Wild life of the World

INVERTEBRATES | 4 49

INVERTEBRATE CLASSIFICATION

Vertebrates form a single phylum, but the invertebrates
are an informal group of about 30 phyla.

Sponges » p450
Phylum Porifera Species 10,000

Cnidarians » p450
Phylum Cnidaria Species 11,000

Flatworms » p450
Phylum Platyhelminthes Species 20,000

Segmented worms » p450
Phylum Annelida Species 21,000

Roundworms » p450
Phylum Nematoda Species 20,000

Velvet worms » p450
Phylum Onychophora Species 180

Rotifers » p450
Phylum Rotifera Species 2,000

Water bears » p451
Phylum Tardigrada Species 1,000

Bryozoans » p451
Phylum Bryozoa Species 6,000

Ribbon worms » p451
Phylum Nemertea Species 1,400

Brachiopods » p451
Phylum Brachiopoda Species 4,000

Spoonworms » p451
Phylum Echiura Species 200

Arrow worms » p451
Phylum Chaetognatha Species 150

Arthopods Phylum Arthropoda » pp452—55
Mandibulates Subphylum Mandibulata
• Hexapods Superclass Hexapoda
> Springtails Class Collembola Species 8,100
> Proturans Class Protura Species 760
> Diplurans Class Diplura Species 975
> Insects Class Insecta Species 1.1 million
• Myriapods Superclass Myriapoda
> Centipedes Class Chilopoda Species 3,149
> Millipedes Class Diplopoda Species 9,973
Crustaceans Subphylum Crustacea
• Malacostracans » p454
Class Malacostraca Species 38,032
• Other classes Branchiopoda/Ostracoda/
Maxillopoda
Chelicerates Subphylum Chelicerata
• Sea spiders » p454
Class Pycnogonida Species 1,330
• Horseshoe crabs » p454
Class Merostomata Species 4
• Arachnids » p454
Class Arachnida Species 103,000

Mollusks Phylum Mollusca » p455
• Bivalves » p455
Class Bivalvia Species 15,000
• Gastropods » p455
Class Gastropoda Species 75,000
• Cephalopods » p455
Class Cephalopoda Species 750
• Other classes Aplacophora/Polyplacophora/
Monoplacophora/Scaphopoda

Echinoderms Phylum Echinodermata » p455

• Starfish Class Asteroidea Species 1,853
• Sea urchins Class Echinoidea Species 1,090
• Other classes Crinoidea/Ophiuroidea/

Holothuroidea

Acorn worms » p451
Phylum Hemichordata Species 130

Invertebrate chordates» p455
Phylum Chordata Species 2,900
Subphyla Urochordata/Cephalochordata

MORE THAN 10 OTHER MINOR INVERTEBRATE PHYLA

450 | THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms

Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Platyhelminthes

Species About 10,000 Species About 11,000 Species About 20,000
Occurrence Marine, freshwater Occurrence Marine, freshwater
Occurrence Parasitic, freshwater
The simplest of all animals, these The cnidarians consist of the translucent,
aquatic organisms consist of a hydroids, sea anemones, corals, domed bell These are the simplest animals to
variety of cells attached to a skeleton and jellyfish. Their bodies are have a distinct head and tail. The
of collagen—the springy, absorbent composed of an inner and outer Lion’s mane jellyfish head contains sensory organs
material used as the original bath skin of cells, separated by a layer Cyanea capillata linked to a cluster of nerve cells
sponge. Specialized collar cells of jelly. Most are of a tubular form that form a primitive brain, and
create water currents that flow into called a polyp, with a crown of they trail long stinging tentacles the body may have a simple gut.
the body of the sponge through stinging tentacles at the top that to catch prey, and some are Their entire body surface absorbs
small pores, then pass out of a larger gather food. They live attached highly venomous. oxygen from their environment.
aperture; the collar cells filter the to rocks, either alone or—in the Some flatworms absorb food in
flow of food particles. Most sponges case of reef-building corals—in the same way; most of these are
live in the sea, attached to rocks interconnected colonies. Free- internal parasites, such as flukes
and other hard surfaces. swimming jellyfish have a bell- and tapeworms. Free-living
shaped form called a medusa; flatworms, such as Dugesia, have
tube open mouths for gathering food.
at top Segmented worms

Phylum Annelida Roundworms

Phylum Nematoda

Species About 21,000 muscles encircling each segment Species About 20,000
Occurrence Soil, freshwater, marine squeeze and extend it, so it Occurrence Parasitic, aquatic
can push through the soil.
Typified by earthworms, these The segments carry bristlelike Roundworms have no body
worms have long, fluid-filled structures, and many marine segments, and their smooth,
bodies divided into many types, such as the ragworms, tapering bodies cannot extend and
ringlike segments. In an have long bristles that contract; they move by wriggling
earthworm, longitudinal muscles resemble legs. like snakes, but less effectively.
contract to shorten the body, while They have very basic senses, and
many live as parasites inside other
body segments animals and humans, causing
may exceed 200 diseases. Others live in damp
or aquatic habitats worldwide,
Stovepipe sponge Aplysina archeri where they eat organic detritus,
plant fluids, or other animals.

Velvet worms bristles used Rotifers
for locomotion
Phylum Onycophora Phylum Rotifera
head bears sharp
Species About 180 retractable jaws Species About 2,000
Occurrence Moist forests, under stones Occurrence In vegetation in lakes, rivers,
King ragworm Alitta virens seas; freshwater habitats on land
Although they have soft,
wormlike bodies, velvet worms Rotifers occur in large numbers in
are equipped with up to 43 pairs all kinds of watery habitats. These
of short, fleshy, clawed legs tiny animals are equipped with
that they use for walking, like crowns of hairlike cilia that beat
centipedes. They locate prey rhythmically to pump water into
with their sensitive antennae the mouth, where it is filtered for
and attack by spraying them food. The crowns of beating cilia
with sticky slime. They live look like rotating wheels, so they
in warm, moist forests and are sometimes called wheel
are the survivors of a group animals. Like water bears, they can
of marine animals that survive years of desiccation and
were widespread during the extremely low temperatures; some
Cambrian Period, more than have revived after being frozen in
500 million years ago. Antarctic ice for a century or more.

INVERTEBRATES | 451

Water bears drought, being able to shrivel and when conditions improve. Bryozoans
survive in a state of dehydration By being dormant for extended
Phylum Tardigrada for several years, then swelling periods, they may live over Phylum Bryozoa
up and resuming normal life 50 years.
Species About 1,000 Species About 6,000
Occurrence Freshwater, saltwater, Occurrence Attached to hard surfaces
wetlands in aquatic environments

Similar to velvet worms, but Also known as moss animals,
microscopic, water bears have bryozoans are very small aquatic
plump bodies and four pairs of animals that live in colonies.
short, fleshy legs, on which they Each animal occupies a boxlike
crawl around. In damp case that forms part of a mat or
terrestrial habitats, they ribbon of identical cases; typically,
feed on plant juices these encrust rocks, seaweed,
and other animals.
Water bears have or flooded tree roots, but some
a remarkable form branched, plantlike
tolerance to structures. The animals
feed by extending crowns
Moss water bear Echiniscus species of feathery tentacles to filter
food from the water.

Ribbon worms Brachiopods Spoonworms about 6in (15cm) long, some can
extend the proboscis for 39in
Phylum Nemertea Phylum Brachiopoda Phylum Echiura (100cm) or more.

Species About 1,400 Species About 400 Species About 200 Green spoonworm Bonellia viridis
Occurrence On bed, in surface or middle Occurrence Attached to hard surfaces Occurrence In burrows or other
waters of seas, rivers and lakes; forests or buried in sediments on the seabed cavities on the seabed

Related to flatworms, these mainly Enclosed in bivalved shells, these The echiurans, or spoonworms,
marine worms are armed with a marine animals look like bivalve are soft-bodied marine animals
muscular proboscis that normally mollusks, but they are not related that occur in seabeds throughout
lies inside the animal’s snout, but and their anatomy is quite the world. Although some species
can be pushed out by hydraulic different. A brachiopod lives inhabit rock crevices, most live in
pressure to catch prey; in some attached to a rock or burrow by burrows in the mud. A few species
forms, it is armed with venomous a muscular stalk, and its shells even occur in brackish water.
barbs to inject toxins. Most ribbon protect a loop of hollow, fringed Spoonworms have bulbous,
worms are less than 8in (20cm) tentacles, called the lophophore, sausagelike bodies and a spoon-
long, but one species is known to which filters food from the water. shaped, nonretractable, muscular
grow to 177ft (54m), making it the Also known as lamp shells, proboscis, which they use to gather
longest of all known animals. Many brachiopods were once far more food from surrounding rocks and
ribbon worms are brightly colored. abundant than they are now. sediments. Although usually only

Arrow worms a potent, paralyzing venom. Acorn worms
Produced by symbiotic bacteria,
Phylum Chaetognatha this venom is called tetrodotoxin Phylum Hemichordata
and is used by very few animals.
Species About 150 Much of the prey of arrow worms Species About 130
Occurrence In plankton, one genus consists of larval fish, which they Occurrence In marine mud and sand,
on the seabed devour in large numbers. Highly and other intertidal and subtidal habitats
active predators, arrow worms
Most of these small, torpedo- can eat a third of their own Acorn worms are named after the
shaped animals drift in the body weight each day. Their size pointed front ends of their bodies,
oceans among the plankton, ranges from about 1⁄8 in (3 mm) which are separated from the rest
where they attack and eat other to more than 4 in (100 mm); of the body by a tubelike collar.
animals. Arrow worms are species inhabiting colder waters Typical acorn worms live in mucus-
armed with a fearsome array are generally larger than those lined burrows in soft seabeds and
of grasping spines around the from tropical seas. Widespread in tidal flats. They consume sand and
mouth that help them to crush open waters of oceans worldwide, mud, ejecting anything inedible as
their prey. The spines are backed their large numbers can have a coiled cast. However, others feed
up by piercing teeth that inject a significant ecological impact— by extending a proboscis from the
for example, on fish larvae. burrow and trapping small drifting
Arrow worm Sagitta species organisms in sticky mucus.

452 | THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

Arthropods Mayflies

Phylum Arthropoda Order Ephemeroptera

Springtails Silverfish Species About 3,000
Occurrence Fresh water, on
Class Collembola Order Thysanura vegetation

Species About 8,100 Species About 570 Renowned for their short lifespans
Occurrence Grassland, leaf litter, soil Occurrence Tree canopies, leaf litter,
under stones, human dwellings as flying adults, mayflies live for
Springtails are named after their
springy, fork-shaped tail, which is Silverfish differ from other insects in months as aquatic larvae. They turn
folded under the body and held that they do not ever develop wings.
there by a cliplike structure. When Common in houses worldwide, they into nonfeeding adults for the
released, it flicks downward and feed on starchy matter, such as flour,
catapults the insect into the air away and various types of glue, such as brief final stage of their lives,
from danger. Springtails swarm wallpaper paste. Their scales detach
in damp places and water surfaces, easily, helping them to slip from the when they mate, lay eggs, and three tails of
feeding on organic plant material. grasp of predators such as spiders. die within a few hours. Mayflies equal length

were among the first insects to

evolve this type of metamorphosis

from a wingless larva to a winged,

sexually mature adult, which is

now typical of insects. They also Mayfly Ephemera danica

have a winged subadult stage.

Damselflies and dragonflies Crickets and grasshoppers

Order Odonata Order Orthoptera

Species About 5,600 The earliest of these insects evolved Species Over 25,000 grasshoppers
Occurrence Still water, swamps, streams at about the same time as the Occurrence On ground, on vegetation, have shorter
damp soil, under logs and stones antennae
mayflies, and they have many than crickets
similar features, such as aquatic
broad wings larvae that turn into flying adults. These insects are recognizable
for powerful However, their larvae are voracious by their long hindlegs, which
flight predators, and unlike mayflies, grasshoppers in particular use to
the adults are accomplished leap away from danger. They are
Adult emperor hunters that live for several also well known for their chirping Stripe-winged
dragonfly weeks. Dragonflies are fast fliers songs. Most can fly, and the grasshopper
Anax that seize other insects on the wing, specialized grasshoppers known Stenobothrus
imperator targeting them with their huge as locusts are notorious for flying in lineatus
compound eyes. Damselflies are vast swarms that destroy farm crops.
more delicate, fly weakly, and pick Crickets and grasshoppers do not
small insects off vegetation. undergo metamorphosis; the young
are wingless miniatures of adults.

Stick and leaf insects their enemies. If attacked, small forewings Earwigs
they can shed their legs,
Order Phasmatodea which soon grow back. In Order Dermaptera
many species, males occur
Species 2,450 either rarely or not at all. Species About 1,900
Occurrence On vegetation, particularly The females typically scatter Occurrence Leaf litter, soil, under bark
foliage of trees and shrubs their eggs on or in crevices
the ground.
Many insects are camouflaged Most of the slender-bodied earwigs
to elude predators such as birds, transparent leaflike have a distinctive pair of sharp-
but few can match the cryptic hindwings expansions of legs pointed pincers at the end of
perfection of the stick and leaf their abdomen, which are used
insects. Shaped and colored to look Javanese leaf insect Phyllium bioculatum for defense, in courtship, and
almost exactly like twigs or leaves, for grooming. They have thin,
the insects also mimic the way fan-shaped hindwings that they
they grow and sway in the breeze. normally keep folded beneath their
They use their chewing mouthparts much shorter, hardened forewings.
to feed on plant foliage, moving Earwigs eat a wide variety of plant
slowly to avoid detection, but if this and animal matter. The females are
fails, some may defend themselves unusually maternal, guarding their
by squirting noxious chemicals at eggs and licking them clean.

