B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S I T Y M O R P H O L O G Y O F K I N G D O M A N I M A L I A N U R B A S Y I R A H B I N T I M O H D S H A F I E S C E 3 2 5 3
Structure of phylum Arthropod CONTENT Chapter 2 Introduction of kingdom Animalia CONTENT Morphology of phylum Arthropod Structure of phylum Annelida Morphology of phylum Annelida Structure of phylum Mollusca Morphology of phylum Mollusca Discussion of kingdom Animalia Conclusion of kingdom Animalia
chapter 2 Kingdom Animalia MORPOLOGY : Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca
PHYLUM IN KINGDOM ANIMALIA Kingdom Animalia is divided into many phylum, each with its own unique characteristics. Some of the major phyla include Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, and other animals with jointed legs), Mollusca (snails, slugs, clams, and other soft-bodied animals), and Annelida (earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes). Phylum Annelida KINGDOM ANIMALIA Kingdom Animalia is a taxonomic kingdom that includes all animals. All animals are eukaryotic, meaning their cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are multicellular, which means they are composed of more than one cell, and most animals are capable of movement. Additionally, animals are heterotrophic, meaning they obtain their energy by consuming other organisms. Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Mollusca
Ericeian inangulata Ericeia inangulata is a moth belonging to the Erebidae family. Achille Guenée initially described the species in 1852. The Indo-Australian tropical regions of China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, the Marianas and Carolines, Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and Samoa are home to this species. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Arthropods are animals with jointed legs and segmented bodies. They are the most diverse group of animals on Earth, and can be found in almost every habitat. Arthropods include insects, spiders, crustaceans, and other animals. Some examples of arthropods include ants, butterflies, lobsters, and spiders. INTRODUCTION Arthropods can be found in almost every habitat on Earth, including terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments. They play a crucial role in many ecosystems as predators, scavengers, and decomposers. Some arthropods are also important pollinators and have economic importance as sources of food, clothing, and medicine. Arthropods have a complex nervous system and well-developed sense organs, such as compound eyes, antennae, and sensory hairs. They have adapted to their environments in many ways, such as camouflage, mimicry, and defensive mechanisms like venom and spines.
Appearance: The adult moth has a wingspan of about 30-35 mm. The forewings are grayish-brown in color with a series of dark brown or blackish bands that form an intricate pattern. The hindwings are paler in color and have a slightly scalloped edge. Life cycle The female moth lays eggs on the host plant and the larvae hatch in about a week. The larvae feed on the host plant for several weeks before pupating. The adult moth emerges from the pupa after about 2-3 weeks. CHARACTERISTIC PHYLUM ARTHROPODA (Ericeia inangulata) As a species of moth, Ericeia inangulata would exhibit the characteristic adaptations of this group of insects, such as the ability to fly using their wings and the development of specialized mouthparts for feeding on nectar or other fluids. Moths also have an important role in ecosystems as pollinators and as food sources for other animals. Habitat Habitat: The larvae of Ericeia inangulata moth feed on various herbaceous plants and are commonly found in open grassy areas such as meadows and prairies. Importance of charateristic of moth the Ericeia inangulata moth is a fascinating insect with unique physical and behavioral characteristics that make it an interesting subject of study for entomologists and nature enthusiasts alike. Behavior: The adult moth is nocturnal and is attracted to light sources. It is also known to fly long distances in search of suitable mating partners.
Kingdom Phylum Arthropoda Species E. inangulata Class Insecta Order Lepidoptera Family Erebidae Genus Ericeia Taxonomy of Phlyum Arthropoda Kingdom Animalia
Adaptation of (Ericeia inangulata) A Ericeia inangulata moth has adapted several features that help it to survive and thrive in its environment. Some of the adaptations of this moth include: Camouflage: The intricate pattern on the moth's wings provides excellent camouflage, helping it to blend in with its surroundings and avoid predators. Nocturnal behavior: Being active at night helps the moth to avoid many predators that are active during the day Ability to feed on various host plants: The moth's larvae can feed on a wide range of herbaceous plants, which allows them to survive and thrive in diverse environments. Pupation: The pupation stage of the moth's life cycle is an adaptation that allows it to undergo metamorphosis and transform into an adult moth, which can reproduce and continue the species.
