The official guide to the GRE revised General test (1)

GRE Math Review

Example 4.5.3: Let Y represent the outcome of the experiment in example 4.4.5 of
rolling a weighted 6-sided die. Then Y is a random variable with 6 possible values,
the numbers 1 through 6. Each value of Y has a probability, which is listed in the
probability distribution of the random variable Y and is shown in a histogram for Y.

Probability Distribution of the Random Variable Y

Y 123456

P(Y) 1 1 1 1 1 2
7 7 7 7 7 7

Probability Histogram for the Random Variable Y
3
7

2
7

1
7

0 23 4 5 6
1 Value of Y

The mean, or expected value, of Y can be computed as

΂ ΃ ΂ ΃ ΂ ΃ ΂ ΃ ΂ ΃ ΂ ΃P(1) ‫ ם‬2P(2) ‫ ם‬3P(3) ‫ ם‬4P(4) ‫ ם‬5P(5) ‫ ם‬6P(6) ‫ס‬11 1 1 1 2
7 ‫ם‬2 7 ‫ם‬3 7 ‫ם‬4 7 ‫ם‬5 7 ‫ם‬6 7

‫ס‬ 17‫ם‬ 27‫ם‬ 37‫ם‬ 47‫ם‬ 57‫ם‬ 12
7

‫ס‬ 27 Ϸ 3.86
7

Both of the random variables X and Y above are examples of discrete random vari-

ables because their values consist of discrete points on a number line.

A basic fact about probability from section 4.4 is that the sum of the probabilities

of all possible outcomes of an experiment is 1, which can be confirmed by adding all

of the probabilities in each of the probability distributions for the random variables X

and Y above. Also, the sum of the areas of the bars in a histogram for the probability

distribution of a random variable is 1. This fact is related to a fundamental link be-

tween the areas of the bars of a histogram and the probabilities of a discrete random

variable.

In the histogram for a random variable, the area of each bar is proportional to the

probability represented by the bar.

If the die in example 4.4.5 were a fair die instead of weighted, then the probability

of each of the outcomes would be 1 , and consequently, each of the bars in the histo-
6

gram would have the same height. Such a flat histogram indicates a uniform distri-

bution, since the probability is distributed uniformly over all possible outcomes.

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GRE Math Review

The Normal Distribution

Many natural processes yield data that have a relative frequency distribution shaped
somewhat like a bell, as in the distribution below with mean m and standard devia-
tion d.

Approximately Normal Relative Frequency Distribution

m – 3d m – 2d m – d m m + d m + 2d m + 3d
Such data are said to be approximately normally distributed and have the following
properties.

¼ The mean, median, and mode are all nearly equal.
¼ The data are grouped fairly symmetrically about the mean.
¼ About two-thirds of the data are within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
¼ Almost all of the data are within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
As stated above, you can always associate a random variable X with a distribution
of data by letting X be a randomly chosen value from the distribution. If X is such a
random variable for the distribution above, we say that X is approximately normally
distributed.
As described in example 4.5.1, relative frequency distributions are often approxi-
mated using a smooth curve—a distribution curve or density curve—for the tops of
the bars in the histogram. The region below such a curve represents a distribution,
called a continuous probability distribution. There are many different continuous
probability distributions, but the most important one is the normal distribution,
which has a bell-shaped curve like the one shown in the figure below.

Normal Distribution

m – 3d m – 2d m – d m m + d m + 2d m + 3d

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Just as a data distribution has a mean and standard deviation, the normal probability
distribution has a mean and standard deviation. Also, the properties listed above for
the approximately normal distribution of data hold for the normal distribution, except
that the mean, median, and mode are exactly the same and the distribution is per-
fectly symmetric about the mean.

A normal distribution, though always shaped like a bell, can be centered around
any mean and can be spread out to a greater or lesser degree, depending on the stan-
dard deviation. Below are three normal distributions that have different centers and
spreads. From left to right, the means of the three distributions are –10, 1, and 20;
and the standard deviations are 5, 10, and 2.

Three Normal Distributions

–30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
As mentioned earlier, areas of the bars in a histogram for a discrete random variable
correspond to probabilities for the values of the random variable; the sum of the areas
is 1 and the sum of the probabilities is 1. This is also true for a continuous probability
distribution: the area of the region under the curve is 1, and the areas of vertical slices
of the region—similar to the bars of a histogram—are equal to probabilities of a ran-
dom variable associated with the distribution. Such a random variable is called a con-
tinuous random variable, and it plays the same role as a random variable that repre-
sents a randomly chosen value from a distribution of data. The main difference is that
we seldom consider the event in which a continuous random variable is equal to a
single value like X ‫ ס‬3; rather, we consider events that are described by intervals of
values such as 1 Ͻ X Ͻ 3 and X Ͼ 10. Such events correspond to vertical slices under a
continuous probability distribution, and the areas of the vertical slices are the proba-
bilities of the corresponding events. (Consequently, the probability of an event such as
X ‫ ס‬3 would correspond to the area of a line segment, which is 0.)

Example 4.5.4: If W is a random variable that is normally distributed with a mean of
5 and a standard deviation of 2, what is P(W Ͼ 5) ? Approximately what is
P(3 Ͻ W Ͻ 7) ? Which of the four numbers 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, or 0.01 is the best estimate
of P(W Ͻ –1) ?

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GRE Math Review

–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Solution: Since the mean of the distribution is 5, and the distribution is symmetric

about the mean, the event W Ͼ 5 corresponds to exactly half of the area under the

normal distribution. So P(W Ͼ 5) ‫ ס‬12.

For the event 3 Ͻ W Ͻ 7, note that since the standard deviation of the distribu-

tion is 2, the values 3 and 7 are one standard deviation below and above the mean,

respectively. Since about two-thirds of the area is within one standard deviation of

the mean, P(3 Ͻ W Ͻ 7) is approximately 2 .
3

For the event W Ͻ –1, note that –1 is 3 standard deviations below the mean.

Since the graph makes it fairly clear that the area of the region under the normal

curve to the left of –1 is much less than 5 percent of all of the area, the best of the

four estimates given for P(W Ͻ –1) is 0.01.

The standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and
standard deviation equal to 1. To transform a normal distribution with a mean of m
and a standard deviation of d to a standard normal distribution, you standardize the
values (as explained below example 4.2.9); that is, you subtract m from any observed
value of the normal distribution and then divide the result by d.

Very precise values for probabilities associated with normal distributions can be
computed using calculators, computers, or statistical tables for the standard normal
distribution. For example, more precise values for P(3 Ͻ W Ͻ 7) and P(W Ͻ –1) are
0.683 and 0.0013. Such calculations are beyond the scope of this review.

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GRE Math Review
4.6 Data Interpretation Examples

Example 4.6.1:

DISTRIBUTION OF CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS
RECEIVED BY AIRLINE P, 2003 AND 2004

Category 2003 2004

Flight problem 20.0% 22.1%
Baggage 18.3 21.8
Customer service 13.1 11.3
Oversales of seats 10.5 11.8
Refund problem 10.1
Fare 8.1
Reservation and ticketing 6.4 6.0
Tours 5.8 5.6
Smoking 3.3 2.3
Advertising 3.2 2.9
Credit 1.2 1.1
Special passenger accommodation 1.0 0.8
Other 0.9 0.9
6.2 5.3

Total 100.0% 100.0%

Total number of complaints 22,998 13,278

(a) Approximately how many complaints concerning credit were received by Airline
P in 2003?

