INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM Salwati Bt Mohamed@Awang Kang Kim Soon Junekh Eyat Eng Tian A/L Juan
Published and printed by: Department of Electrical Engineering Politeknik Kota Bharu KM. 24, Kok Lanas, 16450 Ketereh, Kelantan. Introduction To Power System First Edition 2023 © 2023 Salwati Binti Mohamed@Awang, All rights reserved. No part of publication may be reproduced, stored in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Introduction To Power System / Salwati Binti Mohamed@Awang
i APPRECIATION Thanks to Allah with His grace, this book can be produced successfully. First of all, we would like to thank the head of the Electrical Engineering Department for his encouragement and trust in publishing this book. In addition, thank you also to Puan Sheilani Binti Saari who has always supported us and reviewed all the content produced. Not forgetting the inspiring teammates, ideas and guidance while in the process of preparing this book. Not forgetting the families and children who are our strength and inspiration. Salwati Bt Mohamed@Awang Kang Kim Soon Junekh Eyat Eng Tian A/L Juan Department of Electrical Engineering Politeknik Kota Bharu, KM. 24, Kok Lanas, 16450 Ketereh, Kelantan
ii SYNOPSIS This book is produced based on Topic in the content of the Power System course curriculum, Introduction To Power System. This book is a guide to students especially students who take Power System courses. The content of this book is more about the Basic Introduction of Power Systems. This book is divided into three sections which are the concept of power system which explains the definition, electricity generation factor, National grid and eco-friendly. The second part of the concept of renewable energy includes the definition, the method of generating electricity from the source advantages and disadvantages of the energy. While the third part of the concept of non-renewable energy includes the definition, use and method of generating electricity from the source, advantages and disadvantages of the energy. In addition as a further strengthening and understanding to students some tutorial questions together with the question scheme are included in this book. Hopefully, the production of this book can be used to all students and instructors as their reference later.
iii AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND SALWATI BT MOHAMED@AWANG is a lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic of Kota Bharu. He has 21 years of experience in the Electrical Engineering field. She graduated from University of Technology Malaysia in 2000 with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering. Then, she continued her studies in the Master of Education (Technical) level at Tun Hussein Onn Institute of Technology in 2000. Beginning in 2002, she has served as a lecturer at Polytechnic of Kota Bharu till now. At Polytechnic, she also holds several side duties such as Persatuan Pelajar Kejuruteraan Elektrik, alumni and student excellence coordinator, Power System course coordinator, discipline committee and E-learning committee. KANG KIM SOON is a lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic of Kota Bharu. He has 22 years of experience in the Electrical Engineering field. He graduated his Diploma in Electrical Engineering with Education at Institute Technology Tun Hussein Onn (ITTHO) in 2000. He further his studies in Bachelor of Education (mechanical Engineering) with Honours at Open University Malaysia (OUM) in 2009. Beginning in 2000, he has served as a lecturer at Polytechnic of Kota Bharu till now. At Polytechnic, he also holds several side duties such as internal auditors MS ISO 9001: 2005 ,industrial training coordinator, Corporate, Industrial Services & Employability Centre(CISEC) Committee and collaboration & industry visiting lecturers Committee. JUNEKH EYAT ENG TIAN A/L JUAN is a lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic of Kota Bharu. He has 16 years of experience in the Electrical Engineering field. He graduated his Diploma in Electrical Engineering at Politeknik Kota Bharu (PKB) in 2000. He further his studies in Bachelor in Electrical Engineering with Honours at Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn (KUiTTHO) in 2002. Then, in 2005 he completed Master in Technical & Vocation Education at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn (UTHM). On September 2007, he has served as a lecturer at Polytechnic of Kota Bharu. At Polytechnic, he also holds several side duties such as Asset Inspector, Electrical Department Collaboration Committee and Electrical Student Activities Advisor.