Structure of arthropoda Head Abdomen Thorax Antennae Legs Veins Apex Inner margin Outer margin Forewing Eye Hindwings
V E I N A B D O M E N The virtually spherical head of a moth houses its feeding and sensory organs as well as the brain, two compound eyes, proboscis, throat (the beginning of the digestive system), and the attachment place for its two antennae. To allowing it to climb and move about, its legs enable it to taste and smell food, locate the host plant for its caterpillars, and ascend. The scent from the ground it walks on is detected by specific chemoreceptors on its tarsus. These are the sensory organs that enable a butterfly to detect scents in the environment, such as the scent of a potential mate or the aroma of flowers. Moreover, they help with balance or orientation as well as motion detection C O M P O U N D E Y E H E A D L E G S A N T E E N A Structure of arthropoda F O R E W I N G & H I N D W I N G Having large compound eyes they can detect ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet patterns exhibited by flowers can help lead butterflies directly to the nectar. The veins also function in oxygen exchange ("breathing"). Veins are made up of hardened chitin, which forms a network of rigid, interconnected structures that give the wings their shape and help them to resist deformation during flight It is located in the center of the butterfly's body, between the head and the abdomen. Each of the three segments that make up the thorax has two legs. Legs and wings can be found as appendages on the thorax. The forewings are the anterior wings, which are attached to the mesothorax (the middle segment of the thorax). Scent scales— modified wing scales on the forewing of male butterflies and moths—release pheromones which are chemicals that attract females of the same species.
Most moths are active at night, when the risk of predation is lower. They have evolved special adaptations, such as highly sensitive eyes that can detect even the faintest light, to help them navigate and find food in the dark. Adaptation Arthropoda Many species of moths have evolved to blend in with their surroundings, allowing them to avoid detection by predators. Some moths even have patterns on their wings that mimic the texture and color of tree bark or leaves. Moths have an acute sense of smell, which they use to locate mates and food sources. They can detect pheromones released by other moths from miles away, and can even distinguish between different Moths are found in a wide scents. range of habitats, from deserts to rainforests. They have evolved specific adaptations to survive in each of these environments, such as the ability to store water in their bodies or to tolerate extreme temperatures. Moths have many adaptations that enable them to survive and thrive in their environments.
Life Cycle and Reproduction of Arthropoda The moth begins its life cycle as a small, round, and often colored egg. Female moths lay eggs on plants or other surfaces that will provide food for the larvae once they hatch. The larva, also known as a caterpillar, hatches from the egg and is the feeding stage of the moth. Caterpillars are often voracious eaters, consuming large quantities of leaves, stems, and other plant material. They go through several molts, shedding their skin as they grow, before reaching their full size. Once the pupal stage is complete, the adult moth emerges from the cocoon with fullyformed wings and reproductive organs. Adult moths typically feed on nectar and other sources of energy, and may mate and lay eggs to begin the life cycle anew. The pupal stage is a period of transformation during which the caterpillar undergoes metamorphosis and transforms into an adult moth. The pupa is often enclosed in a cocoon, which protects the developing moth from predators and the environment. The life cycle of a moth typically goes through the following 4 stages
Reproduction of Arthropoda Moths reproduce sexually, with males and females coming together to mate and produce offspring. Mating typically occurs during the adult stage of the moth's life cycle. Adult male moths locate females through the release of pheromones, chemical signals that females emit to attract mates. Once a male locates a female, he will approach her and use his sensory organs to identify her as a potential mate. The reproduction of moths is an important part of their life cycle, allowing them to pass on their genetic traits to the next generation and ensure the survival of the species. Once a male locates a female, he will approach her and use his sensory organs to identify her as a potential mate. Adult male moths locate females through the release of pheromones, chemical signals that females emit to attract mates. Once a male locates a female, he will approach her and use his sensory organs to identify her as a potential mate.
PHYLUM ANNELIDA Phylum Annelida is a group of segmented worms that includes more than 17,000 known species. These worms are found in a wide range of environments, including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. Some common examples of annelids include earthworms, leeches, and marine polychaetes. Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) Lumbricus terrestris has a reddish-brown body and is typically 90-300 mm in length. It has a segmented body with a clitellum, which is a thickened band that is involved in reproduction. Earthworms are hermaphrodites, meaning they have both male and female reproductive organs.