(b) By approximately what percent did the total number of complaints decrease
from 2003 to 2004?

(c) Based on the information in the table, which of the following statements are
true?

I. In each of the years 2003 and 2004, complaints about flight problems,
baggage, and customer service together accounted for more than 50 percent
of all customer complaints received by Airline P.

II. The number of special passenger accommodation complaints was
unchanged from 2003 to 2004.

III. From 2003 to 2004, the number of flight problem complaints increased by
more than 2 percent.

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GRE Math Review

Solutions:

(a) According to the table, in 2003, 1 percent of the total number of complaints
concerned credit. Therefore, the number of complaints concerning credit is
equal to 1 percent of 22,998. By converting 1 percent to its decimal equivalent,
you obtain that the number of complaints in 2003 is equal to (0.01)(22,998), or
about 230.

(b) The decrease in the total number of complaints from 2003 to 2004 was

9,720
22,998
΂ ΃22,998 – 13,278, or 9,720. Therefore, the percent decrease was (100%),

or approximately 42 percent.

(c) Since 20.0 ‫ ם‬18.3 ‫ ם‬13.1 and 22.1 ‫ ם‬21.8 ‫ ם‬11.3 are both greater than 50,
statement I is true. For statement II, the percent of special passenger
accommodation complaints did remain the same from 2003 to 2004, but the
number of such complaints decreased because the total number of complaints
decreased. Thus, statement II is false. For statement III, the percents shown in
the table for flight problems do in fact increase by more than 2 percentage
points, but the bases of the percents are different. The total number of
complaints in 2004 was much lower than the total number of complaints in
2003, and clearly 20 percent of 22,998 is greater than 22.1 percent of 13,278. So,
the number of flight problem complaints actually decreased from 2003 to 2004,
and statement III is false.

Example 4.6.2:

UNITED STATES PRODUCTION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC
EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES IN 1971

Total: $3,980 million

Sensitized Goods
47%

Office 5% Motion-Picture

Copiers 12% Equipment

25% Still-Picture
Equipment
7%

4%

Prepared Photochemicals

Microfilm Equipment

(a) Approximately what was the ratio of the value of sensitized goods to the value of
still-picture equipment produced in 1971 in the United States?

(b) If the value of office copiers produced in 1971 was 30 percent greater than the
corresponding value in 1970, what was the value of office copiers produced in
1970 ?

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GRE Math Review

Solutions:

(a) The ratio of the value of sensitized goods to the value of still-picture equipment
is equal to the ratio of the corresponding percents shown because the percents
have the same base, which is the total value. Therefore, the ratio is 47 to 12, or
approximately 4 to 1.

(b) The value of office copiers produced in 1971 was 0.25 times $3,980 million, or

$995 million. Therefore, if the corresponding value in 1970 was x million dollars,

then 1.3x ‫ס‬ 995 million. Solving for x yields x ‫ס‬ 995 Ϸ 765, so the value of office
1.3

copiers produced in 1970 was approximately $765 million.

Example 4.6.3:

FINISHING TIMES AND TRAINING INDICES
FOR 50 BICYCLISTS IN A RACE

6.0

5.5

5.0

Finishing Time 4.5
(hours)
4.0

Trend line
3.5

3.0

0.0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
Training Index
(units)

A bicycle trainer studied 50 bicyclists to examine how the finishing time for a certain
bicycle race was related to the amount of physical training in the three months be-
fore the race. To measure the amount of training, the trainer developed a training
index, measured in “units” and based on the intensity of each bicyclist’s training. The
data and the trend of the data, represented by a line, are displayed in the scatterplot
above.

(a) How many of the 50 bicyclists had both a training index less than 50 units and a
finishing time less than 4.5 hours?

(b) What percent of the 10 fastest bicyclists in the race had a training index less
than 90 units?

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GRE Math Review

Solutions:

(a) The number of bicyclists who had both a training index less than 50 units and a
finishing time less than 4.5 hours is equal to the number of points on the graph
to the left of 50 and below 4.5. Since there are five data points that are both to
the left of 50 units and below 4.5 hours, the correct answer is five.

(b) The 10 lowest data points represent the 10 fastest bicyclists. Of these 10 data
points, 3 points are to the right of 90 units, so the number of points to the left of
90 units is 7, which represents 70 percent of the 10 fastest bicyclists.

Example 4.6.4:

TRAVELERS SURVEYED: 250

Africa Asia
93 155

70

In a survey of 250 European travelers, 93 have traveled to Africa, 155 have traveled
to Asia, and of these two groups, 70 have traveled to both continents, as illustrated in
the Venn diagram above.
(a) How many of the travelers surveyed have traveled to Africa but not to Asia?
(b) How many of the travelers surveyed have traveled to at least one of the two

continents of Africa and Asia?
(c) How many of the travelers surveyed have traveled neither to Africa nor to Asia?

Solutions: In the Venn diagram, the rectangular region represents the set of all trav-
elers surveyed; the two circular regions represent the two sets of travelers to Africa
and Asia, respectively; and the shaded region represents the subset of those who
have traveled to both continents.
(a) The set described here is represented by the part of the left circle that is not

shaded. This description suggests that the answer can be found by taking the
shaded part away from the first circle—in effect, subtracting the 70 from the 93,
to get 23 travelers who have traveled to Africa but not to Asia.
(b) The set described here is represented by that part of the rectangle that is in at
least one of the two circles. This description suggests adding the two numbers 93
and 155. But the 70 travelers who have traveled to both continents would be
counted twice in the sum 93 ‫ ם‬155. To correct the double counting, subtract 70
from the sum so that these 70 travelers are counted only once:

93 ‫ ם‬155 – 70 ‫ ס‬178

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GRE Math Review

(c) The set described here is represented by the part of the rectangle that is not in
either circle. Let N be the number of these travelers. Note that the entire
rectangular region has two main non-overlapping parts: the part outside the
circles and the part inside the circles. The first part represents N travelers and
the second part represents 93 ‫ ם‬155 – 70 ‫ ס‬178 travelers (from question (b)).
Therefore,
250 ‫ ס‬N ‫ ם‬178
and solving for N yields
N ‫ ס‬250 – 178 ‫ ס‬72

DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISES

1. The daily temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, for 10 days in May were 61,
62, 65, 65, 65, 68, 74, 74, 75, and 77.
(a) Find the mean, median, mode, and range of the temperatures.
(b) If each day had been 7 degrees warmer, what would have been the mean,
median, mode, and range of those 10 temperatures?

2. The numbers of passengers on 9 airline flights were 22, 33, 21, 28, 22, 31, 44,
50, and 19. The standard deviation of these 9 numbers is approximately
equal to 10.2.
(a) Find the mean, median, mode, range, and interquartile range of the 9
numbers.
(b) If each flight had had 3 times as many passengers, what would have been
the mean, median, mode, range, interquartile range, and standard
deviation of the nine numbers?
(c) If each flight had had 2 fewer passengers, what would have been
interquartile range and standard deviation of the nine numbers?

3. A group of 20 values has a mean of 85 and a median of 80. A different group
of 30 values has a mean of 75 and a median of 72.
(a) What is the mean of the 50 values?
(b) What is the median of the 50 values?

