineering, Kota Bharu Polytechnic. Started working in
Polytechnic from 2001 until now. She has 21 years of
experience in the Civil Engineering field. She has registered as
a Surveyor (Sr) with the Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia
(RISM). Her teaching interests include Basic Engineering
Survey, Engineering Surveying, and Mathematic.

Sr. SITI ZALEHA BINTI IBRAHIM was born in 1985 in Kota
Bharu, Kelantan. She completed her Diploma in Land
Surveying at Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Polytechnic (POLISAS)
in 2006. She then continued her bachelor's degree at Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 2010. She started her career as
a lecturer in the Civil Engineering Department (Geomatic) in
2010 at Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Polytechnic (POLISAS) until
2019 and she currently works at Kota Bharu Polytechnic (PKB).
Apart from that, she is also registered as Surveyor (Sr) under
Royal Institution of Surveyor Malaysia (RISM). Her teaching
interest include Engineering Surveying, Photogrammetry,
Geodesy and Surveying Computation.

iii

ABSTRACT

This book is aimed at students enrolled in the Polytechnic's Engineering
Surveying course, which is part of the civil engineering and quantity surveying
diploma. This book's material is quite valuable for students who want to learn
more about the technique for taking measurements for survey field work,
including calculations. Furthermore, during outdoor work, numerous practical
procedures for levelling are used, including the two-peg test, series levelling,
longitudinal sectional and cross-sectional measurement, and contour
measuring. This book was written to give students exposure to fieldwork
procedures for benchmarking and can be used by lecturers to teach students in
this course.

iv

ABSTRAK

Buku ini ditujukan terutamanya kepada pelajar yang mengambil kursus Ukur
Kejuruteraan dalam program kejuruteraan awam dan ukur bahan di peringkat
diploma di Politeknik. Kandungan dalam buku ini sangat berguna untuk pelajar
mengetahui tatacara membuat pengukuran bagi kerja lapangan ukur aras
dengan lebih terperinci beserta dengan pengiraan. Selain itu, terdapat beberapa
kaedah amali yang dilaksanakan semasa kerja luar bagi ukur aras iaitu ujian dua
piket, ukur aras siri, ukur keratan melintang dan keratan rentas dan ukur kontur.
Buku ini diterbitkan untuk memberi pendedahan mengenai tatacara kerja
lapangan bagi ukur aras yang dilakukan oleh pelajar dan boleh digunakan oleh
pensyarah untuk mengajar pelajar yang terlibat dalam kursus ini.

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHORS BIO ................................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................iv
ABSTRAK.........................................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................vi
LISTS OF DIAGRAM ......................................................................................................................viii
LISTS OF TABLE ..............................................................................................................................ix
1.0 FIELDWORK LEVELLING ....................................................................................................... 2

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO LEVELLING ...............................................................................................3
1.2 OBJECTIVE ...............................................................................................................................3
2.0 LAB SHEET 1: TWO PEG TEST............................................................................................... 5
2.1 COURSE TOPIC.........................................................................................................................5
2.2 OUTCOMES .............................................................................................................................5
2.3 THEORY ...................................................................................................................................5
2.4 LOCATION................................................................................................................................5
2.5 EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................................................6
2.6 PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................................7
2.7 ASSESSMENT/PRACTICAL TASK...............................................................................................8
2.8 SAMPLE ...................................................................................................................................8
2.9 MEASUREMENT ......................................................................................................................9
2.10 DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................10
2.11 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................10
2.12 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................10
2.13 REPORT..................................................................................................................................11
3.0 LAB SHEET2: CONDUCT SERIES LEVELLING..........................................................................13
3.1 COURSE TOPIC.......................................................................................................................13
3.2 OUTCOMES ...........................................................................................................................13
3.3 THEORY .................................................................................................................................13
3.4 LOCATION..............................................................................................................................13
3.5 EQUIPMENT ..........................................................................................................................14
3.6 PROCEDURE ..........................................................................................................................15
3.7 FIELD PROCEDURES FOR LEVELLING .....................................................................................16
3.8 BOOKING LEVELS...................................................................................................................16
3.9 ARITHMETIC CHECKING ........................................................................................................18