Clitellum Lumbricus terrestris When an earthworm feeds, it uses its muscular pharynx to suck in soil and organic matter, which then passes through the esophagus into the crop, a temporary storage organ where food is stored before it enters the gizzard. Mouth The head of an earthworm is located at the anterior (front) end of the body and contains several important structures. Head The clitellum is a prominent band-like structure that encircles the body of an earthworm and is located near the anterior (front) end of the worm's body. It is a thickened glandular section of the body wall that produces a mucous secretion that is used during reproduction. Clitellum Chaetae Segments Peristomium Prostomium Chaetae Mouth Tail Head The prostomium is a fleshy, saddle-shaped lobe that covers the mouth of an earthworm and is located at the anterior (front) end of the body. It is an important sensory organ that helps the earthworm to navigate and interact with its environment. The segments are separated from one another by septa, which are thin, membranous partitions that provide structural support and help to compartmentalize the body. Prostomium Segment Chaetae are small, bristle-like structures found on the body of earthworms. They are stiff, hair-like appendages that are attached to the body wall, and they play an important role in locomotion and defense
Earthworms belong to the phylum Annelida, which is a diverse group of segmented worms. Some of the key characteristics of the phylum Annelida that apply to earthworms include: CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM OF ANNELIDA Segmentation: Annelids are characterized by their segmented body plan, which is visible in the external morphology of the earthworm. Each segment contains a pair of bristles called setae, which the worm uses for locomotion and to anchor itself in the soil. Coelom: Annelids have a true coelom, which is a fluid-filled body cavity surrounded by mesoderm. This allows for the development of complex internal organs and provides space for circulation of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. Closed circulatory system: Earthworms have a closed circulatory system, which consists of blood vessels and a pumping organ called the aortic arch. This system allows for efficient transport of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Hermaphroditism: Many earthworms are hermaphrodites, meaning they have both male and female reproductive organs. During mating, two earthworms exchange sperm and then fertilize their own eggs, which are then deposited in a cocoon and buried in the soil. Earthworms breathe through their skin, which is kept moist by mucus secretions. Oxygen diffuses across the skin and into the circulatory system, while carbon dioxide diffuses out.
TAXONOMY OF PHYLUM OF ANNELIDA Lumbricus terrestris Kingdom Animalia Phylum Annelida Class Clitellata Order Opisthopora Family Lumbricidae Genus Lumbricidae Species terrestris
Respiration: Earthworms breathe through their skin, which must remain moist in order for gas exchange to occur. They secrete mucus to help keep their skin moist, and some species are able to close their skin pores to prevent water loss in dry conditions. ADAPTATION OF PHYLUM ANNELIDA Earthworms, which belong to the phylum Annelida, are adapted to living in soil environments Burrowing: Earthworms have a long, thin body that is well-suited for burrowing through soil. They use their muscular body and bristles called setae to move through the soil, creating tunnels that help to aerate the soil and improve its structure. Digestion: Earthworms have a specialized digestive system that allows them to break down organic matter in the soil, such as dead plant material and animal waste. They have a muscular gizzard that grinds up food, and a series of intestinal pouches called typhlosoles that increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
LIFE CYCLE AND REPRODUCTION OF ANNELIDA Egg Earthworms reproduce sexually, with most species laying their eggs in a cocoon. The cocoon is deposited in soil and can contain anywhere from one to several embryos. Hathchling After hatching, the earthworm is called a hatchling. At this stage, it has a small size and a simple body structure. It feeds on organic matter and grows rapidly. Juvenile As the earthworm grows, it sheds its skin several times. During this process, it grows new segments and becomes more complex in structure. The earthworm is considered a juvenile until it reaches sexual maturity. Maturity When the earthworm reaches sexual maturity, it is ready to mate and reproduce. The time it takes to reach maturity depends on the species, but can take anywhere from a few months to a few years. Cocoon After mating, the earthworm produces a cocoon containing several embryos. The cocoon is deposited in soil, where it hatches and the life cycle begins anew. Importance of life cycle the life cycle of earthworms can take several months to several years, depending on the species and environmental conditions. Earthworms are important to the health of soils, as they help to break down organic matter and improve soil structure.
LIFE CYCLE AND REPRODUCTION OF ANNELIDA Hermaphrodite Lumbricus terrestris is a hermaphrodite, meaning it has both male and female reproductive organs. However, earthworms cannot fertilize their own eggs, so they need to mate with another individual to reproduce. Importance of reproduction The reproduction of earthworms, including Lumbricus terrestris, is crucial for maintaining healthy soil ecosystems, nutrient cycling, and advancing scientific research. Mating During mating, two earthworms exchange sperm by aligning their bodies with each other and pressing their ventral surfaces together. The sperm is then stored in sacs called spermathecae in each worm's body. cocoons After mating, earthworms produce cocoons that contain their fertilized eggs. The cocoons are typically about 4-10 mm in length and are deposited in the soil. Hatching The cocoons can take several weeks to several months to hatch, depending on environmental conditions such as temperature and moisture. Maturing When the eggs hatch, the young earthworms emerge from the cocoon as small, white worms. They grow and develop through a series of stages, shedding their skin periodically as they get larger. The time it takes for earthworms to reach sexual maturity varies depending on the species and environmental conditions, but it typically takes several months to a year
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Phylum Mollusca is a large and diverse phylum of invertebrate animals that includes snails, slugs, clams, octopuses, squid, and other similar creatures. Mollusks are found in a wide range of habitats, from the deepest parts of the ocean to freshwater streams and even on land.