4. Find the mean and median of the values of the random variable X, whose
relative frequency distribution is given in the table below.

X Relative Frequency
0 0.18
1 0.33
2 0.10
3 0.06
4 0.33

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GRE Math Review

5. Eight hundred insects were weighed, and the resulting measurements, in
milligrams, are summarized in the boxplot below.

100 110 120 130 140 150

(a) What are the range, the three quartiles, and the interquartile range of the
measurements?

(b) If the 80th percentile of the measurements is 130 milligrams, about how
many measurements are between 126 milligrams and 130 milligrams?

6. In how many different ways can the letters in the word STUDY be ordered?

7. Martha invited 4 friends to go with her to the movies. There are 120 different
ways in which they can sit together in a row of 5 seats, one person per seat.
In how many of those ways is Martha sitting in the middle seat?

8. How many 3-digit positive integers are odd and do not contain the digit 5 ?

9. From a box of 10 lightbulbs, you are to remove 4. How many different sets of
4 lightbulbs could you remove?

10. A talent contest has 8 contestants. Judges must award prizes for first, second,
and third places, with no ties.
(a) In how many different ways can the judges award the 3 prizes?
(b) How many different groups of 3 people can get prizes?

11. If an integer is randomly selected from all positive 2-digit integers, what is
the probability that the integer chosen has
(a) a 4 in the tens place?
(b) at least one 4 in the tens place or the units place?
(c) no 4 in either place?

12. In a box of 10 electrical parts, 2 are defective.
(a) If you choose one part at random from the box, what is the probability
that it is not defective?
(b) If you choose two parts at random from the box, without replacement,
what is the probability that both are defective?

13. The table shows the distribution of a group of 40 college students by gender
and class.

Males Sophomores Juniors Seniors
Females
6 10 2
10 9 3

If one student is randomly selected from this group, find the probability that
the student chosen is
(a) not a junior
(b) a female or a sophomore
(c) a male sophomore or a female senior

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GRE Math Review

14. Let A, B, C, and D be events for which P(A or B) ‫ ס‬0.6, P(A) ‫ ס‬0.2,
P(C or D) ‫ ס‬0.6, and P(C) ‫ ס‬0.5. The events A and B are mutually exclusive,
and the events C and D are independent.
(a) Find P(B)
(b) Find P(D)

15. Lin and Mark each attempt independently to decode a message. If the
probability that Lin will decode the message is 0.80 and the probability that
Mark will decode the message is 0.70, find the probability that
(a) both will decode the message
(b) at least one of them will decode the message
(c) neither of them will decode the message

16.

2% 34% 34% 2%
14% 14%

m – 2d m – d m m + d m + 2d

The figure shows a normal distribution with mean m and standard deviation
d, including approximate percents of the distribution corresponding to the
six regions shown.

Suppose the heights of a population of 3,000 adult penguins are
approximately normally distributed with a mean of 65 centimeters and a
standard deviation of 5 centimeters.
(a) Approximately how many of the adult penguins are between 65

centimeters and 75 centimeters tall?
(b) If an adult penguin is chosen at random from the population,

approximately what is the probability that the penguin’s height will be
less than 60 centimeters? Give your answer to the nearest 0.05.

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GRE Math Review

17.
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOL EXPENDITURES

1987–2001

(in billions of dollars)

$160 $160

140 140

120 120

Expenditures 100 Total 100

80 Public 80

60 60

40 40
20 Private 20

00
1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

Year

(a) For which year did total expenditures increase the most from the year
before?

(b) For 2001, private school expenditures were approximately what percent
of total expenditures?

18.
DISTRIBUTION OF WORKFORCE BY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY
FOR REGION Y IN 2001 AND PROJECTED FOR 2015

Total workforce: 150 million Total workforce: 175 million

Professional 1% Professional 2%

Manufacturing Service Manufacturing 20% Service
15% 16%
28%

18% Agricultural Clerical 18% 24% Agricultural

Clerical 20% 10% Managerial 7% 13%
Sales
8% Managerial

Sales

2001 2015 (Projected)

(a) In 2001, how many categories each comprised more than 25 million
workers?

(b) What is the ratio of the number of workers in the Agricultural category in
2001 to the projected number of such workers in 2015 ?

(c) From 2001 to 2015, there is a projected increase in the number of
workers in which of the following categories?

I. Sales II. Service III. Clerical

299

GRE Math Review A FAMILY’S EXPENDITURES AND SAVINGS
AS A PERCENT OF ITS GROSS ANNUAL INCOME*
19.
33
Percent 30

2003
27
24 2004
21
18
15
12

9
6
3
0
MortPgIranogcpe,oerItmnyesTuTraaaxxenescse,
MisAcuEetlxolpamenFoneosbooieludses
Utilities
Savings
*2003 Gross annual income: $50,000
2004 Gross annual income: $45,000

(a) In 2003 the family used a total of 49 percent of its gross annual income
for two of the categories listed. What was the total amount of the family’s
income used for those same categories in 2004?

(b) Of the seven categories listed, which category of expenditure had the
greatest percent increase from 2003 to 2004 ?

ANSWERS TO DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISES

1. In degrees Fahrenheit, the statistics are
(a) mean ‫ ס‬68.6, median ‫ ס‬66.5, mode ‫ ס‬65, range ‫ ס‬16
(b) mean ‫ ס‬75.6, median ‫ ס‬73.5, mode ‫ ס‬72, range ‫ ס‬16

2. (a) mean ‫ ס‬30, median ‫ ס‬28, mode ‫ ס‬22,
range ‫ ס‬31, interquartile range ‫ ס‬17

(b) mean ‫ ס‬90, median ‫ ס‬84, mode ‫ ס‬66,
range ‫ ס‬93, interquartile range ‫ ס‬51,

Ίstandard deviation ‫ ס‬3940 Ϸ 30.7
9

(c) interquartile range ‫ ס‬17, standard deviation Ϸ 10.2

3. (a) mean ‫ ס‬79
(b) The median cannot be determined from the information given.

4. mean ‫ ס‬2.03, median ‫ ס‬1

5. (a) range ‫ ס‬41, Q1 ‫ ס‬114, Q2 ‫ ס‬118, Q3 ‫ ס‬126, interquartile range ‫ ס‬12
(b) 40 measurements

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GRE Math Review

6. 5! ‫ ס‬120

7. 24

8. 288

9. 210

10. (a) 336 (b) 56

11. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 4
9 5 5

12. (a) 4 (b) 1
5 45

13. (a) 21 (b) 7 (c) 9
40 10 40

14. (a) 0.4 (b) 0.2

15. (a) 0.56 (b) 0.94 (c) 0.06

16. (a) 1,440 (b) 0.15

17. (a) 1998 (b) 19%

18. (a) Three (b) 9 to 14, or 9 (c) I, II, and III
14

19. (a) $17,550 (b) Miscellaneous

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Authentic GRE®

8 Practice Test
g Take a full-length authentic GRE revised General
Your goals
for this Test under actual test time limits.
chapter g Review the test directions.
g Check your test answers and read explanations

for every question.
g Use your results to identify your strengths and

weaknesses.

Taking the Practice Test

Now that you have become familiar with the three measures of the revised
General Test, it is time to take the practice revised General Test to see how
well you do. The test begins on the following pages. The total time that you
should allow for this practice test is 3 hours and 30 minutes. The time allotted for each
section appears at the beginning of that section.