iv TITLE PAGE A. INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM APPRECIATION i SYNOPSIS ii AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND iii 1.0 CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM 1.1 Definition Power System 1 11.2 The Main Factors Influencing the Generation of Electrical Power 1.3 Definition National Grid 2 1.4 Significant of eco-friendly in power system. 3 2.0 CONCEPT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 2.1 Definition Renewable Energy 4 2.2 The usage of renewable energy 5 2.3 The methods used in generating electrical power from the renewable energy source. 2.3.1 Solar Energy 5 2.3.2 Wind Energy 7 2.3.3 Hydro Energy 9 TABLE OF CONTENT
v TITLE PAGE 2.3.4. Biomass energy 11 2.3.5. Biofuel energy 12 2.3.6. Geothermal energy 14 3.0 CONCEPT OF NON RENEWABLE ENERGY 3.1 Definition Non-Renewable Energy 17 3.2 The usage of Non-renewable energy 18 3.3 The methods used in generating electrical power from the non-renewable energy source, advantages and disadvantages. 3.3.1 Fuel 18 3.3.2 Coal 19 3.3.3 Nuclear 19 3.3.4 Gas 20 4.0 TUTORIAL 4.1 Tutorial 1 22 4.2 Tutorial 2 24 4.3 Tutorial 3 26 REFERENCES 28
1 1.0 Concept of Power System Figure 1 show the structure of Power System. 1.1. Definition: The power system is a network which consists generation, distribution and transmission system. It uses the form of energy (like coal and diesel) and converts it into electrical energy. The power system includes the devices connected to the system like the synchronous generator, motor, transformer, circuit breaker, conductor, etc. Other definition, Power System is a network of electrical components used to supply, transmit and distribution electric power to the user. Power system and can be broadly divided into i. Generation System. ii. Transmission system. iii. Distribution system.
2 1.2 The Main Factors Influencing the Generation of Electrical Power 1. It can be generated in large quantities at comparable cost with other types of energy. 2. It can be conveniently transmitted over long distances. 3. Electrical energy is much cheaper than other energy. Thus it is overall economical to use for domestic, commercial & industrial purpose. 4. Electrical energy is cleanliness not associated with smoke, fumes or poisonous gases. 5. Electricity, unlike gas & water cannot be store and supplier has small control over the load at any time. 6. There is a continuous increase in the demand for power (industrial). 1.3 Definition National Grid A national Grid is a network of cable that connects all the power stations in a country to transmit electricity to the consumers throughout the nation. Figure 2 show the National Grid in Malaysia. National Grid, Malaysia (Malay: Grid Nasional) is the high-voltage electric power transmission network in Peninsular Malaysia. It is operated and owned by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) by its Transmission Division.[1] There are two other electrical grids in Sabah and Sarawak operated by Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd (SESB) and Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) respectively. The system spans the whole of Peninsular Malaysia, transporting electricity in bulk from power generators owned by TNB and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to distributors. The grid also transports directly to large industrial customers, such as steel mills and fertilizer plants. Malaysia's national electricity grid system is weakly prepared to accommodate the expanding production of electricity from renewable energy. Connection to Thailand The National Grid is interconnected in the north to Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT)'s transmission system via the 300 kV HVDC interconnection of 300MV capacity and 132 kV HVAC double circuit overhead line of 90MW capacity each, linking Bukit Ketri-Chuping in the state of Perlis with Sadao, Sadao in Thailand.
3 Connection to Singapore In the South of Malaysia, the National Grid is connected to the transmission system of Singapore Power Limited (SP) at Senoko via two 230 kV submarine cables with a transmission capacity of 200 MW each. 1.4 Significant of eco-friendly in power system. Eco-friendly literally means earth-friendly or not harmful to the environment. This term most commonly refers to products that contribute to green living or practices that help conserve resources like water and energy. Eco-friendly products also prevent contributions to air, water and land pollution.
4 2.0 Concept of renewable energy 2.1 Definition of renewable energy Renewable energy comes from sources or processes that are constantly replenished. These sources of energy include solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and hydroelectric power. Renewable sources are often associated with green energy and clean energy, but there are some subtle differences between these three energy types. Where renewable sources are those that are recyclable, clean energy are those that do not release pollutants like carbon dioxide, and green energy is that which comes from natural sources. While there is often cross-over between these energy types, not all types of renewable energy are actually fully clean or green. For example, some hydroelectric sources can actually damage natural habitats and cause deforestation. Renewable energy are key to creating a clean energy future for not only the nation, but the world. The currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve.
