The Magic of Unconscious Self-Belief
“You may be the only person left who believes in you, but it’s enough. It takes just one star
to pierce a universe of darkness”.
Do you know what light bulbs and humans have in common? We both express different
colors, have different shapes, sizes and are manufactured in different places. Some of
them are bright, some dim and some broken. We appear to be different from outside. But
what makes these lights so special is that there is one current running through each bulb.
And in the same way there is a singular energy running through each person on this planet.
It is strength, courage, determination and a beautiful life that starts with you.
Let us talk about the person whose face makes us all laugh. Yes, the first face that comes
to our mind is Mr. Bean. He made the world happier often without even speaking. During
his childhood, he was quite a shy guy who was constantly teased by his friends because of
the way he looked and spoke. They called him the alien face who always stuttered. His
teachers too never expected him to have a bright future. He fell in love with acting during
his university days, but was rejected constantly due to his speaking disorder. After
various trials, he somehow managed to stop stuttering while acting and he became fluent in
speaking. But here is the twist! He was only able to stop stuttering when he played a
different character than himself. But his facial looks always blocked the path to
achievement. Nothing could stop him after all. He went into the radio comedy and
entertained people for 10 years while hiding behind the microphone. This was a turning
point in his life and career. Later on he brought the character, Mr. Bean to television and
that is how he became a huge part of our childhood. The very reason why he was rejected
in the past in the end set him up for that huge success. He taught us that we are more
powerful than our circumstances.
If you don’t know your value, you will always settle for far less than you deserve. There
is a huge difference between the people who love the life they have created for them-
selves and those who cannot stand in the life they are living. It is you who have to define
yourself because your value is set by your own thoughts. Not every situation which seems
like a problem is a problem. When everything seems to be against you, remember that air-
plane takes off against the wind, not with it. Challenges are sent to promote, increase and
strengthen you. You are the captain of your ship and the master of your fate. Learn to
design a masterpiece with whatever you have.
When there is no enemy within, the enemy outside can do you no harm. Inner belief is the
freedom from self-doubt. When you learn to control and direct your mind during hard
times, you can turn your internal voice to work for you. Beliefs control results. Have trust
in yourself when you are at the rock bottom, because the rock bottom is the origin of
success. As generations and people have proved- There is no success without
self-esteem.
Name: Devika Krishnakumar
Grade: 9,Taurus
What is the most important quality a person can have?
Discipline and diligence are up there on the list , but the most important quality of many
successful people is humility.
Humility is the feeling that you have no special importance that makes you better than
others at first glance. Humility seems like a negative quality, almost like a sign of
weakness rather than a strength. But let's take the example of a person who lacks humility
and is arrogant . The person will never have a chance to improve or learn from their
mistakes, as they are arrogant and feel that he or she has special importance. Here are
some ways a person can be humble. By listening to more of what others have to say we
are letting them know that we value them. Another way is by 'counting your blessings ', we
always take note of things we wish we had or wanted. Stopping and
remembering what you have to be grateful for, is a good way to cultivate a humble
attitude.
In an era in which many bemoan the growing ‘selfishness’ and ‘I’ focus of the world, perhaps
we all should strive to develop a more humble approach. Pride makes us artificial , but
humility make us real .
Name: Esther Susan Subi
Grade:9 Aries
MY FAVORITE TIME OF THE DAY
My favorite time of the day is the late evening time. I love this time because it is my family time where
my parents are at home after their work, and I complete my studies and homework by that time. First-
ly, we do video call to our grandparents in India. We play our mini-football and indoor games like caroms
in our drawing room with my father and sisters. We pray together and enjoy our dinner together. There
will be a lot of fun and fight between my sisters and me during this time. Finally, we will have a small
round of bedtime stories before we fall into sleep.
Name:Nathan Alex Vaidyan
Grade: 1, Leo
The place I like to visit the most
The place which I like to visit the most is my hometown Kanyakumari. My grandparents and
cousins live in Kanyakumari. Even though I have visited Kanyakumari many times still I am
eagerly waiting to visit again.
Kanyakumari is a small district in Tamil Nadu. This beautiful place is famous for the meeting
point of three oceans the Indian ocean, the Arabian ocean, and the Bay of Bengal. Here you
can experience the view of sunrise and sunset. You can also see Swamy Vivekananda’s rock
and Thiruvalluvar statue .
Seashells, seafood and a variety of spices are available in Kanyakumari .It is considered as
one of the most beautiful tourist destinations. It will be a surely memorable experience
when you visit Kanyakumari. I am happy and proud to say that my hometown is Kanyakumari.
I strongly recommend all of you to visit Kanyakumari at least once in a lifetime.
Name: Giana Gangesh
Class:3 Libra
My Mom & Dad
My Mom and Dad created a beautiful world for me. Parents are special persons in my life.
They teach us care, share and respect others. They give me so many gifts. My mom
makes delicious food and I think my mom is the best cook in my World. My parents help
me to organize toys, books, clothes, etc. They help me to clean my room and put my
clothes in the washing machine. My dad plays with me every day. Every day my mother
tells me beautiful stories. My mom and dad are my best friends, they are my best teach-
ers and problem solvers, etc. They will be sad when I get sick, and they will take me to
the hospital.