Try to take the Practice Test under actual test conditions. Find a quiet place to
work, and set aside enough time to complete the test without being disturbed. Work on
only one section at a time. Use your watch or a timer to keep track of the time limits
for each section.

For the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning portions of this test, you will
mark your answers directly in this book. However, when you take the real GRE General
Test on computer, you will click on your answer choices. For the Analytical Writing
sections of this test, how you respond will depend on how you plan to take the actual
test. If you plan to take the actual test on computer, you should type your responses. If
you plan to take the paper-based test, you should handwrite your responses on paper.
You will need a supply of blank paper for this task.

At the end of the test you will find an Answer Key. Check your answers against the
Key, then follow the instructions for calculating your raw score. You will also find
explanations for each test question. Review the explanations, paying particular atten-
tion to the ones for the questions that you answered incorrectly.

Once you have worked your way through this Practice Test, you will have a better
idea of how ready you are to take the actual GRE revised General Test. You will also
have a better sense of whether you are able to work fast enough to finish each section
within the time allowed, or whether you need to improve your test-taking speed. After
you have evaluated your test-taking performance, you can determine what type of addi-
tional preparation you might want to do for the test. For additional test-preparation
materials and suggestions, visit the GRE website at www.ets.org/gre/revised/prepare
for other preparation materials and suggestions.

303

GRE Practice Test

The Graduate Record
Examinations®

SECTION 1

Analytical Writing

ANALYZE AN ISSUE

30 minutes

You will be given a brief quotation that states or implies an issue of general interest and specific
instructions on how to respond to that issue. You will then have 30 minutes to plan and compose
a response according to the specific instructions. A response to any other issue will receive a
score of zero.

Make sure that you respond according to the specific instructions and support your position on the
issue with reasons and examples drawn from such areas as your reading, experience, observations,
and/or academic studies.

Trained GRE readers will read your response and evaluate its overall quality, based on how well you:

b Respond to the specific instructions
b Consider the complexities of the issue
b Organize, develop, and express your ideas
b Support your ideas with relevant reasons and/or examples
b Control the elements of standard written English

Before you begin writing, you may want to think for a few minutes about the issue and instructions
and then plan your response. Be sure to develop your position fully and organize it coherently, but
leave time to reread what you have written and make any revisions you think are necessary.

304

Section 1. Analytical Writing
Issue Topic

The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree
with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take.
In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in
which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and
explain how these examples shape your position.

305

GRE Practice Test

The Graduate Record
Examinations®

SECTION 2

Analytical Writing

ANALYZE AN ARGUMENT

30 minutes

You will be given a short passage that presents an argument and specific instructions on how to
respond to that passage. You will have 30 minutes to plan and compose a response in which you
evaluate the passage according to the specific instructions. A response to any other argument will
receive a score of zero.

Note that you are NOT being asked to present your own views on the subject. Make sure that you
respond according to the specific instructions and support your evaluation with relevant reasons
and/or examples.

Trained GRE readers will read your response and evaluate its overall quality, based on how well you:

b Respond to the specific instructions
b Identify and analyze important features of the passage
b Organize, develop, and express your evaluation
b Support your evaluation with relevant reasons and/or examples
b Control the elements of standard written English

Before you begin writing, you may want to think a few minutes about the passage and the
instructions and then plan your response. Be sure to develop your evaluation fully and organize it
coherently, but leave time to read what you have written and make any revisions that you think are
necessary.

306

Section 2. Analytical Writing

Argument Topic

The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.
"Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and
concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village
rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children
living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more
time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This
research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid
and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well. The
interview-centered method that my team of graduate students is currently using in Tertia will
establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other
island cultures."
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the
argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

307

GRE Practice Test

NO TEST MATERIAL ON THIS PAGE

308

Section 3. Verbal Reasoning

SECTION 3
Verbal Reasoning
Time —35 minutes

25 Questions

For each of Questions 1 to 4, select one answer choice unless otherwise instructed.

Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following reading passage.

Whether the languages of the ancient American peoples were used for expressing
abstract universal concepts can be clearly answered in the case of Nahuatl. Nahuatl,
like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive com-
line pounds. By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words
5 can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.

The tlamatinime (those who know) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms
to express the nuances of their thought. They also availed themselves of other forms of
expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from
Toltec coinages. Of these forms, the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition
10 of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries,
complement each other to evoke one single idea. Used metaphorically, the juxtaposed
terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode
of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that
apply.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding present-day
research relating to Nahuatl?

ȞA Some record or evidence of the thought of the tlamatinime is available.
ȞB For at least some Nahuatl expressions, researchers are able to trace their

derivation from another ancient American language.

ȞC Researchers believe that in Nahuatl, abstract universal concepts are

always expressed metaphorically.

2. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author introduces a specific
Nahuatl mode of expression that is not identified as being shared with certain
European languages.

3. In the context in which it appears, “coinages” (line 9) most nearly means

ɕA adaptations
ɕB creations
ɕC idiosyncrasies
ɕD pronunciations
ɕE currencies

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309

GRE Practice Test

Question 4 is based on the following reading passage.

At a certain period in Earth’s history, its atmosphere contained almost no oxygen,
although plants were producing vast quantities of oxygen. As a way of reconciling these
two facts, scientists have hypothesized that nearly all of the oxygen being produced was
taken up by iron on Earth’s surface. Clearly, however, this explanation is inadequate.
New studies show that the amount of iron on Earth’s surface was not sufficient to
absorb anywhere near as much oxygen as was being produced. Therefore, some-
thing in addition to the iron on Earth’s surface must have absorbed much of the oxy-
gen produced by plant life.

4. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following
roles?

ɕA The first is a claim made by the argument in support of a certain position;

the second is that position.

ɕB The first is a judgment made by the argument about a certain explanation;

the second is that explanation.

ɕC The first expresses the argument’s dismissal of an objection to the position

it seeks to establish; the second is that position.

ɕD The first sums up the argument’s position with regard to a certain

hypothesis; the second provides grounds for that position.

ɕE The first is a concession by the argument that its initial formulation of the

position it seeks to establish requires modification; the second presents
that position in a modified form.

For Questions 5 to 8, select one entry for each blank from the corresponding column

of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

5. In her later years, Bertha Pappenheim was an apostle of noble but already
(i)__________ notions, always respected for her integrity, her energy, and her
resolve but increasingly out of step and ultimately (ii)__________ even her own
organization.

Blank (i) Blank (ii)

ɕA anachronistic ɕD emulated by
ɕB accepted ɕE appreciated by
ɕC exotic ɕF alienated from

6. The reception given to Kimura’s radical theory of molecular evolution shows that
when __________ fights orthodoxy to a draw, then novelty has seized a good
chunk of space from convention.

ɕA imitation
ɕB reaction
ɕC dogmatism
ɕD invention
ɕE caution

310

Section 3. Verbal Reasoning

7. The (i)__________ of Vladimir Nabokov as one of North America’s literary giants
has thrown the spotlight on his peripheral activities and has thus served to
(ii)__________ his efforts as an amateur entomologist.

Blank (i) Blank (ii)

ɕA stigmatization ɕD foreground
ɕB lionization ɕE transcend
ɕC marginalization ɕF obscure

8. Mathematicians have a distinctive sense of beauty: they strive to present their
ideas and results in a clear and compelling fashion, dictated by __________ as
well as by logic.