vi

3.10 PLOTTING ..............................................................................................................................20
3.11 DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................21
3.12 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................21
3.13 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................21
3.14 REPORT..................................................................................................................................21
4.0 LAB SHEET 3: CONDUCT LONGITUDINAL SECTION AND CROSS SECTION SURVEYING ..........24
4.1 COURSE TOPIC.......................................................................................................................24
4.2 OUTCOMES ...........................................................................................................................24
4.3 EQUIPMENT ..........................................................................................................................24
4.4 WORKING PROCEDURE .........................................................................................................26
4.5 BOOKING...............................................................................................................................28
4.6 PLOTTING ..............................................................................................................................29
4.7 DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................30
4.8 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................30
4.9 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................30
4.10 REPORT..................................................................................................................................30
5.0 LAB SHEET 4 CONDUCT A CONTOUR SURVEYING ...............................................................34
5.1 COURSE TOPIC.......................................................................................................................34
5.2 OUTCOMES ...........................................................................................................................34
5.3 EQUIPMENT ..........................................................................................................................34
5.4 WORKING PROCEDURE .........................................................................................................36
5.5 PLOTTING ..............................................................................................................................37
5.6 DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................37
5.7 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................37
5.8 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................37
5.9 REPORT..................................................................................................................................38
RUBRICS........................................................................................................................................41
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................46

vii

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

Diagram 2.1: Equipment for levelling survey .......................................................................................6
Diagram 2.2: Two-peg Test Data for Position .......................................................................................7
Diagram 2.3: Two-peg Test Data for Position 2 ....................................................................................7
Diagram 3.1: Equipment for levelling survey.......................................................................................14
Diagram 3.2: Side View and Top View .................................................................................................15
Diagram 3.3: Calculation of reduced level ...........................................................................................19
Diagram 3.4: Sample of Plotting in Series Levelling.............................................................................20
Diagram 4.1: Equipment for levelling survey.......................................................................................25
Diagram 4.2: Diagram fieldwork of longitudinal section and cross sections. ......................................27
Diagram 4.3: Longitudinal section. ......................................................................................................27
Diagram 4.4: Cross sections. ................................................................................................................28
Diagram 4.5: Longitudinal section plotting..........................................................................................29
Diagram 4.6: Cross section plotting .....................................................................................................29
Diagram 5.1: Equipment for levelling survey.......................................................................................35
Diagram 5.2: Grid Diagram...................................................................................................................36
Diagram 5.3: Sample of Contour Plotting ............................................................................................37

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: List of Equipment for Fieldwork 1 ..........................................................................................6
Table 2.2: Two Peg Test Reading 1 ........................................................................................................9
Table 2.3: Two Peg Test Reading 2 .......................................................................................................10
Table 3.1 List of Equipment for Fieldwork 2 .........................................................................................14
Table 3.2: Rise & Fall Method ...............................................................................................................16
Table 3.3: Height of collimation method (height of instrument) .........................................................17
Table 3.4: Example of Booking..............................................................................................................20
Table 4.1: List of Equipment for Fieldwork 4 ........................................................................................24
Table 5.1: List of Equipment for Fieldwork 4 ........................................................................................34

ix



1.0 FIELDWORK LEVELLING

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN COURSE CODE / DCC20063 /
AWAM COURSE NAME ENGINEERING SURVEY

CLO: PLO: ASSESSMENT TOOL (%):
FIELDWORK (30%)

