PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK GROUP 3

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

HYDROCARBON AND ITS DERIVATIVES

"FUNCTIONAL CHEMICAL TEST OF ALKENENES,
ORGANO HALIDE, ALCOHOL, PHENOL, ALDEHIDA, AND

KETON"

ARRANGED BY :

GROUP 3

FAHMY NANDA SAHALA POHAN (4203131006)

FEBY NABILA SAFIRA (4202131001)

GRACIA KRISTY TARIGAN (4201131003)

LECTURER : Dr. MARHAM SITORUS, M.Si.

STUDY PROGRAM BILINGUAL CHEMISTRY EDUCATION
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MAY 2021

ALKENES AND
ALKYL HALIDES

Chemical test for alkenes
and alkyl halides groups

MATERIAL
PRACTICUM

Do you know?

Curiosity

We are certainly no stranger to plastic, a simple material found
everyday and inseparable from life, plastic has many benefits and uses
in our lives, for example, plastic packaging or plastic bags to help us
carry things, did you know? if in fact the constituent of the plastic is
"polyethene" which is one of the derivatives of alkenes, namely a group
of unsaturated hydrocarbons that have double bonds in their molecules.

then do you know teflon? for those of you who don't know, Teflon
is a non-stick coating for household appliances such as pots, pans, and
irons. then do you know CFC or Chloro flouro carbon? Well surely you
are familiar with it, CFCs are substances used as coolants by air
conditioners (AC) in the past, but now they are prohibited because the
use of CFCs damages the ozone layer, now Teflon and CFCs are actually
a group of hydrocarbon compounds called haloalkanes or alkyl halides,
namely hydrocarbon compounds which one or many of the chains bind to
the halogen group.

CHEMICAL TEST OF ALKENES
AND ALKYL HALIDES
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

A. PRACTICUM OBJECTIVES

CHEMISTRY

1. To find out how to test for alkenes in a compound or
mixture.

2. To find out how to test the reactivity and the presence of
alkyl halides in a compound or mixture

B. BASIC THEORY

Curiosity Haloalkanes or alkyl halides are compounds of yana
compounds that can be considered to be derivatives of
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes alkanes, where one or more H atoms are replaced by halogen
are part of the division atoms (Cl, Br, I, F), haloalkanes are short for halogen alkanes
and have the general formula: CnH2n + 1X . This general
of aliphatic formula applies to monohaloalkanes and can be written as R - X
hydrocarbons based on where R is an alkyl group and X is a halogen atom. Therefore,
haloalkane compounds are often referred to as alkyl halides.
the type of bond.
Alkanes have single Alkenes are a group of hydrocarbons, namely unsaturated
bonds, Alkenes have hydrocarbons, and have a double bond (–C = C–) and the
double bonds, and formula CnH2n, the double bond experienced by these alkenes
Alkeses with triple is a covalent bond. Another name for Alkenes is Olefin. The
bonds. All three have simplest form of Alkenes is Ethene, which has the formula
many uses in various C2H4. Alkenes are more reactive when compared to Alkanes.
However, it is relatively more stable compared to Alkuna.
industries.

C. PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS

1. Tools 2. Materials

 Test tube  Cyclohexene Note Cooperation
 Test tube rack  Bromine water Responsible
 Drop pipette  KMnO4 Communicative
 Funnel  NaI
 Waste Bottles  1-Bromo Butane
 Thermometer
 Beaker Glass Direct your group to
 Magnetic Stirrer divide the task of
 Notes preparing tools and
 Writing Tools materials!
Finish each other's
work well and on time!

D. PRACTICUM PROCEDURES

 BROMINE TEST Discuss Group
1. The first step, add 1 ml of cyclohexene to the test ion

tube Cooperation
2. The secon step, add 1 ml of bromine water into the
Communicati
test tube
Discuss the
results of the
observations

instructed!

3. The third step, Give a little shock to the test tube, so How were the
that it mixes well results of the
observations
4. observe the changes and write down the results of that occurred?
your observations in a note
Is it in
accordance with

the expected
results?

Respect group
members'
opinions!

