shareware Shareware is software that is often found on the Internet (sometimes also distributed via CD ROM or floppy disks). Shareware has a copyright and can be tried for a certain period of time. But after that, if the software is still used, users are expected to register and pay to the creator. Some parts of the program are not activated or cannot be run after a certain period of time. Shareware that is completely free is called freeware. Shockwave Shockwave is a program that can run Macromedia Director animation files over the Internet with a browser. The animation
can be in the form of advertisements, games, or logos. Short Message Service View SMS. S-HTTP S-HTTP (Secure HTTP) is an extension of the HTTP protocol to support secure data transmission over the Web. Not all Web browsers and servers support S-HTTP. Other technologies used for trans safety SIMD
SIMD (Single Instruction/Multiple Data) is a classification that refers to parallel processors where several processing elements perform the same operation to process different data. for this, there is usually a central controller that transmits a stream of instructions to all processing elements. SIMM SIMM (single in-line memory modules) is a chip consisting of nine chip packages assembled into one unit. See also chips. simplex Simplex is a transmission mode that can only be carried out in one direction. This
mode is different from half-duplex mode. Half-duplex mode allows two-way communication, but at one time only one party can be the sender and the other can be the receiver. While in simplex mode, transmission can only be done in one direction. This means that one party is only the sender and the other party is only the recipient. An example of simplex communication is radio where listeners can only receive data (voice) and cannot send data to radio stations using radio waves. See also half-duplex and fullduplex. SIMULA Simula is an Algol 60 language extension specifically for the Univac 1107 machine
designed in 1962 by Kristen Nygaard and Ole-Johan Dahl and implemented in 1964. Simula is designed for discrete simulations. Simula introduced the use of record classes which became a precursor to data abstraction and object-directed programming such as SmallTalk. Although Simula was originally designed for simulation, because it is essentially aimed at describing complex systems and simulating them, Simula can be used for other purposes. single in-line memory modules See SIMM single in-line packages
See SIP Single Introduction/Multiple Data See SIMD OK SIP (single in-line packages) is a chip that only has one side with pins in a straight line like a comb. See also chips. side In a graph, an edge is what connects two vertices. In a weighted graph, each edge has a number called a weight. In a directed graph, an edge connects a vertex to another vertex in a certain direction. .
scalability Scalability is the ability of hardware or software to support various data sizes or the number of users who use it. SLDRAM SLDRAM Synclink DRAM is memory developed by a consortium of computer manufacturing companies called The Synclink Consortium. SLDRAM competes with LDRAM as the future PC memory architecture. SLIP
SLIP serial line internet protocol is a standard internet connection with a modem connected to a telephone. SLIP still has issues with phone interference. A newer and better protocol than SLIP is the PPP protocol to point protocol which is capable of error correction. Slot 1 Slot 1 is the size and shape of the factor for the Pentium II processor. Slot 1 package replaces Socket 7 and Socket 8 which were used on previous versions of Pentium processors. Slot 1 is a connector with 242 contacts that accepts a microprocessor package as a single edge contact (SEC) cartridge. A motherboard can have one or two slots 1.
Slot 2 Slot 2 is the size of the form factor for the Pentium II processor. Slot 1 is a connector with 242 contacts, while slot 2 has 330 contacts. The main difference between Slot 1 and Slot 2 is that the Slot 2 design allows the CPU to communicate with the L2 cache at full clock speed, while Slot 1 only supports communication between the L2 cache and the CPU at half the CPU clock speed. Smalltalk Smalltalk was the first object-oriented programming system developed by the Software Concepts Group, under the leadership of Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1972. Smalltalk consists of a programming language and environment,
as well as an object library. Smalltalk uses the concept of classes and message/i> messages from simula. Features in Smalltalk include being able to display bitmaps, supporting the windowing system and using a mouse. Smart cards A smart card is a plastic card (like a credit card) that has an integrated circuit on it to store information. Smart cards, among other things, are used to store electronic money, which stores the amount of money the holder has. Smart terminals
Smart terminals are terminals that have several processing capabilities such as the ability to display bold characters or flashing characters and do not depend entirely on the CPU. In contrast, a dump terminal is a terminal that has no processing capabilities and relies entirely on the computer processor. Besides these two types of terminals, there are also intelligent terminals. Smart terminal capabilities are not as many as those of intelligent terminals. SMS! SMS System Management Server is a service for sending short text messages between cellular phones.