5 2.2 The usage of renewable energy Renewable energy is energy produced from sources like the sun and wind that are naturally replenished and do not run out. Renewable energy can be used for electricity generation, space and water heating and cooling, and transportation. Renewable energy sources, such as biomass, geothermal resources, sunlight, water, and wind, are natural resources that can be converted into these types of clean, usable energy. 2.3 The methods used in generating electrical power from the renewable energy source. 2.3.1 Solar energy Definition : Solar energy refers to capturing the energy from the Sun and subsequently converting it into electricity. We can then use that electricity to light up our homes, streets, and businesses, and power our machines as well. Solar power is harnessed using Solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology that converts sunlight into electricity by using semiconductors. When the sun hits the semiconductor within the Photovoltaic cell (PV), electrons are freed and bus bars collect the running electrons which results in electric current When solar panels connected in a calculated manner in the sunlight, they start producing current and voltage in the form of Direct current (DC) but in most of the countries in the world appliances and equipment runs on Alternative current (AC) so we need to connect to all Solar panels to an Inverter which then converts DC into AC for home use.A solar cell is the basic building block of a PV system. A typical cell produces 0.5 to 1 volt of electricity. Solar cells are combined together to become modular or if large enough, known as an array.
6 How solar works Figure 3 shows how the solar energy work. Figure 3 Advantages and disadvantages solar energy i. Advantages : 1. Solar power is pollution-free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after installation 2. Reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels. 3. Renewable clean power that is available every day of the year, even cloudy days produce some power return on investment unlike paying for utility bills. 4. Virtually no maintenance as solar panels last over 30 years. 5. Creates jobs by employing solar panel manufacturers, solar installers, etc. and in turn helps the economy. 6. Excess power can be sold back to the power company if the grid inner tied. 7. Ability to live grid free if all power generated provides enough for the home/building. 8. Can be installed virtually anywhere in a field to on a building. 9. Use batteries to store extra power for use at night. 10. Solar can be used to heat water, power homes and buildings, even power cars
7 ii. Disadvantages: 1. High initial costs for material and installation, however, with the reduction in the cost of solar over the last 10 years, solar is becoming more cost feasible every day 2. Needs lots of space as efficiency is not 100% yet 3. No solar power at night so there is a need for a large battery bank. 4. Devices that run on DC power directly are more expensive 5. Depending on geographical location the size of the solar panels vary for the same power generation 6. Cloudy days do not produce as much energy 7. Solar panels are not being massed produced due to a lack of material and technology to lower the cost enough to be more affordable (this is starting to change) 8. Solar-powered cars do not have the same speeds and power as typical gaspowered cars (this too is starting to change) 9. Lower solar production in the winter months 2.3.2 Wind Energy
8 Definition Wind power or wind energy is the use of wind to provide mechanical power through wind turbines to turn electric generators for electrical power. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or can be converted into electricity by a generator. How does wind energy work. Figure 5 : wind energy work Advantages and disadvantages wind energy i. Advantages 1. Wind energy is a free. 2. Renewable and sustainable energy source. 3. Wind energy is also a source of clean, non-polluting. 4. Unlike conventional power plants, wind plants emit no air pollutants or greenhouse gases. 5. Wind costs are more competitive with other generating because there is no fuel to purchase and minimal operating expenses. 6. Wind power plants have little impact on the environment compare to fossil fuel power plants. 7. Local job creation
9 ii. Disadvantages. 1. The wind is inconsistent. 2. initial constructions costs are quite high. 3. Wind turbines involve high upfront capital investment. 4. Wind turbines have a visual impact. 5. May reduce the local bird population. 6. Wind turbines are prone to noise disturbances. 7. Installation can take up a significant portion of land 2.3.3 Hydro Energy Definition : Hydroelectric energy is generated by converting kinetic energy from water into electrical energy. The main components of hydroelectric power station are dam, reservoir, control gate, intaken penstock, turbine, outflow, generator, transformer powerhouse and transmission lines. Figure 6 show the main components of Hydro Power Plant.
10 How does hydro energy work. Figure 6 Advantages and disadvantages hydro energy i. Advantages 1. Renewable energy 2. Water is used for this plant, so fuel cost is zero. 3. It is neat and clean. 4. Running charges are very small as because water is freely available. 5. Low maintenance cost. 6. Construction is simple ii. Disadvantages 1. Dam is expensive to built 2. Dam can affect wildlife living in the river. 3. At the time of installation highly skill worker is required. 4. Require huge amount of water all the time 5. Transmission cost is high.