 KMnO4 TEST
1. The first step we have to do is add 1 ml of cyclohexene to the
test tube
2. For the second step, Add 1 ml of KMnO4 into the test tube
slowly
3. The third Step, Give a little shock to the test tube, so that it
mixes well
4. Observe the changes and write down the results of your
observations in a note immediately

 NaI TEST
1. The first step, Fill each test tube with 2 ml of sodium iodine
2. The second step, Drop 4 drops of 1-bromobutane into each test
tube
3. The third step is insert the test tube into the beaker glass
filled with water, then place everything onto the magnetic
stirrer
4. The fourth step is Heat the 5 test tubes with the magnetic
stirrer at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius for 1 minute
5. Remove test tube from the heater and observe the changes

E. PRACTICUM RESULTS DATA

Quiz Critical thinking

Compare your observations with other
groups? Why does it happen?

Please complete the data below based on the observations obtained!
 Bromine test

Num. Sample name Addition Bromine
1
2
3

 KMnO4 test Sample name Addition KMnO4
reagent
Num.

1
2
3

 NaI test

Num. Sample name Addition NaI After warming
up

1
2
3

F. EVALUATION

Note Responsible

Answer the following questions!

1. What is the reaction between alkenes and bromo water?
Explain!

Answer : The reaction that occurs between alkenes and bromine
water is an addition reaction, an addition reaction is a reaction to
break a double bond or a triple bond, for example a double covalent
bond after undergoing an addition reaction to a single bond.

2. Set up the equation for the reaction between 1-
bromobutane and sodium iodine!

Answer : 1-bromobutane + NaI ==> 1-iodobutane + NaBr

G. PRACTICUM CONCLUSION

Write conclusions based on
practicum goals and observations
that have been made!

Communicative

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H. REFERENC…ES……………………………… … .... ……………… ...

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Responsible

ALCOHOL &
PHENOL

Chemical test for alcohol and
phenol functional groups

MATERIAL
PRACTICUM

Do you know? Curiosity

Have you ever heard of tuak drink! What substances are
contained in tuak. One of which is known in tuak contains alcohol.
Alcohol in the body can bind oxygen and can harm the health of the
body. Excessive use of alcohol if consumed will cause death. Because
alcohol in the body can clog the circulatory system.

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

CHEMICAL TEST FOR ALCOHOL
AND PHENOL FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS

A. PRACTICUM OBJECTIVES

CHEMISTRY

1. This is to determine the differences in the properties of
alcohols and phenol compounds

2. To find out the types of reagents to distinguish alcohols and
phenol compounds

B. BASIC THEORY

Curiosity The alcohol that is known in everyday life is ethanol
which is a member of the alcohol homologous series.
Concentrated phenols Alcohol Has a higher boiling point than ether. This is
can cause chemical because the alcohol molecules have hydrogen bonds,
methanol, ethanol, and propanol are soluble. Can react
combustion of exposed with metals (Na, K, Mg, Al) to release H2.
skin.
Phenol or carbolic acid or benzene is a colorless
Phenol injections have crystalline substance which has a characteristic odor. Its
also been used in chemical formula is C6H5OH and its structure has a
executions. This hydroxyl group (-OH) which binds to a phenyl ring. Phenol
can be used as an antiseptic like Sir Joseph Lister used
injection was often when practicing antiseptic surgery. Phenol is the main
used during the Nazi component in commercial anstiseptic, trichlorophenol,
era, World War II. also known as TCP (trichlorophenol).
Phenol injections were
given to thousands of PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK
people in concentration

camps, mainly in
Auschwitz-Birkenau.
This injection is done
by the doctor into a
vein (intravenously) in
the arm and heart.
Injection into the heart
can result in immediate

death

C. PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS

1. Tools : Note Cooperation
Responsible
 Beaker glass Communicative
 Test tube
 Measuring cup Direct your group to
 Drip pippet divide the task of
 Test tube preparing tools and
 Spiritus materials!
 Tripod Finish each other's
 Wire netting work well and on time!

