१० वी पाली

nm{b - gwJ§Ymdbr

nm{b - g§nyU© Am{U g§`wº$ Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>r

B`Îmm Xhmdr

_hmamîQ´> amÁ` _mÜ`{_H$ d Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU _§S>i,
nwUo - 411 004

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nUw o
{XZmH§ $ …1/2/2013

nm{b^mfoMo _hÎd

nm{b^mfm hr ^maVmVrb EH$ àmMrZ ^mfm Amho. `m ^mfo_Ü`o VWmJV ~wÜXmMo _yi VËdkmZ g§J«hrV Amho. VWmJV ~wÜXmZo
Amnbm gn§ Uy © Yå_mno Xeo nm{b^mf_o Ü`Mo {Xbbo m hmVo m. hr nm{b ^mfm VWmJV ~Üw XmÀ`m AmYrnmgZy _JY Xeo m_Ü`o d _JY Xeo mbm
bmJyZ Agboë`m AZoH$ OZnXm§Mr bmoH$^mfm hmoVr. na§Vw `m ^mfoMo à_wI H|$Ð "_JY' Xoe Agë`m_wio `m ^mfobm "_mJYr' åhQ>bo
OmV hmoVo. _mJYr `mMm AW© _JY Xoem_Yrb bmoH$m§Mr ^mfm hmo`. _JY Xoe åhUOo AmOÀ`m {~hma amÁ`mVrb EH$ A{Ve`
_hËdmMm ^y^mJ hmo`. `m _mJYr àXoembm, ^y^mJmbm àmMrZ ^maVr` B{Vhmgm_Ü`o A{Ve` _hËdmMo ñWmZ hmoVo d AmO gwÜXm
Amh,o _JY àmV§ hm ~Üw X Yå_mÀ`m CX`mMm, ~mÕ¡ gñ§ H$¥ VrÀ`m CX`mMm, bmHo $emhrdmXr g_mOì`dñWÀo `m CX`mMm, bmHo $emhrdmXr
OrdZ _yë`m§À`m CX`mMm d g§dY©ZmMm àXoe hmoVm. `m _JY àm§Vm_Ü`o VWmJV ~wÜXmZo AZoH$Xm Mm{aH$m Ho$bobr hmoVr, dfm©dmg
Ho$bobo hmoVo, Ë`mMà_mUo VWmJV ~wÜXmZo d¡embrÀ`m dq‚mÀ`m bmoH$emhrdmXr OrdZ àUmbrMo A{Ve` CXmanUmZo g_W©Z H$ê$Z
àe§gm Ho$bobr hmoVr. `m g§~§YrMr g§nyU© _m{hVr nm{b{V{nQ>H$m_Ü`o CnbãY Amho.

nm{b{V{nQ>H$ åhUOo VWmJV ~wÜXmÀ`m _yi CnXoemMm g§J«h AgyZ Vmo nm{b_Ü`o Amho. nm{b{V{nQ>H$mbm ~wÜXdMZ Agohr
g§~moYbo OmVo. nm{b^mfoMo _yi Zmd "_mJYr' AgyZ Z§Va "nm{b' AÆ>H$WmH$mam§Zr `m _mJYr ^mfobm "nm{b' `m ZmdmZo g§~moYbobo
Amh.o "nm{b' `mMm AW© Agmhr H$o bm OmVmo H$s "nmbÝo Vr {V B{V nm{b' åhUOMo Or gd© gm_mÝ` bmHo $mM§ o nmbZ H$aV,o ga§ jU H$aVo
Vr ^mfm åhUOMo nm{b hm`o . "nm{b' eãXmÀmr {Z{_V© r H$er Pmbr `m ~Ôb dJo dJo ù`m {dÛmZmÀ§ `m, ^mfmemókmÀ§ `m, nm{b^mfÀo `m
Aä`mgH$m§À`m doJdoJù`m _mÝ`Vm AmhoV. H$mhtÀ`m _Vo "n{„' eãXmnmgyZ "nm{b' eãXmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Aer _mÝ`Vm Amho.
"n{„' åhUOo Jmd. AWmV© JmdÀ`m bmHo $mM§ r ^mfm åhUOMo nm{b hm`o . H$mhr {dÛmZmÀ`m _Vo "n{§ º$' `m eãXmnmgZy "nm{b' eãXmMr
{Z{_©Vr Pmbr, Agohr _mZbo OmVo.

"n§{º$' åhUOo Amoi, n§JV Agm hmoVmo. åhUOoM nm{b ^mfm EImÚm ßm§{º$, Amoirà_mUo gwì`dpñWV, gyÌ~Õ, gai d gmonr
Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo nm{b_Yrb ~wÜXdMZ A{Ve` gyÌ~Õ, gai, gmono d ì`dpñWV AmhoV åhUyZM `m JwUd¡{eîQ>çm_wio _mJYr
^mfbo m nm{b AÆ>H$WmH$mamZ§ r "nm{b' `m ZmdmZo g~§ mYo bbo o Amh.o Aem àH$mao nm{b ^mf_o Yrb ^m{fH$ JUw d{¡ eîQ>çm_iw o d ~Õw dMZmÀ§ `m
gwgwÌ~ÕVo_wioM _mJYr ^mfobm nm{b `m ZmdmZo g§~moYbo Jobobo Amho. `m nm{b ^mfo_Ü`o {demb Ago gm{hË` Amho. [V{nQ>H$
gm{hË` Amho, AZw{nQ>H$ gm{hË` Amho, AÆ>H$Wm gm{hË` Amho, d§ggm{hË` Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo `m nm{b gm{hË`m_Ü`o gm{hË`mMo
(dm“_`mM)o Odi-Odi gdM© àH$ma AmT>iZy `Vo mV. `mV nm{bJÚ gm{hË` Amh,o nm{bH$mì` (nÚ) gm{hË` Amh,o H$Wm gm{hË`
Amho. Ë`mV bKwH$Wm, XrK©H$Wm gm{hË` Amho, g§dmX gm{hË` Amho, d¥ÎmmÝV nÜXVrMo gm{hË` Amho, CXmZ Amho, B{VdwÎmH$ gm{hË`
Amh,o BË`mXr gm{hË`mMo AZHo $ àH$ma AmhVo . VWmJV ~Õw mZo Amnbr {eH$dU bmHo $ ^mfVo gmJ§ Zy nm{b^mfbo m EH$ {díd^mfm åhUZy
XOm© àmßV H$ê$Z {Xbm. H$maU nm{b ^mfm hr _yiMr àmMrZ ^maVr` ^mfm Amho. nm{b ^mfm VWmJVmÀ`m nydu X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV
~mobbr OmUmar bmoH$^mfm hmoVr. VÎH$mbrZ bmoH$m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhm[aH$ ^mfoV Ë`m§Zr Yå_mMr {eH$dU {Xbr. Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Zm
Ë`mMo A{YH$ MmJ§ bo AmH$bZ Pmb.o g_m« Q> AemHo $mÀ`m H$mimV (B.g.ndw © 270-233) H$m~bw , JmY§ ma, H$§ Xhma, A\$Jm{UñWmZ,
~bw{MñWmZ, _H$amZ BË`mXr ^yàXoemVrb gd© ZmJ[aH$ ~m¡Õ AZw`m`r hmoVo.