CLO2: Perform Civil Engineering PLO5: Apply appropriate DK 6: Codified practical
engineering knowledge in
Surveyworks using appropriate techniques, resources, and recognized practice area

instrument based on standard modern engineering and IT

procedure and current surveying tools to well-defined

instrument. P3 engineering problems, with

anawareness of the

CLO3: Initiate positive leadership and limitations. (DK6)

teamwork by contributing actively to

groups during fieldwork that yield PLO9: Function

validresults. A3 effectively asan

individual, and as a

member in diverse

technical

teams

3 main component work in levelling survey

2

PRACTICAL : PRACTICAL 1
TITLE : LEVELLING

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO LEVELLING

The height of one level in relation to another is determined through the levelling process. In
surveying, it is used to determine a point's elevation or height in relation to a datum.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the field work test is to make sure the students be able to;

a) Organize the field work according to standard procedure and method of levelling.
b) Conduct the practical according to the following specifications:

i. Follow the standard procedure.
ii. Conduct the instruments as needed
iii. Complete the work within the time limit
iv. The task should be documented, and a report should be written

****REMINDER :

DAMAGE AND LOSS OF THE EQUIPMENT IS STUDENT RESPONSIBILITY.
1. Never place the instrument in its case when wet.
2. Check the accuracy each time before using the instrument, as we cannot

assume
3. any responsibility for ANY errors and DAMAGED.
4. Follow the instructions for handling the batteries.
5. Treat the instrument with care.

3



2.0 LAB SHEET 1: TWO PEG TEST

ENGINEERING SURVEY FIELDWORK PRACTICAL

LAB SHEET 1: TWO PEG TEST

NAME
MATRIX NO.
DATE

2.1 COURSE TOPIC

Conduct field work for Two Peg Test
▪ Organize the field work according to standard procedure and method of levelling.
▪ Carry out levelling work according to standard and safety procedure and

accomplish the field work and report within time given

2.2 OUTCOMES

Students should be able to:
▪ Conduct a Two-Peg Test
▪ Calculate the collimation errors.

2.3 THEORY

Errors can occur on any instrument. As a result, it is critical to verify the instrument
(level). When the line of sight is not parallel to the horizontal collimation line, the most
typical error occurs. Your levels will be incorrect in this situation. The two-peg test is a
method of verifying the level. If an error occurs, this test detects it and alerts the
technician (the level must be serviced).

2.4 LOCATION

Polytechnic Area

5

2.5 EQUIPMENT

Table 2.1: List of Equipment for Fieldwork 1

No Tools Quantity
1 Leveling instruments 1

2 Staffs 2
3 Tripods 1
4 Hammer 1
5 Staff bubble 2
6 Picket 5
7 Measuring tape 1

Diagram 2.1: Equipment for levelling survey

6

2.6 PROCEDURE

1. Two pegs A and B are labelled on the ground, about 20 metres apart.
Pickets are applied in sandy soil, whereas nails or paint can be used on
hard surfaces. For Position 1, the level is precisely levelled in the middle
of the two pegs. Then, a levelling staff is placed on Peg A followed by Peg
B and a staff reading is taken. For example, the staff reading at A is 1.550
and at B 1.265. The difference between the readings is 0.285. Figure 1.2
below shown the recorded data.

1.550 1.265

1550 1265 285

Diagram 2.2: Two-peg Test Data for Position

2. Position 2: Relocate the level 3 to 5 metres behind one of the pegs. Then

continue to read pegs A and B. For example, the difference between the two

readings at A and B is 0.541. There is a significant error in this example (line

of sight does not coincide with line of collimation). 1.651
1.110

1550 1265 285
1651 1110
541
256

Diagram 2.3: Two-peg Test Data for Position 2

7

3. The height difference between A and B is calculated using the difference
between Student 1 and Student 2 values. If the level is perfectly adjusted, there
should be no difference in the measurements. In the example above, the
difference between reading Student 1 and reading Student 2 is 256 mm,
indicating that the level should be serviced and adjusted.

2.7 ASSESSMENT/PRACTICAL TASK

Level check with two pegs

▪ Based on the practical site, mark two points with pegs or a spray.
▪ The points should be approximately 20 metres apart.
▪ Use pegs to mark points on grass or sandy soil, and a spray to mark points on a hard

surface.
▪ Set the level in the middle of the points.
▪ Take the staff readings at points A and B (three (3) decimal places) and record the

readings in row one (1) of the table.
▪ Calculate and record the differences between these two measurements in the

table.
▪ Move the level approximately 4 metres behind point A or B, facing the staff

position.
▪ Take another reading with the staff for both points A and B and record it in row two (2)

of the table.
▪ Again, calculate and record the differences between the two measurements.
▪ Check whether the differences between the readings are identical. The test must be

repeated if the difference is not within the specified range.

