BlScience Portfolio

Quiz- Isotopes

QUIZ:​ Isotopes

Name: Faith Weller Date: 2/6/18

Directions​ construct a graph that will help you determine the age of fossils.

I​ sotope A Percent Isotope
Years

0 100

5730 50

11,460 25

17,190 12.5

22,920 6.25

28,650 3.125

34,380 1.06

40,110 .5

45,840 .25

51,570 .125

57,300 0

Hint: Remember to add gridlines

Graph: (​ place graph here)

Questions: (Use your graph above to answer the questions below)
1. How old is the following fossil?
Fossil A - 73% of Isotope A remaining

The following fossil is about 9,000 years old with 73% of isotope A remaining.

2. How old is the following fossil?
Fossil B - 15% of Isotope A remaining
Fossil B is about 15,000 years old with 15% of Isotope A remaining.

3. What percentage of Isotope A is remaining if the fossil is 1200 years old?
(Use your graph)
If the fossil is 1,200 years old, there would be about 90% of isotope A remaining.
Average Atomic Mass Calculations

1. Naturally occurring chlorine that is put in pools is 75.53 percent 35Cl (mass = 34.969
amu) and 24.47 percent 37Cl (mass = 36.966 amu). Calculate the average atomic
mass of chlorine.

(75.53 * 34.969) + (24.47 * 36.966)
-----------------------------------------------

100
(2,641.2) + (904.6)
---------------------------

100
3,545.8/ 100

Answer: 35.46 amu

2. Calculate the atomic mass of silicon. The three silicon isotopes have atomic masses
and relative abundances of 27.9769 amu (92.2297%), 28.9765 amu (4.6832%) and
29.9738 amu (3.0872%).

(27.9769 * 92.2297) + (28.9765 * 4.6832) + (29.9738 * 3.0872)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

100

(2,579.5724) + (135.70274) + (92.535115)
--------------------------------------------------------

100

2807.8102
------------

100

Answer: 28.1 amu

Writing:
Use one of the examples above to discuss how you determine the number of neutrons for
each isotope. You also need to discuss how the %abundance contributed to the Average
Atomic Mass of the element. (HINT: Think of the M&M Lab!)

Key Terms to use:​ Isotope,​ nucleus, ​neutrons, average atomic mass,​ Mass%, M&Ms, protons,
atomic number, element,​ however, ​therefore, additionally,​ for instance, i​ n conclusion, data,
% abundance

I used one of the examples above to determine the number of neutrons for that
isotope. To determine the number of neutrons, you have to subtract the atomic
number from the atomic mass. (Silicon) I took the data that was given to me and I
multiplied the the three atomic masses by their relative abundance. Once I did that
math, I added together the numbers that I got and then divided it by 100 to get the
final average atomic mass, which was 28.1 amu. Additionally, the % abundance
contributed to the average atomic mass of the element because if you didn’t have
the % abundance, you would not be able to find out the average atomic mass of that

isotope would be. Therefore, the % abundance plays a massive part in finding out this
information of an isotope. In conclusion, I determined the atomic mass of silicon and
other elements.

Faith Weller

Activity:​ D​ etermine which fossil is older

Directions: Watch videos, take notes and construct the graphs below

using your spreadsheet.

Film:
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=radiometric+dating&&view=detail&mid=0913F60F
B719BC5912690913F60FB719BC591269&&FORM=VDRVRV
Film #2:
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=radiometric+dating&&view=detail&mid=33AAFAE1
F005C0E7E25833AAFAE1F005C0E7E258&&FORM=VDRVRV

Take notes:

Isotope #1 100
0 50
25
2300 12.5
4600 6.25
6900 3.125
9200 1.06
11,500
13,800

16,100 .5
18,400 .25
20,700 .125
23,000 0

Isotope #2 100
0 50
25
1500 12.5
3000 6.25
4500 3.125
6000 1.06
7500 .5
9000 .25
10,500 .125
12,000 0
13,500
15,000

Graphs:



faith weller

Potential Energy Project
Due: Friday 3/17

Define and make note cards or QUIZLET for the following words:

Energy- “​the strength Joules- “t​ he SI unit of Chemical Potential Law of Conservation
and vitality required work or energy, equal Energy- “C​ hemical of Energy- “T​ he law of
for sustained to the work done by potential energy is conservation of
physical or mental a force of one the energy stored in energy is one of the
activity.” newton when its the chemical bonds basic laws of
point of application of a substance.” physics and
moves one meter in therefore governs
the direction of the microscopic
action of the force, motion of individual
equivalent to one atoms in a chemical
3600th of a reaction.”
watt-hour.”

Kinetic Energy- Kilojoules- “A​ Elastic Potential Gravity- “t​ he force
“​energy that a body kilojoule is a unit of Energy- “E​ lastic that attracts a body
possesses by virtue measure of energy, potential energy is toward the center of
of being in motion.” in the same way that Potential energy the earth, or toward
kilometres measure stored as a result of any other physical
distance. deformation of an body having mass.
elastic object, such For most purposes
as the stretching of Newton's laws of
a spring.” gravity apply, with
minor modifications
to take the general
theory of relativity
into account.”

Potential Energy- Gravitational Mechanical Energy- “ 
“t​ he energy Potential Energy- “m​ echanical energy
possessed by a body “G​ ravitational
by virtue of its potential energy is is the sum of
position relative to energy an object potential energy and
others, stresses possesses because kinetic energy. It is
within itself, electric of its position in a the energy
charge, and other gravitational field.” associated with the
factors.” motion and position
of an object.”.

Resource: ​http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Potential-Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy

Determine the Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) of 3 different masses (g) at 3
different ​heights.
3 objects: ​Motorcycle (180kg), car (1,500kg), train car (120,000kg)

*2.2 lbs = 1 kg

Data Table:
Your data table will need: Object, mass, gravity, height, GPE

Videos: h​ ttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5JeLiSBqQY
*Video shows you how to use the GPE equation.