11 2.3.4 Biomass Energy Definition : Biomass is any organic matter like trees, plants, or animal waste that can be used as an energy source. Energy comes from the sun through a process called photosynthesis and is released when biomass is burned or decomposes. Biomass can be used for fuels, power production and provide of benefits. For example biomass energy has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can reduce dependence on foreign oil because biofuels are the only renewable liquid transportation fuels available. How does biomass energy work
12 Advantages and disadvantages biomass energy i. Advantages 1. Cheap 2. Biomass can be used to heat homes. 3. Most of them are renewable, e.g., wood, mustard oil and crop residues. 4. Solve energy crisis in the future. 5. Some of them are reusing the waste, e.g.,crop residues, sewage. 6. High energy efficiency. 7. Generally it does not polluted the atmosphere as much as oil and coal. ii. Disadvantages 1. There are pollutants from burning. 2. More serious air pollution was found when burning plants matters, e.g., CO2, CO, solid particulate matter. 3. Emission some toxic gases and ash. 4. It takes too much energy to collect, dry and transport the residues to power plants. 5. Reduce soil nutrient replenishment. 6. The source of biomass can use fertilize soil, e.g., crop residues and animal manure. Cutting too many woods is a kind of deforestation can cause, soil erosion and natural disasters. 2.3.5 Biofuel energy
13 Definition : Biofuel is a type of renewable energy source derived from microbial, plant, or animal materials. Examples of biofuels include ethanol (often made from corn in the United States and sugarcane in Brazil). Biofuels can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. They are most useful in the latter two forms as this makes it easier to transport, deliver, and burn cleanly. How does biofuel energy work Advantages and disadvantages biofuel energy i. Advantages 1. Easy to grow 2. can convert waste parts of plants into fuel 3. They are renewable sources of energy unlike other natural resources like coal, petroleum and even nuclear fuel. 4. Biofuels are the best way of reducing the emission of the greenhouse gases. 5. Energy density: fossil fuels carry enough energy in a small enough space to make them very practical for a number of uses. ii. Disadvantages 1. Karbon dioksida still released when it is burned. 2. Farm land used for fuel, less food produced. 3. A fear among environmentalists is that by using more land to produce crops for biofuels, more habitats will be lost for animals and wild plants •
14 4. Biofuels production will affect the food production.The process and machineries used to produce biofuels release a lot of carbon emissions. • 5. Large quantities of water is used, and as water becomes more scarce biofuels might not be the alternate renewable energy source. 2.3.6 Geothermal energy Definition : Energy that is generated by converting hot water or steam from deep beneath the Earth’s surface into electricity. How does geothermal energy work
15 Advantages and disadvantages geothermal energy i. Advantages 1. Environmentally Friendly Geothermal energy is more environmentally friendly than conventional fuel sources such as coal and other fossil fuels. In addition, the carbon footprint of a geothermal power plant is low. While there is some pollution associated with geothermal energy, this is relatively minimal when compared to fossil fuels. 2. Renewable Geothermal energy is a source of renewable energy that will last until the Earth is destroyed by the sun in around 5 billion years. The hot reservoirs within the Earth are naturally replenished, making it both renewable and sustainable. 3. Huge Potential Worldwide energy consumption is currently around 15 terawatts, which is far from the total potential energy available from geothermal sources. While we can’t currently use most reservoirs there is a hope that the number of exploitable geothermal resources will increase with ongoing research and development in the industry. It is currently estimated that geothermal power plants could provide between 0.0035 and 2 terawatts of power. 4. Sustainable / Stable Geothermal provides a reliable source of energy as compared to other renewable resources such as wind and solar power. This is because the resource is always available to be tapped into, unlike with wind or solar energy. 5. Heating and Cooling Effective use of geothermal for electricity generation requires water temperatures of over 150°C to drive turbines. Alternatively, the temperature difference between the surface and a ground source can be used. Due to the ground being more resistant to seasonal heat changes than the air, it can act as a heat sink/ source with a geothermal heat pump just two metres below the surface. 6. Reliable
16 Energy generated from this resource is easy to calculate since it does not fluctuate in the same way as other energy sources, such as solar and wind. This means we can predict the power output from a geothermal plant with a high degree of accuracy. 7. No Fuel Required Since geothermal energy is a naturally occurring resource there is no fuel required, such as with fossil fuels that are a finite resource which needs mining or otherwise extracting from the earth. 8. Rapid Evolution There is a great deal of exploration into geothermal energy at the moment, meaning that new technologies are being created to improve the energy process. There are an increasing number of projects to improve and grow this area of industry. With this rapid evolution many of the current cons of geothermal energy will be mitigated against. ii. Disadvantages 1. Location Restricted The largest single disadvantage of geothermal energy is that it is location specific. Geothermal plants need to be built in places where the energy is accessible, which means that some areas are not able to exploit this resource. Of course, this is not a problem if you live in a place where geothermal energy is readily accessible, such as Iceland. 2. Environmental Side Effects Although geothermal energy does not typically release greenhouse gases, there are many of these gases stored under the Earth’s surface which are released into the atmosphere during digging. While these gases are also released into the atmosphere naturally, the rate increases near geothermal plants. However, these gas emissions are still far lower than those associated with fossil fuels. 3. Earthquakes Geothermal energy also runs the risk of triggering earthquakes. This is due to alterations in the Earth’s structure as a result of digging. This problem is more prevalent with enhanced geothermal power plants, which force water into the Earth’s crust to open up fissures to greater exploitation of the resource. However, since most geothermal plants are away from population centres, the implications of these earthquakes are relatively minor.