ɕA caprice
ɕB aesthetics
ɕC obligation
ɕD methodologies
ɕE intellect

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311

GRE Practice Test

For each of Questions 9 to 13, select one answer choice unless otherwise instructed.

Questions 9 to 12 are based on the following reading passage.

Animal signals, such as the complex songs of birds, tend to be costly. A bird, by singing,
may forfeit time that could otherwise be spent on other important behaviors such as
foraging or resting. Singing may also advertise an individual’s location to rivals or pred-
line ators and impair the ability to detect their approach. Although these types of cost may
5 be important, discussions of the cost of singing have generally focused on energy costs.
Overall the evidence is equivocal: for instance, while Eberhardt found increases in
energy consumption during singing for Carolina wrens, Chappell found no effect of
crowing on energy consumption in roosters.

To obtain empirical data regarding the energy costs of singing, Thomas examined
10 the relationship between song rate and overnight changes in body mass of male

nightingales. Birds store energy as subcutaneous fat deposits or “body reserves”;
changes in these reserves can be reliably estimated by measuring changes in body
mass. If singing has important energy costs, nightingales should lose more body mass
on nights when their song rate is high. Thomas found that nightingales reached a sig-
15 nificantly higher body mass at dusk and lost more mass overnight on nights when their
song rate was high.

These results suggest that there may be several costs of singing at night associated
with body reserves. The increased metabolic cost of possessing higher body mass con-
tributes to the increased overnight mass loss. The strategic regulation of evening body
20 reserves is also likely to incur additional costs, as nightingales must spend more time
foraging in order to build up larger body reserves. The metabolic cost of singing itself
may also contribute to increased loss of reserves. This metabolic cost may arise from
the muscular and neural activity involved in singing or from behaviors associated with
singing. For example, birds may expend more of their reserves on thermoregulation if
25 they spend the night exposed to the wind on a song post than if they are in a sheltered
roost site. Thomas’s data therefore show that whether or not singing per se has an
important metabolic cost, metabolic costs associated with singing can have an impor-
tant measurable effect on a bird’s daily energy budget, at least in birds with high song
rates such as nightingales.

9. The primary purpose of the passage is to

ɕA compare the different types of cost involved for certain birds in singing
ɕB question a hypothesis regarding the energy costs of singing for certain

birds

ɕC present evidence suggesting that singing has an important energy cost for

certain birds

ɕD discuss the benefits provided to an organism by a behavior that is costly in

energy

ɕE describe an experiment that supports an alternative model of how

birdsong functions

312

Section 3. Verbal Reasoning

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that
apply.

10. The passage implies that during the day before a night on which a male
nightingale’s song rate is high, that nightingale probably does which of the
following?

ȞA Expends less of its reserves on thermoregulation than on other days
ȞB Stores more energy as body reserves than on other days
ȞC Hides to avoid predators

11. Select the sentence in the first or second paragraph that presents empirical
results in support of a hypothesis about the energy costs of singing.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that
apply.

12. It can be inferred from the passage that compared with other costs of singing,
which of the following is true of the energy costs of singing?

ȞA They are the single greatest cost to an individual bird.
ȞB They have generally received more attention from scientists.
ȞC They vary less from one bird species to another.

Question 13 is based on the following reading passage.
In the past ten years, there have been several improvements in mountain-climbing
equipment. These improvements have made the sport both safer and more enjoyable
for experienced climbers. Despite these improvements, however, the rate of mountain-
climbing injuries has doubled in the past ten years.

13. Which of the following, if true, best reconciles the apparent discrepancy
presented in the passage?

ɕA Many climbers, lulled into a false sense of security, use the new equipment

to attempt climbing feats of which they are not capable.

ɕB Some mountain-climbing injuries are caused by unforeseeable weather

conditions.

ɕC Mountain climbing, although a dangerous sport, does not normally result

in injury to the experienced climber.

ɕD In the past ten years there have been improvements in mountain-climbing

techniques as well as in mountain-climbing equipment.

ɕE Although the rate of mountain-climbing injuries has increased, the rate of

mountain-climbing deaths has not changed.

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313

GRE Practice Test

For Questions 14 to 17, select one entry for each blank from the corresponding
column of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

14. Unenlightened authoritarian managers rarely recognize a crucial reason for the
low levels of serious conflict among members of democratically run work groups:
a modicum of tolerance for dissent often prevents __________.

ɕA demur
ɕB schism
ɕC cooperation
ɕD compliance
ɕE shortsightedness

15. The novelist devotes so much time to avid descriptions of his characters’ clothes
that the reader soon feels that such __________ concerns, although worthy of
attention, have superseded any more directly literary aims.

ɕA didactic
ɕB syntactical
ɕC irrelevant
ɕD sartorial
ɕE frivolous

16. Belanger dances with an (i)__________ that draws one’s attention as if by seeking
to (ii)__________ it; through finesse and understatement, he manages to seem at
once intensely present and curiously detached.

Blank (i) Blank (ii)

ɕA undemonstrative panache ɕD focus
ɕB unrestrained enthusiasm ɕE overwhelm
ɕC unattractive gawkiness ɕF deflect

17. The most striking thing about the politician is how often his politics have been
(i)__________ rather than ideological, as he adapts his political positions at any
particular moment to the political realities that constrain him. He does not,
however, piously (ii)__________ political principles only to betray them in
practice. Rather, he attempts in subtle ways to balance his political self-interest
with a (iii) __________, viewing himself as an instrument of some unchanging
higher purpose.

Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

ɕA quixotic ɕD brandish ɕG profound
ɕB self-righteous ɕE flout
ɕC strategic ɕF follow cynicism

ɕH deeply felt moral

code

ɕI thoroughgoing

pragmatism

314

Section 3. Verbal Reasoning

For each of Questions 18 to 20, select one answer choice unless otherwise instructed.

Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following reading passage.

The condition of scholarship devoted to the history of women in photography is con-
founding. Recent years have witnessed the posthumous inflation of the role of the
hobbyist Alice Austen into that of a pioneering documentarian while dozens of notable
line senior figures — Marion Palfi, whose photographs of civil-rights activities in the South
5 served as early evidence of the need for protective legislation, to name one — received
scant attention from scholars. And, while Naomi Rosenblum’s synoptic History of
Women Photographers covers the subject through 1920 in a generally useful fashion,
once she reaches the 1920s, when the venues, forms, applications, and movements of
the medium expanded exponentially, she resorts to an increasingly terse listing of un-
10 familiar names, with approaches and careers summarized in a sentence or two.

18. The author of the passage cites Rosenblum’s book most likely in order to

ɕA suggest that the works documented most thoroughly by historians of

women in photography often do not warrant that attention

ɕB offer an explanation for the observation that not all aspects of the history

of women in photography have received the same level of attention

ɕC provide an example of a way in which scholarship on the history of

women in photography has been unsatisfactory

ɕD suggest that employing a strictly chronological approach when studying

the history of women in photography may be unproductive

ɕE provide support for the notion that certain personalities in women’s

photography have attained undue prominence

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that

apply.

19. Which of the following statements about Marion Palfi is supported by the
passage?

ȞA Marion Palfi’s photographs would have received greater recognition from

historians had her work been done in an era when most aspects of
photography were static rather than in a state of transition.