Determine the GPE of one of the masses on the following planets:
Mars- 17% greater than Earth’s Gravity- Faith
Star Wars Planet #2 - 39% less than Earth’s Gravity- Theresa
Star Wars Planet #3 - 82% greater than Earth’s Gravity- Anabel
Earth- 9.8%- Jamie

*Use the height of your favorite Roller Coaster. You will use this to figure out the Velocity
at the bottom of the hill on the Star Wars Planets.

Superman- Six Flags
67 Meter Drop

Calculations:
Choose 3 planets from the Star Wars Universe and use 3 different
Examples:

A. Star Wars Planet #1: A= 11.47m/s^2 (FAITH)
OBJECT #1- MOTORCYCLE: 180 KG
GPE = m * a * h
GPE = 180kg * 11.47m/s^2 * 67
GPE = 138,328.2j

OBJECT #2- CAR: 1,500 KG
GPE = m * a * h
GPE = 1,500 * 11.47m/s^2 * 67
GPE = ​1,152,735j

OBJECT #3- TRAIN CAR: 120,00 KG
GPE = m * a * h
GPE = 120,000 * 11.47​m/s^2 * 67

GPE = 9​ 2,218,800j

B. Star Wars Planet #2: - (ANABEL)

OBJECT 1 - MOTORCYCLE (180 KG)
GPE=mxaxh
GPE=(180kg)x(17.8m/s^2)x(67m)
GPE=214,668j

OBJECT 2 - CAR (1,500 KG)
GPE=mxaxh
GPE=(1,500kg)x(17.8m/s^2)x(67m)
GPE=1,788,900j

OBJECT 3 - TRAIN CAR (120,000 KG)
GPE=mxaxh
GPE=(120,000kg)x(17.8m/s^2)x(67m)
GPE=143,112,000j

C. Star Wars Planet #3:

Data Table:

Planet #1 mass (kg) gravity ? H1 = your coaster GPE
Object 180kg 11.47m/s^2
1 67m 138,328.2j

Planet #2 mass (kg) gravity H2 = your coaster GPE
Object 180kg 11.47m/s^2
2 67m 1,152,735j

Planet #3 mass (kg) gravity H1 = your coaster GPE
Object 180kg 11.47m/s^2
3 67m 92,218,800j

Use the formula: GPE = mass * acceleration due to gravity (Earth is 9.8 m/s2) * height of object

Graph:

X - axis: Planet
Y -axis: Potential Energy

Critical Thinking Questions:
1. What factors affect Gravitational Potential Energy?
Some factors that affect the Gravitational Potential Energy is the mass of that object

being dropped, the acceleration at which it is falling, and the height that it is being dropped
from.

2. Why did the GPE change on the other planets?
The GPE changed on the other planets because the gravity is different. This shows

that the acceleration will be different as well.

3. Which planet would you be able to hit a golf ball further? Explain using data.
You would be able to hit a golf ball further on a planet with the lowest gravity. For

instance, you would be able to hit a golf ball further on my planet (11.47m/s^2) rather than on
Anabel’s planet (17.8m/s^2.) We learned that gravity is measured by acceleration, so an
object that is dropped at the same height on both of the planets, the golf ball would hit the
ground first on Anabel’s planet which would then have the golf ball on my planet go the
furthest. In conclusion, you would be able to hit a golf ball on a planet with a lower gravity.

4. How does GPE relate to Chemical Potential Energy?
GPE relates to Chemical Potential Energy because they both have something to do

with the distance between 2 different objects. In GPE, there is more energy if an object is
further away from Earth. However, in Chemical Potential Energy, there is more energy
between 2 atoms is they have a greater distance between them.

5. How do Energy companies use GPE to generate Electrical Energy? Give an example
One way that Energy companies use the GPE to generate Electrical Energy is

hydroelectric. For example, as water falls, it starts to rotate a turbine. The turbine pushes all
of the electrons around, which creates electrical energy.

6. What happens to the GPE when the object falls to the ground? Describe the Energy
transformations along the way. Use a diagram.
When the object is at the highest point, it has a lot of GPE and no kinetic energy.

When the object is at the lowest point, it has no GPE and a lot of kinetic energy.

Worksheet 1:
http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/0078600510/student_view0/unit1/chapter4/math_practice_
2.html
Worksheet 2:​ h​ ttp://go.hrw.com/resources/go_sc/ssp/HK1MSW65.PDF

*We will use our information to see how a roller coaster would be different on those planets.

FINAL PART - Roller Coaster Physics

Objective:

1. When energy is transformed, the total amount of energy stays constant (is conserved).
2. Work is done to lift an object, giving it gravitational potential energy (weight x height). The

gravitational potential energy of an object moving down a hill is transformed into kinetic energy as
it moves, reaching maximum kinetic energy at the bottom of the hill.
Determine the velocity of a full roller coaster of riders at the bottom of the largest hill. You
can use the following roller coasters:
Watch these Videos for help:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Je8nT93dxGg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYEWIuQBVyg

Use either:

GPE​top​ = KE​bottom

KE = M * V^2
214, 668j = 180kg * V^2
1,193j = V^2
V = 35m/s

QUIZ REVIEW2:​ GPE/KE

Scenario:​ You are an engineer for a major engineering firm that will design the lift motor
and safety restraints for the next roller coaster on the planet Hoth in Star Wars. Hoth has a
gravity equal to 37% greater than Earth’s. The Star Wars Theme Park needs to provide you
with the velocity of the roller coaster on this planet to help you with your design. Your roller
coaster will be called the Millenium Falcon and will have a height of 125 m. Your roller
coaster will “The Falcon” will have a mass of 7000 kg. You will need to compare the needs for
safety on Earth to the needs on Hoth. Explain your reasoning for the changes on Hoth.