2. Materials :

 Aquades
 Concentrated H2SO4
 NaOH
 K2Cr2O7 10%
 Ethanol
 2 propanol
 Butanol
 Glycerol
 Phenol
 I2 10% in KI
 Glacial acetic acid
 Anhydrous

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

D. PRACTICUM PROCEDURES

Discussion Group

 SOLUBILITY TEST IN WATER Cooperation
1. 1 ml of ethanol sample is entered into the test
tube followed by 2 propanol from the other Communicative
sample into the test tube
2. 2 ml of distilled water is put into ethanol and Discuss the results
while shaking it, then add 2 ml of distilled water of the
to 2 propanol, butanol, glycerol, phenol, while
shaking. observations
instructed!
 IODOFORM TEST
Function to determine the presence or absence of a How were the
methyl ketone group results of the
1. As much as 1 ml of sample is put into a test tube observations that
added 2.5 ml of I2 solution in 10% KI
2. Then 10% NaOH is added dropwise to the reaction occurred?
tube while shaking until the brown color of Iodine
disappears and becomes a clear yellow solution. if Is it in accordance
the solution becomes colorless, add I2 again until it with the expected
becomes a clear yellow solution The experimental
results show ethanol is clear yellow, 2 propanol results?
forms a yellow precipitate , butanol forms 2 layers,
glycerol and phenol form a clear yellow solution. Respect group
3. Then this sample is heated for approximately 5 members' opinions!
minutes.

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

 ESTERIFICATION TEST
Aims to react alcohol with carboxylic acids to produce
ester compounds characterized by a distinctive odor.
1. As much as 0.5 ml of glacial acetic acid is added to

each sample, then add 2 drops of concentrated
H2SO4.
2. Then the sample is heated in a water bath to boil and
observe the changes and the odor produced.

 OXIDATION TEST
This test aims to differentiate primary alcohol,
secondary alcohol and tertiary alcohol.
1. 2 ml of 10% K2Cr2O7 solution is put into the test tube,

then add 1 drop of concentrated H2SO4 and shake it
carefully.
2. As much as 3 drops of sample are added into each
test tube and reheated. Observe the changes that
occur and the smell produced.

 FECL3 REACTION
1. As much as 1 ml of the sample is put into the test

tube. Then add 2 ml of distilled water to each test
tube and shake until homogeneous.
2. In each tube add 2 drops of 10% FeCl3 and shake until
homogeneous. Then observe the color change that
occurs.

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

E. PRACTICUM RESULTS DATA

Quiz Critical thinking

Compare your observations with other
groups? Why does it happen?

Please complete the data below based on the observations obtained!
 Solubility test in water

Num. Sample name Addition reagent Observations
1
2

3

4

5

 Iodoform test

Num. Sample name Added reagent After warming
up
1
2
3
4
5

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

 Esterification test

Num. Sample name Added reagent After warming
up
1
2
3
4
5

 Oxidation test

Num. Sample name Added reagent After warming
up
1
2
3
4
5

 FeCl3 Reaction

Num. Sample name Added reagent Observations
1
2
3

4

5

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

F. EVALUATION Note

Responsible

Answer the following questions!

1. When experimenting to distinguish primary, secondary
and tertiary alcohols, K2CR2O7 solution was added to the
test tube. What is the role of the solution?

Answer : K2Cr2O7 solution acts as an oxidizing agent.

2. What precipitates are positive on the iodoform test for
alcohol and phenol?

Answer : A positive result from the iodoform test will form
a yellow precipitate of CHI3.

G. PRACTICUM CONCLUSION

Write conclusions based on
practicum goals and observations
that have been made!

Communicative

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H. REFERE…N…CE…S…………………………………………………………….

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Responsible

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

ALDEHYDES &
KETONES

Chemical test for aldehydes
and ketones functional groups

MATERIAL
PRACTICUM

Do you know? Curiosity

Everyone loves the aroma of a freshly baked cake. But do you
know the delicious smell of oven-baked cookies due to aldehydes?
Aldehydes are important components in certain sugars. In addition,
certain popular flavors of roasting such as cinnamon, vanilla during
roasting are due to aldehydes.

Aldehydes and ketones provide some very characteristic aromas
in compounds. For example, ketones help in the formation of
"acetophenone" compounds which are responsible for fragrances such as
cherries, jasmine, honey, almonds, strawberries, etc. However,
aldehydes are a well-known source of perfumes and fragrances
compared to ketones.