This snail species is native to freshwater habitats in southern North America, including Florida, Texas, and other southeastern states. It has a large, round, and smooth shell that can grow up to 3 inches in diameter. The shell color can vary from brown to yellow, and it has a distinctive, pointed spire at the top. Pomacea paludosa. sp Species of freshwater snail that belongs to the family Ampullariidae. It is also commonly known as the Florida applesnail or the Florida spike-topped apple snail. Pomacea paludosa is a herbivorous species that feeds on aquatic plants, algae, and detritus. It is an important part of freshwater ecosystems, as it helps to control plant growth and nutrient cycling. Shell: The snail has a large, round, and smooth shell that can grow up to 3 inches in diameter. The shell color can vary from brown to yellow, and it has a distinctive, pointed spire at the top. Operculum: The snail has a hard, oval-shaped operculum that it uses to seal itself into its shell for protection. Body: The snail has a soft, slimy body that is typically brown or olive green in color. It has a pair of tentacles on its head, with eyes located at the base of the longer, upper tentacles. Foot: The snail has a muscular foot that it uses for movement, which is covered in mucus to help it glide over surfaces. Diet: Pomacea paludosa is a herbivorous species that feeds on aquatic plants, algae, and detritus. Habitat: The snail is found in freshwater habitats in southern North America, including Florida, Texas, and other southeastern states. characteristics of Pomacea paludosa. sp
Structure of Pomacea paludosa. sp The structure of a Pomacea paludosa snail can be divided into several main parts: Shell: The snail has a large, round, and smooth shell that provides protection for its soft body. The shell is made of calcium carbonate and is composed of several whorls. The top of the shell has a pointed spire, which is a distinctive characteristic of this species. Head: The snail has a distinct head that is located at the front of its body. The head has a pair of tentacles that are used for touch and to detect food and predators. The eyes are located at the base of the longer, upper tentacles Mouth: The snail's mouth is located beneath its head and has a radula, which is a ribbon-like structure covered in small teeth. The radula is used to scrape food from surfaces. Foot: The snail has a muscular foot that it uses for movement. The foot is covered in mucus, which allows it to glide over surfaces. The snail uses its foot to crawl along the substrate, and it can also use it to swim through the water the s tructure of a Pomacea paludosa snail i s well-adapted to it s freshwater environment and allows it to move, feed, and reproduce effectively
Taxonomy of Phylum Molluscu Pomacea paludosa. sp Kingdom: Animalia (animals) Phylum: Mollusca (mollusks) Class: Gastropoda (gastropods) Order: Architaenioglossa Family: Ampullariidae (apple snails) Genus: Pomacea Species: Pomacea paludosa
Adaptation of Pomacea paludosa snail Adaptation for a snail refers to the process by which a snail has evolved specific physical or behavioral characteristics that allow it to survive and thrive in its environment. Adaptations can include anatomical features such as specialized respiratory systems or shells that provide protection from predators, as well as behavioral adaptations such as feeding or mating behaviors that allow the snail to better compete for resources or attract mates. the Pomacea paludosa snail has evolved adaptations such as its ability to tolerate low oxygen levels, feed on a range of plant material, and lay its eggs above the waterline. These adaptations have allowed the snail to thrive in a range of aquatic habitats, and contribute to its success as a species. P. paludosa snails also have a unique reproductive adaptation, laying their eggs above the waterline on plants or other structures. This protects the eggs from aquatic predators, such as fish, and allows them to hatch safely. The adaptation of snail clutches allows the eggs to be protected and develop in a relatively safe environment until they are ready to hatch. The adaptation of snail clutches provides an important protective and adaptive function for the development of snail eggs, allowing them to successfully hatch and contribute to the survival of the snail species. Habitat Envorinment Reproduction protection
Adult The reproductive cycle of Pomacea paludosa can continue year-round in warm climates, and a single female can lay multiple clutches of eggs during a breeding season. As the snails grow, they continue to feed on aquatic plants and other organic matter, eventually reaching a size of up to 3 inches in diameter. Egg Female snails lay their eggs above the water line on solid surfaces such as rocks, vegetation or man-made structures. The eggs are protected by a hard, calcareous shell and hatch after a period of 10 to 15 days Juvenile These juvenile snails feed on aquatic plants and other organic matter, growing quickly in the warm, nutrient-rich waters of Florida. Life cycle and reproduction of Snail Pomacea paludosa. sp Mating Pomacea paludosa snails are sexually mature at about 6 to 8 months of age, at which point they begin to mate. Mating occurs when a male snail deposits a spermatophore (a capsule containing sperm) on a surface, which the female snail then picks up with her genital opening. After fertilization, the female snail will deposit a clutch of eggs above the water line.
