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5.3 THE QUALITY ASSURANCE IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT

The planned and methodical operations carried out in a quality system to
ensure that a product's or service's quality requirements are met. Quality
assurance may be defined as the actions and management procedures
carried out to guarantee that the goods and services delivered by the project
meet the needed quality standards. It is process-driven and centered on the
product creation or service delivery.

Quality assurance is carried out throughout the project to ensure that the
product satisfies the required requirements. Creating a Project Quality
Management Plan, implementing a quality assurance procedure, and
conducting audits are just a few examples.

5.4 A CONCEPT OF QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA) IN PROJECT
MANAGEMENT

QA will ensure that the product meet the quality service, through operation
process and continual improvement. QA starts with the quality procedures.
Followed by quality audit. Review will perform to check the process
procedures. Procedures are changed to reduce error, increasing product with
quality standard. In the QA, everybody is responsible to the quality product.
Total Quality Management is achieved when quality culture is practiced during
the project.

The advantages of QA: cost is reduced by efficient process, workers
motivation improved; better teamwork and better-quality product thus will
increase customer satisfaction.

Quality

A quality system's planned and systematic operations that ensure that a
product's or service's quality requirements are met. Quality assurance may be
defined as the actions and management procedures carried out to guarantee
that the project's goods and services meet the specified standards of quality. It
is process-oriented, with an emphasis on product creation or service delivery.

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Quality is also intimately tied to formal contract criteria, specifications,
agreements, client preferences, and instructions in the construction industry,
which surely impact every technical and commercial choice made from the
boardroom to the job site.

Quality Management

Management tasks and functions involved in developing a quality strategy
and putting it into action using tools like quality planning and quality
assurance (including quality control).

Quality Management System (QMS)
A method for reducing and finally eliminating non-conformance to
specifications, standards, and customer expectations in the most cost-
effective and efficient way possible.
Element of QMS is:
1. The organizational chart
2. Responsibilities
3. Data administration
4. Procedures, such as purchasing
5. Resources, which include both natural and human capital
6. Client satisfaction
7. Ongoing progress
8. Product excellence
9. Maintenance
10. Sustainability which includes resource efficiency and environmental

stewardship
11. Accountability and transparency
12. Remedial and preventive measures

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Quality Management System and Its Perspectives
a. Product Quality
Product quality is the product's ability to fulfill the expectations and needs set
by the end user. The product must work reliably and perform all its functions.
Product quality is the sum of two viewpoints:

1. It is subjective.
• Quality is always in the eye of the beholder.
• It depends on who is evaluating the quality and under what
circumstances.

2. It might also be objective in nature.
• Quality may be accomplished by generating statistics and
establishing appropriate thresholds.

b. Services Quality
An evaluation of how effectively a service given meets the client's
expectations. Customers' service quality is frequently assessed by service
business operators to enhance their service, promptly discover problems, and
better gauge client happiness.

c. Process Quality

Quality Process takes a step-by-step strategy to support the whole product life
cycle, from conception through design and development to rollout and support.

The defining phase is the initial step in the project's development. Quality
Process collaborates with you to define your company goals, map out a
potential development route, and estimate costs based on assumptions.

The Concepts and Processes of Quality Management

A Quality Management Process is a series of procedures that ensures that a
team's outputs are "fit for purpose." Setting quality goals that are agreed upon
with the client is the first step in the Quality Management Process. The actual
quality of the deliverables is then measured and reported using a "Quality
Assurance Process" and "Quality Control Process." Any quality concerns are
discovered and remedied promptly as part of the Quality Management
Process.

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1. Quality Planning
To develop a quality-assurance plan. Developing a quality management plan
is a massive task. Quality planning is the process of determining which
quality criteria are crucial to the project and how to attain them. The process
of identifying how to achieve process and product (deliverable) quality criteria
is known as quality planning.

When it comes to great planning, there are a few guidelines to follow:
a. Customer satisfaction is paramount: Quality is determined by the
customer's needs.
b. Prevention trumps inspection: It's preferable to prevent mistakes than to
inspect the outcome and correct flaws.
c. Management accountability: Quality costs must be authorized by
management.
d. Ongoing improvement: Getting better is an ongoing process.

Systematic process that translates quality policy into measurable objectives
and requirements, and lays down a sequence of steps for realizing them
within a specified timeframe.

2. Quality Assurance
Is a systematic method for establishing, planning, executing, and reviewing
management processes inside a corporation to ensure that the product is
consistently made to the needed standard. Quality Assurance is focused on
defect prevention and is process based. The process of creating deliverables
is known as QA, and it can be carried out by management or a client
reviewer.

