ART AND DESIGN Elements of BEGINNER'S GUIDE NOR FA'ALINA BINTI ABU HASSAN SITTI AISYAH BINTI KADIR ROHAYU BINTI ZULKAPLI
Managing Editor Sitti Aisyah Binti Kadir Editor Rohayu Binti Zulkapli Writer Nor Fa'alina Binti Abu Hassan Sitti Aisyah Binti Kadir Rohayu Binti Zulkapli Designer Nor Fa'alina Binti Abu Hassan Application Publishers and Developers Rohayu Binti Zulkapli Edition 2021 All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright owner and written and displayed in reference page. ISBN e ISBN 978-967-2258-55-1 Published by: Jabatan Rekabentuk dan Komunikasi Visual, Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin, 02600 Pauh Putra, Arau, Perlis
Appreciation First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our family, friends and supporter for their kind, support, and motivation. We would like to thank the rest of our reviewer and supporter. Our honor goes to Madam Anis Safinaz as a Head of Department, Design & Visual Communication Department and Madam Izyan as a content expert reviewer for this eBook content. Our sincere thanks also goes to commitee member of Unit Pembelajaran Digital, Bahagian Instruksional dan Pembelajaran Digital (BIPD) for offering us the eBOOK guidelines and opportunities in their digital learning project and leading us working on diverse exciting eBooks for Elements of Art and Design. Last but not the least, we would like to thank our fellow officemate in JRKV and PTSS in general. Thank you.
Abstract Art is refers to something skillfully constructed by human artists. Art is a talent that a person is born with and the development of that talent can be taught. To create art is to have an idea and transfer it through whatever media onto whatever substrate to achieve something that people will enjoy looking at, discussing and buying. Purpose of Art are Art as powerful means of storytelling, art’s contribution to society, art as decoration or ornamentation, art to convey intense emotion, pleasing the eye, recording of visual data and commemoration of an important event. Design is defined as a process of planning or organizing in creating a three-dimensional art work. Design requires a full range of art disciplines. The use of these disciplines is called the creative process, which means creating or following a sequence of process. There are several design functions such as to attract attention, to find the best solution for the problem within the limitations of the problem (needs, cost, time), as a method to control the environment and to enhance innovation and it relates to human necessity and usability. In this eBook, we introduce the reader Elements of Art and Design such as Line, Shape, Texture, Space, Value, Color and Form, intended as an initial exposure to the human artist to produce the best artwork.
CONTENTS 01 02 CHAPTER CHAPTER Line (1) Shape (6) 03 CHAPTER Texture (11) 04 CHAPTER Space (15) 05 CHAPTER Value (19) 06 07 CHAPTER CHAPTER Colour (22) Form (28) 08 CHAPTER Artworks Sample (32) 09 CHAPTER Tutorials (35) References (43) COPYRIGHT DECLARATION APPRECIATION ABSTRACT About the Author (44)
01 CHAPTER Line 1
Line Line is the most popular of all the elements of art and design. Most of the writing and drawing tools are pointed, and we have been making lines constantly since we were young. Our simplest notion of line comes from our experience with outlines such as colouring books. The path of a moving point as it moves across an area. Usually made visible because it contrasts in value with its surroundings. You can create an image with just one line, or make it complex and detailed. LINE 01 2
Vertical lines: A vertical line is a line, parallel to y-axis and goes straight, up and down. Horizontal lines: is parallel to x-axis and goes straight, left and right. Diagonal lines: is made out of a straight line that's set at an angle instead of straight up or across. Zigzag lines: are a series of diagonal lines joined end to end. Curved lines: are lines that bend in any amount of degree; they may be gently wavy to tightly wound spirals. Line TYPE OF LINE 01 3
Solid Line: A solid, or continuous line. Interrupted: dashed lines, dotted lines, footprints or tire marks - they all would fit in that category. Implied: These lines are not actually drawn, but you can see them as a border between other elements or a sudden change in their characteristics. Psychological lines: Psychological lines are the lines that are not physically present. You cannot see them. They are generated by our minds based on other subjects. Line STYLE OF LINE 01 4