INVERTEBRATES | 453

Termites Parasitic lice Beetles

Order Isoptera Order Phthiraptera Order Coleoptera

Species About 2,900 Species 5,200 Species 370,000 have wood-boring larvae that can
Occurrence Trees, soil, underground Occurrence On a variety of hosts Occurrence Terrestrial, fresh water be destructive timber pests. Many
have very effective chemical
These social insects feed on dead The wingless parasitic lice feed Almost a quarter of all known defenses for deterring predators.
or decaying wood and live in on the skin or blood of their animal species are beetles, making
large colonies centered on a single hosts, which include birds, wild them the most successful animals Golden beetle
breeding queen. Most of the other mammals, and humans. Their legs on the planet. In their adult form, Chrysina resplendens
termites in the colony either defend and strong claws are adapted for most species have a single pair
the nest or maintain it and care for gripping feathers or hair—most of wings protected by
the young. Some tropical species species are specialized to cling two modified forewings
build spectacular mounds of to a specific type of host. They forming tough, often
earth, containing fungus gardens usually spend their entire lives shiny, wing cases.
cultivated by the termites for their on one animal, but may move Beetles eat a range
own consumption and cooled by from host to host—some spread of plant and animal
complex ventilation systems. infections in this way. matter, and some

Bugs Fleas

Order Hemiptera Order Siphonaptera

Species 88,000 Wart-headed bug Species About 2,400
Occurrence Terrestrial, fresh water Phrictus quinquepartitus
Occurrence On mammal and bird hosts,
The true bugs are insects with bright patterns
piercing mouthparts for obtaining on hindwings in lairs, burrows
liquid food. Some, such as the
aphids, cicadas, and shield bugs, All fleas are bloodsuckers of birds
are specialized for extracting plant and mammals, highly specialized
sap. Others, such as the assassin for life among their feathers or fur.
bugs and pond skaters, attack A flea’s body is flattened from side
animals—usually other to side, enabling it to slip between
insects—and inject them with hair or feather shafts, and strongly
digestive juices that liquefy armored to resist scratching and
their tissues. A few, such as grooming. Its long hindlegs have
the sap-sucking thorn bug, a unique adaptation that allow it
are cryptically shaped to avoid to leap high in the air onto a new
detection by birds. victim. In their pupal stage, fleas
can lie dormant for a year or more
waiting for a suitable host.

Flies Butterflies and moths Bees, wasps, ants, and sawflies

Order Diptera Order Lepidoptera Order Hymenoptera

Species 150,000 Species Over 165,000 Species About 198,000 honeybees. Others are solitary, and
include hunting wasps that paralyze
Occurrence Almost all habitats, namely Occurrence Open habitats, on vegetation Occurrence On plants, insect hosts insects and spiders with their stings
and bury them as food for their
vegetation, decaying matter, and water Butterflies and moths have Notorious for their stings, but also young. This group also includes
large wings covered with small of vital importance as pollinators, some parasitic species that develop
Many insects are known as flies, but overlapping scales. The wing scales these insects are almost as inside the bodies of other insects.
the true flies are distinguished by of many butterflies and day-flying numerous and diverse as the
having a single pair of wings. The moths are vividly colored in beetles. Social Hymenoptera, German wasp
hindwings are reduced to a pair of eye-catching patterns, while including ants and bees, live in Vespula germanica
club-shaped organs called halteres; those of night-flying moths are highly ordered societies. All ants
these act as stabilizers and give cryptically colored for daytime live in colonies controlled
many species phenomenal powers camouflage. All species begin life by a single breeding
of flight. The group includes the as soft-bodied caterpillars that queen. Many wasps
well-known houseflies, blowflies, feed on leaves, growing rapidly and bees—basically
hoverflies, and mosquitoes, as well until they turn into pupae. These vegetarian wasps
as midges, with a variety of diets develop into winged adults that —do the same,
and lifestyles. Some are vital sip nectar to fuel their courtship including species
pollinators of crops, while others and breeding activities. such as hornets and
carry deadly diseases.

454 | THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

Centipedes Millipedes Maxillopods

Class Chilopoda Class Diplopoda Class Maxillopoda

House centipede Scutigera coleoptrata Species 3,149 Species 9,973 Species 17,987
Occurrence Oceans, fresh water,
Occurrence Humid habitats on land Occurrence Humid habitats on land hot springs, land

Unlike an insect, which has a Similar to centipedes, but almost This group of crustaceans is largely
three-part body and three pairs exclusively vegetarian, millipedes made up of copepods and barnacles.
of legs, a centipede’s body is have two pairs of legs on each Copepods swarm in the plankton of
made up of a long chain of similar body segment. As a result, some oceans and fresh waters worldwide;
segments, each equipped with a have as many as 375 pairs of legs, they are mostly very small, and feed
pair of legs. Some centipedes have or 750 in total. Despite this, they on drifting algae. Barnacles are also
more than 150 pairs. The front move much more slowly than planktonic when young, but then
legs are modified into venomous centipedes, creeping along on settle on rocks, where they grow
claws that curve around the rippling waves of leg movement. a protective armor of hard shell
head for seizing prey such as They avoid predation by coiling plates. Common on tidal shores,
worms and snails; large tropical into tight armored balls, they close up at low tide, but extend
centipedes can even catch depending on length, or rely feathery limbs to gather drifting
and devour frogs, lizards, on glands that secrete toxic food particles when submerged.
and nestling birds. chemicals, including cyanide.

Malacostracans shell-like legs covered Sea spiders
carapace in short,
Class Malacostraca stiff hairs Class Pycnogonida

Species 38,032 Edible crab Cancer pagurus Species About 1,330
Occurrence Marine intertidal to abyssal Occurrence Coastal areas to deep oceans
zones, freshwater habitats
Despite their name, sea spiders are
The largest class of crustaceans, not spiders (or even arachnids).
this includes shrimp, crabs, lobsters, A sea spider appears to be entirely
and crayfish, as well as less familiar composed of four or more pairs of
forms such as krill, sandhoppers, legs, joined at the center. However,
and terrestrial woodlice. Many it does have a small cylindrical body
swim in open water, while others and an even smaller head with four
live on the seabed or on tidal shores. eyes and a sharp proboscis, flanked
Some, such as most shrimp and by a pair of palps and a pair of
prawns, are delicate, almost feeding claws. It uses these to prey
transparent, but the crabs and on marine animals such as corals
lobsters are heavily armored, and sponges, tearing off pieces with
with stout pincers for feeding its claws or simply stabbing into
and defense. them and sucking their juices.

Horseshoe crabs Scorpions Harvestmen

Class Merostomata Order Scorpiones Order Opilones

Species 4 Species 1,500 Species 6,125 long second
pair of legs
Occurrence Shallow waters Occurrence Mainly deserts, forests Occurrence Mainly grasslands, semi-
Horned harvestman Phalangium opilio
Despite their name, these marine Scorpions are relatives of spiders, deserts, forests
animals are not true crabs. They are with eight legs, but instead of
distantly related to arachnids, such subduing their prey with venomous The spiderlike harvestmen have
as spiders, but look quite different fangs as spiders do, scorpions have very long, slender legs, attached to a
because of their body, which is a stinger on the end of a long tail. small, almost spherical body. On top
covered by a broad, hinged shield, The tail can arch forward over the of the body is a turret with a single
or carapace, with a long spinelike body to sting and paralyze prey, but pair of eyes, but the main sense
tail. Beneath the carapace are five typically a scorpion prefers to seize organs are the extra-long second
pairs of legs and a pair of pincerlike its victims with its powerful pincers pair of legs, which are used to feel
chelicerae, which the crab uses and tear them apart. The sting is for prey and edible scraps. If
to seize and cut up prey, such more useful for defense, and the attacked, a harvestman may shed
as clams, as it plows through venom of some species is powerful one or more legs to escape, or it
the soft sediments of the seabed. enough to kill an adult human. may spray its attacker with
noxious fluid.

INVERTEBRATES | 455

mouthparts Ticks and mites Spiders

pitted Order Acari Order Araneae
surface
Castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus Species 48,200 Golden Orb Nephila species Species About 42,000
Occurrence Most terrestrial habitats
Occurrence Most terrestrial habitats
The most familiar arachnids,
Many of the tiny, eight-legged spiders are eight-legged predators
mites and ticks are harmless, but that either hunt down their prey or
some are parasites that latch onto snare it in complex traps made of
warm-blooded animals—including silk. They kill their victims with
humans—and suck their blood. A venom injected by a pair of sharp
feeding tick can consume so much fangs, then flood the tissues with
blood that it swells to up to 10 times digestive juices to liquefy them—
its normal size before dropping as, unlike insects, spiders cannot
off to breed. In the process, it may eat solid food. Normally only used
transmit infections such as Siberian for hunting, the venom of some
tick typhus—a disease that can kill species, such as the black widows,
if not treated. Other, much smaller includes nerve toxins that can
mites may cause itching diseases kill a human.
such as scabies.

Mollusks Gastropods Cephalopods water from their bodies,
and many species can change
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Class Cephalopoda color instantly.

Bivalves Species 75,000 Species About 750 large eyes
Occurrence Aquatic habitats; wet, damp, Occurrence Open water or near seabed
Class Bivalvia and dry regions on land
Cephalopods have many reddish brown
Species 15,000 Gastropods such as snails have flexible arms and often mantle with
Occurrence Fresh- and seawater habitats a single coiled shell into which a pair of tentacles. white bars
they retreat to escape danger or A few, such as the
Mollusks have soft bodies that are stop themselves from drying out. tropical blue-ringed extended tentacle
protected by hard shells. A bivalve, They glide on a layer of mucus octopus, have a for catching prey
such as a clam, has two shells secreted by the flat “foot” beneath highly venomous
hinged together so that they can the body. Land snails and slugs eat bite. Squid can
be sealed shut to enclose the animal plant material, but many marine swim at high
within. Most bivalves live attached snails are predators. Tropical cone speed by jetting
to rocks or buried in soft sediments. shells have a powerful venom that
they use to kill prey. Australian giant cuttlefish Sepia apama

Echinoderms Invertebrate chordates

Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Chordata

Starfish Sea urchins Subphyla Urochordata, Cephalochordata

Class Asteroidea Class Echinoidea Sea squirts structure, and then pumping
it out again. However, when
Species 1,853 Species 1,090 Class Ascidacea young they are completely
Occurrence On the seabed Occurrence On or beneath seabed different—free-swimming
Species 2,813 animals that resemble tadpoles.
These spiny-skinned invertebrates A sea urchin has the same radial Occurrence Attached to coastal rocks Remarkably, the tails of these
have body segments that radiate like symmetry as starfish, but its body and the seabed larvae are strengthened by a
the spokes of a wheel from a central is roughly spherical and the radial rod called a notochord, which
hub containing the mouth and main elements are arranged like the Adult sea squirts have a spherical is a feature found in vertebrates
internal organs. This is most obvious segments of an orange. It has a or cylindrical protective tunic, such as fish. For this reason, the
in starfish, which typically have five shell-like skeleton under its skin, or test, that surrounds their simple sea squirts are classified
long arms, although some have more which supports sharp, protective bodies. They live attached to among the chordates—a phylum
than 40. They creep over the seabed spines. Most urchins eat seaweed rocks and filter seawater for food that includes all vertebrates,
on hundreds of small, hydraulic tube and encrusting animals, rasping —drawing water into their bodies, including humans.
feet and prey on other invertebrates. them from rocks. passing it through a sievelike

456 | GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

A AXIL In plants, the upper angle between BROMELIAD A plant with numerous CLASPERS In sharks and relatives,
a leaf stalk and a stem, or between species, some of which grow in modified parts of the males’ pelvic fins
ACID RAIN Most rain (and snow) is a side shoot and a main stem. rainforests, using trees and shrubs used to channel sperm to the female.
slightly acidic due to dissolved carbon for support. Typically they have In insects, claspers are structures used
dioxide. More strongly acidic rain B rosettes of tough, waxy leaves in to hold the female during mating.
results from atmospheric pollution which rainwater collects. See
or sometimes from gases released BACHELOR GROUP A group formed by also Epiphyte. CLOVEN-HOOVED Having a hoof split
by volcanoes. immature males or males of the same into two halves, each containing one
species that have no sexual partners. BROOD PARASITE An animal, such as toe of the foot. This is a characteristic
ACIDIFICATION Becoming more acid. the cuckoo, that makes use of other of two-toed herbivores, such as cattle
The term is used especially in the BILL The jaws of a bird, consisting of bone species to raise its young rather than and deer.
context of the Earth’s oceans and with a horny outer covering, also known raising its own young.
fresh waters. as a beak. Also a similar structure in COALITION A cooperative alliance
other animals, such as turtles. BRUMATION A state similar to between individuals of the same
ADAPTATION Any feature that helps an hibernation that occurs in reptiles species for defending or winning a
organism survive in its habitat or the BINOCULAR VISION The ability to and other cold-blooded animals. territory or gaining access to females.
process that allows it to do so. see in 3D, which allows animals Coalitions may be long or short term.
to judge distances. C
ALGAE Any of a variety of plantlike life COLONY In zoology, any group of
forms. They include single-celled BIODIVERSITY A general term for the CAMOUFLAGE A means of being animals living together or in close
species as well as larger forms such as variety of living things, either on the undetected used by predators, prey, association with one another, including
seaweeds, and are especially important Earth as a whole, or in a particular and plants. It may involve color birds such as emperor penguins in
in the oceans. region. Frequently it refers to the and/or pattern, shape, or even using their breeding season; swarms of bees;
number of different species, but it a disguise. See also Mimicry. and reef-forming coral polyps.
ALTIPLANO The huge high-plateau can also be applied to genetic variety,
region in the central Andes mountains ecological variety, and so on. CANID A member of the dog family, CONFLUENCE A place where two rivers,
of South America. which includes foxes, wolves, streams, or glaciers meet.
BIOMASS The total mass or weight and relatives.
AMBUSH PREDATOR Any predator of living organisms in a given area. CONIFERS Predominantly evergreen
whose main feeding strategy is to stay CANINE (TOOTH) In mammals there trees and shrubs that produce
in one place and wait for suitable prey BIOME A large-scale ecosystem or set is one canine tooth in each side of the seedbearing cones and have needle-
to approach; also called a “sit-and- of ecosystems with characteristics upper and lower jaws. In carnivores or scalelike leaves. The most numerous
wait” predator. determined by environmental factors, it is enlarged and used for holding of the nonflowering plants, including
such as climate and geography. and/or stabbing prey. pines, firs, and spruces.
AMPULLA (plural Ampullae) The Deserts and tropical rainforests
enlarged end of a tube or duct. are examples of biomes. CANOPY The part of the forest formed CORAL (1) Simple animals related to sea
by the crowns of trees. It is also anemones and jellyfish. (2) The hard
ANTENNA (plural Antennae) The paired BLOWHOLE The nostril(s) of cetaceans, the name given to that part of a skeleton left behind by some coral
sensory “feeler” of insects, crustaceans, situated on top of their heads. forest ecosystem. polyps that can form large reefs.
and some other invertebrates.
BOG A mossy wetland, common in CARAPACE A hard shield on the back CROP MILK A milklike substance rich
ANTLERS Paired bony structures, often cooler regions, composed mainly of an animal’s body—for example, in nutrients secreted by some birds in
branched, on the heads of most of rotting plant material. It receives in crabs and turtles. their lower throat (crop) and used to
members of the deer family. Except for most of its water from rain and snow. feed their nestlings.
reindeer, only male deer have antlers. Soils are nutrient-poor and acidic. CARNIVORE (1) A member of the
They are shed and regrown every year. See also Fen. Carnivora, the group of mammals that CRUSTACEANS The dominant group of
See also Horns. includes cats, dogs, bears, seals, and arthropods in the oceans, though they
BOREAL Relating to or coming from relatives. (2) Any flesh-eating animal. also live in fresh water and on land.
APEX PREDATOR A predator at the top the colder parts of the northern Crustaceans include crabs, lobsters,
of its food chain, hunted by no other hemisphere, between the Arctic CARRION Dead, decaying flesh. shrimp, and krill. See also Arthropods,
animal (except humans). and temperate zones. Zooplankton.
CECUM A blind-ended part of the
ARACHNIDS The group of arthropods BOREAL FOREST The huge region of digestive tract, at the junction of the CURRENT A flow of water or air. In the
that includes spiders, scorpions, forest dominated by coniferous trees small and large intestines. See also oceans, large-scale currents exist on
mites, and relatives. See also that circles the cooler regions of the Hind-gut digestion. the surface and also at depth, driven
Arthropods. northern hemisphere, between the either by the wind or by differences
tundra to the north and temperate CETACEANS The group of mammals in temperature and salinity.
ARCHIPELAGO A group of islands. broadleaved forests to the south. comprising whales, dolphins,
See also Taiga. and porpoises. D
ARTHROPODS A major group of
invertebrate animals having jointed BRACKET FUNGUS Any of a variety of CHORDATE An animal that has a DECIDUOUS Trees and shrubs: having
legs and a hard outer skeleton. fungi that are relatives of toadstools and notochord, a rod support that runs leaves that fall at a certain time of the
Arthropods include insects, have spore-producing fruiting bodies the length of the body, for at least year, such as winter or a dry season.
crustaceans, and arachnids. that resemble shelves or brackets. part of its life. See also Notochord.
See also Exoskeleton.