Hoth:​

Directions:​ Provide a data table showing the comparisons between the Millenium Falcon
Roller Coaster on Earth and Hoth. Describe the types of restraints that you would need on the
faster coaster.
Calculations:

Earth Hoth
Gpe = ke Gpe = ke
Mgh = 0.5 * m * v2 Mgh = 0.5 * m * v2
7,000kg * 9.8 * 125m = 0.5 * 7,000kg * v2 7,000 * 13.426 * 125m = 0.5 * 7,000 * v2
8,575,000j = 3,500 * v2 11,747,750j = 3,500 * v2
8,575,000j/3,500 = 3,500/3,500 * v2 11,747,750j/3,500 = 3,500/3,500 * v2
√2,450 m/s = v2 √3,356.5 m/s = v2
49.49 m/s = v2 57.93 m/s = v2

Data Table: Earth Hoth
Planet 49.49 m/s 57.93 m/s
Velocity

Graph:

Conclusion:
Conclusion:
To find the velocity of roller coaster on Earth, I used the formula gpe= ke which is

also equal to mgh. I plugged in all of the data and multiplied 7,000kg * 9.8 * 125m = 0.5 *
7,000kg * v2. After doing this, I got 8,575,000j = 3,500 * v2. I want to find V and get it by
itself so I can find the number. To do this, I divided 3,500 by itself so it would cancel out.
However, you have to do the same on both sides so I divided 8,575,000/ 3,500. Next, I
found the square root of 2,450 which is the overall velocity. (49.49 m/s = v2) To find the
velocity of the roller coaster on the planet Hoth, I started out using the formula gpe = ke
which is also equal to mgh. I plugged in all of the data, however, this data is different
than on Earth. Instead of the gravity being 9.8, it is going to be 13.426. I multiplied 9.8 by
1.37 to get the gravity. In addition, I multiplied 7,000 * 13.426 * 125m = 0.5 * 7,000 * v2.
After doing this, I got 11,747,750j = 3,500 * v2. I want to find V and get it by itself so I can
find the number. To do this, I divided 3,500 by itself so it would cancel out. However, you
have to do the same on both sides so I divided 11,747,750 by 3,500 to get 3,356.5. Next, I
found the square root of 3,356.5 which is the overall velocity on Hoth.

Extra Problems:

1. The Millenium Falcon Roller Coaster has a mass of 3200 kg on Planet Tatooine.
The height of the roller coaster is 15 m which results in a Potential Energy of
800,000 J. What is the gravity on Planet Tatooine?
Gpe = mgh
800,000 j = 3,200 * g * 15m
800,000 j = 48,000 * g
800,000j/48,000 = 48,000/48,000 * g
G = 16.66 m/s2

2. The Tie Fighter Roller Coaster has a height of 150 m. on Planet Hoth. Hoth has a gravity
of 5.2 m/s2​ ​. This roller coaster has a Potential Energy of 600,000 J. What is the mass of
the Tie Fighter?

gpe= mgh
600,000 j= m * 5.2 m/s2 * 150m
600,000j = m * 780
600,000/780 = m * 780/780
M = 769.23kg

Acceleration Unit

QUIZ: Motion

Name:​ Faith Weller

Formulas:

A= v2 −v1 V2 = V1 + (a * T) T= V2−V1
T2 a

1. After traveling for 14.0 seconds, a bicyclist reaches a speed of 89 m/s. What is the
runner’s acceleration?
A = V2-V1/T2
A = 89m/s - 0 m/s / 14.0s
A = 6.36 m/s2

2. A car starting from rest accelerates at a rate of 18.0 m/s2​ ​. What is its final speed at
the end of 5.0 seconds?

V2 = V1 + (a * T)
V2 = 0m/s + (18.0m/s2 * 5s)
V2 = 90m/s

3. A cyclist accelerates at a rate of 16.0 m/s​2​. How long will it take the cyclist to reach
a speed of 49 m/s?

T = V2 - V1/ A
T = 49m/s - 0m/s / 16m/s2
T = 3.1s

3. During an Apollo moon landing, reflecting panels were placed on the moon. This
allowed earth-based astronomers to shoot laser beams at the moon's surface to
determine its distance. The reflected laser beam was observed 4.6 seconds after the
laser pulse was sent. The speed of light is 3.0 × 10​8​ m/s. What was the distance
between the astronomers and the moon?
D=T*V
D = (3.0 × 108 m/s) *4.6s

D = 1,380,000,000 = 1.38 × 10​9 ​m

Directions:​ Choose 4 or 5
4. It is now 10:29 a.m., but when the bell rings at 10:30 a.m. Suzette will be late for

French class for the third time this week. She must get from one side of the school
to the other by hurrying down three different hallways. She runs down the first
hallway, a distance of 65.0 m, at a speed of 5.2 m/s. The second hallway is filled
with students, and she covers its 32.0 m length at an average speed of 1.46 m/s.
The final hallway is empty, and Suzette sprints its 60.0 m length at a speed of 7.3
m/s.

a. Does Suzette make it to class on time or does she get detention for being
late again?

5. The tortoise and the hare are in a road race to defend the honor of their breed. The
tortoise crawls the entire 1000. m distance at a speed of 0.35 m/s while the rabbit
runs the first 200.0 m at 1.85 m/s The rabbit then stops to take a nap for 1.200 hr
and awakens to finish the last 800.0 m with an average speed of 4.2 m/s. Who
wins the race and by how much time?

Tortoise
T=D/V
T = 1000m / .35m/s
T = 2857.14s

Rabbit
T = D /V
T = 200m / 1.85m/s
T = 108.10s

T=D/V
T = 800.0m / 4.2m/s
T = 190.5s
1.2hr = 4320s
Total Time = 4518.7s

1. What is the Acceleration of the Cart on the Ramp? Determine the Angle of the

Ramp (A).

Angle Chart: h​ ttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSMXc

Which Angle had the greatest Acceleration? Write a Conclusion based on your
findings. Create a Graph if you have time.