17 4. High Costs Geothermal energy is an expensive resource to tap into, with price tags ranging from around $2-$7 million for a plant with a 1 megawatt capacity. However, where the upfront costs are high, the outlay can be recouped as part of a long-term investment. 5. Sustainability In order to maintain the sustainability of geothermal energy fluid needs to be pumped back into the underground reservoirs faster than it is depleted. This means that geothermal energy needs to be properly managed to maintain its sustainability. It is important for industry to assess the geothermal energy pros and cons in order to take account of the advantages while mitigating against any potential problems. 3.0 Concept of non renewable energy 3.1 Definition of non-renewable energy Definition : Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will either run out or not be replenished for thousands (or millions) of years. These include fossil fuels, such as coal, and natural gases that are burned to generate electricity. Renewable energy is important as it has the potential to provide a ready supply of power without using natural resources. There is also a lower risk of environmental problems like fuel spills and minimal issues with emissions, while also reducing the need for imported fuels. With reliable supplies and fuel diversification, renewable energy could meet our power needs for years to come.
18 There are four major types of nonrenewable resources: oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy. Oil, natural gas, and coal are collectively called fossil fuels. Fossil fuels were formed within the Earth from dead plants and animals over millions of years hence the name “fossil” fuels. 3.2 The usage of Non-renewable energy Humans extract non-renewable resources in the form of gas, liquid, or solids, and then convert them into convenient forms for easy consumption. Non-renewable resources, such as coal and oil, are the primary source of power in the world, and they are used to power vehicles, factories, and homes. Although affordable, they can be harmful to the environment and are one of the notable contributors to global warming. 3.3 The methods used in generating electrical power from the non-renewable energy source, advantages and disadvantages. a. Fuel Fossil fuels include coal, gas or oil that is burned to produce heat or power. Fossil fuels were formed millions of years ago when dead plants and animal remains got buried under layers of soil and under pressure and temperature, got converted into their present form. A major problem of using fossil fuels to generate electricity is that burning them gives out a lot of toxic gases that pollute the environment and contribute to global warming.
19 b. Coal Coal is a rock created from buried plants that lived and died hundreds of millions of years ago, when the Earth's surface was covered by swampy forests. Coal is classified as a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to form. Coal contains the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in swampy forests. The resulting pressure and heat turned the plants into the substance call coal. c. Nuclear Nuclear energy is obtained through nuclear fission. This process involves the splitting of nuclei of certain elements which results in the release of a large amount of energy. The fissile material most commonly used are Uranium and Plutonium. One major problem of using nuclear energy as an electric power source is managing nuclear waste.
20 d. Gas Natural gas is a non-renewable fossil fuel formed from the remains of tiny sea plants and animals that died 300-400 million years ago. Approximately 90% of natural gas is composed of methane, but it also contains other gases such as propane and butane. Advantages and disadvantages of non renewable energy Advantages 1. The main advantages of non-renewable energies are that they are abundant and affordable. For example, oil and diesel are still good choices for powering vehicles. 2. Non-renewable energy is cost-effective and easier to produce and use. 3. Non-renewable resources are high in energy. Resources such as coal and oil tend to provide us with more energy compared to renewable energies such as solar or wind energy. 4. There are huge profits to be made from mining coal, selling oil, or building natural gas pipelines. 5. These resources are easy to use whether at home or anywhere else. 6. Consumers can find non-renewable resources at a very affordable price. 7. For some people, new machines and other sources of energy cannot replace their traditional minerals like coal and oil. Hence it is also called traditional energy. 8. Non-renewable energy is easy to find anywhere. This implies that they can be conveniently transported around the world. People who live in hard-to-reach areas can make use of non-renewable energy.