Egg A male Pomacea paludosa will deposit a spermatophore (a capsule containing sperm) on a surface, which the female snail then picks up with her genital opening. The female will then store the sperm in a specialized organ called the spermatheca until she is ready to lay her eggs. Reproduction of snail Pomacea paludosa The reproduction of Pomacea paludosa, also known as the apple snail, is a complex process that involves the exchange of sperm between males and females, as well as the laying and fertilization of eggs. Males have a longer and more pointed shell aperture, while females have a rounder and more inflated shell aperture The reproduction of Pomacea paludosa, also known as the Florida apple snail, is a complex process that involves the exchange of sperm between males and females, as well as the laying and fertilization of eggs Pomacea paludosa snails are sexually dimorphic, meaning that males and females have distinct physical differences that can be used to tell them apart Hatching After the eggs are laid, the female Pomacea paludosa will fertilize them by releasing the stored sperm from her spermatheca. The eggs will then develop over a period of 10 to 15 days, after which the tiny snails will hatch and fall into the water. Reproduction cycle The reproduction of Pomacea paludosa involves the exchange of sperm between males and females, the laying and fertilization of eggs, and the development of the eggs into tiny snails. The reproductive cycle of these snails can continue year-round in warm climates, and a single female can lay multiple clutches of eggs during a breeding season.
Discussion Kingdom Animalia
The Kingdom Animalia, also known as the animal kingdom, is one of the major groups of living organisms on Earth. The importance of this kingdom is significant in various aspects IMPORTANCE OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA Phylum Antropoda Biodiversity: Arthropods are incredibly diverse and represent more than 80% of all known animal species. They play important roles in various ecosystems as pollinators, decomposers, predators, and prey, and contribute significantly to the planet's biodiversity. Scientific research: Arthropods are widely used in scientific research as model organisms for studying various biological processes, including development, genetics, behavior, and physiology. They have contributed significantly to our understanding of the natural world and have led to numerous scientific advancements. 1. 2. Fisheries: Annelids are also used as bait for fishing, and some species, such as bloodworms, are commercially harvested for this purpose. Ecosystem services: Annelids play important roles in various ecosystems as decomposers, nutrient cyclers, and soil aerators. Earthworms, for example, help to break down organic matter, releasing nutrients into the soil and improving soil structure, which in turn helps to support plant growth. 1. 2. Ecological roles: Molluscs play important roles in various ecosystems as herbivores, carnivores, and detritivores. They contribute to nutrient cycling and play a vital role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. Bioindicators: Some molluscs, such as bivalves, are used as bioindicators to assess the health of aquatic ecosystems. The presence or absence of certain species can indicate the presence of pollutants or other environmental stressors. 1. 2. Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca
Personal protective equipment: Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, lab coats, and eye protection should be worn when working with animals. This helps to minimize the risk of exposure to animal waste, bodily fluids, and other potentially harmful substances. Proper handling: Animals should be handled with care to prevent injury to both the animal and the person handling it. Proper handling techniques should be learned and followed to minimize the risk of harm. PRECAUTION OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA As Kingdom Animalia includes a wide variety of animals,the precautions necessary when working with them can vary depending on the species and the specific tasks being performed.However, some general precautions that can be taken when working with animals include Safe working environment: The working environment should be safe and free of hazards. This includes providing adequate ventilation and lighting, ensuring that work areas are free of clutter and obstacles, and ensuring that equipment is maintained in good condition.
The Kingdom Animalia is one of the five major kingdoms in biology, consisting of a vast diversity of multicellular organisms that exhibit a wide range of morphological, physiological, and behavioral characteristics. Animals are heterotrophic, meaning they obtain their food by consuming other organisms, and are eukaryotic, meaning they have cells with a distinct nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. CONCLUSION OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA Animalia is further subdivided into several subkingdoms, including the Parazoa (sponges) and the Eumetazoa (all other animals), which are distinguished by the presence or absence of true tissues. Eumetazoa is then divided into two main branches, Radiata (which includes cnidarians and ctenophores) and Bilateria (which includes all other animals). In conclusion, the Kingdom Animalia is a vast and diverse group of organisms that play critical roles in ecosystems and have evolved an incredible array of adaptations for survival and reproduction.
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