I pray to God every day for their health and longevity.
I love you... like you… Mom & Dad
Name: Zayan Riyas
Grade :1, Leo
A place where I like to visit in my dream
I always dream of living in a magical world. There would be fairies, elves, wizards, and
dragons in it. I dream of huge libraries where I can find books with magical spells.
Children can learn many spells and play around many mazes that I build. Instruments
like piano, guitar and violin play by themselves and all the people enjoy lovely music.
The people have magical abilities and they can do teleportation, time travel, become
invisible, long distance hearing and heat vision. There are large caves with diamonds
and emerald. There would be pet dragons with different abilities and everybody can
choose their favourite pet. There will be orbs with mysterious
biomes in them. Many spaceships and satellites hover around the earth and if you want
to get into any of the spaceships you would need
a code.
Name: Mohammad Junaid
Grade: 3,Virgo
My Favourite Time of the Day
The coronavirus pandemic isolated us from our friends and outdoor activities. A time has come when
the lego blocks and video games get boring.
So my favorite time of the day was the online classes when I could see the new faces of my classmates
and teachers. Sitting in front of my mother's laptop, seeing teachers giving us knowledge and teaching
us new things made me happy. We learned new things together, did many exciting activities, and
shared our work in the WhatsApp group. I learned to use the laptop, reading, colouring and drawing.
Although still, I wouldn't say I like writing but I practiced writing to make my teachers happy.
My mother says that even when we are away from each other for safety reasons, modern technology
brings us closer than ever before, which is a blessing.
Name: Muhammad Fawaz Moaz
Grade :2 Aries
What is the most important quality a person can have?
There are many important qualities a person can have like willpower, patience, integrity,
passion honesty etc but I think that honesty is the most important quality in a person.
Honesty is the easiest thing you can practice to be happy, successful, and fulfilled in life.
Honesty is not just about telling the truth. It’s about being real with yourself and others
about who you are, what you want and what you need to live your most
authentic life.
Honesty promotes openness, empowers us, and enables us to develop
consistency in how we present the facts.
Dishonest people may easily get trust and respect from other people.
However, they lose that forever whenever they get caught. Thus, honesty
is a great human virtue that plays
vital roles in every aspect of human life.
Name: Jenisha
Grade:9 Aries
Benefits of having a lot’s “me time”
In some situations, we feel stressed and exhausted. At these situations it means we need
some rest. It means we need to have lots of me time. What is the meaning of me time?
Me time is the time you spend for your own happiness and relaxation. Me time has a lot of
benefits in times when you are confused or stressed. It helps you think deeper about a
particular problem and find the solution for it. Having a lot of me time helps you discover
your own strength. You come to know a lot about yourself and your talent. It helps you in
being more productive and helps you in having better life balance. How? When you start
spending time for yourself, you come to know that having me time makes a better life
balance. You get the confidence to say NO for what you are not interested in doing. Me
time is all about doing things we enjoy a lot. This helps you be a happy and a cheerful
• Listen to music
• Go to the park for a walk
• Exercise
• Do some drawings
• Try growing flowers or vegetables in your garden.
• Go for a vacation to a place that is known for its greenery
• Wake up early and do some yoga.
• Cook something new.
In this busy world you would face a lot of stress and problems. My best
advice to get rid of these situations is to have lots of me time. At least, for an hour
you need to spend time for your own happiness and relaxation.
Name: Shiya Jannath
Grade: 8 Taurus
Indian Nobel Laureates
The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed on "those who conferred the greatest
benefit on mankind" in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace and Eco-
nomics. Instituted by Alfred Nobel’s last will, which specified that his fortune be used to create a series
of prizes, now known as the Nobel Prizes. Each
recipient, or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money, which is decided annually by
the Nobel Foundation.
Indian citizens
The following are the Nobel laureates who were Indian citizens at the time
they were awarded the Nobel Prize.
Rabindranath Tagore
Born 7 May,1861
th
Place of birth Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Father’s name Debendranath Tagore
Mother’s name Sarada Devi
Nobel Prize for Literature
Year of Nobel Prize
1913
Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali polymath from the Indian subcontinent ,
a poet, musician and artist. A Pirali Brahmin from Calcutta with ancestral
gentry roots in Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old. At the age
of sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym
Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary authorities as
long-lost classics. By 1877 he graduated to his first short stories and dramas,
published under his real name.
“Love's gift cannot be giv-
en, it waits to be accepted.”
― Rabindranath Tagore
As a humanist, universalist, internationalist, and ardent anti-nationalist,
[13] he denounced the British Raj and advocated independence from
Britain. On 25 March 2004, Tagore's Nobel Prize was stolen from the
safety vault of the Visva-Bharati University, along with several other
of his belongings. [153] On 7 December 2004, the Swedish Academy de-
cided to present two replicas of Tagore's Nobel Prize, one made of
gold and the other made of bronze, to the Visva-Bharati University. It
]
inspired the fictional film Nobel Chor.
Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa, known in the Roman Catholic Church as Saint Teresa
[4]
of Calcutta was an Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun and
missionary.