3. Quality of Control
Quality Control is product oriented and focuses on defect identification. QC
refers to quality related activities associated with the creation of project
deliverables. QC is used to verify that deliverables are of are performed after
the product is developed.

Acceptable quality and that they are complete and correct. Examples of QC
activities include inspection, deliverable peer reviews and the testing process.
QC is about adherence to requirements.

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CHAPTER 6
GREEN TECHNOLOGY

6.1 GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION
Green technology serves "green" objectives. Green does not refer to the hue;
nonetheless, mother nature is extremely green, and we are discussing the
long- and short-term effects of an innovation on the environment. Green
inventions are those that are good for the environment and include things like
energy efficiency, recycling, safety and health issues, renewable resources,
and so on.

6.2 DEFINITION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND GREEN BUILDING IN
CONSTRUCTION

6.2.1 Green Technology (Environmental Technology)
The term "green technology" is new. Green is the way to go now, having only
been accepted in the previous few of decades. Let's start with a basic
description of green technology.
In basic terms, green technology is technology that is environmentally friendly,
produced and used in such a manner that it does not harm the environment
and conserves natural resources. Green technology may also be referred to
as environmental technology or clean technology. The future only promises to
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offer larger and better things for this area, which is still in its early phases of
growth. It will, in fact, become a future need.

Unlike previous technology waves, Green Technology is nearly exclusively
dependent on materials science. The goal of this technology is to mitigate
global warming and the greenhouse impact by relying on the availability of
alternative energy sources. Its major goal is to figure out how to develop new
technologies without harming or depleting the planet's natural resources. It
also means less impact to human, animal, and plant health, as well as less
damage to the environment.

Continuing with the notion of green technology, our environment needs rapid
pollution reduction. Green technology may be used to minimize pollutants
while also improving cleanliness. Green technology is now being used by both
developed and developing countries to protect the environment from
detrimental effects. The green technology description provided here simply
offers you an idea of how humans have messed up the environment and how
necessary it is to slow down and embrace healthy lifestyles. The world may be
safeguarded from pollution by carefully using green technologies.

6.2.2 Green Building
From site selection to design, construction, operation, maintenance,
renovation, and demolition, green building (also known as green construction
or sustainable building) refers to both a structure and the use of
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient processes throughout a
building's life cycle.

In other words, green building design entails striking a balance between house
construction and environmental sustainability. At all stages of the project, the
design team, architects, engineers, and client must work together closely.
Green architecture extends and complements the traditional considerations of
economy, usability, durability, and comfort in building design.

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6.2.2.1 List Characteristic of Green Building

Figure 6.1: Characteristics of Green Building

Green construction includes various distinguishing qualities. It contains
elements such as water conservation, carefully designed cooling and heating
ventilation systems, non-toxic and non-synthetic materials, recycling, and
reuse of older structures, and so on. Drainage is also a significant
consideration.
Green trees andplants can be planted so that fresh oxygen is available. Solar
energy should also be harnessed. With the help of green architecture
electricity consumption is reduced and natural resources are instead used.
Natural and eco-friendly materials such as bamboo and woods should be
used. Steel, aluminum should be avoided as it has many bad effects on the
environment as well as on people’s health. Rooms should be free from any
obstruction so that air can flow freely through the rooms.
6.2.2.2 Green Building Criteria
Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement
current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective of
green buildings is to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on
human health and the natural environment by:

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• Using energy, water, and other resources efficiently
• Improving staff productivity and protecting occupant health
• Reducing waste, pollution, and environmental damage
A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and
tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other
related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability
may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Although
some green building programs don't address the issue of the retrofitting
existing homes, others do, especially through public schemes for energy
efficient refurbishment. Green construction principles can easily be applied to
retrofit workas well as new construction.
6.2.2.3 Importance of Green Building

Figure 6.2: Importance of Green Building

a) Saving Money
Although green technology has greater upfront costs, the long-term benefits
are enormous. Green technologies are created to make effective use of
resources, which typically results in financial savings for the owner. Utility
expenditures may be significantly reduced with a green construction. For
example, geothermal systems consume up to 50% less power than traditional

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heating and cooling systems.
b) Environmental Benefit
One of the most obvious benefits to building with green technology is the
environmental impact. Green technology helps reduce emissions, conserves
water, reduces waste and consumes less energy than conventional
technology. Green buildings also use materials more efficiently. Over 20 years,
a single solar water heater can keep over 50 tons of carbon dioxide emissions
out of the atmosphere; geothermal pumps reduce emissions by up to 70
percent and use up to 50 percent less electricity.
c) Property Value and Lifetime
Green technology may last a long time if properly maintained. For example,
geothermal systems might have 50-year underground pipe guarantees and
20-year pump warranties. A tiny wind turbine may operate for up to 20 years.
Green technology may add value to a home by requiring less care and saving
money. This is especially beneficial for commercial property owners and
managers.
d) Health Benefit
Improved air quality, which promotes inhabitants' health, is one of the health
advantages of constructing green.