nm{b^mfm hr àmMrZ ^maVr` ^mfm Agbr Varhr `m ^mfo_Ü`o qghb, å`m±_ma, WmB©b§S> BË`mXr Xoem_Ü`o nm{b J«§W aMZm
H$aÊ`mV Ambbo r Amho d AmO gÜw Xm ^maVmÀ`m X{jU-ndy © Xeo mV nm{b ^mf_o Ü`o gm{hË` {Z{_V© r, JW§« aMZm H$o br OmV Amh.o nm{b
^mfo_Ü`o H$mì` aMZm Ho$br OmV Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo VmpÎdH$ d d¡Mm[aH$ J«§Wm§Mo boIZ nm{b_Ü`o Ho$bo OmVo Amho. `m Ñï>rZo Yå_mZ§X
H$mogå~r, S>m°. ^aVqgh CnmÜ`m`, {^ŠIy OJXrg H$ñgn `m§Mo H$m`© A{Ve` _hÎdmMo Amho. qghb_Ü`o d å`m±_ma_Ü`o nm{bJ«§W
boIZ H$aÊ`mMr AmOhr \$ma _moR>r na§nam Amho. AmO ^maVm_Ü`o \$ma _moR>çmà_mUmV doJdoJù`m ñVamda nm{b^mfoMo AÜ`mnZ d
AÜ``Z H$m`© hmoV Amho.

nm{b^mfMo m à^md ^maVmÀ`m _Ü`H$mimVrb An^e§« BË`mXr ^mfmda AmT>iZy `Vo m.o Ë`mMà_mUo AmY{w ZH$ ^maVmVrb Odi-
Odi gd©M bmoH$^mfm§da nm[b^mfoMm à^md AmT>iyZ `oVmo. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmVrb AZoH$ bmoH$^mfm_Ü`o AWm©V _amR>r, qhXr,
n§Om~r, ~§Jmbr, JwOamWr, ^moOnwar, _¡{Wbr, AdYr, H$moaHy$ BË`mXtda nm{b ^mfoMm à^md d Ë`m§Mm nm{ber g§~§Y AmT>iyZ `oVmo.
X{jU^maVmVrb AZHo $ bmHo $^mfmda, gdg© m_mÝ` bmHo $mÀ§ `m ^mfm d ~mbo rda nm{b^mfMo m à^md AmT>iZy `Vo m.o ^maVmVrb gdg© m_mÝ`
bmHo $mÀ§ `m XZ¡ {§ XZ OrdZmVrb ~mbo r-^mfeo r nm{b^mfm hr A{YH$ OdirH$ R>do Umar ^mfm Amh.o qghbr ^mfm, å`m_± ma, WmBb© S§ >_Yrb
BVa ^mfm d ~mobr _Ü`o gwÜXm nm{b^mfoMm à^md {ZpíMVnUo AmT>iyZ `oVmo. H$maU Á`m Á`m Xoem_Ü`o ~wÜXmMm Yå_ Jobobm Amho,
VoWo VoWo nm{b^mfmgwÕm Jobobr Amho. nm{b^mfoZo OJmVrb bmoH$^mfm§Mo _hÎd ñWm{nV Ho$bobo Amho.

G

nm{b ^mfm {eH$Ê`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo d g_OÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo A{Ve` gmno r Amh.o H$maU `m ^mf_o Ü`o AjamM§ r (dU)© g»§ `m EH$o Mmirg
Amh.o Ë`mV Vho Vrg ì`O§ Z d AmR> ñda AmhVo . Ë`mMà_mUo nm{b_Ü`o EH$dMZ d ~hdþ MZ Amh.o Ë`m_iw Mo hr ^mfm ì`mH$aUÑîQ>çm
{eH$Ê`mH$arVm gmno r Amh.o `m ^mf_o Ü`o ì`mH$aU gÌy mM§ r g»§ `m gÕw m gmVe/o AmR>eo njo m OmñV Zmhr. åhUZy M AmY{w ZH$ ^mfmemómÀ`m
Ñï>rZo gwÜXm `m ^mfobm \$ma _hËd Amho. nm{b^mfoMo ì`mH$aU nm{b_Ü`oM Amho d nm{b gm{hË`mMo Ab§H$maemógwÕm nm{b_Ü`oM
Amho. gd©gmYmaU nm{bì`mH$aUmÀ`m Aä`mgmZo gwÜXm nm{b^mfobm g_OyZ KoVm `oVo d nm{b gm{hË`mMo AÜ``Z H$aVm `oVo.
nm{b^mfoMr ñdV§Ì ì`mH$aU na§nam Amho. Aem AZoH$ Ñ{îQZo àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Va AmYw{ZH$ H$mimn`ªV d g§nyU© ~m¡ÜXg§ñH¥$Vr,
~m¡ÜXVËdkmZ, ~m¡ÜX B{Vhmg, ~m¡ÜX OrdZ_yë`o g_OyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo, OmUyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{îQZo nm{b^mfobm \$ma _hÎd Amho.
àmMrZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg, amOH$maU, AW©H$maU, g_mOH$maU, ^yJmob, kmZ-{dkmZ, gm§ñH¥${VH$ XodmZ-KodmZ BË`mXtZm g_OyZ
KoÊ`mH$arVm gwÜXm nm{b^mfoÀ`m AÜ``ZmMo _hÎd Amho. ñm_«mQ> AemoH$mÀ`m {ebmboIm§Mo _hËd d ñdê$n g_OyZ KoÊ`mH$arVm
nm{b^mfMo o kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ Amh.o Aem AZHo $ Ñ{îQZo nm{b ^mfÀo `m AÜ``ZmMo _hÎd bjmV KVo m _hmamï>´ emgZmZo Amnë`m
_mÜ`{_H$ d Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ Aä`mgH«$_m_Ü`o nm{b^mfoÀ`m AÜ``Zmbm g_m{dï> Ho$bo hr ~m~ A{Ve` _hÎdmMr Amho.

nm{b^mfMo r OÝ_^{y _ Agbëo `m _Ü`H$mbrZ ^maVm_Ü`o nm{b^mfMo o AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ, {db>wßV Pmbbo o hmVo .o naV§ w AmY{w ZH$
^maVm_Ü`o ~m¡ÜX Yå_mÀ`m nwZñWm©nZo~amo~aM nm{b^mfoÀ`m AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZmbm _hÎd àmßV Pmbobo Amho. `m KQ>Zobm df©
2012 _Ü`o e^§ a df© nUy © hmVo Amh.o åhUOMo ho df© AmY{w ZH$ ^maVm_Ü`o _hmamï>´mV nm{b ^mfÀo `m AÜ`nZmMo eVm×r df© Amh,o hr
~m~ {deof C„oIZr` Amho. Ago åhUVm `oB©b.

nm{b ^mfm hr àmMrZ ^maVr` ^mfm AgyZ Vr EH$ A{^OmV ^mfm Amho. H$maU `m ^mfo_Ü`o A{Ve` _hÎdmMo gm{hË` Amho.
Ë`m_wio `m ^mfoÀ`m AÜ``Z d AÜ`mnH$mbm _hÎd Va AmhoM, {edm` Zm¡H$ar d ì`{º$JV à{V^m dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{îQ>Zohr `m
^mfÀo `m AÜ``Zmbm _hÎd Amh.o AmO OJm_Ü`o gdÌ© `m ^mfMo o dJo dJo ù`m Ñ{îQZo AÜ``Z hmVo Agë`m_iw o `m ^mfÀo `m AÜ``ZmZo
~è`mM à_mUmV ZmHo $è`mM§ r gY§ r gÜw Xm {Z_mU© Pmbbo r Amh.o VgMo _mZdr ~Y§ ZmZm PJw mê$Z g_Vm, ñdmVͧ `, ~Y§ Vw m d Ý`m` hr _ëw `o
OmonmgÊ`mMo _hmZ H$m`© nm{b ^mfoZo Ho$bo Amho. `m_wio nm{b^mfoMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mè`m dmMH$mbm Ë`mÀ`m H$ë`mUmMr d OrdZ
OJÊ`mMr CÎm_ g§{hVm ~ZVo. nm{b ^mfoÀ`m AÜ`m`Zm_wio ""~hþOZ {hVm`, ~hþOZ gwIm`'' hr amîQ´>^mdZm d¥ÕtJV hmoVo. _mZd
gd© àH$maÀ`m ~Y§ ZmnmgZy _Šw V hmVo m.o Vmo {dH$ma _Šw V hmVo m.o hMo `m nm{b gm{hË`mMo d{¡ eîQ>ç Amho åhUZy AmOÀ`m {dkmZ `Jw mV,
gd© joÌmV `m gm{hË`mMo AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ hmoUo AJË`mMo Amho.