ȞB Alice Austen has achieved greater notoriety than has Marion Palfi

primarily because the subjects that Austen photographed were more
familiar to her contemporaries.

ȞC In addition to providing a record of certain historical events, Marion

Palfi’s photographs played a role in subsequent events.

20. In the context in which it appears, “inflation” (line 2) most nearly means

ɕA exaggeration
ɕB acquisition
ɕC evaluation
ɕD distortion
ɕE attenuation
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315

GRE Practice Test

For Questions 21 to 25, select the two answer choices that, when used to complete
the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and produce completed
sentences that are alike in meaning.

21. The plan, which the engineers said would save the aquifer by reducing pumping
to __________ levels, has passed a governmental environmental review but faces
opposition from outdoor and environmental groups.

ȞA innocuous
ȞB feasible
ȞC practicable
ȞD minimal
ȞE remedial
ȞF benign

22. Though feminist in its implications, Yvonne Rainer’s 1974 film __________ the
filmmaker’s active involvement in feminist politics.

ȞA antedated
ȞB cloaked
ȞC portrayed
ȞD preceded
ȞE renewed
ȞF represented

23. Congress is having great difficulty developing a consensus on energy policy,
primarily because the policy objectives of various members of Congress rest on
such __________ assumptions.

ȞA commonplace
ȞB disparate
ȞC divergent
ȞD fundamental
ȞE trite
ȞF trivial

316

Section 3. Verbal Reasoning

24. During the opera’s most famous aria, the tempo chosen by the orchestra’s
conductor seemed __________, without necessary relation to what had gone
before.

ȞA arbitrary
ȞB capricious
ȞC cautious
ȞD compelling
ȞE exacting
ȞF meticulous

25. Because they had expected the spacecraft Voyager 2 to be able to gather data only
about the planets Jupiter and Saturn, scientists were __________ the wealth of
information it sent back from Neptune twelve years after leaving Earth.

ȞA anxious for
ȞB confident in
ȞC thrilled about
ȞD keen on
ȞE elated by
ȞF eager for

STOP. This is the end of Section 3.

317

GRE Practice Test

SECTION 4
Verbal Reasoning
Time — 35 minutes

25 Questions

For Questions 1 to 4, select the two answer choices that, when used to complete
the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and produce completed
sentences that are alike in meaning.

1. Only by ignoring decades of mismanagement and inefficiency could investors
conclude that a fresh infusion of cash would provide anything other than a
__________ solution to the company’s financial woes.

ȞA complete
ȞB fleeting
ȞC momentary
ȞD premature
ȞE trivial
ȞF total

2. Some scientists argue that carbon compounds play such a central role in life on
Earth because of the possibility of __________ resulting from the carbon atom’s
ability to form an unending series of different molecules.

ȞA diversity
ȞB deviation
ȞC variety
ȞD reproduction
ȞE stability
ȞF invigoration

3. Given the flood of information presented by the mass media, the only way for
someone to keep abreast of the news is to rely on __________ accounts.

ȞA synoptic
ȞB abridged
ȞC sensational
ȞD copious
ȞE lurid
ȞF understated

318

Section 4. Verbal Reasoning

4. Always circumspect, she was reluctant to make judgments, but once arriving at a
conclusion, she was __________ in its defense.

ȞA deferential
ȞB intransigent
ȞC lax
ȞD negligent
ȞE obsequious
ȞF resolute

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319

GRE Practice Test

For each of Questions 5 to 9, select one answer choice unless otherwise instructed.

Questions 5 and 6 are based on the following reading passage.
When marine organisms called phytoplankton photosynthesize, they absorb carbon
dioxide dissolved in seawater, potentially causing a reduction in the concentration of
atmospheric carbon dioxide, a gas that contributes to global warming. However, phy-
line toplankton flourish only in surface waters where iron levels are sufficiently high. Mar-
5 tin therefore hypothesized that adding iron to iron-poor regions of the ocean could
help alleviate global warming. While experiments subsequently confirmed that such a
procedure increases phytoplankton growth, field tests have shown that such growth
does not significantly lower atmospheric carbon dioxide. When phytoplankton utilize
carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, the carbon becomes a building block for organic
10 matter, but the carbon leaks back into the atmosphere when predators consume the
phytoplankton and respire carbon dioxide.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that
apply.

5. It can be inferred from the passage that Martin’s hypothesis includes which of the
following elements?

ȞA A correct understanding of how phytoplankton photosynthesis utilizes

carbon dioxide

ȞB A correct prediction about how the addition of iron to iron-poor waters

would affect phytoplankton growth

ȞC An incorrect prediction about how phytoplankton growth would affect the

concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide

6. It can be inferred that the author of the passage mentions predators (line 10)
primarily in order to

ɕA help explain why Martin’s hypothesis is incorrect
ɕB identify one effect of adding iron to iron-poor waters
ɕC indicate how some carbon dioxide is converted to solid organic matter
ɕD help account for differences in the density of phytoplankton between

different regions of the ocean

ɕE point out a factor that was not anticipated by the scientists who

conducted the field tests mentioned in the passage

320

Section 4. Verbal Reasoning

Question 7 is based on the following reading passage.
Sparva, unlike Treland’s other provinces, requires automobile insurers to pay for any
medical treatment sought by someone who has been involved in an accident; in the
other provinces, insurers pay for nonemergency treatment only if they preapprove the
treatment. Clearly, Sparva’s less restrictive policy must be the explanation for the fact
that altogether insurers there pay for far more treatments after accidents than insurers
in other provinces, even though Sparva does not have the largest population.
7. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

ɕA Car insurance costs more in Sparva than in any other province.
ɕB The cost of medical care in Sparva is higher than the national average.
ɕC Different insurance companies have different standards for determining

what constitutes emergency treatment.

ɕD Fewer insurance companies operate in Sparva than in any other province.
ɕE There are fewer traffic accidents annually in Sparva than in any of the

provinces of comparable or greater population.

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321

GRE Practice Test

Questions 8 and 9 are based on the following reading passage.

Elements of the Philosophy of Newton, published by Voltaire in 1738, was an early
attempt to popularize the scientific ideas of Isaac Newton. In the book’s frontispiece,
Voltaire is seen writing at his desk, and over him a shaft of light from heaven, the light
of truth, passes through Newton to Voltaire’s collaborator Madame du Châtelet; she
reflects that light onto the inspired Voltaire. Voltaire’s book commanded a wide audi-
ence, according to Feingold, because “he was neither a mathematician nor a physicist,
but a literary giant aloof from the academic disputes over Newtonian ideas.” In other
words, Voltaire’s amateurism in science “was a source of his contemporary appeal,
demonstrating for the first time the accessibility of Newton’s ideas to nonspecialists.”

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that
apply.

8. Which of the following statements about Voltaire’s Elements of the Philosophy of
Newton can be inferred from the passage?

ȞA Voltaire’s literary stature helped secure a large audience for this attempt to

popularize Newton’s ideas.

ȞB Voltaire’s status as a nonscientist was an advantage in this effort to bring

Newtonian science to the attention of the general public.

ȞC The frontispiece of the book implies that Voltaire’s understanding of

Newton’s ideas was not achieved without assistance.