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6.3 THE ENVIRONMENTAL-FRIENDLY MATERIALSANDSUSTAINABLE
CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Green building is not only a wise choice for our future; it is also a necessary
choice. The construction industry must adopt eco-friendly practices and
materials that reduce its impacts before we reach a point of irreversible
damage to our life supporting systems. The UK Government is beginning to
recognize this urgency and is committed to integrating green specifications
into building regulations and codes, but the process of developing policy is
slow. The construction sector must take the initiative and create innovative
methods to build utilizing green, renewable energy.

Before it's too late, conserve resources and embrace non-polluting activities
and products that reduce, recycle, and reuse.

6.3.1 The reuse, recycle, reduce, and recover concept
Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than
nonrenewable resources. Green materials are environmentally responsible
because impacts are considered over the life of the product.

Concept of reuse, recycle, reduce and recovery.

a) Reduce
It is a reduction in the amount of waste or loss of material by optimizing
the process or operation resulting in wasted waste. Examples: replacing
the taps or leaking pipes, installing a shutoff / discharge catch tool.

b) Reuse
It is a reuse of materials or waste on different processes.

c) Recycle
It is the reuse of materials or resources for the same process.

d) Recovery
It is a recovery activity of some important material from waste streams
for reuse in the process or utilized for other processes or needs.

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6.3.2 Identify Green Building Materials from Local Sources
It is important to use green construction materials for your project while
constructing or remodeling a structure to satisfy the standards.

6.3.2.1 Air Quality Indoors
Materials must meet the highest criteria for indoor air quality to earn a green
building certification. This suggests there are few or no carcinogens in the
chemical emissions. Mold development is less likely with these items since
they resist moisture. They may also be maintained and cleaned properly with
little chemical treatments.

6.3.2.2 Resources that are reusable or renewable
Green construction materials are manufactured from recycled or renewable
resources, reducing deforestation and waste. Furthermore, these goods are
frequently produced or gathered locally, and they may be broken down and
reused, completing the Life-Cycle Assessment. Materials must be confirmed
by an impartial third party to fulfil these requirements.

6.3.2.3 Energy Conservation
Green materials cut down on the amount of energy needed to run a house or
workplace. They use alternative energy sources, thermal efficiency, load
reduction, and energy waste reduction to reduce a home's or office's energy
footprint. Additionally, these goods are made with energy-saving technologies
and procedures.

6.3.2.4 Water Conservation
Water efficiency is particularly important in commercial structures. To meet
green building certification, products must have been manufactured using
techniques that prevent pollutants from entering the local water supply.
Products reduce water waste by managing internal systems for maximum
efficiency and use. These materials will also assist with the recycling of non-
potable water for use in site irrigation systems.

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6.4 GREEN BUILDING PRACTICES IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Green buildings aim to lessen the total impact of the built environment on
human health and the natural environment by:
a. Using energy, water, and other resources efficiently
b. Increasing staff productivity while protecting occupant health
c. Waste, pollution, and environmental deterioration reduction

6.4.1 The Green Building and Sustainable Development
6.4.1.1 Environmental Impact Reduction

Buildings consume a significant amount of energy, electricity, water, and
materials globally. Green construction approaches strive to lessen a building's
environmental effect.
While the practices or technologies used in green building are constantly
evolving and may differ, the fundamental principles from which the method is
derived remain the same: efficient siting and structure design, energy
efficiency, water efficiency, materials efficiency, improved indoor
environmental quality, operations and maintenance optimization, and waste
and toxics reduction.

Figure 6.3 : One Central Park's Hanging Gardens in Sydney.

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Figure 6.4: Michelle Kaufmann created this green structure.