Born 26 August 1910
Place of birth Skopje (now the capital of Macedo-
nia)
Father’s name Nikollë BojaxhiuIn
Mother’s name Dranafile Bojaxhiu
Nobel prize for Peace
Year when she re- 1979
ceived nobel prize
In 1950 Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic
religious congregation which had over 4,500 sisters and was active in
133 countries in 2012. The congregation manages homes for people
dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis; soup kitchens;
dispensaries and mobile clinics; children's- and family-counselling pro-
grammes; orphanages, and schools.
Teresa received a number of honours, including Love is a fruit in season at
the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and 1979 all times, and within reach
of every hand.
Nobel Peace Prize. She was canonised on 4 Sep- -Mother Teresa
tember 2016. Teresa was admired by many for
her charitable work.
C.V.Raman
Sir Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman was an Indian physicist. He discovered
that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light
changes wavelength.
Success can come to you by courageous
Devotion to the task lying in front of you.
C.V.Raman
Born 7 November 1888
Place of birth former Madras Province
Father’s name R. Chandrasekhar Iyer
Mother’s name Parvathi Ammal
Year when He received 1930
Nobel prize
Nobel prize for Physics
C.V.Raman was born in a Tamil speaking Family. Raman's father initially
taught in a school in Thiruvanaikovil, became a lecturer in mathematics and
physics.
At an early age, Raman moved to the city of Visakhapatnam and studied
at St. Aloysius Anglo-Indian High School. Raman passed his matriculation
examination at the age of 11 and he passed his F.A. examination with a
scholarship at the age of 13. In 1907 he gained his Master of Sciences
[
degree with the highest distinctions from University of Madras. He was
married on 6 May 1907 to Lokasundari Ammal (1892–1980). They had
[26]
two sons, Chandrasekhar and radio-astronomer Radhakrishnan. Raman
was the paternal uncle of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, who later won
the Nobel Prize in Physics (1983) for his discovery of the Chandrasekhar
limit in 1931 and for his subsequent work on the nuclear reactions
necessary for stellar evolution. Throughout his life, Raman developed an
extensive personal collection of stones, minerals, and materials with
interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his world
[27]
travels and as gifts. He often carried a small, handheld spectroscope to
study specimens. These are on display at the Raman Research Institute,
[28]
where he worked and taught.
Kailash Satyarthi
Born 11 January 1954
Place of birth Vidisha, India
Father’s name Ramprasad Sharma
Mother’s name Chironji
Year when He re- (2014)
ceived Nobel prize
Nobel prize for Peace
r
Kailash Satyarthi is an Indian children's rights activist. Satyarthi was the
second child and had an elder brother. His father was a police constable
(he retired subsequently as a Head Constable) and his mother was an un-
educated, yet highly idealistic housewife. In 1980, Kailash Sathyarthi gave
up his career as an electrical engineer and became secretary general for
the Bonded Labour Liberation Front; he also founded the Bachpan Bach-
ao Andolan (Save Childhood Movement) that year. He conceived and led
the Global March Against Child Labour and its international advocacy
[20]
body, the International Centre on Child Labour and Education (ICCLE),
which are worldwide coalitions of NGOs, teachers and trades unionists.
He has also served as the President of the Global Campaign for Educa-
tion, from its inception in 1999 to 2011, having been one of its four
founders alongside Action Aid, Oxfam and Education International.
There is no greater violence than to deny In addition, he
the dreams of our children. established Good Weave
International) as the first
voluntary labelling,
monitoring and certification system of rugs manufactured without the
use of child-labour in South Asia. This latter organisation operated a
campaign in Europe and the United States in the late 1980s and early
1990s with the intent of raising consumer awareness of the issues relat-
ing to the accountability of global corporations with regard to socially
[27]
responsible consumerism and trade. Satyarthi has highlighted child la-
bour as a human rights issue as well as a welfare matter and charitable
cause. He has argued that it perpetuates poverty, unemployment, illitera-
cy, population growth, and other social problems, and his claims have
[28]
been supported by several studies.
[
Amartya Sen
Amartya Kumar Sen [born 3 November 1933) is an economist and philoso-
pher, who since 1972 has taught and worked in India, the United Kingdom,
and the United States. Sen has made contributions to welfare economics,
social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of fam-
ines, and indices of the measure of well-being of citizens of developing
countries. Sen is regarded as the greatest Indian economist of all time and
one of the leading intellectual thinkers across the world.
He was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998
and India's Bharat Ratna in 1999 for his work in welfare economics. In
[6]
2017, Sen was awarded the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science for
most valuable contribution to Political Science.
Born November 3
Place of birth Santiniketan,
West Bengal.
Father’s name Ashtoush Sen
Mother’s name Amita Sen
Year when He received 1998
Nobel prize
Economic
Nobel prize for
Sciences
Name: Pranav Menon
Grade: 8 Aries
Happiness Comes from Within
It is often said that you must encourage your children to ask questions. However, on
some occasions, your toddler might put you in a spot of bother as you never know what
he/she might come up with. Having said that, this has its own benefits too as it leads you
to don your thinking hat or make you delve into your own learnings/experiences to come
up with a simple yet convincing response.