9. Select the sentence that describes an allegory for Voltaire’s acquisition of
knowledge concerning Newton’s ideas.

For Questions 10 to 13, select one entry for each blank from the corresponding
column of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

10. Ironically, the writer so wary of (i)__________ was (ii)__________ with ink and
paper, his novel running to 2,500 shagreen-bound folio pages — a fortune in
stationery at the time.

Blank (i) Blank (ii)

ɕA probity ɕD acquisitive
ɕB extravagance ɕE illiberal
ɕC disapprobation ɕF profligate

322

Section 4. Verbal Reasoning

11. What readers most commonly remember about John Stuart Mill’s classic
exploration of the liberty of thought and discussion concerns the danger of
(i)__________: in the absence of challenge, one’s opinions, even when they are
correct, grow weak and flabby. Yet Mill had another reason for encouraging the
liberty of thought and discussion: the danger of partiality and incompleteness.
Since one’s opinions, even under the best circumstances, tend to (ii)__________,
and because opinions opposed to one’s own rarely turn out to be completely
(iii)__________, it is crucial to supplement one’s opinions with alternative points
of view.

Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

ɕA tendentiousness ɕD embrace only a ɕG erroneous
ɕB complacency ɕH antithetical
ɕC fractiousness portion of the truth ɕI immutable

ɕE change over

time

ɕF focus on matters

close at hand

12. Just as the authors’ book on eels is often a key text for courses in marine
vertebrate zoology, their ideas on animal development and phylogeny __________
teaching in this area.

ɕA prevent
ɕB defy
ɕC replicate
ɕD inform
ɕE use

13. Mechanisms develop whereby every successful species can __________ its innate
capacity for population growth with the constraints that arise through its
interactions with the natural environment.

ɕA enhance
ɕB replace
ɕC produce
ɕD surpass
ɕE reconcile

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323

GRE Practice Test

For each of Questions 14 to 16, select one answer choice unless otherwise instructed.

Questions 14 to 16 are based on the following reading passage.
It would be expected that a novel by a figure as prominent as W. E. B. DuBois would
attract the attention of literary critics. Additionally, when the novel subtly engages the
issue of race, as DuBois’ The Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911) does, it would be a sur-
prise not to encounter an abundance of scholarly work about that text. But though
valuable scholarship has examined DuBois’ political and historical thought, his novels
have received scant attention. Perhaps DuBois the novelist must wait his turn behind
DuBois the philosopher, historian, and editor. But what if the truth lies elsewhere: what
if his novels do not speak to current concerns?

14. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding DuBois’ The
Quest of the Silver Fleece?

ɕA The lack of attention devoted to The Quest of the Silver Fleece can be

attributed to the fact that it was DuBois’ first novel.

ɕB Among DuBois’ novels, The Quest of the Silver Fleece is unusual in that it

has received scant attention from scholars.

ɕC The Quest of the Silver Fleece has at least one feature that typically would

attract the attention of literary scholars.

ɕD The Quest of the Silver Fleece, given its subtle exploration of race, is

probably the best novel written by DuBois.

ɕE Much of the scholarly work that has focused on The Quest of the Silver

Fleece has been surprisingly critical of it.

15. In the fourth sentence (“Perhaps DuBois . . . editor.”), the author of the passage is
most likely suggesting that

ɕA scholars will find that DuBois’ novels are more relevant to current

concerns than is his work as philosopher, historian, and editor

ɕB more scholarly attention will be paid to The Quest of the Silver Fleece than

to DuBois’ other novels

ɕC DuBois’ novels will come to overshadow his work as philosopher,

historian, and editor

ɕD DuBois’ novels may eventually attract greater scholarly interest than they

have to date

ɕE it will be shown that DuBois’ work as philosopher, historian, and editor

had an important influence on his work as novelist

324

Section 4. Verbal Reasoning

16. Which of the following best describes the central issue with which the passage is

concerned?

ɕA The perfunctoriness of much of the critical work devoted to DuBois’

novels

ɕB The nature of DuBois’ engagement with the issue of race in The Quest of

the Silver Fleece

ɕC Whether DuBois’ novels are of high quality and relevant to current

concerns

ɕD The relationship between DuBois the novelist and DuBois the philosopher,

historian, and editor

ɕE The degree of consideration that has been given to DuBois’ novels,

including The Quest of the Silver Fleece

For Questions 17 to 20, select one entry for each blank from the corresponding
column of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

17. In the midst of so many evasive comments, this forthright statement, whatever its
intrinsic merit, plainly stands out as __________.

ɕA a paradigm
ɕB a misnomer
ɕC a profundity
ɕD an inaccuracy
ɕE an anomaly

18. The activists’ energetic work in the service of both woman suffrage and the
temperance movement in the late nineteenth century (i)__________ the assertion
that the two movements were (ii)__________.

Blank (i) Blank (ii)

ɕA undermines ɕD diffuse
ɕB supports ɕE inimical
ɕC underscores ɕF predominant

19. There is nothing quite like this movie, and indeed I am not altogether sure there
is much more to it than its lovely (i) __________. At a moment when so many
films strive to be as (ii)__________ as possible, it is gratifying to find one that is so
subtle and puzzling.

Blank (i) Blank (ii)

ɕA peculiarity ɕD indirect
ɕB pellucidity ɕE assertive
ɕC conventionality ɕF enigmatic

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325

GRE Practice Test

20. Wills argues that certain malarial parasites are especially (i)__________ because
they have more recently entered humans than other species and therefore have
had (ii)__________ time to evolve toward (iii)__________. Yet there is no reliable
evidence that the most harmful Plasmodium species has been in humans for a
shorter time than less harmful species.

Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

ɕA populous ɕD ample ɕG virulence
ɕB malignant ɕE insufficient ɕH benignity
ɕC threatened ɕF adequate ɕI variability

For each of Questions 21 to 25, select one answer choice unless otherwise instructed.

Question 21 is based on the following reading passage.

Saturn’s giant moon Titan is the only planetary satellite with a significant atmosphere
and the only body in the solar system other than Earth that has a thick atmosphere
dominated by molecular nitrogen. For a long time, the big question about Titan’s
line atmosphere was how it could be so thick, given that Jupiter’s moons Ganymede and
5 Callisto, which are the same size as Titan, have none. The conditions for acquiring and
retaining a thick nitrogen atmosphere are now readily understood. The low tempera-
ture of the protosaturnian nebula enabled Titan to acquire the moderately volatile com-
pounds methane and ammonia (later converted to nitrogen) in addition to water. The
higher temperatures of Jupiter’s moons, which were closer to the Sun, prevented them
10 from acquiring such an atmosphere.

21. According to the passage, Titan differs atmospherically from Ganymede and
Callisto because of a difference in

ɕA rate of heat loss
ɕB proximity to the Sun
ɕC availability of methane and ammonia
ɕD distance from its planet
ɕE size

326

Section 4. Verbal Reasoning

Question 22 is based on the following reading passage.
Observations of the Arctic reveal that the Arctic Ocean is covered by less ice each sum-
mer than the previous summer. If this warming trend continues, within 50 years the
Arctic Ocean will be ice free during the summer months. This occurrence would in
itself have little or no effect on global sea levels, since the melting of ice floating in
water does not affect the water level. However, serious consequences to sea levels
would eventually result, because __________.
22. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

ɕA large masses of floating sea ice would continue to form in the wintertime
ɕB significant changes in Arctic sea temperatures would be accompanied by

changes in sea temperatures in more temperate parts of the world

ɕC such a warm Arctic Ocean would trigger the melting of massive land-

based glaciers in the Arctic

ɕD an ice-free Arctic Ocean would support a very different ecosystem than it

does presently

ɕE in the spring, melting sea ice would cause more icebergs to be created and

to drift south into shipping routes

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327

GRE Practice Test

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the following reading passage.
In a recent study, David Cressy examines two central questions concerning English
immigration to New England in the 1630s: what kinds of people immigrated and why?
Using contemporary literary evidence, shipping lists, and customs records, Cressy finds
line that most adult immigrants were skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and were
5 organized in families. Each of these characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000
people who left for New England in the 1630s from most of the approximately 377,000
English people who had immigrated to America by 1700.