GLOSSARY | 457

DELTA An often fan-shaped area at the survival, but can also be inherited GROOMING Behaviors that keep body I
mouth of a river that is built up by pass them on to their offspring. The coverings (fur, feathers, etc.) in good
deposited sediment. genetic makeup of the population condition. In some species individuals INDICATOR SPECIES A species whose
changes as these advantageous may groom each other for social reasons. presence or absence may define
DIURNAL Active by day. features spread through the an ecoregion or indicate some
population. See also Adaptation. H significant feature, such as the
DIVERSITY See Biodiversity. presence of pollution.
EXOSKELETON A skeleton situated on HABITAT Any area that can support a
DREY A squirrel’s nest. the outside of an animal, such as is group or community of living things. INSECTIVORE An animal, especially
found in insects and other arthropods. a land vertebrate, that eats mainly
DRY FOREST A forest growing in a See also Arthropod. HELICONIA A genus of plants mainly insects.
region that has a long dry season. found in the American tropics,
EXOTIC In ecology, a term for any often having flower clusters with INTRODUCED SPECIES A species
E nonnative species. distinctive red bracts that are introduced by humans to a particular
pollinated by hummingbirds. region and now living successfully in
ECHOLOCATION A method of detecting F the wild there. See also Exotic.
surrounding objects and prey, used HERBIVORE An animal that eats plants.
by dolphins, bats, and some other FEN A type of wetland, formed when INVERTEBRATE Any animal without
animals, that involves emitting glaciers retreat, that receives its water HERMAPHRODITE An animal that is a backbone. Of the 30 or so major
high-pitched sounds and interpreting supply mainly through groundwater both male and female at some point groups into which animals are
their echoes. seepage. Typically, it does not have in its life. Species that are both sexes classified, vertebrates (backboned
standing water in the growing season, at once are called “simultaneous animals) form only part of one
ECOREGION Any geographical region and is less nutrient-poor than a bog. hermaphrodites;” those that change single group (see Chordate): all other
defined on the basis of the particular See also Bog. from one sex to the other are animals are invertebrates.
ecosystems and distinctive flora and “sequential hermaphrodites.”
fauna that it contains. FERAL Term applied to an animal, ISLET A small island.
or population of animals, living HIBERNATION A state in which the
ECOSYSTEM Any community of successfully in the wild but descended bodily processes of an animal are J
organisms considered together with from a domestic species or breed. drastically slowed down in winter,
the interactions between them and with the animal becoming completely JET STREAM High-altitude strong
their associated physical environment. FJORD A narrow, steep-sided, deep inactive. The term is mainly applied winds that are confined to a relatively
inlet of the sea, once occupied by to “warm-blooded” animals that narrow band within the atmosphere.
EL NIÑO Phenomenon involving the a glacier. drastically reduce their heart rate and Such winds blow in a winding course
waters of the eastern Pacific off South let their body temperatures fall close from west to east in both hemispheres,
America that become warmer than FOOD CHAIN A food pathway that can to those of their surroundings. See and their position influences the pattern
usual every few years. It is part of a be followed from its creation by plants also Brumation, Estivation. of weather systems nearer the ground.
larger climatic cycle that seriously to the apex predators.
affects marine life and global HIND-GUT DIGESTION A type of K
weather patterns. FORAGING Activities concerned with digestion found in animals such as
seeking and obtaining food. horses and elephants, in which tough KARST A type of landscape that develops
EMERGENT (1) In tropical forests, an plant food is fermented in the hind in regions where the underlying rock,
emergent is a tall tree that grows FORB Any herbaceous (nonwoody) plant part of the gut, often in an enlarged most commonly limestone, is water
higher than the surrounding tree other than grass, and especially such a cecum. See also Cecum. soluble. Karst landscapes are
canopy. (2) In freshwater ecosystems, plant growing naturally in grassland. characterized by deep gorges,
emergent plants, such as the bulrush, HORNS Paired, permanent structures underground rivers, and caves.
grow out of the water into the air FRUGIVORE A fruit-eating animal. with a core of bone sheathed by a hard
above. See also Canopy. outer layer of keratin, found on the KERATIN A tough structural protein
FUMAROLE In volcanic regions, a small heads of cloven-hooved animals such found in hair, claws, feathers,
ENDEMIC A living species native to a opening in the ground from which hot as antelope and cattle. Rhinoceros and horns.
particular region and only found gases can escape. horns are not paired or attached to the
in that region. skull, and they are sited on the nasal KEYSTONE SPECIES Any species
G bones rather than the top of the head. native to a particular ecosystem
ENDOSKELETON An internal skeleton, Consisting only of keratin, there may whose presence or absence has
such as the bony skeleton of GASTROPODS The group of invertebrate be one or two depending on species. a major impact on the functioning
vertebrates. animals that includes snails and slugs. See also Antlers, Keratin. of that ecosystem.

EPIPHYTE A plant that grows on another GENUS The first level of traditional HOTSPOT (1) In ecology, a region or KINGDOM The second highest level in
plant as a means of support. biological classification above species. location with a very high biodiversity, traditional biological classification.
A genus may contain one or more especially one that contains many Originally there were the animal and
EROSION The processes by which rocks species. For example, lions belong endemic species and is under threat. plant kingdoms, but later, other
or soil are loosened and transported to the genus Panthera. (2) In geology, hotspots are fixed points kingdoms were introduced to cover
to another location. that are unusually hot due to molten fungi and other microorganisms.
GESTATION Pregnancy. In animals that rock rising from deep within the Earth
ESTIVATION A state similar to produce live young, the gestation and are sites of volcanic activity. KIT Name for the young of various
hibernation, but occurring in hot, period is the time between fertilization mammals, such as mink and muskrat.
dry seasons. and birth of the young. HYBRIDIZATION Cross-breeding
between different species or strains
EVERGREEN Having some green leaves GEYSER A jet of boiling water and steam of organisms.
all the year round. that rises at intervals from the ground.
It is powered by hot rocks heating
EVOLUTION Cumulative change groundwater.
over time brought about mainly by
natural selection. Organisms with
characteristics that not only enhance

458 | GLOSSARY

L a major change in structure between NOCTURNAL Active by night. years). It is characteristic of polar
the young and the adult form as in regions. See also Tundra.
LARVA (plural Larvae) A young stage butterflies, or transforms more NOTOCHORD A reinforcing rod that
of an animal when it is completely gradually, as in frogs. Metamorphosis runs the length of the body, it is the PHOTOSYNTHESIS The process by
different in form from the adult. occurs in many types of animals defining feature of chordates. It is which green plants and algae utilize
Caterpillars and tadpoles are examples. including crabs, starfish, frogs, present in embryonic vertebrates, the sun’s energy, carbon dioxide, and
and butterflies. but later becomes incorporated into water to produce energy-containing
LEKKING Mating system found in some the backbone. sugars. Oxygen is a byproduct.
species that involves males gathering MID-OCEAN RIDGE A submerged range
at traditional locations (leks) and of mountains running along the NYMPH An immature insect that looks PHYTOPLANKTON Plantlike lifeforms
competing for the attention of females deep-ocean floor. It is caused when similar to its parents except that it of the plankton that produce their
by performing ritualized displays, tectonic plates move away from one does not have functioning wings or own food by photosynthesis. They
building mounds, or undertaking other another and new crust is created by reproductive organs. See also Larva. are mainly microscopic algae. See
“show-off” activities. upwelling of molten rocks from the also Algae, Plankton, Zooplankton.
Earth’s mantle. See also Mantle. O
LIGNOTUBER A swollen, woody base PLANKTON Mainly microscopic floating
of a stem or trunk that occurs in MIGRATION Movements undertaken by OLD-GROWTH Term applied, especially lifeforms living in open water that
some plants. an animal species on a regular seasonal in North America, to natural forests cannot swim strongly (or at all) and
or diurnal basis. Some migrations cover that have not been significantly altered so drift with the currents.
LITHOPHYTE A plant adapted to grow huge distances. by human activity. In Britain the
on rock surfaces. equivalent term is ancient woodland. PLATE TECTONICS A concept that
MIMICRY Phenomenon in which explains how the plates that make
LIVE-BEARER An animal species where one species of animal has evolved OMNIVORE An animal whose natural up the Earth’s crust move. They are
the females give birth to live young, to look very similar to another diet includes a wide variety of animal created at midocean ridges and
rather than laying or releasing eggs. unrelated animal. and vegetable food. destroyed where plates collide or
slide by each other.
M MIXED FORESTS Temperate forests in OPERCULUM A cover or lid. In many
which a mixture of broadleaf and snails, an operculum on the back of the PNEUMATOPHORE (1) An aerial root
MANDIBLE A jaw or jawbone. In coniferous tree species grow. foot is used to seal the shell when the produced by some trees living in
mammals it usually refers to the lower animal has withdrawn inside. In bony waterlogged conditions to take in the
jaw, while in birds both the upper and MONOGAMY Situation where a male and fish and larval amphibians, there is an air their roots need. (2) The large
lower parts of the bill are referred to as female of a given species mate only operculum on each side of the body gas-filled float of the Portuguese man
mandibles. Mandibles are also the with one other and not with other to protect the gill chamber. o’ war (a relative of jellyfish).
chewing mouthparts of insects and partners. The pairs thus formed may
other arthropods. last for life or for a single season, P POLYGAMY The situation where members
depending on the species. of a species (male, female, or both sexes)
MANTLE (1) In geology, the layer lying PARASITE Any organism that lives on or have multiple sexual partners.
between the Earth’s crust and its core. MONOTREMES The egg-laying in the body of another organism and
The mantle is subject to high mammals, comprising the platypus feeds off it for an extended period. The PREDATOR An animal that hunts and
temperatures and pressures, and can and the echidnas (spiny anteaters). relationship is beneficial to the parasite, eats other animals.
slowly move. (2) In zoology, a but not to its host.
protective skin layer in snails and MONTANE Relating to or found in PREHENSILE Capable of grasping,
relatives that secretes the shell. mountainous regions. PECTORAL FIN One of two sets of paired such as the tails of some monkeys.
fins positioned on either side toward
MARSUPIALS The group of mammals MONTANE GRASSLANDS Grassland the front of a fish’s body, often just PREY Any animal hunted for food
that includes kangaroos, opossums, habitats occurring high on mountains, behind its head. Pectoral fins are by another animal or trapped by
wombats, and relatives. Unlike most in both tropical and temperate regions. usually highly mobile and are normally a carnivorous plant.
other mammals including humans, used for maneuvering and braking.
marsupials give birth to offspring in MORPH A physical variant of a species. PROBOSCIS In mammals, an elongated
a relatively undeveloped state, and Some species have several clearly PECTORAL MUSCLES Large, paired nose or snout, such as that of an
the young then typically continue their defined morphs, which may differ in muscles that pull the forelimbs toward elephant, or an elongated mouthpart
growth within an external pouch on color or patterning, but can interbreed. the chest. In birds they are the main for sipping liquids as seen in
the mother’s body. flight muscles. many butterflies.
MOLTING Shedding or renewing the body
MEDITERRANEAN WOODLAND AND covering, such as periodically replacing PEDIPALPS A pair of jointed structures PUFFBALLS Fungi that produce
SCRUB A type of habitat found in the feathers in birds, or shedding the found near the front of the body in globular fruiting bodies, which release
warm temperate regions with hot dry exoskeleton to allow for growth in spiders and relatives. They have spores in a dustlike cloud when
summers and cool wet winters. As well insects. A molt is any period when various functions including sensing they rupture.
as the Mediterranean area itself, this this happens. the environment and as aids in
habitat is found in California, parts reproduction, depending on the PUNA GRASSLAND An ecoregion of
of Australia, and elsewhere. MUTUALISM A close relationship species. The large “pincers” of the montane grasslands in the Andes
between two different species in scorpions are pedipalps. mountains of South America.
METABOLISM The sum total of the which both benefit.
biochemical processes taking place PENINSULA An area of land jutting out PUP A name for the young of many
in the body. N into the sea or a lake. animals, including sharks and seals
as well as (more obviously) dogs.
METAMORPHOSIS Phenomenon in NICHE The ecological “role” that a PERMAFROST Permanently frozen
which an animal’s body undergoes living thing plays. Ecological theory ground (technically, ground that PUPA In many insects such as flies and
states that no two species can occupy has remained frozen for at least two moths, a stage in which the larval body
the same niche, because one should is broken down and rebuilt as an adult.
outcompete the other. See also Larva.