~)
{V{nQ>H$

{dZ`{nQ>H$ gÎw m{nQ>H$ A{^Yå_{nQ>H$
1) {dZ`{nQ>H$

gÎw m{d^J§ IÝYH$ n[adma

nmam{OH$ nm{M{Îm` _hmd½J Mw„d½J
2) gwÎm{nQ>H$

1 23 4 5

XrK{ZH$m` _pÁP_{ZH$m` g`§ Îw m{ZH$m` A“Îw ma{ZH$m` IÔw H${ZH$m`

IÔw H${ZH$m`mMo ^mJ

1) IwÔH$nmR>, 2) Yå_nX, 3) CXmZ, 4) B{VdwÎmH$, 5) gwÎm{ZnmV, 6) {d_mZdËWw, 7) noVdËWw, 8) WoaJmWm, 9) WoarJmWm,
10) OmVH$, 11) {ZÔog, 12) n{Q>gpå^Xm_½J, 13) AnXmZ, 14) ~wÜXd§g, 15) M[a`m{nQ>H$

3) A{^Yå_{nQ>H$

Yå_g§J{U {d^§J YmVwH$Wm nw½JbnÄÄm{V H$WmdËWw `_H$ nÇ>mZ

H

nmR>mZw¸$_mo1111111111222222222233333333334444444444555555555566666666667777777777888888888899999999990000000000111111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556666666666777777777788888888889999999999000000000011111111112222222222333333333344444444445555555555666666666677777777778888888888999999999900000000001111111111222222222211111111112222222222333333333344444444445555555555666666666677777777778888888888999999999900000000001111111111222222222233333333334444444444555555555566666666667777777777888888888899999999990000000000111111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556666666666777777777788888888889999999999000000000011111111112222222222111111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556666666666777777777788888888889999999999000000000011111111112222222222333333333344444444445555555555666666666677777777778888888888999999999900000000001111111111222222222233333333334444444444555555555566666666667777777777888888888899999999990000000000111111111122222222221111111111222222222233333333334444444444555555555566666666667777777777888888888899999999990000000000111111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556666666666777777777788888888889999999999000000000011111111112222222222333333333344444444445555555555666666666677777777778888888888999999999900000000001111111111222222222211111111112222222222333333333344444444445555555555666666666677777777778888888888999999999900000000001111111111222222222233333333334444444444555555555566666666667777777777

J‚mmo {d^mJmo

^mJ-1 (nm{b-gn§ Uy )© nmZ H$« .
A.H«$. nmR>mMo Zmd

1. Xg CnmgH$JwUm ......................................................................... 1

2. XÝVH$Æ>§.................................................................................. 3

3. VZ`m gwI§ XXm{V ........................................................................ 4

4. nƒwnH$maH$Wm ........................................................................... 5

5. ~mo{YH$Wm ............................................................................... 7

6. BpËW npÊS>Vm hmo{V ...................................................................... 10

7. H$bhmo {h {dZmg_wbmo.................................................................... 13

8. CÀN>“OmVH$dÊUZm ..................................................................... 16

9. MrZ Xo{g` ndm{g-`wdmZÀdm§J .......................................................... 18

10. V{V` g§Jr[V H$Wmg§ŠIonmo ............................................................... 20

11. amO{g[a gmhwN>Îmn{V _hmamOm ........................................................... 22

n‚mmo {d^mJmo 24
1. OQ>mgwÎm§ ................................................................................. 26
2. nQ>mMmam WoarJmWm ....................................................................... 28
3. H$mo Yå_gmar ? .......................................................................... 30
4. Yå_nX§ (nmR>m§VamgmR>r) ................................................................. 32
5. grbdËWoaJmWm .......................................................................... 34
6. B{VdÎw mH$§ ................................................................................ 36
7. dÅ>nmoVH$-M[a`§ ......................................................................... 39
8. JmoV_ M[a`§ .............................................................................

WwbdmMZ§ 41
1. nÄM^og‚mH$Wm.......................................................................... 43
2. nwpÊUH$m Woar ............................................................................

n[a{eîQ> /n[a{gÆ>
1. (A) nm{b {Z~§YmMo {df`, (~>) Q>rnm.
2. ì`mH$aU (1) Zm_ê$nmdbr, (2) YmVwê$nmdbr, (3) gÝYr, (4) g_mg, (5) {deofU d Aì``o.
3. Vm|S>r narjm Am{U àíZn{ÌHo$Mm AmamIS>m.

I

B`Îmm - Xhmdr 66
{df` - nm{b (g`§ Šw V) 67
69
nmR>mZw¸$_mo 71
73
JÁOnmR>mo 75
78
^mJ - 2 (nm{b - g`§ Šw V)
1. {gßn gwÎm§................................................................................ 81
2. Hw$å^H$ma H$Wm........................................................................... 83
3. grb{d_§gZ§ ............................................................................. 86
4. amhþb dËWw ..............................................................................
5. gwn{Îm{Æ>Vmo {^ŠIyUr g§Kmo ................................................................
6. Ûo {nÊS>nmVm g_g_\$bm ................................................................
7. ~m~mgmho~mo Am§~oS>H$amo ..................................................................

nÁOnmR>mo

1. CÎmam Woar ...............................................................................
2. gw^m{gV_mbm ...........................................................................
3. _Îo mgÎw m§ ..................................................................................

n[a{gÆ>
1. ì`mH$aU (nm{b - g§nyU©Mo ì`mH$aU nm{b - g§`wŠVgmR>r XoIrb Amho).
2. Q>rnm.
3. Vm|S>r narjm d àíZn{ÌH$m AmamIS>m.

J











eãXmW© / gÔËW

MÝX^mJm - (Zm.) MÝÐ^mJm ZXr ({MZm~). Im{XËdm - ImD$Z.
dmohma - (Zm.) ì`mnma. Vmngñg - VnñdrM.o
V¸$på~b - (Zm.) Am§~Q> VmH$>. Xãþ ~b§ - X~þ b© .
{Zpã~ÞhX`mo - C{Û½ZöX`. ^[a`m - nËZr.
_ÝV - H$Q> aMUo, g„m XoUo. V¸${gb§ JÝËdm - Vj{ebbo m OmD$Z.
YZHw $bmn - YZîw `~mU. Zrbd„r - ZrbdU© bVm.
H$VynH$ma§ - CnH¥$V H$aUmam. AaÄÄmJV - O§Jbm_Ü`o Jobobm.
JhËo dm - KoD$Z. XmaH$mo - _bw Jm.
Amamo{nV - Xmfo bmdë`m Jbo bo m. gËw dm - EoHy$Z.
nƒnw H$ma - àË`wnH$ma, Ë`mÀ`m àVr CnH$ma. H$Ëdm - H$ê$Z.