SMS2 SMS System Management Server is a series of tools from Microsoft that are used to assist in managing PCs connected to a local area network (LAN). SMS allows network administrators to create an inventory of all hardware and software on the network and store it in the SMS database. By using this database, SMS can distribute and install software via LAN. With the help of SMS, network administrators can perform diagnostic tests on PCs connected to the LAN. SMS runs in a Windows NT environment but can manage PCs running in a DOS environment, all versions of Windows, OS/2, and Macintosh. Snail mail
Snail mail (“snail mail”) is a term used to mock regular mail services that are slow to deliver. SO-DIMM SO-DIMM (Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module) is a type of small DIMM and has 72 pins that support 32 bit data transfer or 144 pins that support 64 bit data transfer. Regular DIMMs have 168 pins and support 64 bit data transfer. SO-DIMMs are about half the size of DIMMs and are widely used for portable computers. Softcopy
Softcopy is a form of data that can be read by a machine. Usually in file form. Software View software. Software Engineering See software engineering. Software Life cycle View the software lifecycle. Software Life cycle View the software lifecycle.
Solaris Solaris is a UNIX-based operating environment developed by Sun Microsystems. Initially Solaris was developed to run SPARC workstations, but now Solaris can be run on a variety of workstations. Solaris combines the SunOS operating system and the Windows operating system. Solaris supports multitreading, symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), integrated TCP/IP Networking, and Centralized Network Administration. Sound Computers have three ways of producing sound, namely by (a) playing a CD, (b)
using sound recorded from sound or music (waveform sound), and (3) using MIDI. Sound Blaster Sound Blaster is a family of Sound Cards for PC developed by Creative labs. Source Code View source code. South East Asian Computer Confederation See SEARCC. Spam
Spam refers to the practice of sending commercial messages or advertisements to a large number of news groups or emails that do not actually want or are not interested in receiving the messages. SPARC Sparc scalable Processor Architecture is a RISC technology developed by Sun Microsystems. The name SPARC itself is a trademark of SPARC international, an independent organization that has granted a license to Sun to use the name. Sun workstations based on SPARC include SPARCstation, SPARCserver, Ultra1, Ultra2, and SPARCcluster. Sparse matrix
View sparse matrix. Spiders see bots. Spooler A spooler is software or hardware that is used to accommodate data and process that data (for example printing it) in a background that is not visible to the user. Spreadsheets A spreadsheet is a table that contains certain values arranged in rows and
columns. Each value has a relationship with other values. therefore, changes to one value will affect other values. The term Spreadsheet is also often used to refer to Spreadsheet applications. Spreadsheet applications are programs that can be used to create and manipulate Spreadsheets electronically. In the Spreadsheet application, each value is entered/written into a cell. The type of data that fills each cell can vary. relationships between cells are defined by certain formulas. Using this formula allows changes to a value in a cell to automatically change the values in other cells connected to the formula. Examples of Spreadsheet applications include Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft Excel SPSS
SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solution, http://www.spss.com) is a company that produces the very popular statistical package software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. SPSS was founded in 1968 by three Stanford University graduate students (Norman H. Nie, C Hadlai Hull and Dale Bent) and is headquartered in Chicago. Now SPSS has recognized many companies in the software field to strengthen their business network. SPSS offers analytical solutions that are widely used to integrate and analyze marketing, consumer and operational data and are used in various business fields ranging from telecommunications, health, banking, finance, insurance, to the public sector. SPX
SPX (Squenced packet eXchange) is a transport layer protocol (layer 4 in the OSI model) used on Novell NetWare networks. The SPX layer sits on top of the IPX layer (layer 3) and provides connection-directed services between 2 nodes on the network. SPX is mainly used in client/server applications. If the IPX protocol is similar to IP in an internet connection, then SPX is similar to TCP. IPX/SPX provides connection services similar to those provided by TCP/IP. SQL SQL structured query language is a standardized query language for requesting information from a database. The initial version of SQL was SQUEL Structured English Query Language which
was designed by IBM in 1974 and 1975. SQL was first introduced as a commercial database system in 1974. stack A stack is a data structure for representing a set of elements where only the last element added (top) can be moved. There are three basic operations performed on a stack. namely push, pop, and top. The push operation is used to add an element to the stack and the pop operation is used to retrieve the top element of the stack. The Top operation (usually in the form of a function) is used to determine whether an element is the top element or not. Stand-alone
The term Stand-alone refers to a device that can be run without the help of other devices. for example, a fax machine is a stand-alone device because it can be run without the need for a computer, printer, modem, or other device, a printer is not a stand-alone device because it requires a computer to send data. Static RAM See SRAM Stop bits See the final bit Streaming
Data is called streaming ("flowing") when data moves quickly from one hardware device to another and does not have to be in one destination before being manipulated or used. For example, a network or internet user does not need to download an AVI file to play it later. Structured query language See SQL Subdirectory A subdirectory is a directory that is under another directory. Subscribe
Subscribe is to request messages sent to a mailing list or newsgroup. After a user subscribes, he will receive a message every time a message comes to the mailing list or newsgroup. Sun Microsystems Sun Microsystems (http://www.sun.com) is a company that develops computer hardware and software, Sun was founded by Andreas Bechtolsheim. Vinod Khosla, and Scott McNeally in 1982 and is headquartered in Mountain View, California. The company is best known for its development of workstations and operating environments for the UNIX operating system and development of the Java programming language. Sun's
products include SPARC workstations and Solaris Operations systems. SuperVGA See SVGA Supercomputer Supercomputers are the fastest type of computer and are used for specific applications that require a lot of mathematical calculations. For example, Supercomputers are used for weather forecasting, animated graphics, calculations, fluid dynamics, nuclear energy research, and oil exploration. The main difference between Supercomputers and mainframes is that Supercomputers
connect all their power to execute multiple programs as quickly as possible, whereas mainframes use their power to execute multiple programs simultaneously. SVGA SVGA (Super VGA) is a graphics standard designed to provide better resolution than VGA. There are various types of SVGA with different resolutions, namely 800×600 pixels, 1024×768 pixels, 1280×1024 pixels, and 1600×1200 pixels. All SVGA standards support a palette of 16 million colors, but the number of colors that can be displayed depends on the installed video memory. The SVGA standard was developed by a consortium of monitor and graphics manufacturing companies called VESA.