2.8 SAMPLE

#Before you begin the measurement, you must finish this sample.
▪ Readings shown a two-peg test data using an automated level which a staff is put 50
metres apart on pegs A and B.
▪ Staff reading (Student 1) _ Midpoint
A = 1.295 m
B = 0.870 m

8

Staff reading (Student 2) _4m behind A or B
A = 1.610 m
B =1.215 m
Calculate the level's collimation error (difference between reading students 1 & 2)

The collimation error is __________mm (Difference between readings)

2.9 MEASUREMENT

# The measurement must be completed by two students.
a) Student 1 :

Set up the midpoint of the level and take staff readings for points 1 and 2. The staff
is held by student 2. In the table below, write down the readings to the three decimal
place.
b) After that, student 1 takes the staff from student 2.
c) Student 2 :
Now, move the level to position A or B, 4 metres behind the point, and collect the
staff readings 1 and 2. In the table below, record the readings to three decimal
places.
d) Then, in the Table, compute the difference between the readings. Make sure it's within
the acceptable range. Three (3) millimetres is the specified limit. The test must be
repeated if the collimation error is larger than 3 mm.
e) Draw a diagram of the set-up points, labelling them by including your readings and
partners.

Table 2.2: Two Peg Test Reading 1

Instrument Point A Point B Difference
positioning & 1st staff reading 2nd staff reading
student readings
1st reading
(Student 1)
(Midpoint)
2nd reading
(Student 2)
(4m behind A or B)

The required value (difference between Staff readings 1 and 2) shall not exceed
three (3) millimetres.

9

If you need to repeat the test, keep records of your results in the table below.

Table 2.3: Two Peg Test Reading 2

Instrument Point A Point B Difference
positioning & 1st staff reading 2nd staff reading
student readings
1st reading
(Student 1)
(Midpoint)
2nd reading
(Student 2)
(4m behind A or B)

The difference between A and B is in___________ millimetres.

2.10 DISCUSSION

• Collimation comment (state weather they are within in the specified limits)
• Describe in detail how you set up the level (tripod, mounting, circular bubble

and function of the knobs). Improper level setup will produce inaccurate
results.
• To finish his part of the exercise (reading problems), Student 1 must complete
the tasks (crosshair visibility, upper lower stadia line readings, distance to staff
A & B, etc)
• Student 2 must complete a task to complete his portion of the activity (reading
problems, visibility of crosshair, upper lower stadia line readings, distance to
staff A & B, etc)
• Include a drawing of the instrument's and staff's positions, as well as readings
1 and 2.

2.11 CONCLUSION

State the conclusion from this fieldwork / practical and an explanation of the outcome.

2.12 REFERENCES

List your references.

10

2.13 REPORT

At the end of this practical, students must submit the following report:
1. Front page
2. Content
3. Introduction including title, objective, and practical theory
4. Equipment
5. Method
6. Raw data/field book
7. Result
8. Analysed and comment
9. Discussion
10. Conclusion
11. References

11



3.0 LAB SHEET2: CONDUCT SERIES LEVELLING

ENGINEERING SURVEY FIELDWORK PRACTICAL

LAB SHEET 2 : CONDUCT SERIES LEVELLING

NAME
MATRIX NO.
DATE

3.1 COURSE TOPIC

Conduct field work for Series Levelling
▪ Organize the field work according to standard procedure and method of levelling.
▪ Carry out levelling work according to standard and safety procedure and

accomplish the field work and report within time given

3.2 OUTCOMES

Students should be able to:
▪ Conduct a Series levelling
▪ Read the levelling staff and booking the staff reading
▪ Calculate levelling data to get reduce level , arithmetic checking and precision of

work.