ñdmÜ`m` hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

àíZ 1.Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.
1. Hw$Í`mZo namonH$mamMr naV\o$S> H$emàH$mao H$o br?
2. ""nƒnw H$maH$Wm'' `m nmR>mMm ~moY ñnï> H$am?

àíZ 2.Imbrb nm{b ìmmŠ`m§Mo KQ>ZmZwH«$_mZo \o$a_m§S>Ur H$am.
1. VXm gmo dmohmaËWm` V¸${gb§ JÝVm Joh§ AmJÀN>ÝVmo&
2. Vpñ_§ H$mê$ÄÄmoZ Zrbdpëb¨ V¸$på~boZ _[ÔËdm nm`o{g&
3. Vpñ_§ EH$mo _ê$Vmo Zm_ ~«m÷Umo n{Q>dg{V&
4. Oå~wXrno MÝX^mJm Zm_ ZXrVrao hmo_Jm_§ Zm_ ApËW&
5. AÝVam_½Jo EH$m` gmbm` Hw$Æ>amoJmVwa§ gwZI§ {Xñdm&

6



AW Imo ^Jdm EV_ËW§ {d{XËdm Vm`§ dobm`§ B_§ CXmZ§ CXmZo{g -
>""`Xm hdo nmVw^dpÝV Yå_m&
AmVm{nZmo Pm`Vmo ~«m÷Uñg&
AWñg H’>m dn`pÝV gã~m&
`Vmo nOmZm{V ghoVwYå_§'' {V &&
(g§{IÎm - {nQ>H$, nR>_mo^mJmo,
g§gmoYH$mo : S>m°. ZW_b Q>m{Q>`m
_hmIÝYH§$ : ~mo{YH$Wm)

eãXmW© / gÔËW

AZwbmo_ ({d.) - gaiH«$_mZo. ^d (n.w ) - ApñVËd, g§gma.

n{Q>bmo_ ({d.) - {dê$ÓH«$_mZo. Om{V (ór.) - OÝ_, Om{V (d§e-na§nam).

A{d‚mm (ór.) - A{dÚm. Oam (ór.) - åhmVmanU, d¥ÜXËd.

nƒ` (n.w ) - hoVw, H$maU, CÔoe, Amdí`H$Vm. _aU (Zn.w ) - _¥Ë`w.

g’ma (n.w ) - g§ñH$ma. gm_o Zñg (Zn.w ) - Ag§Vmof, M¡V{gH$ XþŠI.

{dÄÄmmU (Znw.) - {dkmZ, MoVZm. Cnm`mg (n.w ) - {MÝVm, XþŠI, níMmVmn.

Zm_ (Zn.w ) - Zm_, ì`{º$ËdmMm M¡{V{gH$ ^mJ. Ed_do (Aì``) - AemàH$mao.

gim`VZ (Z.) - S>mio m, H$mZ, ZmH$ BË`mXr ghm BpÝÐ`.o Ho$di ({d.) - g§nyU©, g_ñV.

\$ñg (n.w ) - ñne.© g_Xw ` (n.w ) - CËnÎmr.

dXo Zm (ór) - {nS>m, BpÝX`O{ZV AZw^wVr. `Xm ({H«$. {d.) - Oìo hm.

VÊhm (ór) - V¥îUm. nmVw^d{V ({d.) - à`ËZerb.

CnmXmZ (Zn.w ) - Amgº$s.

ñdmÜ`m` hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

àíZ 1. {Xbobr dmŠ` nmR>mVrb KQ>ZmH«$_mZwgma nwÝhm {bhm.

1. AWñg H$’m dn`pÝV gã~m, `Vmo nOmZm{V ghoVwYå_'{V&
2. AW Imo ^Jdm a{Îm`m nR>_§ `m_§ n{Q>ƒg_wßnmX§ AZwbmo_ n{Q>bmo_§ _ZgmH$m{g &
3. Ed_oVñg Ho$dbñg XþŠIŠIÝYñg {ZamoYmo hmoVr'{V&
4. AW Imo ^Jdm ~mo{Yê$ŠI_ybo gÎmmh§ EH$n„§‘>oZ {Zgr{X {d_w{ÎmgwI§ n{Q>g§doXr&
5. `Xm hdo nmVw^dpÝV Yå_m AmVm{nZmo Pm`Vmo ~«m÷Uñg&

8

àíZ 2 OmSo >çm bmdm - "~' JQ>
1. {ZamoYmo hmoVr'{V
"A' JQ> 2. Cédbo m`§ {dha{V
1. ~wÕmo ^Jdm 3. g’manÄM`m {dÄÄmmU
2. A{d‚mmnÀM`m g’mam 4. nR>_m{^gå~wÕmo
3. ~m{o Yê$ŠI_ybo gÎmmh§
4. XŠþ IŠIÝYñg

àíZ 3 VWmJV ~wÕmZo gm§{JVbobr ~mam {ZXmZm§Mr gmIir ñnï> H$am.

9





ñdmÜ`m` hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
1) àíZmM§ r CÎmao {bhm :

A) ^Ôm MmoamÀ`m ào_mV H$er nS>br?µ
~) ^ÔmÀ`m hþemarMo dU©Z H$am?
2) àíZm§Mr CÎmao nm{b ^mfoV {bhm :
A) Mmao ñg Zm_ qH ApËW?
~) gÎmHw $mo bm^o mo {H${Xgm hm{o V?
3) gpÝY {dJ«h H$am :
BpËW{n, JÝYmoXHo$Z, J{hV_Îmmod

12



AWñg ^[a`m H$w pÁPËdm ""Ëd§ {Xdgo {Xdgo VÀw N>hËWmo AmJÀN>{g, AÄÄm{n Vo ~{h nm{o gVã~Æ>mZ§ ApËW _ÄÄm{o V Amh&
gmH$w {UH$mo - ""^Ô!o __ AÄÄm§ nm{o gV~Å>mZ§ ZpËW, A{n M Imo nZ Vo dÅ>H$m g_½Jm hËþ dm MapÝV, _`m {IÎm_Îmo Omb§ AmXm`
H$ÊQ>H$Jwå~o {I{nËdm JÀN>pÝV& Z Imo nZ Vo gã~H$mb_od gå_moX_mZm {dh[añgpÝV& Ëd§ _m {MÝV{`, `Xm Vo {ddmX_mn-
{ZñgpÝV VXm Vo gã~od AmXm` Vd _wI§ hmg`_mZmo AmJpÀN>ñgm_r'' {V dËdm ^[a`m` B_§ JmW_mh -

gå_moX_mZm JÀN>pÝV, Omb_mXm` npŠIUmo&

`Xm Vo {dd{XñgpÝV, Vo E{hpÝV _o dg{V&&

VËW `Xm Vo {dd{XñgÝVr {V `pñ_¨ H$mbo Vo dÅ>H$m ZmZm bpÜXH$m ZmZmJmh& hþËdm {dd{XñgpÝV H$bh§ H$[añgÝVr'{V
AËWmo & VXm Eqh {V _o dgo {V Vpñ_¨ H$mbo gã~o{n Vo __ dg§ AmJpÀN>ñgpÝV& AWmh§ Vo JhoËdm, Vd _wI§ hmgoÝVmo
AmJpÀN>ñgm_r'{V ^[a`§ g_ñgmgo{g&