Swap files Swap file is an area on the hard disk that is used as virtual memory. It is called a swap file because the virtual memory management software exchanges (swaps) data between virtual memory and main memory (RAM). Swapping Swapping is a technique used to replace pages or segments of data in memory. This technique is very useful and allows computers to run programs and manipulate data that require more space than main memory can provide. The operating system copies as much data as possible into main memory and leaves the rest on
disk. When the operating system needs data from disk, it swaps parts of the data (called pages or segments) in main memory with parts of the data on disk. The DOS operating system does not support this technique, but other operating systems such as OS/2, Windows, and UNIX do. Swapping is also called paging. Synchronous DRAM See SDRAM. SyncLink DRAM See SLDRAM. Syntax error
View syntax errors. Systems development life cycle View the system development lifecycle. Server Management System See SMS2. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Pronounced “scuzzy.” SCSI is a hardware interface that allows for the connection of up to 15 peripheral devices to a single PCI board called a “SCSI host adapter” that plugs into the motherboard. SCSI uses a bus structure and functions like a mini-
LAN connecting 16 devices, but the host adapter counts as one device. SCSI allows any two devices to communicate at one time (host to peripheral, peripheral to peripheral). Host adapters are also available with two controllers that support up to 30 peripherals. Introduced in 1986 and originally developed by Shugart Associates (see SASI), SCSI is widely used i T TI TI is a system developed by AT&T that allows signal transfer at a speed of 1.544 Mbps (ISDN has a transfer speed of 64 kbps).
T3 T3 is a development of Ti and can transfer signals at almost 30 times the speed of TI, namely 44.736 Mbps. Targeted Image File Format See TIFF. Tails In data structures, tail is the last element of a list. Tape Tape is a piece of magnetically coated plastic that can be used to store data. Tape
for computers is similar to tape used to store music on cassettes. Data storage using tape is cheaper than using disk. Tape also has a large storage capacity, ranging from hundreds of kilobytes to several gigabytes. However, accessing tape data is lower than data on disk. This slow access is because tape is a sequential access medium, which means that to get certain data you have to read the data from the beginning, while disk is a random-access medium that allows random access to data without going through the data stored on the previous section on the disk. Because tape is very slow, it is usually used for long-term data storage and backup purposes. Tape Drives
Tape Drive is a device used to read and write data to and from tape. TCP/IP TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol are two protocols developed by the US military that allow computers on a network to communicate with each other. IP is used to move data packets between nodes. TCP is used to verify delivery from client to server. TCP/IP is the basis of the internet and can be found on all modern operating systems, such as Unix and Windows. TDM
TDM Time Division Multiplexing is a type of multiplexing that combines data streams by giving each stream a slot with a different time from the others. TDM directly repeatedly transmits a fixed series of time slots over a single transmission channel. Textel Like pixels, texels are the basic unit of graphics. Texel is not a graphic but a texture map (pattern). TDM TDM (time division multiplexing) is a type of multiplexing that combines data streams by giving each stream a different
time slot from the others. TDM repeatedly transmits a fixed series of time slots over a single transmission channel. Textel Like pixels, textels (texels) are the basic unit of graphics. Texel is not a point but a texture map (pattern). Teleconference A teleconference is a meeting held by two or more people via telephone or network connection. The meeting can only use sound (audio conference) or use video (video conference) which allows conference participants to see each other. In conferences it is also possible to use the
same whiteboard and each participant has control over it, as well as sharing applications. The first product that supports teleconferences via the internet is NetMeeting released by Microsoft. Telematics Telematics refers to the industry related to the use of computers in telecommunications systems. Included in telematics are dial up services to the internet and all types of networks that are based on telecommunications systems to transmit data. The Internet is an example of telematics. The term telematics, which is based on the French word telematique, is a combination of two words: telecommunications and informatics. This term was first used in 1978 by Simon
Nora and Alain Minc in their book L'informatisation de la society. Telnet Telnet is a protocol used to contact hosts located far from a terminal. Connection to the host from a terminal using telnet is done via the internet. After the connection is made, users at the terminal can access and work on the machine contacted using Telnet. Terabit one terabit is equal to 1000 gigabits or to be precise 240 bits.