On a Friday morning as I was sitting in a cozy corner of my living room and sipping over a
cup of hot tea, my son came running to me and asked me about the all-pervading topic of
happiness.
The following is a tete-a-tete conversation between my son, Reyansh and myself (his Ba-
bai):
Reyansh: Babai, what is happiness?
Babai: Hmm, I guess happiness is quite subjective.
Reyansh: What do you mean by subjective?
Babai: It means that the same question might elicit varied responses from different in-
dividuals.
Reyansh: Ok got it. So, you tell me Babai, how can one be happy or what are the basic re-
quirements to be happy?
Babai: To begin with, you must fulfill the basic needs of your life i.e., food, clothing, and
shelter. Do you think that a person can ever be happy if he/she is starving or doesn’t
have a proper home to stay or decent clothes to wear?
Another important criterion would be to take proper care of your health. You might fall
sick occasionally and that’s fine but in general, your body must be free of any critical ill-
nesses. Think about it, will you ever be happy when your health is not 100% perfect?
Reyansh: So, then can we consider someone to be happy if he/she is healthy, has food to
eat, clothes to wear, and house to live in?
Babai: Definitely, I would say that one must consider himself/herself extremely privi-
leged to possess a good health and have met all the basic needs of one’s lives. But if you
want to be happy all the time, I suggest that additionally you must start working on
developing two essential qualities – (i) accepting the reality of life as it is and, (ii)
learning to manage your expectations.
Let me try to help you understand the two qualities by giving you real life examples. For
instance, you have a nice toy car, and you love it absolutely. One day, you visit your
friend’s place and find out that he has a big battery-operated toy car. Now, it is entirely
up to you how you choose to respond. You might ruin your happiness by feeling jealous of
your friend or complaining about your inability to possess such a big battery-operated
car or you might accept the reality as it is and be grateful for the nice toy car that you
have received as a token of love from your grandfather. Hence, the mere acceptance of
reality as it is will be the key differentiator in shaping your mental state.
Let me give you another example. Life becomes complicated if you have unrealistic expec-
tations from friends/relatives. It is normal to have expectations from your friends/
relatives but it’s not correct to link your happiness to their actions. For instance, you will
be celebrating your birthday soon and you invite all your friends to attend the birthday
party. However, on the D-day, your best friend doesn’t turn up. You try to reach out to
him. You call him several times, but he doesn’t pick up the phone. Now, again, it is entirely
up to you how you choose to respond. You might ruin your happiness by unnecessarily
fretting on your best friend’s actions or you try to be realistic and not judge him for his
inability to attend your birthday party. You wait patiently for your friend to get in touch
with you with his side of the story rather than being judgmental and spoil the party’s
mood.
Reyansh: So, you are saying that happiness is a choice, which one must learn by accepting
the things as they are and not linking one’s own happiness to other people’s actions. But
Babai, I am still pondering whether a wealthy person has all the happiness in the world as
he has the capacity to meet all his needs as well as desires.
Babai: I would not deny that I used to think much like you when I was young. However, as
I have grown older, I have learnt that you must be able to differentiate between your
needs and desires. Once your basic needs are fulfilled and you have managed to attain a
decent livelihood, you must focus on reigning your desires. For some of us, it might be a
high-powered job, and for another person, it might be to own an expensive car or a luxury
apartment or a latest gadget.
Let me try to share my story. I am a big fan of Apple’s products, particularly the iPhone.
Every year, the company launches a new version of the iPhone. I would not lie to you that
every year after the launch, I would feel an intense yearning to buy the latest iPhone.
However, based on my past experiences (involving the purchases of iPhones on three oc-
casions), I have been able to control my desire to a large extent. This came with the
eventual realization that it is just a phone required to have a call with your acquaintances.
What I am trying to say is that my happiness knew no bound after the purchase of the
latest model of the iPhone, but that happiness wouldn’t last beyond one or two days.
This is what is popularly referred to as hedonic treadmill theory whereby an individual’s
level of happiness, after rising or falling in response to major positive/negative changes
or life events, ultimately tends to move back toward where it was prior to these experi-
ences.
In this context, I would also like you to know what Naval Ravikant’s (the famous Indian
American entrepreneur and investor) idea of happiness is. According to him, happiness is
there when you remove the sense of something missing in life. He further notes that
happiness is neither about positive thoughts nor about negative thoughts. To him, it’s
about the absence of desire, especially the absence of desire for external things. The
fewer desires one can have, the more one can accept the current state of things, the less
the mind is moving, because the mind really exists in motion toward the future or the
past. The more present one is, the happier and more content one will be.
Hence, I would like to you to remember that you can find happiness within yourself
and not in external pursuits. Finally, I would like to summarize for you the recipe of
happiness:
• First and foremost, meet your basic needs i.e., food, clothing & shelter and attain a
decent level of livelihood.