H${Vnmhñgdo nZ Aƒ`Zo EH$mo dÅ>H$mo JmMo a^qy _, AmVo aÝVmo AgëbŠIËo dm, AÄÄmñg grg§ AŠH${_, BVamo H$mo _§ grgo
AŠH$_r''{V H$w pÁP & Ah§ AgëbŠIËo dm AŠH${_, _m H$w ÁPr'{V dÎw m{o n H$w pÁP `do & Vo nZw ßnZw § H$WÝo Vm, Ëd_do _ÄÄmo Omb§
CpŠIngr' {V AÄÄm_ÄÄm§ {ddmX§ H$[ag¨ w Vgo w {ddmXÝVgo w ~m{o YgÎmmo {MÝV{o g, - ""{ddmXH$o gmpo ËW^mdmo Zm_ ZpËW, BXmZdo Vo
Omb§ Z CpŠI{nñgpÝV, VVmo _hÝV§ {dZmg§ nmn{w UñgpÝV, gmH$w {UH$mo AmHo $mg§ b{^ñg{V, _`m B_pñ_¨ R>mZo Z g¸$m d{gV{§w V''&
gmo AÎmZmo n[ag§ AmXm` AÄÄmËW JVmo&

gmH$w {UH$mo {n Imo H${VnmhÀM`Zo AmJÝËdm dÎmdpñgV§ d{gËdm, Vgo § g{Þn{VVmZ§ Cnar Omb§ {I{n& AWHo $mo dÅ>H$mo -
""Væw h§ {H$a Omb§ CpŠInÝVñgdo _ËWH$o bm_o m{Z n{VVm{Z BXm{Z CpŠInm{V'' Amh& Anamo ""Væw h§ {H$a Omb§ CpŠInÝVñgdo
{Ûgw nŠIogw nÎmm{Z n{VVm{Z, BXm{Z CpŠInm{V'' Amh& B{V Vog§ Ëd§ CpŠIn§ Ëd§ CpŠInm{V dXÝVmZod gmHw${UH$mo Omb§
CpŠI{nËdm, gã~od Vo EH$Vmo H$Ëdm npÀN> nyaoËdm ^[a`§ hmg`_mZmo Joh§ AJ_m{g&

(gå_mXo _mZ OmVH$)

eãXmW© / gÔËW

dÅ>H$`mo{Z - bmdm nú`mMr OmV. gmHw${UH$ - njr nH$S>Umam.

{Zã~Îm{V ({H«$.) - CáÞ hmUo o,OÝ_U.o H$ÊQ>H$Jwå~§ - H$mQ>oar PySw>n.

AZHo $ dÅ>H$ ghñg n[admamo - hOmamo bmdm nú`mM§ m g_hy . dÎw mZ`Zo do (dÎ¥ m+Z`Zo +Ed) - gm{§ JVbëo `m àH$mamZMo .

dÅ>H$ bwÔH$ - bmdo nH$S>Umam. _mMo Ëo dm (n.y {H$« .) - _mHo $io H$ê$Z, _ºw $ H$ê$Z, gQw >H$m H$ê$Z.

dgZÆ>mZ§ (Zn.w ) - amhÊ`mMr OmJm - {R>H$mU. CpŠI{nËdm (ny.{H«$.) - da CMbZy .

g{Þn{VV (H$¥ .) - EH$Ì `odyZ, Jmoim hmodyZ. _ËWH$ (n.y ) - _ñVH$, {ea, S>moHo$.

{d{H${UËdm (ny.{H«$.) - {dHy$Z>.

14

ñdmÜ`m` hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
àíZ 1 Imbrb àíZmM§ r CÎmao {bhm.

1. ~mo{YgËdmZo Amnë`m ~m§Ydm§Zm {eH$mè`mÀ`m VmdS>rV Z gmnS>Ê`mMm H$moUVm Cnm` gm§{JVbm?
2. Ag§K{Q>VnUmMm Xþîn[aUm_ WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$am.
àíZ 2 gY§ r {dJh« H$am -
1. gmo{n.
2. Omb_od.
3. CpŠInm{V.
àíZ 3 Imbrb {H$« `mnXmM§ r ê$no Amio Im -
1. H$[añgpÝV.
2. OmZm{_.
3. b{^ñgpÝV.
4. JÀN>pÝV.

15

8 CÀN>“OmVH$dÊUZm

H$meo b amï>´mV amhUmè`m VrZ bmHo $mZ§ m amOmMo {enmB© nH$S>yZ ~{§ XñV H$aVmV. Vìo hm EH$ ór amOdmS>çmg_mao åhUVo H$s,
""_bm AmÀN>mXZ Úm'' Aer `mMZm H$aVo. Voìhm {Vbm amOmZo AmÀN>mXZ XoÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. na§Vw VrZo Vo ZmH$mê$Z "_bm
ñdm_rê$nr AmÀN>mXZ Úm' Ago åhQ>bo. amOmZo {Vbm {dMmabo H$s, nH$S>ëmoë`m bmoH$m§V VwPm nVr, ^mD$ d nwÌ `mn¡H$s
Vy H$moUmMr BÀN>m H$aVog Ago {dMmabo, Voìhm Vr åhUmbr H$s, _hmamO _bm ^mD$ Úm. amOmZo H$maU {dMmabo Voìhm {VZo
nVr, _wbJm {_iUo gwb^ Amho, na§Vw AmB©d{S>b _¥V nmdë`m_wio ^mD$ {_iUo H${R>U Amho åhUyZ _bm ^mD$ Úm. amOmZo
{VÀ`m ~w{ÕMmVw`m©da g§Vwï> hmoD$Z Ë`m {VKm§Zmhr ~§XrVyZ gmoSy>Z {Xbo.

EH$pñ_¨ {h g_`o H$mgo baÆ>o V`mo OZm AÄÄmVapñ_¨ AQ>{d_Iw o H$gpÝV& Vpñ_¨ g_`o AÝVmo AQ>{d`§ Mmao m _Zñw go {dbpw ånËdm
nbmq`gw & Vo M Mmao o n[a`{o gËdm AnñgÝVm V§ Æ>mZ§ AmJÝËdm, ""Våw ho AQ>{d`§ {dbpw ånËdm, BXm{Z H$ñgH$m {d` hmWo m{V, ""Vo
Mmoam B_o'' {V ~pÝYVm, AZoËdm, H$mogbaÄÄmmo AX§gw& AWoH$m BËWr AmJÝËdm, ""AÀN>mXZ§ _o XoW, AÀN>mXZ§ _o XoWm'' {V
n[aXodÝVr nwZßnZ§ amO{ZdogZ§ n[a`m{V& amOm Vñgm gÔ§ gwËdm, ""JÀN>W, Xo{h B{_ñgm AÀN>mXZ§'' {V& _Zwñgm gmQ>H§$
JhoËdm AX§gw& gm V§ {Xñdm, ""Zmh§ EV§ AdÀN>mXZ§ `mMm_r'', gm{_H$ÀN>mXZ§ `mMm_r''{V Amh& _Zwñgm JÝËdm aÄÄmmo
AmamMo q`gw ""Z {H$ago m BX§ AÀN>mXZ§ H$W{o V, gm{_H$ÀN>mXZ§ H$WVo r''{V& AW Z§ amOm n¸$mgo mnËo dm, Ëd§ {H$a gm{_H$ÀN>mXZ§
`mMgr'{V nwpÀN>& Am_ Xod, BpËW`m {h gm{_H$mo AÀN>mXZ§ Zm_, gm{_Ho${h Ag{V ghñg_ybH§$ {n gmQ>H§$ {ZdËWm BËWr
Z½Jm `od Zm_& B_ñg nZËWñg gmYZËW§-