Hatching (hachure in French) is an artistic technique used to create tonal or shading effects. Hatching is created when non-crossing lines are used to indicate the value on or around an object. When lines are placed at an angle to one another, it is called cross-hatching. When cross hatching is used, the artist may begin adding value as hatching, but then allow the lines to cross over each other. The more that the lines cross over each other, the darker the value becomes. HATCHING CROSS HATCHING Line TECHNIQUE OF LINE 01 5
02 CHAPTER Shape 6
Shape Shapes are a basic element of design. They are made up of closed contours and three- dimensional objects placed in the design. Shapes are used to convey meaning and organize information. Shape: is a two-dimensional line with no thickness and flat. When a line crosses itself or intersects with other lines to enclose a space, it creates a shape. It can be formed by flat areas of texture, value or color SHAPE 02 7
Geometric shapes are structured, often symmetrical shapes. The basic geometric shapes are the circle, the square and the triangle. Geometric shapes are what most people think of when they think of shapes. Geometric are precise and can be described by using mathematical formulas. GEOMETRIC SHAPES Shape TYPE OF SHAPE 02 8
Organic shapes are shapes that are found in nature, but they are also shapes of man-made items. Are irregular and uneven shapes which means the combination, of their outlines may be curved, angular or a combination of both to make free form. ORGANIC SHAPES Shape TYPE OF SHAPE 02 9
Abstract art use shapes, colours, forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect instead of representing an accurate depiction of a visual reality. Abstract shapes are those that have a recognizable form but are not “real” in the same way that natural shapes are. Paul Jackson Pollock was an American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. ABSTRACT SHAPES Shape TYPE OF SHAPE 02 10
03 CHAPTER Texture 11
Texture Texture refers to the surface quality of an object. Texture appeals to our sense of touch. Even when we do not actually feel an object, our memory provides a tactile sensory reaction or sensation. The sense of touch helps to inform us about our immediate surroundings. It tell us about the nature of objects. Texture is really surface, and the feel of that surface depends on the degree to which it is broken up by its composition. TEXTURE 03 12
Tactile texture is the texture you can actually feel with your hand. Example: Natural Stone, Decorative Panel, Brush Stroke, Yarn, Fabric, Product. Visual texture is used to create the illusion of texture on a printed piece. Example: Painting, Painting and Photograph, Graphic. Texture TYPE OF TEXTURE 03 Tactile texture Visual texture 13
Actual texture : a surface that can be experienced through the sense of touch. Simulated texture : a convincing copy or translation of an object's texture in any medium. Abstract texture : a texture derived from the appearance of an actual surface but rearrange and / or simplified by the artist to satisfy the demands of the artwork. Invented texture : a created texture whose only source is in the imagination of the artist. It generally produces decorative patterns and should not be confused with an abstract texture. Texture CATEGORY OF TEXTURE 03 Actual texture Abstract texture Simulated texture Invented texture 14
04 CHAPTER Space 15
Space can be either two or three-dimensional areas defined by the visual elements. Two-dimensional space is depicted in a picture plane. Three-dimensional space is described by an environment, building interior or a sculpture. Space in art refers to the distance or area between, around, above, below, or within shapes and forms found within a composition. Space SPACE 04 16
The absence of real depth as we know it and is confined to the flatness of the picture plane. Applied to all spatial imaginary other than decorative. Decorative Space Plastic Space Space TYPE OF SPACE 04 Decorative Space Plastic Space 17
Value Value is the art element that describes the darkness and lightness of colour. It can be used to communicate depth and distance, visual texture and indicate form. The usage of gradual value creates a tonal effect. A very important element in, especially drawings and paintings, is value (or tone). In this context, value means light and dark. VALUE 05 18
05 CHAPTER Value 19
Value Tint is adding white to color paint to create lighter values such as light blue or pink. Shade is adding black to paint to create dark values such as dark blue or dark red. High-Key is where the picture is of all light values. Low-Key is where the picture is of all dark values. Value Contrast is where light values are placed next to dark values to create contrast or strong differences. Value Scale is a scale that shows the gradual change in value from its lightest value, white to its darkest value black. CATEGORY OF VALUE 05 20