GLOSSARY | 459

R of organisms that are similar in conifers, that occur in temperate VENTRAL Relating to the lower surface
appearance and behavior, usually regions with warm summers, cold or underside of an animal.
RANGE (1) The geographical distribution breed only with each other, and differ winters, and typically plentiful rainfall.
of a particular species. (2) The “home in some way from other similar species. VERTEBRATE Any animal with a
range” of an individual animal is TERRITORY A particular area or section backbone (fish, amphibians, reptiles,
the area within which it normally SPERMATOPHORE A packet of sperm of habitat defended by an animal or birds, and mammals). See
forages, which may or may not also that is transferred either directly from group of animals against rivals, usually also Chordate, Invertebrate.
be a territory. See also Territory. the male to the female, or indirectly— of the same species. See also Range.
(3) In geology, a term applied to for example, by being left on the VIVIPAROUS Giving birth to live young,
a mountain belt. ground. Spermatophores are produced TROPICAL Relating to the warm regions rather than laying eggs.
by a range of animals, including squid, of the Earth that lie between the
RAPTOR A bird of prey. salamanders, and some insects. Equator and the tropics of Cancer (to W
the north) and Capricorn (to the south).
RUMINANT Cloven-hooved mammals, STOOP Of a bird of prey: to swoop down WARNING COLORATION Striking
such as antelope and sheep, that have swiftly on its target prey. TROPICAL DRY BROADLEAF FORESTS colors on an animal designed to warn
a specialized digestive system with a Tropical broadleaf forests growing in potential predators that it is poisonous
compartmented stomach. The first STRATIFIED GRAZING The different regions with a long dry season. or otherwise dangerous.
compartment, the rumen, contains feeding levels (grasses, bushes, trees)
microorganisms that help break down and different parts and ages of plants TROPICAL MOIST BROADLEAF WEANING The period of adjustment in
tough plant food. It is also regurgitated (new shoots, older plants) eaten by FORESTS Tropical forests young mammals’ lives when they start
and rechewed, a process called various grazers and browsers in the dominated by broadleaved trees taking solid food rather than relying on
ruminating or “chewing the cud.” same area. and characterized by high rainfall their mother’s milk.
and no long dry season.
RUT The breeding season of deer. Also STRIDULATE Of insects such as WORLD HERITAGE SITE A site
called the rutting season, it is marked grasshoppers: to make a shrill or TUNDRA A treeless habitat of low- designated by the United Nations
by intense rivalry between males for grating noise by rubbing modified growing, cold-tolerant plants Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
mates. It often involves roaring (“rut” parts of the body against one another. widespread in the far north of North Organization (UNESCO) as being of
is an old word for roar) and displaying. Some tarantula spiders and venomous America, Russia, and the Antarctic world importance either for cultural
Equally matched males fight. snakes also stridulate. peninsula. A similar habitat (alpine reasons (such as historic city centers)
tundra) is found high on some or for aspects of its natural heritage,
S STROBILURIN Any of several related mountain ranges as well. such as its natural beauty, conservation
chemical compounds used in value, or geological interest.
SALINE Of water, springs, or lakes: agriculture to kill fungi. TUSK In mammals, an enlarged
having a high concentration of modified tooth that often projects Y
dissolved salts. SUBDUCTION The sinking of one outside the mouth.
tectonic plate beneath another when YUNGAS The varied and biodiverse
SAVANNA A general term for all tropical the two plates collide. See Plate tectonics TYPHOON A tropical cyclone, especially warm, moist broadleaf forests on the
grasslands. Most savannas also have and Midocean ridge. in Pacific regions (equivalent to eastern side of the Andes mountains.
scattered trees. a hurricane in the Atlantic).
SUBTROPICAL DRY BROADLEAF Z
SCUTES Shieldlike plates or scales that FORESTS Forests in warm subtropical U
form a hard covering on some animals. regions where frost is still occasionally ZOOPLANKTON Animals such as krill
possible and where there is a long dry ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION Radiation that are part of the plankton. See
SEAMOUNT An undersea mountain, season, during which trees may shed of shorter wavelength than the light Plankton.
usually formed from an extinct their leaves. visible to humans, which other animals
volcano. may be able to see. ZYGOMATIC ARCH Bony arch under the
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP A close eye socket on each side of the face.
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM Condition in living, relatively long-term relationship UMBRELLA SPECIES A species whose
which the males and females of a between two species. See also protection and conservation has the The IUCN (International Union for the
species differ obviously in appearance Mutualism, Parasite. side effect of protecting threatened Conservation of Nature) is the leading
(for example, in color pattern, shape, habitats where it lives, and the other source of information on the conservation
or size). T animals and plants that live there. and status of animal and plant species.
Scientists and organizations collect
SHIELD In geology, any large, stable TAIGA Another term for boreal UNGULATE A hooved mammal. data on a species’ population size, rate
region of ancient rocks that has not forest, though sometimes used of habitat fragmentation and decline,
been altered by mountain-building just for the northern part of this, V and the IUCN assess the risk for each
in recent geological history. Shield nearest the tundra. species using this information.
regions are usually relatively flat VASCULAR PLANT Any plant with
and form the central parts of TECTONIC PLATE Any of the large, rigid specialized tissues for transporting
most continents. sections into which the Earth’s surface water and nutrients between its
is divided, such as the Pacific Plate. different parts. Most land plants
SPAWN The eggs of fish, amphibians, and except for mosses and their relatives
marine invertebrates, especially when TEMPERATE Relating to the regions of are vascular plants.
laid as a large mass. “To spawn” is to the Earth between the tropics and the
lay such eggs. polar regions. VENOM Any toxic fluid produced by an
animal that is actively transferred into
SPECIATION The formation of new TEMPERATE BROADLEAF FORESTS the body of another. Venomous
species. Forests in temperate regions that are animals commonly deliver their venom
dominated by broadleaf tree species. via fangs, stings, or similar structures.
SPECIES A species is the basic unit of
biological classification. It is a group TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FORESTS
Evergreen forests, often dominated by

460 | INDEX

INDEX

Page numbers in bold refer Albert’s lyrebird 334 mammals 378 Aonyx cinereus 400
to main entries. Alcedo atthis 421 reptiles 378, 426 Aotus lemurinus 390
Alces alces 38–39 Andean cock-of-the-rock 89 apes see primates
A Alectoris melanocephala 253 Andean condor 112–13 Aphonopelma chalcodes 65
Aleutian Islands 22 Andean flamingo 77, 108 Apis mellifera 170–71
aardvark 228, 229, 381 algae 19, 312, 362, 370 Andean flicker 111 Apollo butterfly 163
aardwolf 402 Andean fox 109 Appalachians 23
Abyssinian roller 207 Antarctica 362, 370 Andes 76, 87, 110 apple snail 107
acacia 178, 193, 320, 334 Alladale Wilderness Reserve 140 Andean altiplano 108–13 Aptenodytes forsteri 374–75
alligator, American 66, 72–73, 107 Andean yungas 84–89 Apteryx haastii 410
camel thorn 228 Alligator mississippiensis 72–73 Andrias japonicus 291 Apteryx mantelli 356
whistling 192 alligator snapping turtle 428 anemonefish, Barrier Reef 351 Apteryx owenii 356
Accipiter gentilis 415 Alopex lagopus 27 angelfish, emperor 447 Apus apus 421
Acinonyx jubatus 196–7 Alouatta arctoidea 92 angler 446 aquatic environments 18–19, 24–25,
Acipenser sturio 445 Alouatta pigra 389 Angolan free-tailed bat 393
acorn worms 451 Alouatta seniculus 92–93 Anguilla anguilla 445 66–67, 100–01, 122–23, 134–35,
Acridotheres tristis 423 alpha males 37, 287 Anguis fragilis 434 146–47, 184–85, 218–19, 344–45,
Actitis macularius 418 alpine black swallowtail 291 angwantibo, Calabar 388 364–65, 370–71
Actophilornis africanus 224 alpine chamois 159 anhinga 70–71 Aquila audax 415
addax 406 alpine chipmunk 52, 56 Anhinga anhinga 70–71 Aquila chrysaetos 162–63
Addax nasomaculatus 406 alpine ibex 406 Anilius scytale 429 Ara chloropterus 419
adders alpine marmot 160 anole, green 432 Ara macao 97
common 145 alpine meadow 11, 14, 34–35, 158–59, Anolis carolinensis 432 Arabian cat snake 248–49
desert death 328 Antarctic Circumpolar Current 362 Arabian Highlands 248–53
puff 431 266 – 67 Antarctic Convergence 364 Arabian leopard 248
Adelie penguin 372 alpine musk deer 440 Antarctic hair grass 362 Arabian oryx 250–51
Aechmophorus occidentalis 412 alpine newt 438 Antarctic ice sheet 362 Arabian partridge 253
Aepyceros melampus 197 alpine swift 146 Antarctic midge 371 Arabian Peninsula 246
Africa 14, 174–243 alpine tundra 17 Antarctic pearlwort 362, 370 Arabian wolf 248, 249
Congo Basin 208–17 Alps, Australian 334 Antarctica 10, 18, 360–75 aracari, chestnut-eared 422
Ethiopian Highlands 178–83 Alps, European 10, 11, 132, 133, Antarctic Peninsula 363, 370–75 Araguaia River 77
Great Rift Valley lakes 184–91 Southern Ocean islands 364–69 Aramus guarauna 416
Kalahari Desert 228–35 158 –16 3 anteaters arapaima 445
Madagascan dry forest 236–43 Alps, New Zealand 313 collared 382 Arapaima gigas 445
Okavango Delta 218–27 altiplano, Andean 108–13 giant 116–17 Archilochus colubris 420
Serengeti savannas 192–207 altitude 11, 14, 18 silky 86 Arctic 10, 18, 22, 24–33,
African cherry 208 Antelope Valley 60–61 38, 137
African clawless otter 184, 399 see also mountains antelopes Arctic char 33
African darter 70 Alto Tajo Natural Park 152 Arabian oryx 250-251 Arctic cod 24, 25, 30
African fat-tailed gecko 433 Alytes obstetricans 162 blackbuck 257 Arctic fox 24, 27
African fire skink 434 Amazon rainforest 76, 84, common springbok 230 Arctic hare 25, 383
African fish eagle 43, 415 Ethiopian klipspringer 179 Arctic Ocean 16
African forest elephant 382 90–99, 102 gemsbok 378 Arctic tern 24, 369
African helmeted turtle 428 Amazon river dolphin 407 impala 197 Arctic tundra 17, 24–25
African jacana 224 Amazonian manatee 382 Kalahari springbok 230–31 Arctocebus calabarensis 388
African Rift Valley 188 amber snail 354–55 pronghorn 44, 45 Arctocephalus pusillus 397
African savanna elephant 15, 202–03 Amblyrhynchus cristatus 128–29 red lechwe 220–21 Arctonyx collaris 399
African skimmer 226 Ambystoma mexicanum 438 sitatunga 208 Ardea cinerea 413
African spoonbill 15, 413 Ambystoma tigrinum 438 southern sable 405 Ardea herodias 71
African wild ass 402 American alligator 66, 72–73, 107 Yarkand gazelle 279 Ardea herodias occidentalis 71
African wild dog 192, 224–25 American badger 399 Anthodiaeta collaris 216 Ardeotis kori 416
African zorilla 399 American beaver 34, 41, 52 Antidorcas hofmeyri 230–31 Argentina 257
Agalychnis callidryas 82–83 American bison 34, 44, 46–47 Antilocapra americanus 45 pampas 114–21
Agama agama 432 American bittern 413 Antilope cervicapra 257 Argentine horned frog 121
agama lizard 427 American black bear 34, 52, 54–55 antlers Argentine plains viscacha 387
aggressive mimicry 301 American buffalo 46–47 moose 38, 39 arid painted pyrgomorph 333
Agkistrodon contortrix 431 American bullfrog 441 red muntjac 258 armadillo lizard 234–35
agouti 90 American crocodile 66 reindeer 26 armadillos
Ailuropoda melanoleuca 274–75 American pika 40, 52 western red deer 141 big hairy 382
Ailurus fulgens 270 American red swamp crayfish 146, 184 western roe deer 153 giant 382
Aix galericulata 290 Ammotragus lervia 406 white-tailed deer 40 six-banded 117
Alaska 27, 36, 43, 76 amphibians 436–41 see also horns armored shew 394
Alauda arvensis 423 Antrozous pallidus 393 army cutworm moth 34
albatrosses 364 see also frogs; newts; salamanders; toads ants 229, 263, 328, 332, 453 Arnhem Land 312
Atlantic yellow-nosed 412 Amphiprion akindynos 351 Crematogaster 192 arrow worms 451
wandering 366–67 Amphisbaena fuliginosa 435 fire 90 arthropods 452–55
waved 125 amphisbaenians 435 leaf-cutter 98 arum, titan 293
Alberta 72 Amur tiger 261 spider 343 Arvicola amphibius 385
anaconda, green 105 wood 140 Ascaphus truei 441
Anas crecca 411 Aonyx capensis 399 Asia 14, 244–309
Anathana ellioti 388 Arabian Highlands 248–53
anatomy

