MOHD LOTFI BIN AHMAD AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY PART 1
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY FIRST EDITION MOHD LOTFI BIN AHMAD PART 1
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Acknowledgments First and foremost, we are grateful to Allah SWT for His countless blessings which enabled us to finish this book flawlessly. We would like to express our gratitude to the organizer. We are grateful to a number of friends, colleagues and student who were directly or indirectly involved in encouraging us to start the work and finally publish it. Thanks for all the useful comments and suggestions from the early reviewers throughout the publication development. Finally, we would like to acknowledge with gratitude, the unwavering support and love of our family. This book would not have been possible without them.
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM provides knowledge on the calculation and design of an air-conditioning system and air movement in buildings. This topic also provides knowledge on new technologies for air conditioning system. INTRODUCTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN METHOD 020304 BUILDING ORIENTATION FOR OPTIMUM ENERGY GUIDE TO AC DESIGN METHOD IDENTIFY LOCATION OF HVAC COMPONENTS 05 GUIDE TO AC DESIGN METHOD HEAD LOAD 06 TYPES OF DUCTING LAYOUT DUCT DESIGN METHODS 0708 GUIDE TO AC DESIGN METHOD WATER SIDE DESIGN
COMPLETE BUILDING LAYOUT CONCEPT DESIGN AIR SIDE DESIGN HEAT LOAD WATER SIDE DESIGN 01 AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN METHOD
THE GOAL OF AIR CONDITIONING (AC) SYSTEM DESIGN THE GOAL OF AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DESIGN IS TO ACHIEVE A HIGHLY QUALITY SYSTEM THAT FUNCTIONS EFFECTIVELY AND IS ENERGY-EFFICIENT AND COST-EFFECTIVE. THE FOLLOWING ARE ESSENTIAL FOR A SYSTEM TO FUNCTION EFFECTIVELY: •ALL DESIGN CRITERIA ARE FULFILLED,AND THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE OWNER AND THE USER ARE SATISFIED. •A GOOD INDOOR AIR QUALITY IS PROVIDED. •THE SYSTEM IS RELIABLE AND HAS ADEQUATE FIRE PROTECTION LEVEL (E.G. SMOKE MANAGEMENT) GUIDE TO AIR CONDITIONING (AC) DESIGN METHOD FOR COMPLETE BUILDING LAYOUT DRAWINGS. IDENTIFY TYPES OF BUILDING (VOLUME & FLOOR AREA & HEIGHT OF BUILDING) PREPARE PLANNING FOR MECH. DESIGN SCHEDULE ORIENTATION OF BUILDING SITE PLAN (N, S, E AND W) DOMESTIC (APARTMENT/HOTEL) LIGHT COMMERCIAL (SHOPS, OFFICE, SCHOOL, BANK) LARGE COMMERCIAL (INSTITUTION, OFFICE, HOSPITAL, SHOPPING CENTER INDUSTRIAL(FACTORY, WAREHOUSE) CLEAN ROOM ( SERVER ROOM, COMPUTER ROOM, OPERATION THEATER ) COMPLETE BUILDING LAYOUT IDENTIFY TYPES OF BUILDING Chapter01
BUILDING ORIENTATION FOR OPTIMUM ENERGY SOLAR HEAT GAINS (DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION) INCREASE THE COOLING LOAD OF A PROJECT AND HENCE ENERGY USE. IN NATURALLY VENTILATED SPACES, SOLAR HEAT GAINS HEAT UP SPACES SUCH THAT THEY TYPICALLY BECOME THERMALLY UNCOMFORTABLE TO OCCUPANTS. Chapter02