• Always focus on keeping yourself hale and hearty
• Happiness is a choice i.e., how you choose to respond (not react) to a particular situa-
tion
• Accept the reality of life as it is
• Learn to manage your expectations, be it from people or possessions
• Never link your happiness to external possessions
• Learn to reign in your desires
• Always be content and remain grateful for all the possessions in your life
• Always appreciate the people and things in your life
• Never judge people and always be compassionate
Author: Parthapratim Gupta
Parent of Reyansh Gupta
OVERVIEW ON THE ANTI-GLAUCOMA DRUGS
INTRODUCTION
Most glaucoma medications are administered topically, but significant systemic ab-
sorption can still occur, with resultant systemic adverse effects. Systemic absorption
may be minimized by lacrimal occlusion following instillation, simply closing the eyes for 3
minutes will reduce systemic absorption by about 50%. By applying digital pressure over
the lacrimal sac, systemic absorption reduced for eye-drug contact. Effects on the peri-
ocular skin may be reduced by blotting overflow from the eyelids with a clean dry tissue
immediately after instillation. Glaucoma medications should be avoided in pregnancy if
possible, with systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors perhaps carrying the greatest risk
due to teratogenicity concerns.
PROSTAGLANDIN DERIVATIVES
Mechanism of Action
The major mode of prostaglandin (PG) action is the enhancement of uveoscleral
aqueous outflow. Their IOP-lowering effect is typically greater than alternatives and a
reduction of 27-35% from baseline IOP can be expected. Duration of action may extend
for several days, though administration once every day.
Agents
• Latanoprost may cause fewer ocular adverse events than other PG agents and so is
often used first line. Approximately 5-10 % of patients show no response (IOP reduction
of less than 10%) to latanoprost, but may respond to one of the other prostaglandins.
• Travoprost is similar to latanoprost but fewer patients tend to be non-
respondents. Polyquad® is a novel proprietary preservative introduced by a major phar-
maceutical manufacturer in its travoprost formulation that may reduce ocular surface-
related adverse effects.
Bimatoprost 0.03% has a slightly greater IOP-lowering effect than latanoprost, but is
more likely to cause conjunctival hyperemia. A new 0.01% preparation has a comparable
IOP-lowering effect to latanoprost with less hyperemia. Preservative-free bimatoprost
is available. Sustained-release intra-cameral bimatoprost is still on trial.
• Tafluprost is a relatively new prostaglandin derivative and was the first available in
preservative-free form. Its IOP-lowering efficacy may be slightly less than that of
other PG agents, but it is well tolerated and seems to cause less disruption of the
ocular surface.
Ocular and Systemic Side Effects
Conjunctival hyperemia is very common. Among all side effects eyelash lengthen-
ing, thickening, hyperpigmentation, irreversible iris hyperpigmentation, reversible hy-
perpigmentation of periocular skin, Periocular atrophy are common. Preoperative use of
PG agents may increase the likelihood of cystoid macular oedema following cataract
surgery. This is more likely to occur if PG agents are used in the postoperative period,
particularly if there has been vitreous loss at the time of the surgery. Anterior uveitis
is rare, but prostaglandins should be used with caution in inflamed eyes. Promotion of
herpetic keratitis can occur. Systemic side effects include occasional headache, precip-
itation of migraine in susceptible individuals, malaise, myalgia, skin rash and mild upper
respiratory tract symptoms.
BETA BLOCKER
Mechanism of Action
Beta-blockers reduce IOP by decreasing aqueous production, mediated by an ef-
fect on the ciliary epithelium. A reduction of 21-27% from baseline can be expected in
most patients. In approximately 10% of cases the response decreases with time
(tachyphylaxis), sometimes within only a few days. Betablockers should not be instilled
at bedtime as this medication may cause a significant drop in blood pressure while the
individual is asleep, thus reducing optic disc perfusion and potentially causing visual
field deterioration.
However, a beta-blocker may be preferred under some circumstances, such as
monocular treatment to avoid the cosmetic disadvantage of the asymmetrical periocu-
lar skin darkening and/or conjunctival hyperaemia with prostaglandins. Beta-blockers
are also preferred in conditions such as ocular inflammation and cystoid macular oede-
ma, or where there is a history of herpes simplex keratitis.
Ocular and Systemic Side Effects
Ocular side effects are few but include allergy and punctate keratitis. Granulom-
atous uveitis has been reported with metipranolol.
• Bronchospasm: This may be fatal in asthma or other reversible airways disease
and it is critical to exclude a history of asthma before prescribing a beta-blocker.
About 1 in 50 patients without asthma will develop reversible airways disease requiring
treatment within 12 months of commencing a topical beta-blocker.
Cardiovascular: There is a strong suggestion that cardiovascular mortality is higher in pa-
tients taking a topical beta-blocker. Effects include heart block, bradycardia, worsening of
heart failure and hypotension as a common cause of falls in elderly patients. Unpleasant
but less severe side effects include sleep disorders, reduced exercise tolerance, hallucina-
tions, confusion, depression, fatigue, headache, nausea, dizziness, decreased libido and
dyslipidaemia, reversible alopecia is uncommon.
Agents
• Timolol is available in various forms, including 0.25% and 0.5% solutions used twice
daily. There is no evidence of a clinically significant difference in efficacy between the
two solution concentrations.
• Betaxolol 0.25% and 0.5% twice daily has a lower hypotensive effect than timolol.