""Z½Jm ZXr AZwXH$m, Z½J§ aÆ>§ AamOH§$&
BËWr {n {dYdm Z½Jm, `ñgm {n Xg ^mVamo''{V &&
BX§ gwÎm§ Amh[aVã~§ &
amOm Vñgm ngÞmo, ""B_o Vo V`mo OZm Ho$ hmoÝVr'{V nwpÀN>& EH$mo _o Xod gm{_H$mo, EH$mo ^mVm, EH$mo nwÎmmo {V& amOm ""Ah§
Vo VwÆ>r, B_ogw Vrgw EH§$ Xo{_, H$Va§ BÀN>gr?'{V nwpÀN>& gm Amh, ""Ah§ Xod Ord_mZm EH§$ gm{_H§$ b{^ñgm_r, nwÎm§ {n
b{^ñgm{_, `od, _mVm {nVwZ§ _o _ËmÎmm ^mVm d Xþ„^mo, ^mVa§ _o Xo{h Xodm'' {V& amOm VwpñgËdm, V`mo {n {dñg‚mo{g& Ed§ V§
E{H$H§$ {Zñgm` Vo V`mo OZm XþŠIVmo _wÎmm& V§ H$maU§ {^ŠIwg§Ko nmH$Q>§ OmV§& AWoH$ {Xdg§ {^ŠIy Yå_g^m` g{Þn{VVm,
""Amdwgmo EH§$ BpËW§ {Zñgm` V`mo OZm XþŠIVmo _wÎmm''{V Vñgm JwUH$Wm` {Zgr{Xgw§& gËWm AmJËdm, H$m` ZwËW {^ŠIdo
EVa{h H$Wm` g{Þ{gÞm'' {V nwpÀN>Ëdm, ""B_m` Zm_m'' {V dwÎmo, ""Z {^ŠIdo, Egm BËWr BXmZod Vo V`mo OZo XþŠIm _moMo{V
nwã~o {n _moMo{g `odm'' {V VËdm A{VV§ Amh[a&
AVrVo dmamU{g`§ ~å« hXÎmo a‚m§ H$maÝo Vo V`mo OZm AQ>{d_Iw o H$gÝVr {V gã~§ n[w a_g{Xg_do & VXm nZ aÄÄmm, ""Vrgw OZgo w H$§
BÀN>gr?'' {V dÎw mo gm Amh - "" V`mo {n XmV§w Z g¸$mWo Xdo m?µ ""{V& Am_, Z g¸$m_o r {V& gMo V`mo XmV§w Z g¸$mWo ^mVa§ _o XWo m''
{V & nÎw m§ dm gm{_H$§ dm JÊh, qH$ Vo ^mVam {V M dÎw mm, ""EVo Zm_ Xdo gbw ^m, _mVm nZ X„þ ^mo {V dËdm B_§ JmW_mh -
""CÀN>“>o Xod _o nwÎmmo, nWo YmdpÝV`m n{V&
V§ M Xog§ Z nñgm{_, `gmo gmoX[a` _mZ`oVr'' {V
amOm, ""gƒ§ Egm dXVr'' {V VÆ>{MÎmmo V`mo {n OZo ~ÝYZmJmaVmo AmZoËdm AXm{g& gm V`mo {n Vo JhoËdm JVm&

OmVH$AÆ>H$Wm - nR>_mo ^mJmo
ZdZmbÝXm _hm{dhma - JÝW_mbm

16

AQ>{d (ór) - AaÊ`, O§Jb. eãXmW© / gÔËW
AÄÄmVapñ_•§ (n.w ) - AÝ`Va, Xgþ è`m. AXgw§ ({H«$.) - {XbVo .
H$gpÝV (ór.) - eoVr H$aVmV. XoWm ({H«$.) - ÚmdoV.
{dbwpånËdm (H¥$) - Mmoê$Z, bwQw>Z. n[aXodÝVr ({H«$.) - aS>Uo, AmoaS>Uo, AmH«$moe H$aUo.
nbmq`gw ({H$« .) - niyZ OmVmV. n[a`m{V ({H«$.) - MmohrH$S>o {\$aUo.
n[a`{o gËdm (ór.) - emoYyZ. gÔ§ (n.w ) - eãX, AmdmO.
AnñgÝVm ({H«$.) - Z nmhVm. B{_ñgm - øm.
Æ>mZ§ - {R>H$mU. gmQ>H§$ (Znw.) - {^ŠIMy o dó.
AmJå_ (n.w ) - `Uo .o `mMm{_ (Zn.w )- _r `mMZm H$aVmo.
B_o (gd©Zm_) - øm. AmamMo q`gw (ór.) - KmofUm Ho$br OmUo.
{H$aogm (Aì`.) - dmñV{dH$.

Aä`mg hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

gpÝY {dJh« -
AWoH$ {Xdg§ - AW + EH${Xdg§.
BËWr{n - BËWr + A{n.
~ÝYZJmaVmo - ~ÝYZ + AmJaVmo.
JmW_mh - JmW§ + Amh.

ê$no AmoiIm -
nbmq`gw, {dbwpånËdm, JÀN>W, `mMm{_, bw{^ñgm{_, XmVw§.

OmoS>çm bmdm - "~' JQ>
1. _o XoWm§'{V n[aXodÝVr
"A' JQ> 2. Z g¸$mWo
1. Mmoam _Zwñgo 3. {dbwpånËdm nbmq`gw
2. AÀN>mXZ§ 4. {Zgr{X§gw
3. gMo V`mo XmVw§ 5. g{Þn{VVm
4. {^ŠIy Yå_g^m`

àíZ : amOgdo H$mZ§ r H$mUo mbm d H$m nH$S>b?o

àíZ : órZo amOmbm H$m` _m{JVb?o

àíZ : amOmZo órÀ`m H$moUË`m ~mobÊ`mda g§Vwï> hmoD$Z Mmoam§Mr gwQ>H$m Ho$br? Vo nmR>mÀ`m AmYmao {bhm.

17



A{Y{bpŠIVã~§ ({d.) - bjmV KÊo `m`m½o `. _½JÔw go H$ (n.w ) - _mJX© eH© $.
A{YJÝV§w (A.) - {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r. AZnŠo I ({d.) - {Zanjo , {Z[aÀN.
M[aËdm (A.) - qhS>yZ, {dMaU H$ê$Z. n{R>V ({d.) - dmMbbo m, Aä`m{gbbo m.
bmHo $M[a`m (ñÌr.) - bmHo $mM§ o AmMma, OrdZnÕVr. AÁP`Z (Zn.§w ) - AÜ``Z, Aä`mg.
n{Q>{ZdÎmZ (Zn.§w ) - naV OmU.o JÝW (n.w ) - JW«§ .
Mm[aH$m (ñÌr.) - nd« mg, ^_« ÝVr. dÊUZ (Zn.§w ) - dUZ© .
{b{IV§ ({d.) - {b{hbbo m. AZ^w Vy ({d.) - AZ^w dbbo m.
dpÊUV§ ({d.) - d{Ub© bo m. n{Q>{Zd{ÎmËdm (ndy .© {H$.) - naV OmD$Z.
gJw V JÝW (n.w ) - ~Õw m{df`r JW«§ . MrZ^mgm (ñÌr.) - MrZr^mfm.
n[adÎmZ (Zn.§w ) - n[adVZ© , ^mfmV§ a. ^mOo Zgmbm (ñÌr.) - ^mOo Zemim.
n{WH$Jho (Zn.§w ) - Y_e© mim, {dlm_Jh¥ . XmZaV ({d.) - XmZmV AmZX§ _mZUmam.
n{VÆ>mZ (Zn.§w ) - hëbrMo nR¡ >U (_hmamîQ>´). {Zpå_{ZËdm (A.) - {Z_mU© H$ê$Z.