amphibians 436
birds 408
fish 442
invertebrates 448

Bornean rainforest 292–301 Bactrian camel 278, 280–81 Louisiana black 55 INDEX | 461
Eastern Himalayas 266–71 badgers polar 24, 25, 27, 28–29, 31
Gobi Desert 278–83 sloth 263 cuckoos and turacos 419
Nihonkai montane forest 284–91 American 399 spectacled 87 divers 412
Sulu-Sulawesi Seas 302–09 European 165 sun 292, 396 gamebirds 410–11
Terai-Duar savannas 254–65 hog 399 beavers grebes 412
Upper Yangtze Forests 272–77 honey 224, 399 American 34, 41, 52 herons and relatives 413
Asian elephant 258–59 Badwater Basin 60 Eurasian 140, 384 hummingbirds and swifts 420–21
Asian red dog 277 Badwater snail 60 bee-eater, European 150–51 kingfishers and relatives 421–22
Asian small-clawed otter 400 Bagyeli people 209 beech trees 354 kiwis 410
Asian tiger keelback 291 Bahamas 23 Japanese 284 migration 76, 152, 248
Asian water dragon 432 Baikal seal 396 bees 453 nightjars and frogmouths 420
Asian wild buffalo 254, 405 Baja California 59 European honey 170–71 owls 420
Asiatic black bear 396 Balaena mysticetus 407 beetles 328, 453 parrots 419
Asir Mountains 248 Balaeniceps rex 190 Bruchid 192 passerines 422–25
aspen trees 35, 140 Balaenoptera musculus 372–73 dung 193 pelicans and relatives 413–14
Aspidites ramsayi 333 bald cypress 66–67 golden 453 penguins 411
asses bald eagle 42–43, 52 rosalia longicorn 158 pigeons 418
African wild 402 bald uakari 389 scarab 100 rheas 410
Mongolian wild 278–9 Bale Mountains 178 stag 172–73 tinamous 410
Tibetan wild 402 Balearica pavonina 189 behavior trogons 421
Atacama Desert 17, 77 Balearica regulorum 189 amphibians 436 waders, gulls and auks 417–18
Athene cunicularia 121 Bali 247 birds 408 waterfowl 411
Atlantic bluefin tuna 447 Balistoides conspicillum 447 fish 442 see also individual species
Atlantic cod 446 Balkans 133, 161 invertebrates 448 birds-of-paradise
Atlantic halibut 447 Bambi 153 mammals 378 greater 318–19
Atlantic herring 134, 446 bamboo 15, 272, 273, 275 reptiles 426 raggiana 319
Atlantic mudskipper 447 bamboo partridge, Chinese 272 Belarus 47 Wilson’s 422
Atlantic Ocean 22, 25, 77, 124, 346 bamboo rat, Chinese 385 beluga 24, 29, 31 birdwing, Rothschild’s 315
Atlantic puffin 138–9 banded mongoose 400 Ben Nevis 140–41 bison
Atlantic salmon 137 bandicoots Bengal gray langur 391 American 34, 44, 46–47
Atlantic yellow-nosed eastern barred 380 Bengal tiger 260–61 European 47
albatross 412 greater bilby 332 Bering Sea 29 wood 47
Atlas moth 300 Bangladesh 261 berrypecker, crested 317 Bison bison 46–47
Atlas mountains 176 banksia 334, 335 Berthe’s mouse lemur 237 Bison bison athabascae 47
Atrax robustus 343 baobab 236 Betsileo sportive lemur 389 Bison bonasus 47
Atta cephalotes 98 barasingha 254 Bhutan 266 Bitis arietans 431
Attacus atlas 300 Barbary sheep 406 Bhutan takin 267 Bitis gabonica 431
Auckland tree weta 359 Bardia National Park 254 Bialoweza Forest 47 bittern, American 413
Australasia 263, 281, 300, 304–05, 310–59 Bargibant’s pygmy seahorse 350–51 bicolored white-toothed shrew 394 bivalves 455
East Australian forests barn owl 420 big hairy armadillo 382 black-and-red broadbill 299
334–43 barracuda, great 308–09 bighorn sheep 53 black-and-white ruffed lemur 239
Great Barrier Reef 344–53 Barrier Reef see Great Barrier Reef bilby, greater 332 black-backed jackal 396
Great Sandy-Tanami Desert 328–33 Barrier Reef anemonefish 351 bills black-backed woodpecker 52
New Guinea montane forest 314–19 baruwa grass 255 African skimmer 226 black bears
New Zealand mixed forest 354–59 Basilicus plumifrons 432 Atlantic puffin 139 American 34, 52, 54–55
North Australia savannas 320–27 basilisk, green 432 bald eagle 42 Louisiana 55
Australia 13, 14 Bassariscus astutus 398 black-and-red broadbill 299 black caiman 435
Australian Alps 334 bat-eared fox 396 black woodpecker 169 black-capped social weaver 204–05
Australian copperhead 430 bats 392–93 duck-billed platypus 336 black-capped squirrel monkey 390
Australian pratincole 417 Angolan free-tailed 393 flightless grebe 111 black colobus 209
Austrelaps superbus 430 brown long-eared 393 great Indian hornbill 264 black crowned crane 189
Austria 10 common noctule 393 great white pelican 189 black-footed ferret 48
avocet, pied 149 common pipistrelle 393 greater flamingo 149 black-footed rock wallaby 328
axolotl, Mexican 438 Daubenton’s 393 jabiru stork 103 black-headed bullmaster viper 79
aye-aye 241 Egyptian rousette 392 pied avocet 149 black lemur 389
Azura’s capuchin 77 ghost 392 red-billed quelea 225 black-lipped pika 383
greater bulldog 393 red-legged seriema 120 black mamba 207
B Honduran white 79 roseate spoonbill 104 black noddy 344
large flying fox 294 Scottish crossbill 143 black rat 386
babbler, spiny 254 lesser mouse-tailed 392 shoebill 190 black rhinoceros 193, 222, 223
babirusa, Moluccan 403 lesser short-tailed 355 toco toucan 96–97 Black Sea 135
baboons little red flying fox 334 biodiversity black swallowtail, Alpine 291
pallid 393 Australia 321 black swan 411
Chacma 391 proboscis 392 Bornean rainforest 292 black-tailed jackrabbit 63
gelada 178, 180–81 Rodrigues flying fox 392 Costa Rican rainforest 78 black-tailed prairie dog 48
hamadryas 249 vampire 115 Great Barrier Reef 344 black vulture 152
olive 185 Bavarian Forest 164–73 New Guinea 314 black-winged stilt 417
savanna 180 Bayaka people 209 Nihonkai montane forest 284 black woodpecker 169
Babyrousa babyrussa 403 beaks see bills and beaks Sulu-Sulawesi Seas 302 blackbird 424
bachelor herds bears birch trees 140 blackbuck 257
Cape buffalo 220 American black 34, 52, 54–55 birdeater, Goliath 99 blackfin icefish 370–371
gelada 180 Asiatic black 396 birds 408–25 blacktip reef shark 444
Grant’s zebra 200 brown 29, 36, 52, 279 albatrosses and petrels 412 blanket bogs 140
impala 197 European brown 158 birds of prey 414–16 Blastocerus dichotomus 440
muskox 26 Gobi 279 cassowaries and emus 410 blazing star 14
grizzly 34, 36 cranes and relatives 416 blistered grasshopper 333
Kermode 55 blubber 31, 32, 135
blue-crowned motmot 421
blue damselfly 359

462 | INDEX

blue-footed booby 125 brown lemming 385 cactus finch 122 Capricornis crispus 285
Blue Mountains 334 brown long-eared bat 393 caecilian, ringed 439 Caprimulgus europaeus 420
blue poison dart frog 436 brown pelican 414 caecum, koala 339 Capromys pilorides 387
Blue Ridge Mountains 23 brown rat 386 Caiman crocodilus 107 captive breeding
blue-ringed octopus 352, 455 Bruchid beetle 192 Caiman yacare 106–07
blue sheep, Himalayan 266 brushtail possum 354 caimans Arabian oryx 250
blue-striped snapper 443 bryozoans 451 gharial 265
blue tit 423 Bubalus arnee 405 black 435 Iberian lynx 154
blue-tongued skink 434 Bubo virginianus 420 spectacled 107 Przewalski’s wild horse 282
blue whale 19, 364, 372–73 Buceros bicornis 264 Yacare 106–07 capuchins
blue-winged kookaburra 323 budgerigars 328–29 Cairngorms 140 Azura’s 77
bluefin tuna, Atlantic 447 Budorcas whitei 267 Calabar angwantibo 388 Guianan weeper 390
Boaedon capensis 430 buffaloes California 13, 15, 22, 51 hooded 102
boar, wild 164, 169, 261 Mojave Desert 60–65 capybara 101
boas American 46–47 Sierra Nevada 52–59 caracal 229, 248
Asian wild 254, 405 California condor 414 Caracal caracal 229
emerald tree 97 Cape 192, 193, 220 California sea lion 397 caracara, southern 416
green anaconda 105 Bufo bufo 440 Callicebus moloch 390 Caracara plancus 416
rainbow 429 bugs 453 Callimico goeldii 390 Carcharhinus melanopterus 444
bobcat 37, 69 wart-headed 453 Calliteara pudibunda 170 Carcharodon carcharias 444
Bogoria, Lake 184 bull shark 66 calls see communication cardinal, northern 425
bogs, blanket 140 bulldog bat, greater 393 Camargue 146–51 Cardinalis cardinalis 425
Bohemian Forest 164 bullfrogs Camargue horse 147 Caretta caretta 428
Bolbometopon muricatum 309 African 229 Camarhynchus pallidus 125 Cariama cristata 120
Bombina orientalis 439 American 441 camel thorn acacia 228 Caribbean 13, 22, 76
bongo 440 South American 440 camels 328 caribou 24, 26, 38
bonobo 208, 210, 392 bullmaster viper, black-headed 79 Bactrian 278, 280–81 Peary 26
bony fish 445–47 Bunaken National Park 302 dromedary 281 see also reindeer
boobies 124 bunting, painted 425 Camelus bactrianus 280–81 carnivores 395–402
blue-footed 125 Burmese python 67, 429 Camelus dromedarius 403 carnivorous plants 292
boomslang 429 burrowing owl 121 camouflage carp 184, 442, 446
booted eagle 152 burrowing toad, Mexican 439 Argentine horned frog 121 carrion crow 422
booted racket-tail humming bird 88 burrows and tunnels Bargibant’s pygmy seahorse 350 cartilaginous fish 444–45
boreal forests 12, 16 Alpine marmot 160 bobcat 37 Caspian Sea 133
North America 22 Andean flicker 111 common flying dragon 298 cassowaries 322, 356
boreal owl 164 Arctic fox 27 common snapping turtle 72 southern 410
Bornean orangutan 296–97 Auckland tree weta 358 Denise’s pygmy seahorse 350 castor bean tick 455
Bornean rainforest 292–301 black-footed ferret 48 emerald tree boa 97 Castor canadensis 41
Borneo 247, 298 black-tailed prairie dog 48 frilled lizard 325 Castor fiber 384
Bos bonasus 405 burrowing owl 121 green anaconda 105 Casuarius casuarius 410
Bos gaurus 257 common wombat 337 Henkel’s leaf-tailed gecko 243 cat snake, Arabian 248–49
Bos mutus 405 Couch’s spadefoot 64 Himalayan blue sheep 266 catbird 313
Boselaphus tragocamelus 405 desert blond tarantula 65 jaguar 95 caterpillars 51, 163, 170, 448
Botaurus lentiginosus 413 duck-billed platypus 336 Macleay’s spectre 343 Cathartes aura 56–57
Botswana, Okavango Delta 218–27 greater bilby 332 Malaysian orchid mantis 301 cats
Bouvet Island 364 kit fox 61 mountain tapir 85 Bengal tiger 260–61
bowerbirds 313 meerkat 232 ocelot 80 caracal 229
Vogelkop 314 North Island brown kiwi 356 panther chameleon 242 cheetah 193, 196–97
bowhead whale 24, 407 Patagonian mara 117 ptarmigan 161 feral 320
box turtle, ornate 44 six-banded armadillo 117 red-eyed tree frog 82 fishing 401
boxer crab 309 thorny devil 332 snow leopard 269 Iberian lynx 154–55
brachiopods 451 tuatara 358 striped scorpion 50 Indochinese clouded leopard 254, 276
Brachyteles arachnoides 389 bush dog 395 thorny devil 332 jaguar 87, 94–95, 107
Bradypus torquatus 382 bush duiker 405 Canada leopard 95, 193, 199, 214, 254
Brahmaputra River 266 bush-quail, Manipur 254 Canadian Arctic 24–33 lion 15, 193, 194–95, 199, 378
brain see intelligence bushmaster, South American 431 Canada goose 411 ocelot 80–81
brain coral 344 bushpig 403 Canadian Shield 22 panther 95
Branta canadensis 411 bushy-crested hornbill 293 “canaries of the sea” 31 puma 62, 66, 69, 87
Brazil, Pantanal 100–107 bustards cane toad 91, 440 snow leopard 266, 268–69
Brazilian guinea pig 386 great 283 Canis latrans 49 wildcat 143, 164
breathing kori 416 Canis lupus 37 cattle
Alpine marmot 160 butterflies 78, 315, 453 Canis lupus dingo 321 Camargue 146, 147
ensatina 59 Alpine black swallowtail 291 Canis lupus irremotus 37 gaur 257
green sea turtle 346 Apollo 163 Canis mesomelas 396 Caucasus mountains 133
Japanese giant salamander 291 common morpho 81 Canis rufus 396 cave salamander 133
breeding see reproduction crimson longwing 89 Canis simensis 182 caves, limestone 133
Britain 133 monarch 51 Cape buffalo 192, 193, 220 Cavia aperea 386
Scottish Highlands 140–45 see also moths Cape cobra 234 cavy 117
British Columbia 37 Cape Floristic Region, Cebuella pygmaea 92
Brittany 133 C South Africa 177 Cebus olivaceus 390
broadbill, black-and-red 299 Cape golden mole 381 Celebes crested macaque 391
broadleaf evergreen forest 12, 13, 272–73 Cacajao calvus 389 Cape ground squirrel 384 centipedes 454
Broadleysaurus major 434 Cacatua galerita 341 Cape porcupine 231 Central and South America 74–129
brown bears 29, 36, 52, 158, 279 cactus capercaillie, western 145, 164 Amazon rainforest 90–99
brown fur seal 397 Capra falconeri 406 Andean altiplano 108–13
brown hare 383 lava 122–23 Capra ibex 406 Andean yungas 84–89
brown house snake 430 prickly pear 44 Capra pyrenaica 153 Argentine pampas 114–21
brown hyena 401 saguaro 17 Capreolus capreolus 153 Costa Rican rainforest 78–83