Figure 6.5: Taipei 101 has become the world's tallest and biggest
LEED Platinum certified green building since 2011

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6.4.1.2 Life Cycle Analysis
A life cycle assessment (LCA) can assist avoid a restricted perspective on
environmental, social, and economic problems by evaluating the complete
spectrum of impacts from raw material extraction to materials processing,
manufacturing, distribution, usage, repair and maintenance, and disposal or
recycling. Embodied energy, global warming potential, resource usage, air
pollution, water pollution, and waste are among the factors considered.
Despite the fact that embodied energy and other life cycle impacts are critical
to the design of environmentally responsible buildings, even though LCA is
widely recognized as the best way to evaluate the environmental impacts of
buildings, it is not yet a consistent requirement of green building rating
systems and codes.

6.4.1.3 Efficiency in Site Selection and Structure Design
The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept anddesign
stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life
cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing
environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total
environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building
project.

Figure 6.6: Exterior Light Shelves - Denver Colorado Green Office Building

Structure, on the other hand, is not as streamlined as an industrial process,
and it differs from one building to the next,1never repeating itself in the same

0
3

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way. Furthermore, structures are far more complicated products, containing a
plethora of materials and components, each of which has many design factors
that must be chosen throughout the design stage. Every design choice can
have an impact on the environment at any point in the building's life cycle.
6.4.1.4 Energy Conservation
Green buildings frequently contain methods to decrease energy consumption -
both the embodied energy necessary to extract, process, transport, and install
building materials, as well as the operational energy required to supply
services like heating and equipment power.
Designers utilize elements that limit air leakage through the building envelope
to reduce operating energy demand (the barrier between conditioned and
unconditioned space). They also call for high-efficiency windows and more
insulation in the walls, ceilings, and flooring. Passive solar building design is
another approach commonly used in low-energy dwellings. Furthermore,
proper window arrangement (daylighting) can increase natural light while
reducing the demand for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating
cuts energy expenditures even more.
On-site renewable energy generation, such as solar, wind, hydro, or biomass,
can greatly minimize the building's environmental effect. The costliest element
to add to a structure is usually power generating.

Figure 6.7: An eco-house with a grass roof and solar panels in Findhorn Ecovillage.

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6.4.1.5 Water Conservation

Water conservation and water quality protection are important goals in
sustainable construction. One important issue with water use is that in many
regions, the providing aquifer's capacity to replace itself is exceeded. Facilities
should increase their reliance on water that is collected, utilized, cleaned, and
reused on-site to the greatest degree possible.

6.4.1.6 Materials Efficiency

Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber from
forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly
renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled
stone, recycled metal, and other products that are non- toxic, reusable,
renewable, and/or recyclable. It is also suggested to use recycled industrial
goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris
in construction projects.

6.4.1.7 Improvement of Indoor Environmental Quality

The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is to provide comfort, well- being, and
productivity of occupants. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) seeks to reduce volatile
organic compounds, or VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial
contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation system
(passively/naturally or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation
of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated
operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies.

Also important to indoor air quality is the control of moisture accumulation
(dampness) leading to mold growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses
as well as dust mites and other organisms and microbiological concerns.
Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold
surfaces on the building'sinterior can enhance and sustain microbial growth. A
well-insulated and tightly sealed envelope will reduce moisture problems,
but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate moisture from sources
indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and
other activities.

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6.4.1.8 Optimization of Operations and Maintenance

No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and
construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained
properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance (O&M) personnel are part of
the project's planning and development process will help retain the green
criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is
integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life.

Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design,
construction, and demolition phases of a building's life cycle, it is in the O&M
phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take
place. O&M staff should aim to establish best practices in energy efficiency,
resource conservation, ecologically sensitive products, and other sustainable
practices. Education of building operators and occupants is key to effective
implementation ofsustainable strategies in O&M services.

6.4.1.9 Reduction of waste

Green construction also aims to eliminate energy, water, and material waste
during construction. One objective throughout the building process should be
to decrease the quantity of waste that ends up in landfills. Buildings that are
well-designed also assist to minimize the amount of trash created by their
tenants by offering on-site solutions such as compost bins, which limit the
amount of garbage that ends up in landfills.

Several alternatives exist to lessen the impact on wells or water treatment
plants. Greywater can be used for subsurface irrigation or, if treated, for non-
potable applications such as flushing toilets and washing automobiles.
Rainwater collectors provide similar functions.

Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be expensive and energy
intensive. Converting trash and wastewater into fertilizer is an alternative to
this procedure that saves money and has other advantages. Liquid fertilizer
may be made by collecting human faces at the source and transporting it to a
semi-centralized biogas plant alongside other biological waste. These
practices offer organic nutrients to soil and function as carbon sinks, removing
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and reducing greenhouse gas emission.

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