With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy does not deny the frequently
noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630s, most notably the organizers and
10 clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explana-
tions usually assumed primacy only in retrospect. When he moves beyond the princi-
pal actors, he finds that religious explanations were less frequently offered, and he
concludes that most people immigrated because they were recruited by promises of
material improvement.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that
apply.

23. The passage indicates that Cressy would agree with which of the following
statements about the organizers among the English immigrants to New England
in the 1630s?

ȞA Some of them offered a religious explanation for their immigration.
ȞB They did not offer any reasons for their immigration until some time after

they had immigrated.

ȞC They were more likely than the average immigrant to be motivated by

material considerations.

24. Select the sentence that provides Cressy’s opinion about what motivated English
immigrants to go to New England in the 1630s.

25. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

ɕA summarizing the findings of an investigation
ɕB analyzing a method of argument
ɕC evaluating a point of view
ɕD hypothesizing about a set of circumstances
ɕE establishing categories

STOP. This is the end of Section 4.

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Section 5. Quantitative Reasoning

SECTION 5
Quantitative Reasoning

Time—40 minutes
25 Questions

For each question, indicate the best answer, using the directions given.

Notes: All numbers used are real numbers.

All figures are assumed to lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated.

Geometric figures, such as lines, circles, triangles, and quadrilaterals, are not
necessarily drawn to scale. That is, you should not assume that quantities
such as lengths and angle measures are as they appear in a figure. You
should assume, however, that lines shown as straight are actually straight,
points on a line are in the order shown, and more generally, all geometric
objects are in the relative positions shown. For questions with geometric fig-
ures, you should base your answers on geometric reasoning, not on estimat-
ing or comparing quantities by sight or by measurement.

Coordinate systems, such as xy-planes and number lines, are drawn to scale;
therefore, you can read, estimate, or compare quantities in such figures by
sight or by measurement.

Graphical data presentations, such as bar graphs, circles graphs, and line
graphs, are drawn to scale; therefore, you can read, estimate, or compare
data values by sight or by measurement.

For each of Questions 1 to 9, compare Quantity A and Quantity B, using
additional information centered above the two quantities if such information is
given. Select one of the following four answer choices and fill in the
corresponding oval to the right of the question.

ɕA Quantity A is greater.
ɕB Quantity B is greater.
ɕC The two quantities are equal.
ɕD The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

A symbol that appears more than once in a question has the same meaning
throughout the question.

Quantity A Quantity B Correct Answer

Example 1: (2)(6) 2‫ם‬6 ABCD

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Q

P R Correct Answer
S Quantity B
ABCD
Quantity A (since equal lengths cannot

Example 2: PS SR be assumed, even though
PS and SR appear equal)

329

GRE Practice Test

ɕA Quantity A is greater.
ɕB Quantity B is greater.
ɕC The two quantities are equal.
ɕD The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

3x
O

3

4
O is the center of the circle above.

Quantity A Quantity B

1. x 5 ABCD

Runner A ran 4 kilometer and Runner B ran 800 meters.
5

Quantity A Quantity B

2. The distance that A ran The distance that B ran A B C D

xϽyϽz

Quantity A Quantity B

3. x ‫ ם‬y ‫ ם‬z y ABCD
3

x

50°
y

Quantity A Quantity B ABCD
1
4. x
y

330

Section 5. Quantitative Reasoning

ɕA Quantity A is greater.
ɕB Quantity B is greater.
ɕC The two quantities are equal.
ɕD The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

0ϽxϽyϽ1

Quantity A Quantity B

5. 1 – y y–x ABCD

p is the probability that event E will occur, and s is the
probability that event E will not occur.

Quantity A Quantity B

6. p ‫ ם‬s ps A B C D

X is the set of all integers n that satisfy the inequality
2 Յ ⎪n⎪ Յ 5.

Quantity A Quantity B

7. The absolute value of the The absolute value of the A B C D

greatest integer in X least integer in X

x and m are positive numbers, and m is a multiple of 3.

Quantity A Quantity B

8. xm xm/3 ABCD
x3

A random variable Y is normally distributed with a
mean of 200 and a standard deviation of 10.

Quantity A Quantity B

9. The probability of the event 1 ABCD
that the value of Y is 6
greater than 220
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331

GRE Practice Test

Questions 10 to 25 have several different formats. Unless otherwise directed,
select a single answer choice. For Numeric Entry questions, follow the
instructions below.

Numeric Entry Questions
Enter your answer in the answer box(es) below the question.

¼ Your answer may be an integer, a decimal, or a fraction, and it may be
negative.

¼ If a question asks for a fraction, there will be two boxes—one for the
numerator and one for the denominator.

¼ Equivalent forms of the correct answer, such as 2.5 and 2.50, are all correct.
Fractions do not need to be reduced to lowest terms.

¼ Enter the exact answer unless the question asks you to round your answer.

10. The ratio of 1 to 3 is equal to the ratio of
3 8

ɕA 1 to 8
ɕB 8 to 1
ɕC 8 to 3
ɕD 8 to 9
ɕE 9 to 8

11. A reading list for a humanities course consists of 10 books, of which 4 are
biographies and the rest are novels. Each student is required to read a
selection of 4 books from the list, including 2 or more biographies. How
many selections of 4 books satisfy the requirements?

ɕA 90
ɕB 115
ɕC 130
ɕD 144
ɕE 195

For the following question, enter your answer in the box.

12. In a graduating class of 236 students, 142 took algebra and 121 took chemistry.
What is the greatest possible number of students that could have taken both
algebra and chemistry?

students

332

Section 5. Quantitative Reasoning

s° m
t° k

13. In the figure above, if m ࿣ k and s ‫ ס‬t ‫ ם‬30, then t ‫ס‬

ɕA 30
ɕB 60
ɕC 75
ɕD 80
ɕE 105

14. If 2x ‫ ס‬3y ‫ ס‬4z ‫ ס‬20, then 12xyz ‫ס‬

ɕA 16,000
ɕB 8,000
ɕC 4,000
ɕD 800
ɕE 10

For the following question, select all the answer choices that apply.

15. The total amount that Mary paid for a book was equal to the price of the book
plus a sales tax that was 4 percent of the price of the book. Mary paid for the
book with a $10 bill and received the correct change, which was less than $3.00.
Which of the following statements must be true?

Indicate all such statements.

ǢA The price of the book was less than $9.50.
ǢB The price of the book was greater than $6.90.
ǢC The sales tax was less than $0.45.

16. If 1 is expressed as a terminating decimal, how many nonzero digits
(211)(517)

will the decimal have?

ɕA One
ɕB Two
ɕC Four
ɕD Six
ɕE Eleven

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