21 9. Non-renewable resources create jobs. Extraction, transportation, and refining are the parts of non-renewable sources that create jobs. 10. Most of the non-renewable sources are also very easy to store. Disadvantages 1. One of the major disadvantages of non-renewable energy is that it is timeconsuming. Mining coal, searching for oil, installing oil drills, building oil rigs, installing pipes for extraction, and transporting natural gas are very time-consuming processes. They also require a lot of effort. 2. Fossil fuels took millions of years to form in the earth’s crust and cannot be replaced after they have been used. 3. Coal and gas also release sulfur dioxide when burned. Sulfur dioxide can cause breathing problems in living things and is also an integral part of acid rain. 4. Sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas emit a large amount of carbon dioxide when burned. These chemicals quickly destroy the ozone layer. 5. When fossil fuels burn, they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. They convert the rain into acid rain, which is harmful to both wildlife and humans. 6. Many non-renewable sources release smog that envelops buildings and other important items. Most of the time, people in modern cities complain about it. Black smog can make your building and other objects look dark and dirty. 7. Sometimes there is a risk that huge cargo ships and oil tankers could crash while transporting oil and spill their contents into the sea or elsewhere. It can be fatal to marine animals and people who come in contact with it. 8. In order to keep the power plant running, we have to keep a large amount of fuel on hand every time. This can be expensive and take up a lot of space.
22 Answer all questions. 1. State the definition of power system. 2. Define the national grid. 3. Explain the definition of eco-friendly. 4. State THREE(3) the main factors that influencing the generation of Electrical Power. 5. There are four types power generation plant. Complete the Table A1 below with two best description of advantages for each types of power generation energy. Table A1 Types of power generation plant Advantages Wind energy i. ii. Solar energy i. ii. Hydro energy i. ii. Biomass energy i. ii. TUTORIAL 1
23 SCHEMA TUTORIAL 1 1. Power System is a network of electrical components used to supply, transmit and distribution electric power to the user. 2. National grid is a network of cable that connects all the power stations in a country to transmit electricity to the consumers throughout the nation. 3. Eco-friendly literally means earth-friendly or not harmful to the environment. This term most commonly refers to products that contribute to green living or practices that help conserve resources like water and energy. 4. Three factors that influencing the generation of Electrical Power are i. It can be generated in large quantities at comparable cost with other types of energy. ii. It can be conveniently transmitted over long distances. iii. Electrical energy is much cheaper than other energy. Thus it is overall economical to use for domestic, commercial & industrial purpose. iv. Electrical energy is cleanliness not associated with smoke, fumes or poisonous gases. v. Electricity, unlike gas & water cannot be store and supplier has small control over the load at any time. vi. There is a continuous increase in the demand for power (industrial). (choose 3 factors) Types of power generation plant Advantages Wind energy i. Wind energy is a free. ii. Wind energy is also a source of clean, non-polluting Solar energy i.Solar power is pollution-free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after installation. ii. Return on investment unlike paying for utility bills. Hydro energy i. It is neat and clean. ii. Renewable energy Biomass energy i. Most of them are renewable, e.g., wood, mustard oil and crop residues. ii. High energy efficiency.