3.3 THEORY

The most common way of getting the elevations of ground points relative to a reference
datum is levelling, which is normally performed separately from the procedures
required to fix planimetric position. The primary idea behind levelling is to assess
vertical distance in relation to a horizontal line of sight. As a result, a graded staff and
an instrument with a horizontal line of sight are required for vertical measurements.

3.4 LOCATION

Polytechnic Area

13

3.5 EQUIPMENT

Table 3.1 List of Equipment for Fieldwork 2

Bil Equipment Quantity
1 Levelling instruments 1
2 Tripod 1
3 Staffs 2
4 Field book 1
5 Staff bubble 2
6. Measuring tape 1

Diagram 3.1: Equipment for levelling survey

14

3.6 PROCEDURE

F F
S S

II IF F IB
SS SS S SS

B I B
S S CP
SB
3

S CP

I I I 2
S S S I

IS

S

CP CP CP
1 23

Diagram 3.2: Side View and Top View

1. Place the levelling instrument in the first position.

2. Take a reading while holding the staff on the Datum (RL+50 m). Because this is the
first staff reading after the levelling instrument has been set up, it will be a back sight.

3. Switch the staff to position A and take a reading. This is a sight for intermediates.

4. Take a reading while moving the staff to B. This will be an intermediate sight as well.

5. Take a reading while moving the staff to C. This will be a sight for intermediates.

6.Take a reading while moving the staff to D. This is foresight because the level will be
moved after this reading. (To keep the level the same, a change plate should be
placed on the ground.)

7. Measure and record the distance between stations in the field book (see Table 1)

8. Set the level to Level 2 and leave the staff at D on the changeplate.9. Set the staff to E
and perform a reading. This will be a back sight.

15

9. Transferred the staff to E and took a reading. This will be an intermediate sight.

10. Change the staff to F and perform a reading. This is a foresight because the level will
be moved once you finish this reading.

11. Move the level to Levelling position 3 and leave the staff at F.
Rep steps 8–10 until you've reached point J.

3.7 FIELD PROCEDURES FOR LEVELLING

In the field book, all staff readings should be documented. Backsights and foresights should
be similar in distance to minimise errors originating from any line of sight (or collimation). The
range of vision should not exceed 100 metres. Always begin and end a level run on a known
datum or benchmark and close the level traverse so that the level run can be validated.

3.8 BOOKING LEVELS

Booking levels can be done in two ways:

• Rise And Fall Method
• Height of Collimation Method

Table 3.2: Rise & Fall Method

Back- Inter- Fore- Rise Fall Reduced Distance Remarks
sight mediate sight level

2.550 3.580 50.00 0 Datum RL+50 m
1.781 0.570
0.921 0.490 0.769 50.769 14.990 A
1.960 0.781
5.421 0.860 51.629 29.105 B
1.300
1.431 1.039 50.590 48.490 C

3.245 1.620 48.970 63.542 D / CP 1
1.920
0.131 48.839 87.663 E
3.010
0.861 49.700 102.052 F / CP 2
10.105
1.325 51.025 113.287 G
-5.421
4.684 1.430 52.455 128.346 H / CP 3

2.229 54.684 150.463 J

7.474 2.790 54.684 Sum of B-sight & F-sight,
Sum of Rise & Fall

-2.790 -50.000 Take smaller from greater

4.684 4.684 Difference should be equal

16

1. On different lines, enter backsight, intermediate sight, and foresight readings in the
corresponding columns. Backsights and foresights, however, are placed on the
same line when the level instrument is changed, as shown in the table above.

2. The height of the datum, benchmark, or R.L. is the first reduced level.

3. If an intermediate sight or foresight is less than the staff reading immediately before
it, the difference is recorded in the rise column.

4. If an intermediate sight or foresight reading is greater than the staff reading
immediately before it, the difference is recorded in the fall column.