However, optic nerve blood flow may be increased due to a calcium-channel blocking ef-
fect. Betaxolol is relatively cardio selective (beta-1 receptors) and is therefore less likely
to cause bronchoconstriction.
• Levobunolol is a long-acting beta-blocker and is used once or twice daily with a simi-
lar profile to timolol.
• Carteolol twice daily is similar to timolol and also exhibits intrinsic sympathomimetic
activity. It has a more selective action on the eye than on the cardiopulmonary system and
so may have a lower systemic side effect incidence.
• Metipranolol twice daily is similar to timolol but has been linked with granulomatous an-
terior uveitis.
ALPHA-2 AGONISTS
Mechanism of Action
Ocular alpha-2 receptor stimulation decreases aqueous synthesis via an effect on
the ciliary epithelium and increases uveoscleral outflow. There is probably a neuroprotec-
tive effect. This medication crosses the blood-brain barrier and should be used with great
caution in young children, in whom severe CNS depression and hypotension have been re-
ported (contraindicated under the age of 2 years). They should not be given with oral mon-
oamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants due to the risk of hypertensive crisis.
Agents with Side Effects
• Brimonidine 0.2% twice daily as a single agent generally has a slightly less marked
IOP-lowering effect than timolol. Allergic conjunctivitis is common, but the onset may be
delayed for up to 18 months after commencement of therapy. Granulomatous anterior uvei-
tis can occur, but is rare. Systemic side effects include xerostomia and fatigue.
• Apraclonidine 1% (or 0.5%) is used principally to prevent or treat an acute rise in IOP
following laser surgery on the anterior segment (0.5% concentration is typically used).
TOPICAL CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
Mechanism of Action
The CAI are chemically related to sulfonamide antibiotics. They lower IOP by inhib-
iting aqueous secretion and via the topical route are used three times daily as monotherapy
or twice daily as adjunctive treatment. In general, they are slightly less effective than be-
ta-blockers but may have a supplementary neuroprotective effect. They precipitate corne-
al decompensation in patients with corneal endothelial dysfunction. Idiosyncratic bone
marrow suppression can occur. Though cross-reaction is uncommon, topical (and systemic)
CAI are relatively contraindicated in patients allergic to sulfonamide antibiotics.
Agents
• Dorzolamide. The main adverse effects are stinging and a transient bitter taste fol-
lowing administration. Allergic blepharoconjunctivitis may occur, but is uncommon.
• Brinzolamide is similar to dorzolamide, but is less likely to cause stinging and local
allergy. It is a suspension and a white residue may be left on the eyelids after instillation if
excess is not wiped away.
MIOTICS
Mechanism of Action
Miotics are cholinergic agonists that are predominantly used in the treatment of an-
gle closure, though they were formerly a mainstay of the treatment of open-angle glauco-
ma. They can be useful in patients with pseudophakic or aphakic glaucoma. In angle-closure
glaucoma, miotic-induced contraction of the sphincter pupillae pulls the peripheral iris away
from the trabecular meshwork, opening the angle. Miotics also reduce IOP by contraction
of the ciliary muscle, which increases the facility of aqueous outflow through the trabecu-
lar meshwork.
Local and Systemic Side Effects
Few local side effects are miosis, brow ache, myopic shift and exacerbation of the
symptoms of cataract. Visual field defects appear denser and larger. Few rare side effects
include confusion, bradycardia, bronchospasm, gastrointestinal symptoms and urinary fre-
quency.
Agents
Pilocarpine 0.5%, 1%, 2%, or 4% solution as four times daily monotherapy is equal in ef-
ficacy to beta-blockers. Carbachol is an alternative to pilocarpine.
NEW TOPICAL MEDICATIONS
• Latanoprostene bunod 0.024% (Vyzulta®) is a new FDA- approved topical medica-
tion that reduces IOP significantly. It has a dual mechanism of action: the latanoprost com-
ponent increases outflow through the uveoscleral route and the butanediol mononitrate
component undergoes further metabolism in the anterior chamber to produce nitric oxide,
which has an effect on the trabecular meshwork leading to enhanced aqueous outflow.
• Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitors are a novel class of topical medication that increase out-
flow of aqueous through the trabecular meshwork. The drops are instilled once daily
and are effective in combination with latanoprost (Roclatan®).
SYSTEMIC CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
Mechanism of Action:
Systemically administered CAI are generally used for short-term treatment, partic-
ularly in patients with acute glaucoma. Because of their systemic side effects, long-term
use is reserved for patients at high risk of visual loss. Sulfonamide (‘sulfa’) allergy is a
relative contraindication.
Agents
• Acetazolamide is available as 250 mg tablets (250-1000 mg daily in divided doses),
sustained-release 250 mg capsules (250-500 mg daily) and 500 mg powder vials for injec-
tion (single dose, typically used in acute angle-closure glaucoma).
• Dichlorphenamide 50 mg tablets (50-100 mg two or three times daily).
• Methazolamide 50 mg tablets (50-100 mg two or three times daily). This has a longer
duration of action than acetazolamide but is less widely available.