Height of Dist. 1 Time 1 Velocity Dist. 2 Time 2 Velocity
Ramp 1 2 Acceleration

(Opposite)

50 m 100 m 10 sec. 10m/s 100 m 5 sec. 20m/s m/s2

100 m 100 m 5 sec. 20m/s 100 m 2 sec. 50m/s 15m/s
Graph:

Conclusion:

Once I was done finding the acceleration for the height of each ramp, the first
ramp was 2m/s. While the second ramp was 15m/s. I took the equation that we
learned in class; A = V2 - V1 * T2, and substituted in the information making the
equation 50m/s - 20m/s /2s. For the second ramp, the answer was 15m/s. In
addition, I had to figure out the angles of the graph. I already knew that angle C was
90°. So, I took the opposite and divided it by the hypotenuse. As a result of this, I got
.5 and using the chart, I figured out it was 30° for angle B. To add on, I already knew
using my background knowledge that a triangle is 180°. I used this equation to solve
for angle A; 90 + 30 + x = 180. For X, I got 60°, which means that angle A is 60° as well.
In conclusion, this is how I figured out the acceleration for both ramps.

Scenario: S​ uppose you would like to bring a 175 N box up to a height of 29 m. You decide to
use an inclined plane because you just learned about them in science class. The ramp you
design has a distance of 48 m. You also measure the Force (N) needed to push the box up
the ramp which is 85 N. What is the Work Output, Work Input, Ideal Mechanical Advantage,
Actual Mechanical Advantage, and Efficiency of the machine?

Input force= 85N
Output force= 175N

A. Use “Drawing” to label a triangle (Inclined Plane)
B. Calculate the angle of the ramp.

opposite/ hypotenuse
29N/ 48N
Angle = 57°

C. Calculate the Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA)
IMA = hypotenuse / opposite
IMA = 48N/ 29N
IMA = 1.65

D. Calculate the Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA)
AMA = output force/ input force
AMA = 175N/ 85N
AMA = 2.05

QUIZ: Inclined Plane
QUIZ: W​ ednesday and Thursday

Directions: A​ nalyze the Inclined Plane Data Table that is shared on
Classroom and determine which machine has the greatest Actual
Mechanical Advantage (AMA).
Problem Statement:
How does the angle of an inclined plane affect the Mechanical
Advantage? Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using
data.

Hypothesis: ​(Use proper form!)

If the angle of the inclined plane increases, the Mechanical Advantage decreases.

Diagrams of Inclined Planes:​ (Use DRAWING - Label Diagrams)

Angle Chart: ​https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSMXc

Calculations ​(Examples):

IMA- AMA- Efficiency-
300/ 70 = 4​ .28 12/ 4 = 3​ 840/ 1,200 * 100
70%
IMA- AMA-
200/ 70 = 2​ .85 12/6 = ​2 Efficiency-
840/ 1,200 * 100
70%

Data Table: (​ Located on Google Classroom)

Trial Output Output Output Input Input Efficie
Force (N) Dist. (m) Work (J) Force Dist. Input Work IMA AMA ncy

Angle = 12 70 840 4 300 1,200 4.28 3 70%
Angle = 12 70 840 6 200 1,200 2.85 2 70%
Angle = 12 70 840 8 100 800

Graph:​ (​ Angle and Mechanical Advantage)

Conclusion:

Option #1 Write a Conclusion.

***Your conclusion must also address which machine would be impossible and why?

1. Discuss purpose
2. Restate hypothesis - angle and mechanical advantage
3. Data to support hypothesis
4. Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using research on the Law of

Conservation of Energy (Support with research - Use Explore Tool research -

INLINE CITATIONS )1
5. Use this source to explain the relationship of this machine to Newton’s First

Law of Motion.

The purpose of this experiment was to find out if the machine is possible or
impossible. Also, it was to see if the angle of the inclined plane affects the
mechanical advantage. The machine i​ s​ possible because the efficiency is under
100%. My hypothesis was that if the angle of the inclined plane increases, the
mechanical advantage decreases. My data to support my hypothesis is that when
the angle increases, there is less force. So as a result, the mechanical advantage
decreases. A machine can be possible if the efficiency comes out to be less than
100%. If the efficiency is over 100%, it is not possible. To conclude, this machine was
possible.

Activity:​ Tree Height Practice

Determine the height of the trees in the following examples. You will also need to calculate
the IMA and AMA using the given information.
Make Diagrams and calculate in Notebook first
Example 1: A student walked 43 meters away from the tree and measured the angle through
the clinometer to the top of the tree to be 18 degrees.

1 "Introduction to mechanical advantage (video) | Khan Academy."
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/mechanical-advantage/v/introduction-to-
mechanical-advantage.​ Accessed 9 Apr. 2018.

1. What is the height of the tree?
13.76m
tan= x/distance
0.32 = x/ 43m
(0.32 * 43)
13.76 = x

2. What is the Input Distance to the top of the tree?
45.15
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
43^2 + 13.76^2 = c^2
1,849 + 189.3 = c^2
√2,038.3 = c^2
45.15 = c

3. What is the IMA?
3.28
Input distance/ output distance = IMA
45.15/ 13.76 = IMA
3.28 = IMA

4. The AMA is 27% less than the IMA. What is the AMA?
AMA = IMA * .73
AMA = 3.28 * .73
Ama = 2.3944

5. The Output Force is 350 N.

6. What is the Input Force?

Example 2: A student walked 84 meters away from the tree and measured the angle through
the clinometer to the top of the tree to be 29 degrees.

7. What is the height of the tree?
8. What is the Input Distance to the top of the tree?
9. What is the IMA?
10. The AMA is 42% less than the IMA. What is the AMA?
11. The Output Force is 75 N.
12. What is the Input Force?

***Wo

Heat Lab

Name Faith Weller
Class S4
Teacher Lopez
Date

Investigation Title:

I. Investigation Design
A. Problem Statement:

If the unknown metals of specific heat are found then the metal can be determined.

B. Hypothesis: (Hint: Something about comparing metals to water - use increase or
decrease)

If the specific heat of the unknown metal is found, then we will be able to determine the
metal.