ñdmÜ`m` hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
Imbrb àíZmM§ r CÎmao {bhm -
1. `dw mZÀdmJ§ Mr _mV^¥ _y r H$mUo Vr?
2. ^maVmV Vmo H$o ìhm d H$emH$arVm Ambm hmVo m?
3. `dw mZÀdmJ§ ^maVmVZy H$m` Kdo Zy Jbo m?
4. Ë`mZo H$m` {bhZþ R>do bo Amh?o

ê$no AmoiIm -
{g{ŠIV,§w d{gËdm, OmZm{V, dmamUgr, hËþ dm.

`m½o ` n`m`© XDo $Z dmŠ` nUy © H$am.
1. {h_dVmo CÎmaZo MrZXgo mo ............ & (nÎm{V / nÎmZo )
2. EH$ nmËo WH$§ {n VZo ............. & ({b{IVZo / {b{IV)§
3. gJw V§ JÝWmZ§ MrZ ^mgm` ........... H$V§ & (n[adÎmZ§ / n[adÎmZo )
4. ~Õw Yå_ñg ................. H$V§ & (AÁP`Z§ / AÁP`ZZo )

Imbrb {Xbobr dmŠ` nmR>mVrb KQ>Zm H«$_mZwgma nwÝhm {bhm.
1. AÎmZmo Mm[aH$m` dÊUZ H$Îdm EH$§ nmËo WH$§ {n VZo {b{IV§ &
2. Vgo §w EH$mo "`Aw mZÀdm“' Zm_H$mo &
3. dmb{_J{o h Or{dV§ apŠIVã~§ hm{o V &
4. AÎmZmo aÆ>$§ n{Q>{Zd{VËdm VZo AZHo $o g gJw Vñg JÝWmZ§ MrZ ^mgm` n[adÎmZ§ H$V§ &
5. MrZ aÆ>Vm'o {n ~hdmo OZm ^maV§ AmJVm &

19

10 V{V` g§Jr{V H$Wmg§ŠIonmo

(nm{b gm{hË`m_Ü`o Vrgè`m g{§ JVrbm \$ma _hÎd Amh.o H$maU `m Vrgè`m g{§ JVr_Ü`o nm{b {V{nQ>H$mMo AV§ r_ ñdê$n
{ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambobo hmoVo. hr Vrgar g§{JVr nmQ>brnwÎm (nQ>Um, {~hma) `oWo _hmZ g_«mQ> AemoH$mÀ`m H$mim_Ü`o
Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Ambobr hmoVr. AemoH$ Jwê$ d _hmZ AmMm`© ^X§V_mo½J{ëbnwÎm{Vñg ho `m g§{JVrMo AÜ`j hmoVo. `m
g{§ JVrbm g_m« Q> AemHo $mMo gn§ Uy © amOH$s` ga§ jU àmßV Pmbbo o hmVo .o hr g{§ JVr BgdrgZ ndy © Vrgè`m eVH$m_Ü`o Am`m{o OV
H$aÊ`mV Ambobr hmoVr. `m g§{JVrÀ`m Am`moOZmÀ`m doir ~m¡Õ Yå_m_Ü`o doJdoJio {dMma àdmh {Z_m©U Pmbobo hmoVo.
Ë`mZ§ m {Z`{§ ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m g{§ JVrÀ`m Am`mOo ZmÀ`m dio r H$o ë`m Jbo bo o à`ËZ \$ma _hÎdmMo AmhVo . hr g{§ JVr E{o Vhm{gH$
Amho. Ë`mM à_mUo nm{b gm{hË`mÀ`m Ñï>rZohr _hÎdmMr Amho.)

VVmo na§ AÆ>qVgm{YH$m{Z ÛodñggVm{Z gå_mgå~wÕñg ^JdVmo gmgZ§ {ZamHw$b§ Ahmo{g {Zaã~w§Xm AÆ>qVgm{YHo$ nZ
{ÛdñggVo gånÎmo nmQ>{bnÎw mZJao {g[aYå_mgmHo $ñg aÄÄmmo Zm_ H$mbo {Z½JmYo gm_Uao § n{Q>ƒ ~Õw gmgZo ngr{XËdm {^ŠIgy K§ ñg
bm^gŠH$ma§ ~mhëþ b§ Ahm{o g & VXm g{Æ>ghñg_Îmm {VpËW`m bm^ gŠH$ma§ An{o ŠIËdm Anã~{OVm {n nã~{‚mVm {d` hËþ dm
Cnmgo W ndmaUm{XH$å_go w n{dñgpÝV - gæo `Wm {n Zm_ hg§ mZ§ _ÁPo dH$m, `Wm M JÝw Z§ _ÁPo JdOm, `Wm M {gÝYdmZ§ _ÁPo
JÔ^m {V&

20









eãXmW© / gÔËW

AÝVmo - AmV_Ü`.o OQ>m ({ñÌ.) - OQ>m, g§^«_mMr AdñWm, Jw§VmJw§V.

~{h (A.) - ~mhao . O{Q>V (^.y A.) - g§^«{_V.

nOm ({ñÌ.) - àOm. V§ (gd©Zm_) - Vo (Vr ~m~).

V§ ({Û.{d.) - Vbw m. nwÀN>{V ({H«$.) - {dMmaVmo.

H$mo (nw.E.d.qH$.) - H$moU? H$moUVm nwéf, H$moU _Zwî`. B_§ (Z.à.E.d.) - ho.

n{V{Æ>V (^.y A.) - à{V{îR>V. gnÄÄmmo (n.w à.E.d.) - àkmdmZ.

^mdo{V ({H«$.) - ^mdZm H$aVmo, {dH${gV H$aVmo. AmVmnr ({d.)- CËgmhr.

{ZnH$mo ({d.) - ehmUm, {ZnwU, Vk. Aggo ({d.) - Aeof, g§nyU©.

CnéÁP{V ({H$« .) - Wm§~Vmo, CƒmQ>Z hmoVmo. n{Q>K (n.w ) - amJ, à{V{H«$`m.

EËW ({H$« .{d.) - `Wo .o {N>‚m{V ({N>ÝX{V) - H$mnVmo, ZîQ> H$aVmo.

ñdmÜ`m` hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

àíZ 1 … JV§w mJV§w H$mUo ZîQ> H$ê$ eH$Vmo ?

àíZ 2 … Imbrb JmWm nUy © H$am.
A) grbo ......................................... &
......................................... {dOQ>`o OQ>§ &
~) `ËW ........................................ &
.......................................... OQ>m'{V

àíZ 3 … Imbrb eãXmM§ o g{§ Y{dJh« H$am.
A) IrUmgd
~) EËWogm

àíZ 4 … g_mg Amio Im -
A) gnÄÄmmo
~) Zm_én§

àíZ 5 … Imbrb eãXmM§ r éno Amio Im.
A) JmoV_.
~) OQ>m`.
H$) AahÝVmo.
S>) CnéÁP{V.
n) n{VÆ>m`.
\$) grbo.

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{gZmVm ({gZmZ)(Zn.w ) - ñZmZ, AmK§ mio . AZm{dbmo ({d.) - ñdÀN> {Z_i© .
VapÝV ({H$« .) - VaVmV, nmho VmV.

Aä`mg hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
àíZ 1 … Imbrb àíZmM§ r CÎmao {bhm.

1) àM{bV `kmnjo m ~Õw mMm `k dJo im H$gm ñnîQ> H$am.
2) H$mUo Ë`m ì`ŠVrg Yå_gmar åhUmdo ?