OPTIMISED ORIENTATION 1. MINIMISING SOLAR HEAT GAINS IS TO OPTIMISE THE ORIENTATION AND MASSING OF A PROJECT SPECIFIC TO ITS LOCATION. 2. CERTAIN ORIENTATIONS (EAST AND WEST FOR EXAMPLE) PROVIDE MORE EXPOSURE TO THE SUN AND THEREFORE GREATER HEAT GAINS. 3. U-FACTOR MEASURES HEAT GAIN FORM A WINDOW. THE LOWER THE NUMBER, THE BETTER THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ASSEMBLY, GENERALLY, THOSE NUMBERS RANGE FROM 0.20 AND 1.20. 4. THE HIGHER THE R-VALUE OF A MATERIAL THE BETTER AN INSULATOR IT IS, BUT THIS USUALLY ALSO IMPLIES HIGHER COSTS. CHAPTER02
IF THE ROOM IS FACING EAST OR WEST, ADDITIONAL CAPACITY IS NEEDED AS IT WILL BE EXPOSED TO THE MORNING AND EVENING SUN COMPARED TO A ROOM THAT FACES NORTH OR SOUTH. CHAPTER02
2. GUIDE TO AC DESIGN METHOD RULES OF THUMB CALC. (ESTIMATE LOAD) SELECT HVAC SYSTEM INDIVIDUAL/CENTRALIZED IDENTIFY LOCATION OF HVAC COMPONENTS CLIENT AGREEMENT : REFER TO ROOM DATA CONCEPT DESIGN CHAPTER03
RULES OF THUMB CALC. (ESTIMATE LOAD) CHAPTER03
THE AIR CONDITIONING LOAD IS ESTIMATED TO PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR SELECTING THE CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT. IT MUST TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE HEAT COMING INTO THE SPACE FROM OUTDOORS ON A DESIGN DAY, AS WELL AS HEAT BEING GENERATED WITHIN THE SPACE CHAPTER03
TYPE OF AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT CHAPTER03
IDENTIFY HVAC ZONING (AHU/FCU PER ZONE) ASPACE, OR SEVERAL ROOMS, OR UNITS OF SPACE HAVING SOME SORT OF COINCIDENT LOADS OR SIMILAR OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS ACTIVITY, ORIENTATION, INTERNAL HEAT LOAD. IDENTIFY THE REQUIREMENT OF AN AIR CONDITIONEDROOM (TOILET, SERVICES SHAFT, STAIRCASE ENCLOSURE, LIFT SHAFT –NO AIR COND.) BECAUSE NOT ALL PARTS OF A BUILDING HAVE THE SAME HEATING/COOLING DEMANDS, HVAC SYST. ARE SUBDIVIDED INTO INDIVIDUALLY CONTROLLED AREA CALLED ZONES(WITH SEPARATE THERMOSTAT). CONSIDERING : OPERATION FOR 24 HRS: REQUIREMENT FOR DOUBLE WALL, UNDER SLAB INSULATION ETC.(PARTITIONS & FLOORS ADJACENT TO NON-AIRCOND SPACE MUST BE THERMALLY INSULATED, WINDOW SHALL BE DOUBLEGLAZED, CEILING PVC GYPSUM BOARDS/MOISTURE RESISTANCE BOARDS.) OPERATION AT NORMAL OFFICE : 8 HRS INDEPENDENT SYSTEM SUCH AS SPLIT UNIT FOR MEETING ROOM ETC EMERGENCY BACKUP SUPPLY SUCH AS OPERATION THEATER ETC(I.E2 CHILLER ON DUTY AND 1 CHILLER STANDBY) SPECIAL REQUIREMENT % RH, TEMPERATURE, AIR CHANGE ETC CHAPTER03
IDENTIFY LOCATION OF HVAC COMPONENTS (PLANT ROOM, AHU ROOM, COOLING TOWER, OUTDOOR UNIT, CEILING SPACE ETC) •ADDITIONAL LOAD TO THE STRUCTURE OF BUILDING •MAINTENANCE : CARRY HEAVY COMPONENTS TO ROOFTOP. •REDUCE PIPE LENGTH FOR CT AND PLANT AT SAME LEVEL. •AVOID PLACED AT VALUABLE FLOOR PLACED AT VALUABLE FLOOR •EASY ACCESS FOR MAINTENANCE •AVOID ADDITIONAL LOAD •KEEP THE DISTANCE BETWEEN CT AND PLANT TO AVOID NOISE •EASY FOR ZONING •SHORTEST PIPE FOR THE SYST. •AVOID PLACED AT VALUABLE FLOOR CHAPTER04