INDEX | 463

Galapagos Islands 122–29 Churchill, Canada 29 coca bush 84 narwhal 30
Pantanal 100–107 cicadas 328 northern gray fox 67
Central Great Plains 44–51 cichlids 176, 185 cock-of-the-rock, Andean 89 okapi 216
Centrocercus urophasianus 50 ostrich 234
Centruroides vittatus 50 zebra mbuna 191 cockatoo, sulfur-crested 341 peacock mantis shrimp 351
Cephalopachus bancanus 294 Cicinnurus respublica 422 cod raccoon dog 289
cephalopods 455 civet, common palm 400 red howler monkey 93
Ceratophrys ornata 121 Arctic 24, 25, 30 red-legged seriema 120
Ceratotherium simum 222–23 clam, giant 352 Atlantic 446 red panda 270
Cercopithecus neglectus 390 clans, meerkat 232 polar 30 scarlet macaw 97
Cerdocyon thous 395 Clark’s nutcracker 34 coelacanth 302–03, 445 spinner dolphin 303
Cervus elaphus 141 classification stork-billed kingfisher 299
cetaceans 407 Colaptes rupicola 111 Verreaux’s sifaka 240
Chacma baboon 391 amphibians 436 cold conditions vervet monkey 201
Chad, Lake 176 birds 409 walrus 32
Chaetophractus villosus 382 fish 442 Amur tiger 261 condors
chaffinch 424 invertebrates 449 Arctic fox 27
Chalcides ocellatus 434 mammals 379 emperor penguin 375 Andean 112–13
chameleons 236 reptiles 426 see also Antarctica; Arctic California 414
dwarf 236–37 clawless otter, African Condylura cristata 394
Jackson’s 432 184, 399 cold desert 17, 278–79 Conepatus humboldtii 397
panther 242–43 claws Colius striatus 421
chamois, Alpine 159 giant anteater 116 collared anteater 382 Congo Basin 208–17
chaparral 15 peacock mantis shrimp 351 collared peccary 403 Congo River 176, 208, 209
see also scrub silky anteater 86 coniferous forests 12, 34, 52, 133,
Chapman’s zebra 200 climate see ecosystems collared sunbird 216
char, Arctic 33 climate change colobus, black 209 354
characin 103 Arctic 25 Colobus guereza 391
Charadrius hiaticula 417 Eastern Himalayas 266 colonies Connochaetes mearnsi 198
Chari River 176 Great Barrier Reef 344, 345 Conraua goliath 441
cheetah 193, 196–97 paddy fields 255 American beaver 41 conservation see endangered
Cheirogaleus medius 389 climbing anhinga 70
Chelodina longicollis 428 American black bear 55 Atlantic puffin 139 species
Chelonia mydas 346–47 Bornean orangutan 297 black-capped social weaver 204–05 copperheads
Chelonoidis carbonarius 428 Goodfellow’s tree kangaroo emperor penguin 375
Chelonoidis nigra 126–27 317 European bee-eater 150 Australian 430
Chelus fimbriata 428 Iberian ibex 153 European honey bee 171 southern 431
Chelydra serpentina 72 Indochinese clouded leopard 276 Galapagos sea lion 123 Coquerel’s sifaka 241
Chen caerulescens 33 ocelot 80 great blue heron 71 coral, brain 344
Chengdu 272 silky anteater 86 great white pelican 189 coral reefs 19, 309, 350
cherry trees 208, 284–85 South American coati 86 gray seal 135
chestnut-eared aracari 422 leaf-cutter ant 98 Great Barrier Reef 344–53
chickadee, mountain 56 cloud forests 13, 78, 84–85 lesser flamingo 188 Norwegian fjords 134, 135
Chile 113 marine iguana 128–29 Sulu-Sulawesi Seas 302
Chilean flamingo 108 clouded leopard, Indochinese 254, 276 pied avocet 149 Coral Sea 347, 351
chimpanzees 208, 210–11 clown triggerfish 447 Portuguese man o’ war 352 coral snake, South American 430
pygmy 208, 210 clownfish 351 roseate spoonbill 104 Coral Triangle 302
China 247 Clupea harengus 446 sugar glider 316
Gobi Desert 272–83 cnidarians 450 wandering albatross 366 Corallus caninus 97
Upper Yangtze Forests 272–77 coastal desert 17 see also social groups cork oak 13, 153
chinchilla, long-tailed 109, 387 coat color cormorants 70, 125, 369
Chinchilla lanigera 387 blue damselfly 359
Chinese bamboo partridge 272 Alpine chamois 159 common morpho 81 flightless 122
Chinese bamboo rat 385 American bison 47 lesser flamingo 188 great 413
Chinese giant salamander 291 Amur tiger 261 marine iguana 129 corn snake 429
Chinese green tree viper 272–73 Arctic fox 27 mountain kingsnake 59 corncrake 416
Chinook salmon 52–53 Bactrian camel 281 striped skunk 54 Corvus corone 422
chinstrap penguin 411 Bengal tiger 261 colugo, Malayan 388 Corytophanes cristatus 432
chipmunks Eurasian otter 167 Columba livia 418 Costa Rican rainforest 76,
Alpine 52, 56 Eurasian red squirrel 142 Columba palumbus 418
eastern 383 giant panda 275 communication 78–83
Chiromantis xerampelina 441 giraffe 199 African savanna elephant 203 coteries, black-tailed prairie dog
Chironectes minimus 380 golden langur 267 American pika 40
chital 261 grizzly bear 36 beluga 31 48
Chitwan National Park 254 Indochinese clouded leopard 276 black woodpecker 169 cotton-top tamarin 390
Chlamydosaurus kingii 324–25 jaguar 95 blue whale 372 cottontail, eastern 383
Chlorocebus pygerythrus 201 Japanese macaque 287 blue-winged kookaburra 323 Coturnix coturnix 410
Choeropsis liberiensis 403 Japanese serow 285 coyote 49 couch grass 192
Choloepus hoffmanni 79 kit fox 61 dhole 277
chordates, invertebrate, 455 koala 339 emu 322 Couch’s spadefoot 64
chough, yellow-billed 161 leopard 214 European bee-eater 150
chromodoris, Loch’s 302 muskox 26 gelada 180, 181 cougar 62
Chrysochloris asiatica 381 polar bear 29 giant otter 102 courtship
Chrysocyon brachyurus 118–19 puma 62 golden snub-nosed monkey 273
Chrysolophus pictus 277 snow leopard 269 hippopotamus 187 American alligator 72
Chrysopelea ornata 430 vicuña 110 hooded capuchin 102 black-capped social weaver
chuckwalla, northern 433 western red deer 141 impala 197 204–05
wild yak 266 jaguar 95 blue-footed booby 125
see also fur Japanese macaque 287 golden eagle 162
kakapo 356 golden pheasant 277
coati, South American 86 killer whale 137 great crested grebe 157
cobras 206, 262–63 large mountain grasshopper 163 great crested newt 170
leopard seal 372 greater bird-of-paradise 319
Cape 234 maned wolf 119 green jumping spider 326
mountain tapir 85 king eider 137
Indian 264 Müller’s gibbon 298 red-eyed tree frog 82
king 207, 431 rockhopper penguin 368
roseate spoonbill 104
Scottish crossbill 143
waved albatross 125

coyote 40, 49, 69
coypu 387

464 | INDEX

crab-eating fox 395 D Dendroaspis polylepis 207 Eurasian otter 167
crab-eating raccoon 398 gray seal 135
crabeater seal 364–65, 396 Daba Mountains 272 Dendrobates tinctorius 98 imperial shag 369
crabs Dacelo leachii 323 king eider 137
Dalmatian pelican 414 Dendrocygna eytoni 323 marine iguana 129
boxer 309 Dama dama 440 Dendrohyrax arboreus 382 narwhal 30
edible 454 damselflies 452 Dendrolagus goodfellowi 317 southern elephant seal 365
guard 345 Denise’s pygmy seahorse 350 Doberai Peninsula 314, 315
horseshoe 454 blue 359 dens Dolichotis patagonum 117
Sally Lightfoot 122 Danaus plexippus 51 dolphins 187
cranes dances coyote 49 Amazon river 407
black crowned 189 Gila monster 64 common short-beaked 407
common 416 blue-footed booby 125 grizzly bear 36 hourglass 372
gray crowned 189 emperor scorpion 216, 217 Iberian lynx 154 Irrawaddy 302
sandhill 416 European honey bee 171 northern raccoon 69 killer whale 136–37, 372
sarus 263 great crested grebe 157 polar bear 28, 29 pantropical spotted 407
crayfish, American red swamp 146, 184 greater bird-of-paradise 319 Dermochelys coriacea 428 pink river 91
Crematogaster ants 192 roseate spoonbill 104 desert blond tarantula 65 spinner 303
crested berrypecker 317 Verreaux’s sifaka 241 desert death adder 328 tucuxi 91
crested macaque, Celebes 391 see also displays desert horned lizard 433 domestication, American bison 47
crested oropendola 425 Danube, River 164 desert tortoise 60 donkeys, feral 328
crested tinamou, elegant 410 darter, African 70 deserts 10 dormouse, hazel 164, 384
Crex crex 416 Darwin, Charles 122, 300 Australia 312 Douglas fir 140
crickets 452 Darwin’s frog 440 Gobi Desert 278–79 Douglas squirrel 53
Auckland tree weta 358 Darwin’s rhea 410 Great Sandy-Tanami Desert 328-33 dove, rock 418
see also grasshoppers Dasypeltis scabra 429 Kalahari Desert 228–29 Draco volans 298–99
crimson longwing 89 dasyure, speckled 314–15 Mojave Desert 60–61 dragonflies 19, 146, 452
crimson topaz 421 Dasyurus maculatus 341 North America 22 emperor 452
Crocidura leucodon 394 Dasyurus viverrinus 380 desman, Russian 394 Ethiopian highlander 178–79
crocodiles Daubentonia madagascariensis 241 Desmana moschata 394 Drakensburg Mountains 176
American 66 Daubenton’s bat 393 Desmarest’s hutia 387 dreys, Eurasian red squirrel 142
dwarf 435 dawn redwood 272 Desmodus rotundus 115 Dromaius novaehollandiae 322
Nile 190–91, 198 DDT 144 dexterity 69, 297 dromedary 281, 403
saltwater 191, 435 De Brazza’s monkey 390 see also tool users droughts
Crocodylus niloticus 190–91 dead-leaf toad 84 dhole 277 Gobi Desert 278
Crocodylus porosus 191, 435 Dean’s Blue Hole 23 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 403 Great Sandy-Tanami Desert 328
Crocuta crocuta 253, 401 Death Valley 60 Diceros bicornis 223 Kalahari Desert 228
Cromwell Current 124 deciduous forest 12, 164–65, 284–85 Didelphis virginiana 380 Mojave Desert 60
crossbills deciduous trees 133, 284 digestive system dry desert 17, 60–61, 228–29, 248–49,
common 143 deer 145, 254 American bison 47 328–29
parrot 143 Alpine musk 440 giant panda 275 dry forest, Madagascan 236–37
Scottish 143 barasingha 254 koala 339 Dryocopus martius 169
Crotalus cerastes 431 common fallow 440 sloths 79 duck-billed platypus 334, 336–67
Crotalus scutulatus 64 marsh 440 Terai sacred langur 259 ducks 411
crown-of-thorns starfish 344 moose 38–39 dingo 321, 322, 337 king eider 137
crowned pigeon, southern 418 mule 440 Diomedea exulans 366–67 mandarin 290
crowned sandgrouse 419 northern pudu 85 Disney, Walt 153 plumed whistling-duck 323
crows pampas 114 Dispholidus typus 429 dugong 302, 303, 304–05, 312, 382
carrion 422 red muntjac 258 displays Dugong dugon 304–5
Clark’s nutcracker 34 sika 284 Andean cock-of-the-rock 89 duiker, bush 405
yellow-billed chough 161 western red 141 anhinga 70 dung beetle 193
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis western roe 153, 164 Australian water dragon 342 dunnart, fat-tailed 329
438 white-tailed 40, 153 booted racket-tail humming bird 88 dusky grass wren 328
Cryptoprocta ferox 237 defences common flying dragon 298 Dust Bowl, North America 44
cuckoos armadillo lizard 234–35 Fabian’s lizard 113 dwarf chameleon 236–37
common 419 boxer crab 309 frilled lizard 324–25 dwarf crocodile 435
greater roadrunner 63 Cape cobra 234 gharial 265 dwarf hamster 278
Cuculus canorus 419 Cape porcupine 231 golden eagle 162 dwarf minke whale 345
culpeo 109 common pangolin 215 golden pheasant 277 dyeing poison frog 98
Cuon alpinus 277 Goliath birdeater 99 great bustard 283 Dyscophus antongilii 243
curlew, Eurasian 417 jewelled lizard 157 great frigatebird 124
cuscus Macleay’s spectre 343 greater bird-of-paradise 319 E
common 380 mandarinfish 305 greater sage-grouse 50
common spotted 315 meerkat 232, 233 gray crowned crane 189 eagle owl 58, 152, 164
cutthroat trout 35 monarch butterfly 51 Indian peafowl 271 eagle ray, common 445
cutworm moth, army 34 Nile monitor 227 jabiru stork 103 eagles 188
Cyanistes caeruleus 423 Portuguese man o’ war 352 king eider 137
Cyclopes didactylus 86 striped skunk 54 ostrich 234 bald 42–43, 52
Cyclura cornuta 433 thorny devil 332 panther chameleon 242 booted 152
Cygnus atratus 411 tomato frog 243 red-legged seriema 120 fish 43, 415
Cygnus olor 148–49 yellow-legged frog 59 roseate spoonbill 104 golden 162–63
Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos 299 Delichon urbicum 423 sarus crane 263 harpy 76, 78, 86, 93, 415
Cynictis penicillata 400 Delphinapterus leucas 31 wandering albatross 367 Iberian imperial 152–53
Cynomys ludovicianus 48 Delphinus delphis 407 western capercaillie 145 Steller’s sea 43
cypress swamps 66–67 deltas western gorilla 212, 213 wedge-tailed 322, 328, 415
Cyprinus carpio 446 Camargue 146–47 see also dances white-tailed 43
Czech Republic 164 Nile 176 diver, red-throated 412 eared seals 123
Okavango 218–19 diving
Atlantic puffin 139
dugong 304
emperor penguin 375