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{Xgm ({ñÌ.) - {Xem. gã~ - gd©, gJio.
ndm`{V ({H«$.) - XadiVmo. gßn[w ag (n.w ) - gËnéw f.
{Zƒ ({d.) - {ZË`. A{^dmXZ§ - A{^dmXZ.
d–mnMm{`Zmo (d–w +AnMm{`Zm)o - dÕ¥ mbm A{^dmXZ H$aU.o dw– ({d.) - d¥Õ, AmXaUr`.
d–{V ({H«$.) - dmT>Vmo, d¥{Õ hmoUo. ~wÕmZ_wßnmXm| (~wÕmZ§ + CßnmXmo) - ~wÕmMm OÝ_.
Xgo Zm ({ñÌ.) - CnXeo , {eH$dU.
gm_½Jr (ór.) - EH$Vm. ApËW - AgU.o
g_ ({d.) - gmaIm, g_mZ. Jh (n.w ) - XþamJ«h.
Omb (Zn.w ) - Omi.o

ñdmÜ`m` hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

àíZ 1 … `m½o ` n`m`© {ZdS>yZ nm{b dmŠ` nUy © H$am.
1) Z {h doaoZ ............... gå_ÝVrY Hw$XmMZ§ & (doamZ§, doam{Z)
2) gV#m JÝYmo n{Q>dmV_o{V, .......... {Xgm gßnw[agmo ndm`{V & ( gã~§, gã~m)
3) MÎmmamo .................. d–>pÝV Am`w dÊUmo gwI§ ~b§ & ( Yå_oZ, Yå_m)

ní« Z 2 … Imbrb JmWm nUy © H$am.

A) Z {h ........................................................... &
....................................................... gZÝVZmo &&

~) gwImo ............................................................&

............................................. Vnmo gwImo &&

àíZ 3 … Yå_nX§ `m JW§« mMo _hÎd ñnîQ> H$am.

àíZ 4 … Imbrb g§{Y{dJh« H$am.

A) ZpËW. ~) gßnw[agmo.

H$) Znw Zæ`pÝV.

àíZ 5 … Imbrb g_m{gH$ eãXmMm {dJh« H$am. B) Vnmo, n) dw–mnMm{`Zmo, \$) CnZæhpÝV.
A) Yå_nX. ~) gÕå_XogZm. H$) nwß\$JÝY.

ní« Z 6 … Imbrb eãXmM§ r ê$no Amio Im.
A) _§, ~) Vog§, H$) doaoZ, S>) g_½JmZ§,

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ñdmÜ`m` hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

àíZ 1 … gXmMaUmMo _hÎd WmSo >Š`mV {bhm.

ní« Z 2 … ""grbd''Mo OrdZ M[aÌ {bhm.

àíZ 3 … ê$no Amio Im. 2) {_Îmo{h.
1) nmn§. 4) ~wÕmZ§.
3) Zamo.
5) {MÎmñg.

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7 dÅ>nmoVH$ - M[a`§

gÎw m{nQ>H$mVrb IÔw H${ZH$m`mÀ`m AV§ JV© `Uo mè`m "M[a`m {nQ>H$' `m H$mì` JW§« mVZy hr "M[a`m' KÊo `mV Ambbo r Amh.o
M[a`{nQ>H$mV EHy$U 35 M[a`m§Mo dU©Z H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. `m M[a`oV ~mo{YgËdmZo gË` {H«$`oZo (gË` nma{_Vm)
dUì`mnmgyZ ñdVmÀmm Ord H$gm dmM{dbm, Ë`mMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho.

36



{Q>n
H$[ag (H$[af) : àmMrZH$mimV bm§~r ê§$Xr _moOÊ`mÀom ho _mn hmoVo. Ë`mH$mimV EH$ H$[ag AmR> EH$amÀ`m ~amo~a hmoVm
nma{_Vm : nma{_ (ór) nyU©Ëd, n[anyU©Vm, g§nyU©Vm, JwUm§Mr namH$mð>m

nma{_Vm åhUOo nyU©Ëd ~wÜXËd àmá H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Á`m Jmoï>r_Ü`o nyU©Ëd {_i{dbo nm{hOo Ë`m Jmoï>tZm
"nma{_Vm' åhQ>bo OmVo. nm{b_Ü`o Ë`m§Zm "nma{_' åhUVmV. nma{_Vm EHy$Z Xhm AmhoV. XmZ, erb,
ZoŠIå_, àkm, dr`©, em§Vr, gË`, A{Yð>mZ, _¡Ìr d Cnojm.

gpÝY {dJ«h

___nw mJm{_ - __§ + CnmJm{_.
gmoh§ - gmo + Ah§.
{MÝVogh§ - {MÝVo{g + Ah§.
`go mh§ - `og + Ah§.
gÀM{H$[a`_wÎm_§ - gƒ + {H$[a`§+ CÎm_§.

Aä`mg hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

1. àíZ : ~m{o YgËd H$mUo hmVo ?o

2. àíZ : ~m{o YgËdmMo AmBd© {S>b Ë`mbm gmSo >yZ H$m {ZKZy Jbo >o?

3. àíZ : ~m{o YgËdmZo Vìo hm H$m` H$o b?o

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8 JmoV_M[a`§

(àñVwV nmR>mV VWmJVmÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZ Va _hmn[a{Zdm©Umn`ªVÀ`m _hËdnyU© àg§JmMo gw§Xa [aVrZo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho.
"JmoV_{Ma`§' åhUOo Jm¡V_mMr EH§$Xa OrdZ MMm© hmo`.)

{h_dÝV nñgVmo, H$mogbogw {ZHo$VZmo&
gm{H$`mZm_ Om{V`m, YZ{d[a`oZ gånÞm&&

Vñg gH$`mZ§ Jm_o, OZnXo bwpå~ZrdZo&
~mo{YgVmo _ZwñgmZ§, {hÎmgwIm`§ OmVmo&&
gmo gã~ñg AËWñg, {gÜXr H$Vm'{V&
Vñg {gÜXËW Zm_ AH§$gw&&
Vñg _ho{gZmo, gwÜXmoXZ Zm_ {nVm&
~wÜXñg _mVm nZ _m`m Zm_m&&
H$ñgn gwJV§ Mo _o, gå~wÜXo MVwdrgVr&
AmamYoËdm _hmdramo, Vo{h ~moYm` ì`mH$Vmo&&
nwaoËdm nma{_ gã~m, nËdm gå~mo{Y_wÎm_§&
CV_mo JmoV_mo ~wÜXmo, gVo XþŠIm n_moM{`&&
_JYogw Cê$dobm`§, ~mo{Y_wbo _hm_wZr&
dogmInw{ÊU_m`§ gmo, nVmo gå~mo{Y_wÎm_§&&
VVmo gVmhñgÝVa§, dmamU{g§ JÝËdm&
n#mdp½J`o {^ŠIw§, nwaVmo Yå_M¸$ndÎm{`&&
VËW dñg§ dgÝVmo, {^ŠIwg”§ g{Þn{VËdm&
_ÁP_§S>bo Mm[aH§$, H$Ëdm Yå_{MaÆ>r' {V&&
Ed§ nÄMZoVmo {OZmo, nÄMMVmirg g_mg_mo&
R>Ëdm gã~m{Z {H$ƒm{Z, H$Ëdm bmoH$ñg gã~Wm&&
Hw${gZmam`§ `_H$gmbmZ§ AÝVao dZo&
dogmInwÊU_m` gmo, {Xnmo bmoH$ñg {Zã~wVmo&&

(IwÔH${ZH$m` - M[a`m {nQ>H$ 15)

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