Ocular and Systemic Side Effects
Side effects includes choroidal effusion, particularly after cataract surgery, Angle
closure may result. Paraesthesia (‘pins and needles’ sensation in the extremities), hypokale-
mia (reduced blood potassium level - common), malaise and lowered mood, gastrointestinal
symptoms, renal stones, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (very rare), dose-related bone marrow
suppression, idiosyncratic aplastic anaemia.
OSMOTIC AGENTS
Mechanism of action
Osmotic agents lower IOP by reating an osmotic gradient so that water is ‘drawn out’ from
the vitreous into the blood. They are employed when a short-term reduction in IOP is re-
quired that cannot be achieved by other means, such as in resistant acute angle-closure
glaucoma or when the IOP is very high prior to intraocular surgery.
Side effects include cardiovascular overload as a result of increased extracellular
volume (caution in patients with cardiac or renal disease), urinary retention (especially el-
derly men), headache, backache, nausea and confusion.
Agents
Mannitol, Glycerol, Isosorbid.
Conclusion
Antiglaucoma drug prescription is tricky drugs for prescriber and a both way wedge
for patient. To reduce side effects with maximum or desired IOP lowering proper pre-
scription is mandatory. Regular follow-up from patient side is also a vital part of treat-
ment. So, knowing about the anti-glaucoma drugs and rationalization in prescription is a
must for doctor and patient.
Author: Tahmina Sultana
Mother of Afnan Chokder Safwa(G7) and Tamisa Chokder Sarah (G4)
My Philosophy of Life
It is often said “We have one life, live it to the fullest”. Does being rich and famous
equate to being successful and complete in life? The answer to this remains the philosophy
of my life “Listen to your heart and not your mind, for heart has only one state
“Reason”. This philosophy of following the heart keeps one content and responsible for
their own success or failure rather than giving excuses by following the mind or someone
else’s idea. This thought helped created “Gandhiji, Kalamji, Tendulkar or say any famous
personality known to any generation. No matter what, this philosophy gives one a sense of
fulfillment and accomplishment and above all self-satisfaction.
Author: Venkatakrishnan Nurani
Father of Akshay & Akshara (LKG- Aries)
Diversité de l'Inde
La culture indienne est l'une des plus anciennes civilisations du monde. L'Inde a commencé il y a environ
4500 ans. L'Inde est un pays immense, rempli de gens incroyables et d'une incroyable diversité de
traditions, de cuisines et de religions, de diversité culturelle entre les langues, les régions géographiques.
Diversité des religions
L'Inde est le berceau de quatre grandes religions : l'hindouisme, le bouddhisme, le jaïnisme et le
sikhisme. Il abrite également la troisième plus grande population musulmane au monde et a accueilli une
population chrétienne depuis le 1er siècle de notre ère. En plus de cette diversité religieuse, les Indiens
eux-mêmes forment un groupe unique. Vous trouverez différentes traditions parmi les différentes cultures
dans toute l'Inde, des montagnes du nord aux plages du sud.
Diversité des langues
Au sein des grands groupes linguistiques, il existe une grande diversité linguistique représentant 22
langues principales et des centaines de langues régionales ou locales. L'anglais est considéré comme une
langue officielle subsidiaire qui est souvent réservée à des fins gouvernementales et commerciales. Les
personnes qui ne partagent pas une langue maternelle commune communiqueront généralement en hindi
ou en anglais. Il est important de tenir compte de la diversité linguistique de l'Inde car de nombreux In-
diens considèrent leur langue comme une source d'identité.
Name: Mathew James
Grade: 9 Aries
Paysanne à Commandeur : Jeanne d'arc
Nous entendons tous parler de Jeanne d'Arc, mais que savons-nous réellement
de cette héroïne nationale de la France ? Une paysanne de 13 ans et vivant dans
la France rurale du XVe siècle, a commencé à avoir des visions et à entendre des
voix lui disant d'aller aider le prince Charles dans sa guerre contre les Anglais.
C'était son destin d'aider Charles à être couronné roi de France, et à gagner la
guerre. C'était en 1425 quand les filles étaient encore inférieures aux hommes et
presque tout le monde était analphabète. Joan d'Arc n'a pas montré beaucoup
d'intérêt pour ce qui était standard à l'époque et a coupé la plupart de ses
cheveux, a disputé un cheval et des vêtements pour hommes et est partie à la
recherche du prince Charles. Jeanne est arrivée au palais où le prince séjournait
alors et a demandé à le voir, affirmant qu'elle avait une vision pour lui. Il a
choisi de l'écouter et a adoré son message. Il deviendrait roi ! Mais maintenant,
qu'était-il censé faire avec la fille qui exigeait d'être envoyée au front et de
vaincre les Anglais elle-même ? Finalement, pour tester si elle a été envoyée de
Dieu, il l'a entraînée à la guerre et l'a envoyée sur un front qui n'avait pas
rogressé depuis six mois. Elle est arrivée, avec des plans pour éliminer l'ennemi
immédiatement. Immédiatement, elle a été ignorée par les généraux qui ont
refusé de laisser une fille de 14 ans aider avec leurs plans très importants mais
elle a travaillé pour gagner la confiance
du peuple et finalement les généraux ont
laissé son plan se dérouler. En chassant
la plupart des Anglais hors de France,
Joan a eu un grand succès jusqu'à ce
qu'elle rencontre Paris. Là, elle a perdu sa
première bataille et ses fervents
partisans. Tous les croyants deviennent
sceptiques et ne peuvent accepter le fait
que jeanne d'arc a été vaincue, jeanne d'arc n'a pas eu de réponse elle-même.