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

CHEMICAL TEST OF ALDEHYDES
AND KETONES FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS

A. PRACTICUM OBJECTIVES

CHEMISTRY

1. This is to determine the differences in the properties of
aldehyde and ketone compounds

2. To find out the types of reagents to distinguish aldehyde and
ketone compounds

B. BASIC THEORY

Curiosity Aldehydes are carbon compounds that contain a
carbonyl group that binds one or two hydrogen atoms. Its
The most typical functional group is -CHO which is located at the end of
aldehyde reactions are the carbon chain. The compounds of this group are strong
reducing agents and can be oxidized to carboxylic acids.
reactions with weak Aldehydes are polar and have a higher boiling point than
oxidizers, such as nonpolar compounds which have the same relative
Fehling's reagent and molecular mass.
Tollen's reagent. This
property can be used to Ketones are carbon compounds that are isomeric to
distinguish aldehydes function with aldehydes. The compounds of this group
from ketones, since contain a carbonyl group that binds 2 alkyl groups. Its
ketones cannot be functional group is -CO-. Ketones are polar and their
oxidized like aldehydes. boiling point is lower than that of the corresponding
alcohol.

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

C. PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS

1. Tools 2. Materials Note Cooperation
Responsible
 Test tube  H2O Communicative
 Test tube rack  Tollens solution
 Bunsen burner  Fehling solution A Direct your group to
 Wire netting  Fehling solution B divide the task of
 Tri-leg support  NaCO3 preparing tools and
 Drop pipette  NaOH materials!
 Thermometer  KI Finish each other's
 Beaker  Bis (2-ethoxyethyl) work well and on time!
 Stopwatch
 Aluminum foil
 Matches

D. PRACTICUM PROCEDURES

Discussion Group

 TOLLENS TEST Cooperation
1. The first step, enter 2 ml of Tollens solution
into the test tube Communicative
2. Observe the reaction after being given the
Tollens solution Discuss the
3. The second step is heated H2O or water until results of the
the temperature reaches 60 degrees Celsius observations
4. Then put the test tube in a water bath and wait
for 5 minutes instructed!
5. After 5 minutes, observe the reaction result
resulting from the Tollens test How were the
results of the
observations that

occurred?

Is it in
accordance with

the expected
results?

Respect group
members'
opinions!

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

 FEHLING TEST
1. The first step we have to do is, put 2 drops of Fehling A
solution into each test tube
2. For the second step, still in the same tube, 2 drops of Fehling B
solution are inserted into each tube
3. Observe the resulting reaction after mixing fehling A and
fehling B
4. For the third step, heated H2O or water until the temperature
reaches 60 degrees Celsius
5. Then put the test tube in a water bath and wait for 5 minutes
6. The fourth step is to put 5 drops of naco3 or what we call
sodium carbonate into each test tube
7. After waiting 5 minutes, observe the reaction results of the
solution after heating

 IODOFORM TEST
1. The first step, put 2 ml of water into each test tube
2. The second step, enter 2 ml of NaOH solution into each test
tube
3. The third step is to insert the test tube into a water bath then
add 1 drop of KI solution into each test tube
4. The fourth step is to enter 2 drops of NaOH solution into each
test tube
5. And let stand for 5 minutes then observe the changes

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

E. PRACTICUM RESULTS DATA

Quiz Critical thinking

Compare your observations with other
groups? Why does it happen?

Please complete the data below based on the observations obtained!
 Tollens test

Num. Sample name Addition tollens After warming
reagent up
1.
2.
3.

 Fehling test

Num. Sample name Addition fehling After warming
reagent up

1.
2.
3.

 Iodoform test

Num. Sample name Addition of NaOH After warming

& KI up

1.
2.
3.

PRACTICUM GUIDE BOOK

F. EVALUATION

Note Responsible

Answer the following questions!

1. What are the practical uses of the Tollens reaction?
Answer : This is to test the presence of aldehyde
compounds because they can oxidize the aldehyde to the
associated acid. While ketones cannot be oxidized.

2. How can it be distinguished, in a simple test, between 2-
pentanone and 3-pentanone?

Answer : Using the haloform reaction can distinguish 2-
pentanone and 3-pentanone. The reaction in 2-pentanone has a
longer reaction than 3-pentanone because it has low reactivity
and the haloform reaction can indicate the presence of methyl
ketone.

G. PRACTICUM CONCLUSION

Write conclusions based on
practicum goals and observations
that have been made!

Communicative

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H. REFERE…N…CE…S…………………………………………………………….

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PRACTICUM GUIDE …BO.O...K………….

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