C. Independent Variable: x Aluminum
Levels of IV
*What metals did you use?

Tin Copper

D. Dependent Variable:y

Specific Heat
Specific Heat

E. Constants:

Same amount of water Coffee cup Glass beaker

F. Control:
*What substance makes good control in many labs?

Water

G. Materials: (List with numbers)
1. Gather materials - beaker, hot plate, clamp, 100mL of water, clamp, different types of

metal, coffee cup, thermometer
1. Get 100 mL of water
2. Turn on the heat plate
3. Place the beaker of water onto the heat plate
4. Start stirring the water with the thermometer
5. Check the temperature every 30 seconds
6. Weight metal
7. Put the metal in the water with clamp
8.

H. Procedures: (List with numbers and details)
1. Gather materials
2. Measure mass of metal on triple beam balance to nearest tenth of gram and record.
3. Fill Calorimeter Cup (Foam coffee cup) with exactly 100 grams of water.
4. Record temperature of water in calorimeter cup to nearest tenth of degree Celsius
5. Fill glass beaker halfway with hot water and submerge metal in beaker.
6. Leave metal in hot water until the temperature stops rising.
7. Record the hot water temperature after temperature stops rising. - ​Metal Initial
Temp​.

8. Use tool to remove metal from hot water and carefully place into calorimeter cup and
close lid with thermometer placed in spout.

9. Record Final Temperature for Metal and Water after the water temperature stops
rising.

10. Perform the calculations using the examples discussed class - Record Specific Heat
for the metal.

A. Heat Gained Water = mass of water * Change in temp of water * Specific Heat of Water

HG = HG * 1.8 * 1
HG = 100 * 1.8 * 1
HG = 180

B. Heat Lost Metal = Mass of metal * Change in Temp of Metal * Specific Heat of Metal

180 = 28.4 * 61.7 * SH
180 = 1752.28
SH = 9.7

II. Data Collection
A. Qualitative Observations: (Describe the metals using characteristics)
1. The metals were hard
2. The metals either felt smooth or a little rough

B. Quantitative Observations: (Key data)
1. Data Table

2. Graph - Metal and Specific Heat
*Compare your results to Periodic Table (Think about this graph)

3. Calculations - Show examples of how you solved for specific heat (2 or 3 examples)
HL = mass * Change in temp. * SH
140 = 29.3 * 49.9 * SH
140/1462.1 = 1462.1/1462.1 * SH
SH = 0.095

III. Data Analysis/Conclusions

Purpose
Hypothesis correct?
Data to support your hypothesis

Example. Conclusion
In conclusion, the hypothesis which stated “if the unknown metals specific heat is

found, th4en the metal can be determined” was proven to be correct. Through
experimentation, the specific heat of Tin, Aluminum, and Copper were able to be determined
with significant accuracy. To find this, the metals’ mass was found using a triple beam
balance, and then placed in a cup of hot water. After 30 seconds, the temperature of the
water was recorded. The metal was then taken out of the cup, and placed in a coffee cup with
100 grams of 21 room temperature water. Because of this, the temperature change of the
combined water and metal was then recorded in the data table. Using the equation, heat
gained = mass * change in temp. * SH, the specific heat was able to be determined. However,
considering errors such as inaccurate water, mass, and temperature measurements, the
calculated specific heat capacity could never be entirely accurate to that found on the
periodic table.

IV. Research
1. How does Specific Heat relate to a real life application?
(Land/Sea Breezes, Cooking, Mercury in Thermometers?, Water in engines, think of others…)
2. Include 2 sources for evidence

Water acts as an effective cooling agent in car engines. This is due to water’s high
specific heat of 1 cal/gC, meaning that it takes one calorie to heat one gram of water to raise
the temp. One degree C. Therefore, the water in the engine doesn't heat up too fast.



Heat Project

Thermal (Heat) Energy Project
Chapter 6 (pg. 156-180)
DUE: Friday May 16th

1. Vocabulary - Define and make note cards or quizlet

Conduction- “t​ he Heat- "t​ he quality of Insulator- “a thing Calorie- two or
process by which or substance used more units of
heat or electricity being hot; high for insulation, in energy
is directly temperature” particular.
transmitted A substance that
through a does not readily
substance when allow the passage
there is a of heat or sound.”
difference of
temperature or of
electrical
potential
between
adjoining
regions, without
movement of the
material”

Convection- “​the Temperature- “t​ he Second Law of Turbine- “a​
movement caused degree or intensity Thermodynamics- machine for
within a fluid by the of heat present in a “t​ he branch of producing
tendency of hotter substance or physical science continuous power
and therefore less object, especially that deals with the in which a wheel or
dense material to as expressed relations between rotor, typically
rise, and colder, according to a heat and other fitted with vanes, is
denser material to comparative scale forms of energy made to revolve by
sink under the and shown by a (such as a fast-moving flow
influence of gravity, thermometer or mechanical, of water, steam,
which electrical, or

consequently perceived by chemical energy), gas, air, or other
touch.” fluid.”
results in transfer and, by extension,
of heat.”
of the relationships

between all forms
of energy.”

Radiation- “​the Heat Engine- “​a Specific Heat- “t​ he Generator- “a​ thing
heat required to
emission of energy device for raise the that generates
temperature of the
as electromagnetic producing motive unit mass of a something, in
given substance by particular.”
waves or as moving power from heat, a given amount
(usually one
subatomic such as a gasoline degree).”

particles, especially engine or steam

high-energy engine.”

particles that

cause ionization.”

First Law of Conductor- “a​ Kinetic Energy-
Thermodynamics- conductor​ is an “k​ inetic energy​ of
“​the branch of object or type of an object is the
physical science material that energy​ that it
that deals with the allows the flow of possesses due to
relations between an electrical
heat and other current in one or its motion. It is
forms of energy more directions. ...
(such as Insulators are defined as the work
mechanical, non-conducting
electrical, or materials with few needed to
chemical energy), mobile charges
and, by extension, that support only accelerate a body of
of the relationships insignificant
between all forms electric currents.” a given mass from
of energy.”
rest to its stated

velocity. Having
gained this ​energy
during its

acceleration, the

body maintains
this k​ inetic energy
unless its speed
changes.”