24 Answer all questions. (1) Renewable energy comes from sources that are constantly replenished. State FOUR (4) renewable energy sources. (2) There are several advantages and disadvantages of each energy sources. Explain TWO (2) disadvantages of Solar Energy, Wind Energy and Hydro Energy. (3) Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will run out or will not be replenished. State FOUR (4) non-renewable energy. (4) Renewable energy is energy produced from sources like the sun and wind that are naturally …………………….. and do not ………………….. (5) ………………………… resources, such as coal and oil, are the primary source of power in the world, and they are used to power vehicles, factories, and homes. (6) …………………………. include coal, gas or oil that is burned to produce heat or power. TUTORIAL 2
25 SCHEMA TUTORIAL 2 (1) 4 renewable energy sources i.Hydro energy ii. Solar energy iii. Wind energy iv. Biomass energy (2) Disadvantages Solar energy Wind energy Hydro energy i. Cloudy days do not produce as much energy. ii. No solar power at night so there is a need for a large battery bank i. The wind is inconsistent. ii.May reduce the local bird population. i. Dam can affect wildlife living in the river. ii. Require huge amount of water all the time. (3) 4 non-renewable energy i. fuel ii. coal iii. Nuclear iv. Gas (4) Replenished, run out (5) Non-renewable (6) Fossil fuels
26 Answer all questions. 1. By referring to the listed given, identify the INCORRECT components in power system. a. Generating system b. Transmission system c. Parallel system d. Distribution system 2. Choose which is INCORRECT energy about renewable energy sources. a. Coal b. Hydro c. Solar d. Biomass 3. Geothermal are types of renewable energy. Choose which energy resources for geothermal. a. Steam reservoirs deep in the earth b. Natural gas c. Burning of coal d. Water reservoir 4. Based on listed given, choose CORRECT energy which is not popular in Malaysia. a. Nuclear b. Solar c. Hydro d. Biomass 5. Based on items given below, which are not following NOT non renewable energy. a. Fuel b. Nuclear c. Gas d. Biomass 6. Choose which of the following the disadvantage of geothermal energy. a. Environmentally friendly b. Renewable c. Earthquakes d. No fuel required TUTORIAL 3
27 SCHEMA TUTORIAL 3 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. C
28 REFERENCES Amit Sabhadiya (2023). Advantages And Disadvantages Of Non-Renewable Energy. Retrieved from https://www.engineeringchoice.com/advantages-anddisadvantages-of-non-renewable-energy/ on 13 Jun 2023. David smith 2023). How Electricity Reaches Our Homes – Various Paths in Distribution.Retrieved from https://electricalfundablog.com/how-electricityreaches-our-homes/. Do you know how hydroelectric power plants work? Iberdrola, S.A. Retrieved from https://www.iberdrola.com/environment/what-is-hydroelectricenergy. Ir. Zulkifli Mohd Yusof (2015). TNB Initiatives Towards Energy Efficient Transmission Lines. By Transmission Division TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD Malaysia. Retrieved from https://docplayer.net/52126986-Tnb-initiatives-towards-energyefficient transmission-lines-by-ir-zulkifli-mohd-yusof-transmission-division-tenaganasional-berhad-malaysia.html James Chen, (2022). Biofuel: Definitions, Examples, and Limitations. July 12, 2022. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/biofuel.asp Kyle Peterdy (2023). Non Renewable Resources. CFI Team : CFI Education Inc. Retrieved from https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/esg/nonrenewable-resource/ Making power systems more flexible as global energy transition accelerates. (2018). IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency. Retrieved from https://www.irena.org/news/articles/2018/Nov/Making-power-systems-more flexible-as-global-energy-transition-accelerates
29 Nadine El Dabaghi and Jasmina Vucetic (2022). Electrical Power Systems. in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors, Elsevier Inc, Canada. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/electrical-power-system. Pankaj Mishra (2017). How hydropower plants works. Retrieved from https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2017/12/hydropower-plant.html Renewable energy. Office of Energy Efficiency Renewable energy, Washington DC 20585. Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/eere/renewableenergy#:~:text=Renewable%20energy%20is%20energy%20produced,heating%20a nd%20cooling%2C%20and%20transportation. Solar Power Advantages And Disadvantages. SEPCO Solar Electric Power Company. Retrieved from https://www.sepco-solarlighting.com/blog/solar-poweradvantages-and-disadvantages. What Is Biomass Energy. Green Mountain Energy Company. Retrieved from https://www.greenmountainenergy.com/why-renewable-energy/renewableenergy-101/biomass/ What is solar energy? Definition and examples. Retrieved from https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/solar-energy/ What Is Wind Power. U.S. Department of Energy's Wind Energy Technologies Office. Retrieved from https://windexchange.energy.gov/what-is-wind What are the advantages and disadvantages of Geothermal Energy. TWI Ltd (20. Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6AL, UK. Retrieved from https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/geothermal-energy/prosand-cons#WhataretheAdvantagesofUsingGeothermal Wind Power. From Wikipedia on 23 May 2023. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power.
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