Terabytes One terabyte is equal to 1,099,511,627,776 or 240 bytes. For simplicity, one terabyte is almost the same as one trillion bytes. Terminal Terminal is a device used to communicate with a computer. In general, a terminal consists of a keyboard and a monitor. Terminals are often divided into three classes based on their processing capabilities: – intelligent terminal, which is a standalone device consisting of main memory and CPU.
– smart terminal, has several development capabilities Texel Texel is an abbreviation for texture element. See texel. TFT TFT thin film transistor is a flat screen LCD where each pixel is controlled by one to four transistors. TFT technology provides the best resolution for any flat screen, but is more expensive. TFT screens are also called active matrix LCDs. Thin clients
The term Thin client refers to a computer device that accesses applications from or from a central server via a network. Included in the Thin client category are Windows based terminals, X-terminals, and network computers (NC). See also fat client. Transistor thin clients See TFT Threads A thread ('thread') is a series of messages on a newsgroup or e-mail related to a certain subject, consisting of the first and subsequent messages which are responses to it.
TIFF TIFF Tagged image File Format is a standard data file format for storing images in butmaps. Usually used for scanning images scanning because it can save images in various sizes, resolutions and color depths. Tim Berners Lee Tim Berners Lee is the inventor of the World Wide Web in 1989. Berners Lee is a graduate of Oxford University, England and was on the founding board of 3Com at the Laboratory for Computer Science, MIT. He also serves as director of the World Wide Web Consortium. in 1990, he
created the first web browser. After graduating from Oxford in 1976, Berners Lee worked for Plessy Telecommunications Ltd. in the fields of distributed transaction systems, message relay, and bar code technology. in 1978, he joined D.G Nash ltd. where you write software for smart printers and smart multitaskers. Time division multiplexing See TDM. Access point An access point is a computer hardware or software device that functions as a communication hub for wireless device
users to connect to a LAN using cables. Access points are necessary to provide good wireless security and to expand the physical scope of services accessible to wireless users. Topology In computer networks, topology is a form of arrangement of connections between computer systems. There are various topologies such as: bus, star, ring. see also network TR
TR Terminal ready is a modem indicator light that indicates that the computer is running a communication program. Tracks A track is a loop on a disk where data is stored. Each track is further divided into sectors, which are the smallest units on a disk. The operating system and disk drive read information stored on the disk known to its storage location based on its track and sector numbers. Trackball A trackball is an input device that translates the movement of a ball into coordinates into a computer. The trackball
is moved with the fingers according to the desired direction of movement of the cursor on the screen. Transistor Transistors are devices made from semiconductor materials that are used to amplify signals, open or close a circuit. The transistor was discovered in 1947 at Bell Labs and became the key to the development of all digital circuits, including computers. Today, a microprocessor can contain tens of millions of transistors. transmission control protocol See TCP/IP.
transmission control protocol/Internet protocol See TCP/IP. transparent GIF Transparent GIF is one of GIF89a's standard features. Transparent GIF still displays the background that is not covered by the selected image. When created, the designer can choose one of the transparent colors in the image palette. When displayed, the selected transparent color is removed. transponder A transponder is a wireless communication device that is usually
installed on a satellite. Transponders receive and transmit radio signals in certain frequency ranges. After receiving a signal, the transponder will at the same time transmit a signal at a different frequency. The term transponder is a combination of two words: transmitter and responder. Transponders are used in communication, location, identification and satellite navigation systems. Traveling Salesmen Problem See TSP. Trojan horses See Trojan horse
TSP TSP (traveling salesmen problem) is the problem of finding paths in a weighted graph that start and end at the same vertex and every other vertex must be visited exactly once. The algorithm for TSP is used to find the desired minimum value (distance, cost, or time). TSR TSR terminate and stay resident is a program in DOS that is memory resident (remains in memory after being run). Calendar, Calculator, spell checker and notepad are examples of TSR programs. This program can be accessed quickly from other programs. This TSR is not
needed on multitasking operating systems such as Windows, OS/2, and Mac OS, because on these operating systems, several programs can be run at once. Thermal printers A thermal printer is a printer that uses heated pins that press against heatsensitive paper. This printer is widely used in calculators and fax machines, see also printers. Tablet PCs (1) A tablet computer environment from Microsoft that is based on an enhanced version of Windows XP. Designed to function more like a portable writing