2. Provide a diagram showing molecular motion in Solids, Liquids, and gases.
*How are they different?

3. Discuss the energy needed to change a 15 gram ice cube into steam. Use a graph
and one calculation from our unit on Phase Changes.

Heat = mass * heat of fusion (water= 333.55)
Heat = mass * change in temp. * specific heat (water = 4.178)
Heat = mass * heat of vapor (water = 2,257)

Heat = mass * heat of fusion
Heat = 15g * 333.55
Heat = 5,003.25

Heat = mass * change in temp. * specific heat
Heat = 15g * 100 * 4.178
Heat = 6,267

Heat = mass * heat of vapor
Heat = 15g = 2,257
Heat = 33,855

4. What is the difference between Heat and Temperature? Provide a definition,
picture and video link to help you review.

Heat Definition​ : “​the quality of being hot; high temperature.”

Temperature Definition: “the degree or intensity of heat present in a
substance or object, especially as expressed according to a comparative
scale and shown by a thermometer or perceived by touch.”

5. Construct a graph showing the average monthly temperatures in Hartford, CT., a
city on the equator and a city in the Southern Hemisphere.

Questions:
1. What do you notice about the temperatures?
I noticed that the highest temperature was in July and the lowest

temperature was in January.

2. How is heat transferred throughout the Earth?
Heat is transferred throughout the Earth by that energy is transferred

between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere, which makes heat.

How is Steam used to create electricity in Power Plants?
A. Coal Plant- C​ oal-fired plants produce electricity by burning coal in a boiler to produce
steam. The steam produced, under tremendous pressure, flows into a turbine, which
spins a generator to create electricity.
B. Natural Gas Plant- E​ lectricity generation is one of the primary uses for natural gas.
Gas turbines and boiler power plants are the two most common methods. ... In a boiler
power plant, electricity is generated by heating water to produce steam which, via a
turbine, powers a generator
C. Nuclear Plant- ​This heat is used to create the steam that will spin a turbine, which
powers a generator to make electricity.
D. Where did Fossil Fuels originate?- T​ here are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil
and natural gas. All three were formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before
the time of the dinosaurs - hence the name fossil fuels. The age they were formed is
called the Carboniferous Period.
E. What is the difference between Renewable and NonRenewable forms of energy?-
Nonrenewable energy resources, like coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas, are available in
limited supplies. This is usually due to the long time it takes for them to be
replenished. Renewable resources are replenished naturally and over relatively short
periods of time.

Part II - Water, Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil
1. Conduct an experiment to determine the Heat Gained by 20 g of each substance
2. You must measure the mass of Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil.
3. Research the Specific Heats of Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil in Calories/g C not in
Joules.
4. Make a data table
5. Construct a 3 Line graph for 2 minutes of data collection - 1 pt every 10 seconds
6. Write a conclusion about your results.

Critical Thinking Questions
1. What happens to the molecules in each of the beakers as heat is added?

The molecules start to increase their motion because of the added heat. When
you add heat into the beakers, start to move more faster and get further apart.

2. Which substance showed the greatest temperature change? Least? Use data
The substance that showed the greatest temperature change was Aluminum.

3. How does Average Kinetic Energy relate to this experiment?
Average Kinetic Energy relates to this experiment by when the heat increases

there is more kinetic energy. When the heat decreases, there is less kinetic energy.

4. Why is water a great substance to put into a car engine radiator?
Water is a great substance to put into a car engine radiator because water has a

very high heat capacity. It takes a big amount of energy to change the temperature of
water. Because of this, it gives it and enormous cooling capacity compared to most
other metals.

Practice Calculation
1. How much heat was gained by a 50 g sample of Orange Juice that increased
its temperature from 35 C to 75 C?

40° gained
2. How much heat was gained by a 350 g sample of Vegetable oil that
increased its temperature from 24 C to 95 C? 71° gained
Lopez Lab
Water (32 - 23) Oil (39-23)
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Energy/SpecificHeat.htm
Use this to help solve problems

6. Lab Experiment:
*Conduct an experiment that tests 3 different cups for their ability to insulate.
A. Conduct experiment
B. Create Data Table - Include Specific Heat

C. Write short conclusion paragraph that relates your data to research about the
effectiveness of the 3 materials to provide insulation.

Critical Thinking - Choose 2 out of 3 to research
Provide pictures
1. How did NASA protect the astronauts in their space vehicles from the harmful
radiation from space?

The space suits protects the astronauts from the UV rays. However, they provide
very little protection from particle radiation. If the particles have enough energy they
are able to pass through the space suit.
2. How is your home insulated? Research the “R” value system for insulation.
3. How does the atmosphere act as an insulator?

The atmosphere acts as an insulator in different ways. For example, clouds and
water vapor acts as insulators in the atmosphere. The clouds act as a shield around the
Earth from the sun.

8. SPECIFIC HEAT WORKSHEET
WORKSHEET LINK​ - Use this worksheet and show your work

A 15.75-g piece of iron absorbs 1086.75 joules of heat energy, and its
temperature changes from 25°C to 175°C. Calculate the specific heat capacity
of iron.
Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat

1086.75 = 15.75 g * 150C * SH
1086 J = 2362.2
1086J/2362.2 = 2362.2/2362.2
0.46 = Specific Heat of Iron

How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 10.0 g of
aluminum from 22°C to 55°C, if the specific heat of aluminum is 0.90 J/g°C?

Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
Heat = 10 g * 33 C * 0.9 J/gC

Heat = 297 J

25.0 g of mercury is heated from 25°C to 155°C, and absorbs 455 joules of heat
in the process. Calculate the specific heat capacity of mercury

Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
455 = 25g * 130C * SH
455 = 3250 * SH
455/3250 = 3250/3250
1,478,750 = Specific Heat of Mercury

Use this website for examples
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Energy/SpecificHeat.htm

9. TEST REVIEW

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta was an Italian physicist,
chemist, and a “pioneer of electricity and power.” He was born on February 18,

1745 in Como, Italy. Sadly, he died on March 5, 1827.
Alessandro Volta is best known for his invention of the
battery. After completing his education, Volta became a
professor and an inventor. Not only did he discover the
battery, but he also made impressing improvements to
a device called the electrophorus, which is used for
producing an electrostatic charge. In addition, the
battery is remembered in scientific history as the very
first “electrochemical cell.

E​ lectricity Timeline

M

●
● Jan 1, 1747
● Ben Franklin and his studies
●
● Benjamin Franklin experiments with “static charges in the air and

thought about the existence of an electrical fluid that could be
composed of particles”
● Jan 1, 1752
● Ben Franklin's Lightning rod

●
● Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning rod - he showed thatlightning

was electricity
1, 1800

● Batteries

●
● First electric battery invented by Alessandro Volta. Volta proved that

electricity could travel over wires
● Jan 1, 1816
● DTE?

●
● First energy utility in the US was founded
● Jan 1, 1821
● Electric motor

●
● First electric motor invented by Michael Faraday
● Jan 1, 1826
● 1826

●
● Edison Electric Light Co. (US) and American Electric and Illuminating

(Canada) founded.
● Jan 1, 1880
● Grand Rapids is Important

●
● The electric transformer is invented. Thomas Edison introduces the

"three-wire" transmission system

● Jan 1, 1884
● Steam Turbine

Unit 1: Uniform Motion Name:
Worksheet 8 Date:

Speed and Velocity Problems

1. What is the average speed of a cheetah that sprints 100 m in 4 s? How about if
it sprints 50 m in 2 s?

V=D/T
V=100/4
25 mph

V=D/T
V=50/2
25 mph

2. If a car moves with an average speed of 60 km/hr for an hour, it will travel a
distance of 60 km. How far will it travel if it continues this average rate for 4
hrs?

V=D/T
D=T*V
D=4*60
D=240
240 miles

3. A runner makes one lap around a 200 m track in a time of 25.0 s. What was
the runner's average speed? Answer: 8.0 m/s

V=D/T
V=200m/25s
V=8m/s
8 meters per second

4. Light and radio waves travel through a vacuum in a straight line at a speed of
very nearly 3.00 × 108​ ​ m/s. How far is light year (the ​distance​ light travels in a
year)? Answer: 9.50 × 101​ 5​ m.

V=D/T
V*T=D
3x10(8)m/sx13.15x10(7)s=D
9.45x10(10)m=D
9.45x10(15) miles

5. A motorist travels 406 km during a 7.0 hr period. What was the average speed
in km/hr and m/s? Answers: 58 km/hr, 16 m/s.

V=D/T
V=406km/7hr
V=58km/hr
V=16m/s

6. A bullet is shot from a rifle with a speed of 720 m/s. What time is required for
the bullet to strike a target 3240 m away? Answer: 4.5 s.

V=D/T
T=D/V
T=3240m/720m/s
T=4.5s

7. Light from the sun reaches the earth in 8.3 minutes. The speed of light is 3.0 ×

10​8​ m/s. In kilometers, how far is the earth from the sun? Answer: 1.5

× 108​ ​ km.

V=D/T
V*T=D
3*10(8)m/s* 498s= D
1494* 10(8)m= D
1.5* 10(8)km= D

8. *An auto travels at a rate of 25 km/hr for 4 minutes, then at 50 km/hr for 8
minutes, and finally at 20 km/hr for 2 minutes. Find the total distance
covered in km and the average speed for the complete trip in m/s. Answers: 9
km, 10.7 m/s.

V*T=D
25km/60min*4min= D
1.67km
50km/60min*8min= D
6.67km
20km/60min*2min= D
0.67km

1.67km+6.67km+0.67km= D
9km

9km/14min
9,000m/840s= V
10.7m/s

9. *If you traveled one mile at a speed of 100 miles per hour and another mile at a
speed of 1 mile per hour, your average speed would not be (100 mph + 1 mph)/2
or 50.5 mph. What would be your average speed? (Hint: What is the total
distance and total time?) Answer: 1.98 mph.

V=D/T
T=D/V
T=1m/100mph
T=0.01h
V=2m/1.01h
V=1.98mph
1.98 miles per hour

10. *What is your average speed in each of these cases?
a. You run 100 m at a speed of 5.0 m/s and then you walk 100 m at a speed
of 1.0 m/s.

V=D/T
T=D/V
T=100m/5m/s
T=20s
T=100m/1m/s
T=100s
V=200m/120s
V=1.67m/s
1.7 meters per second

b. You run for 100 s at a speed of 5.0 m/s and then you walk for 100 s at a
speed of 1.0 m/s. Answers: 1.7 m/s, 3.0 m/s.

V=D/T
D=VxT
D=5m/sx100s
D=500m
D=1m/sx100s
D=100m
V=600m/200s

V=3m/s
3 meters per second

11. *A race car driver must average 200 km/hr for four laps to qualify for a race.
Because of engine trouble, the car averages only 170 km/hr over the first two
laps. What average speed must be maintained for the last two laps?

V=D/T
200km/hr=(170km/hr+Vkm/hr)/2
200km/hr=85km/hr+(Vkm/hr)/2
115km/hr=(Vkm/hr)/2
230km/hr=Vkm/hour
230 kilometers per hour

12. *A car traveling 90 km/hr is 100 m behind a truck traveling 50 km/hr. How
long will it take the car to reach the truck?

T=D/V
90=50+10HR
40=10HR
4=HR

13. The peregrine falcon is the world's fastest known bird and has been clocked
diving downward toward its prey at constant vertical velocity of 97.2 m/s. If
the falcon dives straight down from a height of 100. m, how much time does
this give a rabbit below to consider his next move as the falcon begins his
descent?