INDEX | 465

ears and hearing 15 edible crab 454 emperor penguin 370, 374–75 Europe 10, 14, 130–73
African savanna elephant 203 eel, European 147, 445 emperor scorpion 216–17 Alps 158–63
black-tailed jackrabbit 63 egg-eating snake, common 429 emperor tamarin 92 Bavarian Forest 164–73
caracal 229 egg-laying mammals Empty Quarter, Arabian Peninsula 248 Camargue 146–51
Galapagos sea lion 123 emu 322, 356 Norwegian fjords 134–39
great gray owl 58 see monotremes Emydocephalus annulatus 347 Scottish Highlands 140–45
greater bilby 332 egg tooth, great gray owl 58 Emys orbicularis 428 Tagus Valley 152–57
Iberian lynx 154 eggs endangered species
kit fox 61 European badger 165
African jacana 224 Arabian oryx 250 European bee-eater 150–51
earwigs 452 Andean condor 112 barasingha 254 European bison 47
East African Rift 176 anhinga 70 Bornean orangutan 297 European brown bear 158
East Australian forests 334–43 Atlantic puffin 139 Eurasian beaver 140 European common frog 440
eastern barred bandicoot 380 Couch’s spadefoot 64 fisher 52 European common toad 437, 440
eastern chipmunk 383 desert blond tarantula 65 gharial 265 European eel 147, 445
eastern cottontail 383 duck-billed platypus 336 giant panda 275 European grass snake 430
eastern gorilla 392 dyeing poison frog 98 Gobi bear 279 European hedgehog 156
eastern gray squirrel 384 emperor penguin 375 golden langur 267 European honey bee 170–71
Eastern Himalayas 266–71 ensatina 59 gray crowned crane 189 European mole 395
eastern newt 438 European bee-eater 150 Iberian lynx 154 European nightjar 420
eastern quoll 380 frilled lizard 325 Indian rhinoceros 256 European pine marten 165
eastern spotted skunk 397 Galapagos penguin 124 koala 339 European polecat 398
eastern tiger salamander 438 Galapagos tortoise 127 Louisiana black bear 55 European pond turtle 428
echidnas 314, 336 Gila monster 65 mountain tapir 85 European starling 423
golden tegu 105 pampas deer 114 European sturgeon 445
long-beaked 315 greater rhea 121 Przewalski’s wild horse 282 European tree frog 152
short-beaked 334, 380 green sea turtle 346 Sunda pangolin 293 European whitefish 159
echinoderms 455 Indian cobra 264 Endangered Species Act (US) 55 Everglades, Florida 66-73
Echinosorex gymnura 394 Japanese giant salamander 291 Enhydra lutris 399 evolution, theory of 122
echolocation 294, 303, 372 leopard tortoise 226 ensatina 59 Exocoetus volitans 446
ecoregions lesser flamingo 188 Ensatina eschscholtzii 59 Extatosoma tiaratum 343
Alps 158–59 Macleay’s spectre 343 Eolophus roseicapilla 419 Extatosoma tiaratum tiaratum 343
Amazon rainforest 90–91 midwife toad 162 Epicrates cenchria 429 extreme environments 16–17,
Andean altiplano 108–09 Nile monitor 226 Epinephelus lanceolatus 447
Andean yungas 84–85 North Island brown kiwi 356 Equus africanus 402 24–25, 60–61, 108–09, 228–29,
Antarctic Peninsula 370–71 ocean sunfish 347 Equus caballus 147 328–29, 370–71
Antarctica 362–63 panther chameleon 242 Equus kiang 402 eyed skink 434
Arabian Highlands 248–49 red-eyed tree frog 83 Equus przewalskii 282–83 eyes
Argentine pampas 114–15 resplendent quetzal 81 Equus quagga 402 golden eagle 162
Bavarian Forest 164–65 rockhopper penguin 368 Equus quagga boehmi 200 green jumping spider 326
Bornean rainforest 292–93 Sydney funnelweb spider 343 Equus quagga chapmani 200 jaguar 95
Camargue 146–47 tuatara 358 Erethizon dorsata 386 leopard 214
Canadian Arctic 24–25 whale shark 306 Erinaceus europaeus 156 panther chameleon 242
Central Great Plains 44–45 Yacare caiman 107 Erythrocebus patas 390 peacock mantis shrimp 351
Congo Basin 208–09 zebra mbuna 191 Eschrichtius robustus 407 red-eyed tree frog 82
Costa Rican rainforest 78–79 egrets 146 Esox lucius 446 scalloped hammerhead shark
East Australian forests 334–35 little 152 Ethiopia 180 349
Eastern Himalayas 266–67 Egyptian jerboa, lesser 386 Ethiopian highlander 178–79 southern marsupial mole 329
Ethiopian Highlands 178–79 Egyptian rousette 392 Ethiopian Highlands 178–83 western tarsier 294
Florida Everglades 66–67 Egyptian vulture 254, 415 Ethiopian klipspringer 179 Yacare caiman 106
Galapagos Islands 122–23 eider Ethiopian wolf 178, 182
Gobi Desert 278–79 common 24 Etosha Pan 188 F
Great Barrier Reef 344–45 Eubalaena australis 407
Great Rift Valley lakes 184–85 king 137 Eublepharis macularius 433 Fabian’s lizard 113
Great Sandy-Tanami Desert 328–29 eland, common 440 eucalypts 13, 152, 306, 320, 334, 339 facial flaps, Bornean orangutan
Kalahari Desert 228–29 Elbe, River 164 Eudromia elegans 410
Madagascan dry forest 236–37 electroreceptors Eudyptes chrysocome 368–69 297
Mojave Desert 60–61 Eudyptes chrysolophus 411 fairy wren, purple-crowned 323
New Guinea montane forest 314–15 duck-billed platypus 336 Eulemur macaco 389 falanouc 400
New Zealand mixed forest 354–55 long-beaked echidna 315 Eunectes murinus 105 Falco peregrinus 144
Nihonkai montane forest 284–85 ribbontail stingray 304 Euphorbia ammak 248 falcons
North American protected lands 22–23 scalloped hammerhead Euphractus sexcinctus 117
North Australia savannas 320–21 shark 349 Eupleres goudotii 400 gray 328
Norwegian fjords 134–35 elegant crested tinamou 410 Eurasia 43, 114 peregrine 144
Okavango Delta 218–19 Elementalia, Lake 184 Eurasian beaver 140, 384 Falkland Islands 368
Pantanal 100–101 elephant grass 15 Eurasian curlew 417 fallow deer, common 440
Scottish Highlands 140–41 Eurasian eagle owl 11 fangs
Serengeti savannas 192–93 elephant seal, southern 365 Eurasian lynx 158, 164–65, 400 black mamba 207
Sierra Nevada 52–53 elephant-shrew 182 Eurasian magpie 422 Cape cobra 234
Southern Ocean islands 364–65 elephantfish 209 Eurasian nuthatch 423 common adder 145
Sulu-Sulawesi Seas 302–03 elephants 67, 192, 193, 304 Eurasian otter 166–67 Sydney funnelweb spider 343
Tagus Valley 152–53 Eurasian oystercatcher 417 turtle-headed sea snake 347
Terai-Duar savannas 254–55 African savanna 202–03 Eurasian red squirrel 142 see also teeth
Upper Yangtze Forests 272–73 Eurasian shrew 394 fat-tailed dunnart 329
Yellowstone 34–35 Asian 258–59 Eurasian skylark 423 fat-tailed dwarf lemur 389
Ectophylla alba 79 forest 208, 209, 382 Eurasian water shrew 394 fat-tailed jird 385
Ecuador 125 Elephantulus pilicaudus 381 Eurasian water vole 385 feathers
edelweiss 11, 158 Eurasian wren 423 booted racket-tail humming
Elephantulus rufescens 182 bird 88
emperor penguin 375
Elephas maximus 258–59
elk 39
Emberiza citrinella 425

emerald tree boa 97
emerald tree skink 434
emperor angelfish 447
emperor dragonfly 452

466 | INDEX Great Barrier Reef 344 Andean yungas 84–85 fulmar, northern 412
Great Rift Valley lakes 184 Bavarian Forest 164–65 Fulmarus glacialis 412
emu 322 jawless 444 Bohemian Forest 164 funnelweb spider, Sydney
golden pheasant 277 Okavango Delta 218 boreal 12
great gray owl 58 fish eagle 43, 415 Bornean rainforest 292–93 343
greater bird-of-paradise 319 fisher 52, 398 broadleaf evergreen 12, 13 fur
gray crowned crane 189 fishing cat 401 cloud 13
Indian peafowl 271 fishing owl, Pel’s 219 Congo Basin 208–9 Arctic hare 25
lilac-breasted roller 207 fjords, Norwegian 132, Costa Rican rainforest 78–79 common spotted cuscus 315
ptarmigan 161 134–39, 354 East Australian forests 334–35 emperor tamarin 92
resplendent quetzal 81 flamingos Eastern Himalayas 266 golden snub-nosed
snowy owl 33 Andean 108 Ethiopian Highlands 178 monkey 273
feet Chilean 108 Europe 133 hamadryas baboon 249
Bactrian camel 281 greater 146, 149, 152 Gondwana rainforest 313 Honduran white bat 79
blue-footed booby 125 James 108 Madagascan dry forest 236–37 Iberian lynx 155
capybara 101 lesser 184, 188–89 Mediterranean 13 Japanese marten 289
European pine marten 165 puna 413 montane 11, 13 mountain tapir 85
giant otter 103 flatworms 450 New Guinea montane forest 314–15 northern viscacha 109
giant panda 275 fleas 453 New Zealand mixed forest 354–55 ocelot 80
kit fox 61 flicker, Andean 111 Nihonkai montane forest 284–85 olive baboon 185
koala 339 flies 453 North America 22 red panda 270
mountain tapir 85 flight Sierra Nevada 52 sloths 79
northern raccoon 69 Andean condor 112 temperate broadleaf 12 striped hyena 252
southern marsupial mole 329 golden eagle 162 temperate coniferous 12 wolverine 38
see also hoofs great bustard 283 tropical dry 13 see also coat
Felis margarita 401 great frigatebird 124 tropical moist 13 fur seals 364, 397
Felis silvestris 143 great white pelican 189 Upper Yangtze Forests 272–73 Furcifer pardalis 242–43
Felis silvestris lybica 143 humming birds 88 Yellowstone 34 Furnace Creek 60
feral cats 320 jabiru stork 103 fossa 237, 239, 240 fynbos 177
Fernandina Islands 124 king eider 137 foxes
ferns 165 lammergeier 183 Andean 109 G
ferret, black-footed 48 lesser flamingo 189 Arctic 24, 27
fights monarch butterfly 51 bat-eared 396 gaboon viper 431
African wild dog 225 mute swan 149 crab-eating 395 Gadus morhua 446
Alpine chamois 159 peregrine falcon 144 culpeo 109 galago, thick-tailed greater 388
bighorn sheep 53 red-legged seriema 120 kit 61 galah 419
common adder 145 scarlet macaw 97 northern gray 67 Galapagos finch 123
common warthog 230 stag beetle 172 red 119, 163, 168, 321, 337 Galapagos Islands 76, 122–29
emu 322 wandering albatross 366, 367 Ruppels 395 Galapagos penguin 124
Grant’s zebra 200 flightless cormorant 122 swift 45 Galapagos sea lion 123
great bustard 283 flightless grebe 111 France 10, 31, 154 Galapagos tortoise 126–27
moose 39 flippers 31, 123, 372 Camargue 146–51 Galeopterus variegatus 388
muskox 26 flocks Fratercula arctica 138–39 Galictis vittata 399
olive baboon 185 black-capped social weaver 204–05 Fregata minor 124 gallinule, purple 71
polar bear 28 emu 322 freshwater pufferfish 209 Gallus gallus 411
Przewalski’s wild horse 282 great white pelican 189 frigatebird, great 124 Ganges River 266
red lechwe 220 lesser flamingo 188 frilled lizard 320, 324–25 gannets 125, 369, 414
red muntjac 258 mountain chickadee 56 Fringilla coelebs 424 garter snake, common 50
reindeer 26 mute swan 148 frogmouth, tawny 420 gastropods 455
southern elephant seal 365 pied avocet 149 frogs gaur 257, 261
stag beetle 172–3 ptarmigan 161 African bullfrog 229 Gavia stellata 412
vicuña 111 red-billed hornbill 206 American bullfrog 441 Gavialis gangeticus 264–65
western red deer 141 red-billed quelea 225 Argentine horned 121 Gazella yarkandensis 279
filter feeders, whale shark 306 scarlet macaw 97 blue poison dart 436 gazelles
fin whale 364, 372 sulphur-crested cockatoo 341 common tree 440
finches yellow-billed chough 161 Darwin’s 440 mountain 248
cactus 122 see also colonies; herds; dyeing poison 98 Thomson’s 192, 200, 224
Galapagos 123 social groups European common 437, 440 Yarkand 279
Gouldian 321 floods 10, 11, 90, 255 European tree 152 geckoes
ground 128 Florida 33, 43, 55, 71 goliath 441 African fat-tailed 433
Scottish crossbill 143 Florida Bay 66 green mantella 441 common house 433
woodpecker 125 Florida Everglades 66–73 green tree 326 common leopard 433
zebra 424 Florida panther 66 gray foam-nest 441 Henkel’s leaf-tailed 243
fir trees 52, 140 flying dragon, common 298–99 holy cross 439 knob-tailed 328
fire ant 90 flying fish, tropical two-wing 446 marsh 441 Kuhl’s flying 434
fire-bellied toad 436 flying foxes paradoxical 440 northern leaf-tailed 433
oriental 439 large 294 parsley 439 Przewalski’s wonder 283
fire salamander 438 little red 334 red-eyed tree 82–83 tokay 433
fire skink, African 434 Rodrigues 392 shrub 292 Gekko gecko 433
firefox 270 flying gecko, Kuhl’s 434 South American bullfrog 440 gelada 178, 180–81
fires 35 flying snake, golden 430 tailed 441 gemsbok 228, 378, 405
Central Great Plains 44 flying squirrel, Siberian 285 Titicaca water 108 genet, common 400
Florida Everglades 66 foam-nest frog, gray 441 tomato 243 Genetta genetta 400
Serengeti savannas 192, 193 forbs, hardy 24 Trueb’s cochran 89 Geochelone elegans 428
firetail, painted 328 forest elephant 208, 209, 382 Wallace’s flying 300 Geococcyx californianus 63
fish 442–47 forest hog, giant 403 wood 24, 441 geothermal features 34
bony 445–47 forests 10, 12–13 yellow-legged 59 Geothlypis trichas 425
cartilaginous 444–45 Amazon rainforest 76, 90–91 gerbil, midday 278
Congo Basin 208 gerenuk, southern 406
Florida Everglades 66