5. Add a rise to the previous reduced level (RL) and deduct a fall from it.

Table 3.3: Height of collimation method (height of instrument)

Back- Inter- Fore- Height of Reduced Distance Remarks
sight mediate sight collimation level

2.550 52.550 50.00 0 Datum RL+50 m

1.781 50.769 14.990 A

0.921 51.629 29.105 B

1.960 50.590 48.490 C

1.300 3.580 50.270 48.970 63.542 D / CP 1

1.431 48.839 87.663 E

3.245 0.570 52.945 49.700 102.052 F / CP 2

1.920 51.025 113.287 G

3.010 0.490 55.465 52.455 128.346 H / CP 3

0.781 54.684 150.463 J

10.105 5.421 54.684 Sum of B-sight & F-sight,
Difference between RL's

-5.421 -50.000 Take smaller from greater

4.684 4.684 Difference should be equal

1. For back-, intermediate-, and foresights, booking is the same as the rise-and-fall
approach. A height of collimation column replaces the rise and fall columns.

2. 2. The height of collimation is calculated by multiplying the first backsight reading (staff
on datum, benchmark, or RL) by the second RL.

17

3. In the appropriate column, the next staff reading is put on a new line. By subtracting
the staff reading from the collimation height, the station's RL may be determined.

4. Only when the level is shifted to a different position does the collimation height change.
By adding the backsight to the RL at the change point, the new collimation height is
discovered.

5. Please note that the accuracy of intermediate RL's is not checked, and inaccuracies
may go undetected.

Although the rise and fall method takes a little longer, it ensures that all entries in all columns
are checked. The height of collimation method makes calculating RLs easier, however
intermediate RL inaccuracies can go undetected. As a result, all levelling exercises should be
done using the rise and fall method.

3.9 ARITHMETIC CHECKING

While all arithmetic calculations can be checked there is no assurance that errors in
the field procedure will be picked up. The arithmetic check proves only that the rise
and fall is correctly recorded in the appropriate rise & fall columns. To check the field
procedure for errors the level traverse must be closed. It is prudent to let another
student check your reading to avoid a repetition of the level run.
If the arithmetic calculation is correct, the difference between the sum of the backsights
and the sum of the foresights will equal:

∑B.S – ∑F.S = ∑Rise – ∑Fall = Last R.L – First R.L

The difference between the sum of the climbs and the sum of the falls, as well as the
difference between the first and last R.L. or vice versa.
(On intermediate sight calculations, no arithmetic checks are performed.) Read them
thoroughly.)

18

Elev + BS = HI
HI - FS = New Elevation

Diagram 3.3: Calculation of reduced level

19

Table 3.4: Example of Booking

BS/PB IS/PA FS/PH R F RL REMARK
2.554 100 BM
1.766 3.589
3.250 0.927 CP1
3.015 1.963 0.571
CP2
1.422 0.462 TBM
0.780
1.925

3.10 PLOTTING

Draw the details for series levelling:

Diagram 3.4: Sample of Plotting in Series Levelling

20

3.11 DISCUSSION

▪ When running series levelling work does exist problems or errors in reading data, how
you and group member resolve this issue. Explain furthermore based on tips below?
- Allowable closing error is normally expressed in the form:
E = (0.012 √ K) m, Where K is the length of the circuit covered in km.
- Alternative method for short lines:
E = ± 5√n mm, where n is the number of instrument stations.

▪ What are the differences between longitudinal section and cross section that you
perform in the practical work?

▪ How is the most appropriate method for producing contours that allow us to provide
information regarding the measured area

3.12 CONCLUSION

Give your conclusion from this fieldwork / practical and explain the result you get

3.13 REFERENCES

Give references you refer

3.14 REPORT

At the end of this practical, student must within report as follows case:
1. Front page
2. Content
3. Introduction including title, objective, and practical theory
4. Equipment
5. Method
6. Raw data/field book
7. Result
8. Analysed and comment
9. Discussion
10. Conclusion
11. References