Value VALUE SCALE 05 High Key Paintings with predominately lighter values are said to be "high key". Low Key Paintings with predominately darker values are said to be "low key". Colors (hues) are situated at different positions on the value scale. COLOUR VALUE 21
06 CHAPTER Colour 22
Colour is one of the most powerful elements. It has tremendous expressive qualities. Understanding the uses of colour is crucial for effective composition in design and the fine arts. Colour begins with light and it is derived from it either naturally or artificially. Every ray of light coming from the sun is composed of waves that vibrate at different speed. Dispersion of visible light produces the colour red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Colour COLOUR 06 23
Red, yellow and blue are primary hues. You cannot make primary hues by mixing other hues together. However by combining the three primary colours with black and white, you can produce every other colour. Colour PRIMARY COLOUR 06 The secondary colour is made up of two primary colours. Red and yellow makes orange ; red and blue make violet; while blue and yellow makes green. Orange, violet and green are secondary hues. SECONDARY COLOUR 24
The six intermediate colours are made up of a primary colour with its secondary colour. For example, red and orange make red-orange, red and violet make red-violet, blue and violet make blue-violet, and so on. You can make many additional variations by combining the intermediate colours. Colour INTERMEDIATE COLOUR 06 25
A colour scheme of monochromatic colours uses only one hue and tint and shades of that hue. Colour MONOCHROMATIC COLOUR 06 Analogous Colours are colours that sit side by side on the colour wheel and have a common hue. It can create a feeling of harmony. Triadic Colours are composed of three colours spaced at an equal distance apart on the colour wheel. The contrast between triad colours is not as strong as between complements. ANALOGOUS COLOUR TRIADIC COLOUR 26
Complementary Colours are the colour opposites of each other on the colour wheel. The complement, or opposite, of a hue absorbs all the light waves that the hue reflects. Colour COMPLEMENTARY COLOUR 06 Colours are divided into two groups called warm and cool colours. Warm colours are red, orange and yellow. They are usually associated with warm things such as sunshine or fire. Cool Colours are blue, green and violet. They are associated with cool things such as ice, snow, water or grass. WARM COLOUR COOL COLOUR 27
07 CHAPTER Form 28
Form Form as an element of art is three-dimensional and encloses space. As an Element of Art, form connotes something that is three-dimensional and encloses volume, having length, width, and height, versus shape, which is twodimensional, or flat. Forms are either geometric, organic, and free-form (abstract and non objective form). FORM 07 29
Geometric forms are forms that are mathematical, precise, and can be named, as in the basic geometric forms: sphere, cube, pyramid, cone, and cylinder. A circle becomes a sphere in three-dimensions, a square becomes a cube, a triangle becomes a pyramid or cone. Geometric forms are most often found in architecture and the built environment, although you can also find them in the spheres of planets and bubbles, and in the crystalline pattern of snowflakes, for example. GEOMETRIC FORM Form TYPE OF FORM 07 TEMPLE OF KUKULCAN CHICHEN ITZA 8TH–12TH CENTURY CONSTRUCTIVIST TEAPOT KAZIMIR MALEVICH, 1923 30
Organic forms are those that are free flowing, curvy, sinewy, and are not symmetrical or easily measurable or named. They most often occur in nature, as in the shapes of flowers, branches, leaves, puddles, clouds, animals, the human figure as a realistic representation of the natural world or living things. ORGANIC FORM Form TYPE OF FORM 07 LEMON AND PEPPER ON A WHITE TABLECLOTH ODILON REDON, 1901, OIL ON CANVAS THE KELPIES ANDY SCOTT 2008-13 STAINLESS STEEL 31
08 CHAPTER Artworks Sample 32
Sample Artworks SAMPLE ARTWORKS 08 33
Sample Artworks SAMPLE ARTWORKS 08 34
09 CHAPTER Tutorials 35