T=D/V
T=100m/97.2m/s
T=1.03s
1.03 seconds

More Speed and Velocity Problems

14. Hans stands at the rim of the Grand Canyon and yodels down to the bottom.
He hears his yodel back from the canyon floor 5.20 s later. Assume that the
speed of sound in air is 340.0 m/s. How deep is the canyon?

D=VxT
D=340m/sx5.2s
D=1768m
D=884m
884 meters

15. The horse racing record for a 1.50 mi. track is shared by two horses: Fiddle Isle,
who ran the race in 143 s on March 21, 1970, and John Henry, who ran the same
distance in an equal time on March 16, 1980. What were the horses' average
speeds in:
a. mi/s?

V=1.5mi/143s
V=0.01mi/s

b. mi/hr?

V=36m/hr

16. For a long time it was the dream of many runners to break the "4-minute mile."
Now quite a few runners have achieved what once seemed an impossible goal.
On July 2, 1988, Steve Cram of Great Britain ran a mile in 3.81 min. During this
amazing run, what was Steve Cram's average speed in:
a. mi/min?

V=1mi/3.81min
V=0.26mi/min

b. mi/hr?

V=15.75mi/hr

17. It is now 10:29 a.m., but when the bell rings at 10:30 a.m. Suzette will be late for
French class for the third time this week. She must get from one side of the
school to the other by hurrying down three different hallways. She runs down
the first hallway, a distance of 35.0 m, at a speed of 3.50 m/s. The second
hallway is filled with students, and she covers its 48.0 m length at an average
speed of 1.20 m/s. The final hallway is empty, and Suzette sprints its 60.0 m
length at a speed of 5.00 m/s.

a. Does Suzette make it to class on time or does she get detention for
being late again?

T=D/V
T=35m/3.5m/s
T=10s
T=48m/1.2m/s
T=40s
T=60m/5m/s
T=12s
T=62s
She will make it to class in 1 minute 2 seconds, as a result, she will be late to class

b. Draw a distance vs. time graph of the situation. (Assume constant
speeds for each hallway.)

18. During an Apollo moon landing, reflecting panels were placed on the moon.
This allowed earth-based astronomers to shoot laser beams at the moon's
surface to determine its distance. The reflected laser beam was observed 2.52
s after the laser pulse was sent. The speed of light is 3.0 × 108​ ​ m/s. What was
the distance between the astronomers and the moon?

V=D/T

D=VxT
D=3x10(8)x2.52s
D=7.56x10(8)

19. For many years, the posted highway speed limit was 88.5 km/hr (55 mi/hr) but
in recent years some rural stretches of highway have increased their speed
limit to 104.6 km/hr (65 mi/hr). In Maine, the distance from Portland to Bangor
is 215 km. How much time can be saved in making this trip at the new speed
limit?

T=D/V
T=215km/88.5km/hr
T=2.43hr

T=215km/104.6km/hr
T=2.06hr
0.37 hours

20. The tortoise and the hare are in a road race to defend the honor of their breed.
The tortoise crawls the entire 1000. m distance at a speed of 0.2000 m/s while
the rabbit runs the first 200.0 m at 2.000 m/s The rabbit then stops to take a
nap for 1.300 hr and awakens to finish the last 800.0 m with an average speed
of 3.000 m/s. Who wins the race and by how much time?

T=D/V
T=1000m/0.2m/s
T=5,000s

T=200m/2m/s
T=100s
T=78min
T=4687s
T=800m/3m/s
T=267s
T=5054s
The tortoise won by 54 seconds.

21. Two physics professors challenge each other to a 100. m race across the
football field. The loser will grade the winner's physics labs for one month. Dr.
Rice runs the race in 10.40 s. Dr. De La Paz runs the first 25.0 m with an
average speed of 10.0 m/s, the next 50.0 m with an average speed of 9.50 m/s,
and the last 25.0 m with an average speed of 11.1 m/s. Who gets stuck grading
physics labs for the next month?

V=D/T

T=D/V
T=25m/10m/s
T=2.5s
T=50m/9.5m/s
T=5.26s
T=25m/11.1m/s
T=2.25s
T=10.01
Dr. Rice gets stuck grading labs for the next month.

Science Portfolio Reflection

1. What was your favorite science activity or topic this year? Why did you enjoy this
activity? Be specific

My favorite science activity was the experiment during the Inclined Plane Unit. We had
to make a video of us doing the activity and adding information. This was fun because
we were learning while having a good time filming the video and then showing the
video to the class.

2. Which topic or skill did you find to be the most challenging? Explain
The topic that I found the most challenging was the Solubility Unit. This topic was
challenging because I wasn’t fully grasping what we had to do to solve the problems.

3. What were the key tips you remembered about solving math problems in science this
year? Word problems? Provide an example from this portfolio of a science math problem
that was challenging to solve this year.

4. Which lab conclusion or sample of writing are you most proud of in this portfolio?
I was really proud of this conclusion… “For my experiment, m​ y ​hypothesis was if a
person was given 30 g of caffeine then they will have a higher score in the video game.
We believe that the more caffeine we give people, the more energy they will have. So, I
gave 25 people no caffeine, 25 people 10 grams of caffeine, 25 people 20 grams of
caffeine, and gave 25 people 30 grams of caffeine. We set the 100 people in the same
location playing the same video game. We wanted to see which group would score the
most points based on how much caffeine we gave them. As a result of this, the group

who we gave no caffeine to did the worst as each person only scored around 200
points. The group who we gave the most caffeine to, (30 grams) did the best as each
person scored around 600 points. As you can see, my hypothesis was correct based on
the results/data from the experiment. However, I think to improve this experiment, is
next time I am going to add 2 different trials instead of just one trial. In conclusion, the
more caffeine you give someone the more alert they will be.”

5. What are you excited to learn about in science next year? Do you want to pursue a
career in the sciences? Explain

I am excited to learn about many different things in science next year. However, I am
not sure what exactly. I would like to learn more about electricity and the human body.
I want to pursue a career in the medical field such as a doctor or nurse.