C'était le début de la fin de sa vie et elle finirait par être tuée en tant que
sorcière lors d'un procès à motivation politique par les Anglais lorsqu'elle a été
capturée. Les accusateurs ont essayé de l'amener à blasphémer jusqu'à ce qu'ils
la torturent. Elle mourut. Elle avait 19 ans.
Name: Nifansa Arul
Grade: 9 Aries
La Musique
La musique est comme un langage universel de la vie. C'est essentiellement le son qui est
réuni par l'harmonie de divers instruments. Notre vie aurait été totalement vide et dif-
férente sans la musique. C'est quelque chose que chaque être humain apprécie. C'est une
chose très puissante. La musique
aide à déstresser, à guérir et à motiver.
La musique a un impact magique sur les humains. C'est la meilleure
forme de magie. La musique guérit toutes les émotions humaines, de
la tristesse à la dépression. C'est une cause de bonheur. Contenu
musical de nombreux genres à jouer.
"Je pense que la musique en elle-même guérit", a déclaré un jour le
musicien américain Billy Joel. « C’est une expression explosive de l’humanité. C'est quel-
que chose qui nous touche tous. Quelle que soit notre culture, tout le monde aime la mu-
sique. La plupart d'entre nous seraient
entièrement d'accord avec cette affirmation.
Quand on parle de musique, on parle de tous les instruments comme la batterie, le piano,
la guitare, etc. et comment ils se réunissent pour produire un son qui plaît à nos oreilles.
Nous avons tous des chansons que nous aimons chanter et danser, n'est-ce pas ? La vie
ne
serait-elle pas un peu ennuyeuse sans musique ? C'est quelque chose dont nous avons
tous besoin pour profiter de nos journées un peu plus que nous ne le faisons déjà, car la
musique ajoute plus de couleur à nos vies.
Lorsque vous entendez le bruit de la nature – le crépitement des gouttes de pluie, le
sifflement du vent, ne vous sentez-vous pas calme ? Et vous n'avez pas envie de danser
ou de secouer la tête quand quelqu'un met votre chanson préférée ? Eh bien, c'est l'ef-
fet que la musique a sur nous tous. Écouter nos chansons préférées peut automatique-
ment nous mettre tous de bonne humeur. Nos mères qui nous
chantent une chanson avant d'aller dormir sont un souvenir
paisible, et c'est aussi
de la musique.
En France, la musique fait partie intégrante de la vie. Mes
chansons françaises préférées sont La vie en rose d'Édith
Piaf et Les Champs-Elysées de Joe Dassin. La vie en rose est
une très belle chanson. Les Champs-Elysées est une chanson très gaie et amusante qui
La musique fait partie intégrante des différents moments de la vie humaine. Il
répand le bonheur et la joie dans la vie d'une personne. La musique est l'âme de la
vie et nous donne une paix immense. Dans les mots de William Shakespeare, « Si la
musique est la nourriture de l'amour, jouez,
Donnez-moi l'excès ; cet excès, L'appétit peut devenir malade, et ainsi mourir. Ain-
si, la
musique nous aide à nous connecter avec nos âmes ou notre vrai moi.
La musique est l'essence de la vie. Tout ce qui a du rythme a de la musique. Notre
respiration a aussi un rythme. Ainsi, on peut dire qu'il y a de la musique dans chaque
être humain ou être vivant. La musique a la capacité de transmettre toutes sortes d'
émotions aux gens. La musique est aussi un moyen très puissant de se connecter avec
Dieu. Nous pouvons conclure que la musique est la forme la plus pure d'adoration de
Dieu et de connexion avec notre âme.
Music is like a of life. It is the sound
that is by the of various Our
life would have been empty and the music. It
is that every human It is a very
choice. Music helps to heal and .
Music has a impact on It is the
best form of magic. Music heals
from to It is a cause
of of many genres to
“I think music itself heals,” Billy Joel once said. “It's
an of It's that us all.
our loves music. Most of us will agree
entirely with this
When we talk about music, we are talking about all the like piano,
guitar, etc. and how they come to sound that pleases ears. We
have all the songs we love to sing and dance to, don't we? life
you hear nature - the of the hiss of the wind, don't
you And you don't feel like or your head when
your song? Well, that's the effect music has on
all of to our songs can put us all in a good
mood. us a song before we go to sleep are a
and it
In music is an part of life. My songs are La vie rose by
Piaf and Les by Joe La vie en rose is a song.
The is a very and funny song that lights my
is an integral part of the of life. It spreads
and joy in a life. is the soul of life and gives us In
words of “If music is the food of love, play, Give me this
excess, The can sick, and thus die. So, music helps us with our
souls or our true
is the essence of life. that has has Our
has a So, we can say that there is music in every being or living
has the ability to all kinds of to is also a
way to with God. We can that music is the purest form
God and with our
Name: Rayna Liza Christy
Grade: 8 ARIES
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