A doodle is a drawing made while a person's attention is otherwise occupied. Doodles are simple drawings that can have concrete representational meaning or may just be composed of random and abstract lines, generally without ever lifting the drawing device from the paper, in which case it is usually called a "scribble". Requirement: 1.Themes for this studio work is state of Malaysia. 2.Research 30 pieces of doodle art in any media. All the research are needed to arrange on A3 paper with references. 3.Sketch 2 doodle on a pieces of a3 paper as a references for final artwork. 4.Using excellent composition and craftsmanship, draw your final doodle artwork. Students should follow the criteria below: - a. MUST have LINE, SHAPE and TEXTURE elements in this assignment. b. Material: Drawing pad size A3 (Compulsory), c. Media: Pen / Ink / Sharpie / Marker / Poster Color / Spray Clear (for finishing) d. This is an INDIVIDUAL project. Tutorials STUDIO WORK 1 09 36
Tutorials RUBRIC 09 37
Stone is a concretion of earthy or mineral matter that we can find in any places. Art is a diverse range or product of human activity involving creative imagination to express technical proficiency, beauty, emotional power, or conceptual ideas. Applying art in stone can create a harmony artwork and enjoyable process. In this assessment student are required to make drawing on stone with any creativity idea. Students should follow the criteria as follows: Students should follow the criteria below: - a. MUST apply element and principle of art and design. b. Material: Stone (Compulsory) c. Size : 8-12cm d. Media: Pen / Ink / Sharpie / Marker / Poster Color / Acrylic Color & Spray Clear (for finishing) e. Theme : Nature f. This is an INDIVIDUAL project. Tutorials STUDIO WORK 2 09 38
Tutorials RUBRIC 09 39
Students will explore the use of element and principle of art and design. Students are required to develop idea and transfer it by using any material to make a piece of sculpture where balance and spacial relationships will be considered. Students should follow the criteria below : a. MUST have the elements and principle of design in this assignment. Material: Sponge, news paper, wire, cement, box, plaster of paris etc. Media: Pen / Ink / Sharpie / Marker / Poster Colour / Spray Clear (for finishing) b.Theme : Garden decoration c.This is an INDIVIDUAL project. Tutorials PROJECT : SCULPTURE 09 40
Tutorials RUBRIC 09 41
Tutorials RUBRIC 09 42
References Jirousek, C. (2021, Sept 24). Color, Value and Hue. Retrieved from http://char.txa.cornell.edu/language/ELEMENT/COLOR/color.htm Jirousek, C. (2021, Sept 24). Introduction to the Elements of Design: Point. Retrieved from http://char.txa.cornell.edu/ Kunstler, J. (2021, Sept 24). Element of Art Shape. Retrieved from https://juliannakunstler.com/art1_ea_shape.html Lidwell, W., & Manacsa, G. (2011). Deconstructing Product Design. USA: Rockport Publishers. Ocvicrk, O., Stinson, R., Wigg, P., Bone, R. & Cayton, D. (2008). Art Fundamentals: Theory and Practice. USA: McGraw-Hill. Resnick, E. (2003). Design For Communication Conceptual Graphic Design Basic. New Jersey: John Wiley &Sons Inc. Stinson, O., & Bone, W. (2001). Art Fundamentals, Theory and Practice. USA: McGraw Hill. Wallschlaeger, C. (1992). Basic Visual Concepts & Principles for Artists, Architects, and Designers. USA: McGraw Hill. 43
Nor Fa'alina Binti Abu Hassan worked as a senior lecturer at JRKV, Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin, Perlis. She has 12 years experiences teaching multimedia courses in polytechnic system. She taught Interactive Media, Entrepreneurship, Design Research and Digital Art Project course at JRKV. She start her higher level education and get her Bachelor Degree in Computer Science (Interactive Media), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) and Master of IT, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). Currently she involved in entrepreneurial activities at PTSS. About the Author Sitti Aisyah Binti Kadir start her career as a lecturer at JRKV, Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin since 2011. She taught Fundamental of Art and Design, Design Research and Digital Art Project course at JRKV. She start her higher level education and achieved her Bachelor Degree in Multimedia, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). Her experience in art and design became an inspiration for her to produce a guide book related to art and design for students and lecturers. Rohayu Binti Zulkapli worked as a Head of Program (Digital Art) at JRKV, Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin, Perlis. She has 14 years experiences teaching multimedia courses in polytechnic system. She taught Design Research and Digital Art Project course at JRKV. She start her higher level education and completed her Bachelor Degree in Multimedia, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) and Master of Technical and Vocational Education (TVET) at Universiti Tun Hussien Onn (UTHM). She always involved in video and film activities at PTSS. 44