21

POLITEKNIK KOTA BHARU

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

RISE AND FALL METHOD FORM

NAME : ………………………………………………... GROUP:………………………………… DATE : ……………………………

BS IS FS RISE FALL REDUCED DISTANCE NOTES

LEVEL

22

POLITEKNIK KOTA BHARU

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

HEIGHT OF COLLIMATION METHOD FORM

NAME : ………………………………………………... GROUP:………………………………… DATE : ………………………………

BS IS FS HEIGHT OF REDUCED DISTANCE NOTES

COLLIMATION LEVEL

23



4.0 LAB SHEET 3: CONDUCT LONGITUDINAL SECTION AND
CROSS SECTION SURVEYING

ENGINEERING SURVEY FIELDWORK PRACTICAL

LABSHEET 3:
CONDUCT LONGITUDINAL SECTION AND CROSS SECTION

SURVEYING

NAME

MATRIX NO.

4.1 COURSE TOPIC

Apply the procedure and method of levelling
Conduct field work for Longitudinal section (profile) and Cross section
• Organize the field work according to standard procedure and method of

levelling.
• Carry out levelling work according to standard and safety procedure and

accomplish the field work and report within time given

4.2 OUTCOMES

Students should be able to:
• Conduct a levelling survey to collect data for longitude and cross section
• Plot longitude and cross section
•

4.3 EQUIPMENT

Table 4.1: List of Equipment for Fieldwork 4

Bil Equipment Quantity
1 Automatic levelling 1
2 Tripod 1
3 Staff 2
4 Field book 1
5 Staff bubble 2
6 Measuring tape 1

24

Diagram 4.1: Equipment for levelling survey

25

4.4 WORKING PROCEDURE

4.4.1 PROCEDURE FOR LONGITUDINAL SECTIONING

1. First, the section's starting point, known as CH 0, and the section's centre line must be
marked on the ground with pegs located 10 metres apart.

2. After that, levelling can begin as soon as the centre line has been set.
3. In most cases, recording data to the nearest 0.01 m is sufficient for longitudinal

sections. The objective is to survey the ground profile as accurately as possible, hence
levels are obtained at the following sites.

i. At the top and bottom of each centre line peg, mark the pegs through
chainage.

ii. The ground slope changes along the centre line.
iii. Fences, hedges, roads, pavements, ditches, and other elements that

cross the centre line. Levels should be taken at the top and bottom of
any banks, as well as ground levels, where roads or pavements crossed
the central line.
4. Since many intermediate sights will be taken, the height of collimation method should
be used to book longitudinal sections.
5. For each level, chainage distances should be recorded.
6. In this type of levelling, the remarks column should be used extensively so that each
point may be clearly recognized when plotting.

4.4.2 PROCEDURE FOR A CROSS SECTION

1. Levels are taken at each centre line peg and at intervals along each cross section,
starting at a BM or TBM.

2. Level should be taken at all changes of slope, structure, or surface, whether they are
regular intervals of 10m, 20m, or 30m or depending on the project requirements on
each side of the centre line or where the ground is undulating.

3. The process was completed by levelling both the longitudinal and cross sections, and
the levelling is then closed on another known point.

26

TB B C D

MA

1

2

3

4 10 10
m m 10
5 10
m m

Instrument Position

Diagram 4.2: Diagram fieldwork of longitudinal section and cross sections.

Diagram 4.3: Longitudinal section.

27

Diagram 4.4: Cross sections.

4.5 BOOKING

28

4.6 PLOTTING

Draw the Longitudinal section (profile) & each Cross section plan

Diagram 4.5: Longitudinal section plotting

Diagram 4.6: Cross section plotting

29

4.7 DISCUSSION

a. When running series levelling work does exist problems or errors in reading data,
how you and group member resolve this issue. Explain furthermore based on tips
below?
• Allowable closing error is normally expressed in the form:
E = (0.012 √ K) m, Where K is the length of the circuit covered in km.
• Alternative method for short lines:
E = ± 5√n mm, where n is referred to the number of instrument stations.

b. What are the differences between longitudinal section and cross section that you?
perform in the practical work.

c. How is the most appropriate method for producing contours that allow us to
provide information regarding the measured area

4.8 CONCLUSION

Give your conclusion from this fieldwork / practical and explain the result you get