BEST LOCATION AVOID VIBRATION, NOISE AND ADDITIONAL LOAD TO BUILDING FREE AIR VENTILATION EASY MAINTENANCE AT LOW LEVEL SHORTEST PIPE FOR CT AND PLANT CHILLER PLANT ROOM CHILLER PLANT ROOM IS REQUIRED IF TOTAL CENTRAL AIR-CONDITIONED AREA IN BUILDING EXCEEDS 3500M2 CHAPTER04
CHAPTER04
COOLING TOWER (CT) CT SHALL BE LOCATED AT AN AREA WITH FREE AIR (ROOFTOP OR LARGE OPEN SPACE ON THE GROUND LEVEL). CHAPTER04
THE HEATING LOAD CALCULATION BEGINS WITH THE DETERMINATION OF HEAT LOSS THROUGH A VARIETY OF BUILDING ENVELOPE COMPONENTS AND SITUATIONS. •WALLS •ROOFS •WINDOWS •DOORS •EXPOSED FLOORS SLAB- ON- GRADE FLOORS •BASEMENT WALLS BASEMENT FLOORS •INFILTRATION •VENTILATION •DUCT LOSS •BUILDING PICKUP GUIDE TO AC DESIGN METHOD 3. HEAT LOAD CHAPTER05
VARIOUS HEAT LOAD IN A BUILDING CHAPTER05
SENSIBLE AND LATENT HEAT CHAPTER05
GUIDE TO AC DESIGN METHOD 4. AIR FLOW DESIGN SPECIFY DIFFUSER CAPACITY ACCORDING CFM/SQFT ALLOCATE DIFFUSER TO SUIT CEILING PATTERN DEVELOP SINGLE LINE DUCTING USING DUCTULATOR FOR EQUAL FRICTION METHOD AIR SIDE DESIGN CHAPTER05
TYPES OF DUCTING LAYOUT CHAPTER06
CONSISTS OF ONE OR TWO BOX LIKE PIECES OF DUCTWORK EXTENDING FROM THE MAIN PLENUM AT THE INDOOR UNIT.IF LONGER DISTANCES ARE REQUIRED BASED ON THE PHYSICAL LAYOUT OF THE STRUCTURE, CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO USING ONE OF THE OTHER DESIGNS DISCUSSED BELOW (SUCH AS THE REDUCING PLENUM OR THE REDUCING TRUNK DUCT SYSTEM). TYPES OF DUCTING LAYOUT CHAPTER06
TYPES OF DUCTING LAYOUT THE PERIMETER LOOP DUCT SYSTEM (SEE FIGURE 8 ON THE NEXT PAGE) IS WELL-SUITED FOR BUILDINGS THAT ARE CONSTRUCTED USING CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE. CHAPTER06
TYPES OF DUCTING LAYOUT TYPES OF AIR DUCT • SUPPLY AIR DUCT • RETURN AIR DUCT • OUTDOOR AIR DUCT • EXHAUST AIR DUCT SECTIONS • HEADER OR MAIN DUCT (TRUNK) • BRANCH DUCT OR RUNOUT CHAPTER06
DUCT DESIGN METHODS CHAPTER07
DUCT DESIGN METHODS CHAPTER07
DUCT DESIGN METHODS RULES OF THUMB CALC. (PANDUANTEKNIKMEKANIKALPTM1/2009 JKR) CHAPTER07
GUIDE TO AC DESIGN METHOD 5. WATER SIDE DESIGN BASIC CONCEPTS •SYSTEM COMPONENTS •HEAT TRANSFER CALCULATIONS •PIPING SYSTEM DESIGN •SIZING PIPING CHILLED WATER PIPING (CLOSE PIPE SYSTEM) CONDENSER WATER PIPING (OPEN PIPE SYSTEM) CHILLED WATER PUMP SIZING CONDENSER WATER PUMP SIZING WATER SIDE DESIGN CHAPTER08
WATER SIDE DESIGN CHAPTER08
WATER COOLED CHILLED WATER PLANT-CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM CONDENSER WATER PIPING (OPEN PIPE SYSTEM) CHAPTER08
BIBLIOGRAFI R.K. Rajput. (2010). Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning. India: S.K. Kataria & Sons Publisher. M. Isakki (2007). Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Selangor: IBS Buku Sdn. Bhd. Muhamad Hj. Othman (2010). Asas Hawa Dingin. Selangor: IBS Buku Sdn. Bhd. Prof. P. S. Desai (2007). Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning for Engineers. Khanna Publishers. Yahya Ramli (2010). Introduction to Compressed Air System. Johor: UTM.