4.9 REFERENCES

Give references you refer

4.10 REPORT

At the end of this practical, student must within report as follows case:
1. Front page
2. Content
3. Introduction including title, objective, and practical theory
4. Equipment
5. Method
6. Raw data/field book
7. Result
8. Analysed and comment
9. References

30

POLITEKNIK KOTA BHARU
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
RISE AND FALL METHOD FORM

NAME : ……………………............ GROUP:………………… DATE : ………………………

BS IS FS RISE FALL REDUCED DISTANC NOTES

LEVEL E

31

POLITEKNIK KOTA BHARU
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
HEIGHT OF COLLIMATION METHOD FORM
NAME : ……………………………… GROUP:………………… … DATE : …………………
BS IS FS HEIGHT OF REDUCED DISTANCE NOTES

COLLIMATION LEVEL

32



5.0 LAB SHEET 4 CONDUCT A CONTOUR SURVEYING

ENGINEERING SURVEY FIELDWORK PRACTICAL

LABSHEET 4 :
CONDUCT A CONTOUR SURVEYING

NAME

MATRIX NO.

5.1 COURSE TOPIC

Apply the procedure and method of levelling
Conduct field work for Contour using grid method
• Organize the field work according to standard procedure and method of l

evelling.
• Carry out levelling work according to standard and safety procedure and

accomplish the fieldwork and report within time given.

5.2 OUTCOMES

Students should be able to:
1. Conduct a contour surveying using grid method
2. Plot a contour plan

5.3 EQUIPMENT

Table 5.1: List of Equipment for Fieldwork 4

Bil Equipment Quantity
1 Automatic levelling 1
2 Tripod 1
3 Staff 2
4 Field book 1
5 Staff bubble 2
6 Pegs 24
7 Masuring Tape 1

34

Diagram 5.1: Equipment for levelling survey

35

5.4 WORKING PROCEDURE

1. The survey area is split into squares by a set of lines, with ground levels taken at the
intersections of the grid lines.

2. The squares' sides can range from 5 to 30 metres, depending on the level of
precision required and the ground surface.

3. Tape four lines of ranging stave. Each range stave represents a grid point.
4. Determine the position of the TBM reduce level reduced from the nearest BM/TBM

using a series levelling of frame.
5. Provide a grid size of 25m x 25m. This grid is divided into 25 plots of the frame size

5m x 5m. Use an optical angle and peg grid row to set up the angle 90°.
6. Next, locate the box grid by using arrow or Pegs.
7. After observing all the grid points, close back to the BM/TBM as a check to your

levelling work.
8. Plot the data into scale plan and locate the same height point. Draw a same point to

a line to produce contour plan.

Diagram 5.2: Grid Diagram

36

5.5 PLOTTING

Plot the contour with interpolation method

Diagram 5.3: Sample of Contour Plotting

5.6 DISCUSSION

a. When running series levelling work does exist problems or errors in reading data,
how you and group member resolve this issue. Explain furthermore based on tips
below?
• Allowable closing error is normally expressed in the form:
E = (0.012 √ K) m, Where K is the length of the circuit covered in km.
• Alternative method for short lines:
E = ± 5√n mm, where n is the number of instrument stations.

b. What are the differences between longitudinal section and cross section that you?
perform in the practical work.

c. How is the most appropriate method for producing contours that allow us to
provide information regarding the measured area

5.7 CONCLUSION

Give your conclusion from this fieldwork / practical and explain the result you get

5.8 REFERENCES

Give references you refer

37

5.9 REPORT

At the end of this practical, student must within report as follows case:
1. Front page
2. Content
3. Introduction including title, objective, and practical theory
4. Equipment
5. Method
6. Raw data/field book
7. Result
8. Analysed and comment
9. References

38

POLITEKNIK KOTA BHARU
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
HEIGHT OF COLLIMATION METHOD FORM
NAME : ……………………………… GROUP:………………… … DATE : …………………
BS IS FS HEIGHT OF REDUCED DISTANCE NOTES

COLLIMATION LEVEL

39