German wasp 453 Goodfellow’s tree kangaroo 317 green anole 432 INDEX | 467
Germany, Bavarian Forest 164–73 goose green basilisk 432
gestation green humphead parrotfish Halichoerus grypus 135
Canada 411 hamadryas baboon 249
American bison 47 snow 33 309 hammerhead shark 304
Arabian oryx 250 gopher, large pocket 384 green iguana 80
bobcat 37 Gorilla beringei 392 green jumping spider 326–27 scalloped 348–49
lion 194 Gorilla gorilla 212–13 green mantella 441 smooth 444
olive baboon 185 gorillas green sea turtle 346–47 hammerkop 413
polar bear 29 eastern 392 green spoonworm 451 hamsters
red howler monkey 93 western 212–13 green tree frog 326 dwarf 278
red kangaroo 331 goshawk, northern 415 green tree viper, Chinese golden 385
red muntjac 258 Gouldian finch 321 Hanuman langur 259
scalloped hammerhead Goura scheepmakeri 418 272–73 Hapalochlaena lunulata 352
shark 349 Grand Canyon 23 green-winged macaw 408 harbour porpoise 135
striped scorpion 50 Grant’s zebra 200 green woodpecker 422 hare wallaby, spectacled 321
geysers 34, 132 grass snake, European 430 Greenland 22 harems
gharial 264–65 grass wren, dusky 328 Greenland halibut 30 Auckland tree weta 358
ghost bat 392 grasshoppers 452 gray crowned crane 189 hamadryas baboon 249
giant anteater 116–17 blistered 333 gray-crowned prinia 254 marine iguana 129
giant armadillo 382 large mountain 163 gray falcon 328 proboscis monkey 295
giant clam 352 stripe-winged 452 gray foam-nest frog 441 Przewalski’s wild horse 282
giant forest hog 403 grasslands 10, 14–15 gray fox, northern 67 red muntjac 258
giant grouper 447 Argentine pampas 114 gray heron 413 southern elephant seal 365
giant huntsman spider 99 Central Great Plains 44–45 gray owl, great 58 western red deer 141
giant kauri 354, 355 lowland grassland 11 gray parrot 419 hares
giant lobelia 178 montane 15, 178 gray seal 135 Arctic 25, 383
giant manta ray 444 North Australia savannas 320–21 gray squirrel 13 black-tailed jackrabbit 63
giant mole rat 179 Serengeti savannas 192–93 gray whale 407 brown 383
giant otter 102–03 spinifex 328, 329 gray wolf 34, 35, 37, 47, harp seal 31
giant panda 272, 274–75, 379 stratified grazing 193 Harpia harpyja 415
giant parrot snake 105 temperate grassland 15 158–59 harpy eagle 76, 78, 86, 93, 415
giant South American Terai-Duar savannas 254–55 gray woolly monkey 389 harriers 146
water rat 385 tropical grassland 15 griffon vulture 152 Montagu’s 152
gibbons great barracuda 308–09 grison, greater 399 harvest mouse 386
lar 391 Great Barrier Reef 304, 344–53 grizzly bear 34, 36 harvestmen 454
Müller’s 298 Great Basin Desert 60 grooming 115, 249, 273 hawk wasp, tarantula 448
Gila monster 64–65 great blue heron 71 grosbeak 51 hazel dormouse 164, 384
Gir Forest 194 Great Britain 133 ground finch 128 Heard Island 364
Giraffa camelopardalis 199 Scottish Highlands 140–45 ground pangolin 395 hearing see ears and hearing
Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchii 199 great bustard 283 ground squirrels hearts 199, 372
giraffes 192, 193, 199, great cormorant 413 heath, fynbos 177
200, 216 great crested grebe 157, 408 black-tailed prairie dog 48 heathland 15
glass frogs 89 great crested newt 170 Cape 384 see also scrub
glasswort 146 Great Dividing Range, Australia 334 Mojave 60 Hebridean islands 140
gliding great frigatebird 124 grouper, giant 447 hedgehog tenrec, greater 241
common flying dragon great gray owl 58 grouse 140 hedgehogs
298–99 great horned owl 58, 420 greater prairie chicken European 156
Siberian flying squirrel 285 great Indian hornbill 264 44–45 long-eared 394
squirrel glider 335 Great Plains 44–51 western capercaillie 145, 164 Helarctos malayanus 396
sugar glider 316–17, 335 great rhinoceros hornbill 293 Grus antigone 263 Heliconia plants 78–79
Wallace’s flying frog 300 Great Rift Valley 178 Grus canadensis 416 Heliconius erato 89
Globicephala macrorhynchus 407 lakes 184–91 Grus grus 416 Heliconius melpomene 89
glutton 38 Great Sandy-Tanami Desert 328-33 guanaco 403 hellbender 438
goanna 332 Great Smoky Mountains 23 guard crab 345 helmeted guineafowl 206
goats, Iberian ibex 153 great spotted kiwi 410 Guatemalan black howler 389 helmeted hornbill 293
Gobi bear 279 great white pelican 189 guereza 391 helmeted turtle, African 428
Gobi Desert 278–83 great white shark 444 Guianan weeper capuchin Heloderma suspectum 64–65
goby 345 greater bilby 332 390 Hemidactylus frenatus 433
Goeldi’s marmoset 390 greater bird-of-paradise 318–19 guillemot 139, 418 Hemiechinus auritus 394
golden beetle 453 greater blue-ringed octopus 352 guinea pigs 101, 117, 386 Hemitheconyx caudicinctus 433
golden eagle 162–63 greater bulldog bat 393 guineafowl, helmeted 206 Henkel’s leaf-tailed gecko 243
golden flying snake 430 greater flamingo 146, 149, 152 Gulf Stream 132, 134 Hercules moth 300
golden hamster 385 greater grison 399 gulls herds
golden langur 267 greater hedgehog tenrec 241 herring 418 African savanna elephant 203
golden mole, Cape 381 greater kudu 440 ivory 24 American bison 46, 47
golden orb spider 455 greater prairie chicken 44–45 Gulo gulo 38 Arabian oryx 250
golden pheasant 277 greater rhea 121 gum trees see eucalypts Bactrian camel 281
golden silk orbweaver 73 greater roadrunner 63 Gymnogyps californianus 414 Bhutan takin 267
golden snub-nosed monkey 273 greater sage-grouse 50 Gypaetus barbatus 182–3 bighorn sheep 53
golden tegu 105 greater siren 438 Camargue horse 147
golden wattle 334 grebes H Cape buffalo 220
Goliath birdeater 99 flightless 111 gaur 257
goliath frog 441 great crested 157, 408 Haematopus ostralegus 417 gelada 180
Goliath tigerfish 209 hoary-headed 412 hair grass, Antarctic 362 Grant’s zebra 200
Gombe Stream, Tanzania 210 little 412 haircap moss 165 impala 197
Gondwana 313, 363 western 412 Haliaeetus leucocephalus 42–43 Kalahari springbok 230–31
Goodall, Jane 210 green anaconda 105 Haliaeetus vocifer 415 Masai giraffe 199
halibut Mongolian saiga 280
mountain nyala 179
Atlantic 447 muskox 26
Greenland 30

468 | INDEX

pronghorn 45 Ethiopian klipspringer 179 dhole 277 crested berrypecker 317
Przewalski’s wild horse 282 Iberian ibex 153 fossa 237 Yacare caiman 107
reindeer 26 moose 39 great barracuda 308 India 246
Serengeti savannas 192 red lechwe 221 great blue heron 71 Bengal tiger 261
walrus 32 reindeer 26 great gray owl 58 blackbuck 257
western red deer 141 gray wolf 37 lesser flamingo 188
white-lipped peccary 101 hoopoe 157 grizzly bear 36 lion 194
wild boar 169 hornbean, Japanese 284 harp seal 31 Indian cobra 264
wildebeest 198 hornbills Iberian lynx 154 Indian giant squirrel 384
see also bachelor herds; flocks; harems; jaguar 95 Indian gray mongoose 262–63
packs; prides; social groups; troops bushy-crested 293 killer whale 137 Indian Ocean 12
herons 146 leopard 214 Indian peafowl 271
great blue 71 great Indian 264 leopard seal 372 Indian rhinoceros 254, 255, 256–57
gray 413 great rhinoceros 293 lion 194 Indian star tortoise 428
purple 152 helmeted 293 maned wolf 119 Indian tree shrew 388
Herpestes edwardsii 262–63 Nile crocodile 191 Indochinese clouded leopard 254, 276
herring, Atlantic 134, 446 red-billed 206 ocelot 80 Indonesia 314, 318–19
herring gull 418 southern yellow-billed 421 olive baboon 185 indri 388
hibernation horned lizard, desert 433 peregrine falcon 144 Indri indri 388
Alpine chipmunk 56 horned owl, great 58, 420 puma 62 infrared sensing, green anaconda 105
Alpine marmot 160 horns red fox 168 Inia geoffrensis 407
American black bear 55 Alpine chamois 159 striped scorpion 50 insects 452–55
common adder 145 American bison 47 wildcat 143 Auckland tree weta 358
European hedgehog 156 Arabian oryx 250 Yacare caiman 107 blue damselfly 359
forests 12 bighorn sheep 53 see also poaching dragonfly 146
great crested newt 170 blackbuck 257 Huon Peninsula 314 European honey bee 170–71
grizzly bear 36 Cape buffalo 220 hutia, Desmarest’s 387 giant prickly stick insect 343
jeweled lizard 157 Ethiopian klipspringer 179 hyacinth macaw 100–101 Macleay’s spectre 343
Nile monitor 226 gaur 257 Hyaena brunnea 401 Malaysian orchid mantis 301
polar bear 29 giraffe 199 Hyaena hyaena 252–53 mosquitoes 146
raccoon dog 289 impala 197 Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris 101 see also beetles; butterflies;
yellow-legged frog 59 Indian rhinoceros 256 Hydrolagus colliei 445 grasshoppers; moths
Highlands Japanese serow 285 Hydrurga leptonyx 371 Intellagama lesuerii 342
Arabian 248-49 Mongolian saiga 280 hyenas 192, 199 intelligence
Ethiopian 178–83 mountain nyala 179 brown 401 African savanna elephant
Scottish 140–45 muskox 26 spotted 198, 253, 401 203
Himalayan blue sheep 266 pronghorn 45 striped 248, 250, chimpanzee 210
Himalayan newt 254, 255 white rhinoceros 222 252–53 Japanese macaque 287
Himalayas 176, 246, 254 Yarkand gazelle 279 Hyla arborea 440 killer whale 137
Eastern Himalayas 266–71 see also antlers Hylobates lar 391 see also tool users
Himantopus himantopus 417 horses 146, 282 Hylobates muelleri 298 invertebrates 448–55
Hindu Kush 269 Hylochoerus meinertzhageni 403 Iran 196
Hindu mythology 259 Camargue 147 Hymenopus coronatus 301 Ireland 133
Hippocampus bargibanti 350–51 Przewalski’s wild 278, hyraxes Irrawaddy dolphin 302
Hippocampus denise 350 rock 67, 253 Isabela islands 124
Hippoglossus hippoglossus 447 282–83 southern tree 382 Isabella tiger moth 25
hippopotamus 19, 186–87, 224 horseshoe crab 454 Hystrix africaeaustralis 231 islands
pygmy 403 hot conditions Canadian Arctic 24
Hippopotamus amphibius 186–87 I Caribbean 76
Hippotragus niger 405 black-tailed jackrabbit 63 Europe 133
Hirundo neoxena 355 red kangaroo 331 Iberian ibex 153 Galapagos Islands 122–23
Hispaniolan solenodon 394 see also deserts Iberian imperial eagle 152–53 island arcs 247
hoary-headed grebe 412 hot desert 19, 60–61, 228–29, 248–49, Iberian lynx 154–55 Southern Ocean 364–65
hoatzin 91, 419 328–29 Iberian peninsula 133 Italy 10, 133
Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth 79 hot springs 34 ibex 178 ivory gull 24
hog badger 399
hog-nosed skunk, Humboldt’s 397 hourglass dolphin 372 Alpine 406 J
hogs house centipede 454 Iberian 153
giant forest 403 house gecko, common 433 ibis, sacred 413 Jabiru mycteria 103
pygmy 255 house martin 146, 423 ice, Antarctic Peninsula 370 jabiru stork 103
red river 215 house mouse 386 icefish, blackfin 370–71 jacanas
holy cross frog 439 house snake, brown 430 Iceland 132, 133, 161
Honduran white bat 79 house sparrow 424 Ichthyosaura alpestris 438 African 224
honey badger 224, 399 hovering, humming birds 88 Ictonyx striatus 399 wattled 417
honey bee, European 170–71 howler, Guatemalan black 389 Idaho 36 Jacana jacana 417
honey possum 335, 380 howling 37, 49 iguanas jackal, black-backed 396
honeycomb 171 Hudson Bay 29 green 80 jackrabbit, black-tailed 63
honeyeaters 335 humans marine 113, 122, 128–29 Jackson’s chameleon 432
regent 335 rhinoceros 433 Jaculus jaculus 386
yellow-faced 335 ancient 192, 208 smooth helmeted 432 jaguar 76, 87, 94–95, 107
hooded capuchin 102 ethnic groups 209 Yañez’s 113 jaguarundi 401
hooded pitohui 314 Humboldt’s hog-nosed skunk 397 impala 192, 197, 224 James flamingo 108
hooded seal 24 hummingbirds 78–79 imperial eagle, Iberian 152–53 Japan 247
hooved mammals 378, 402–07 imperial shag 369 Nihonkai montane forest 284–91
hooves booted racket-tail 88 incubation Japanese beech 284
Alpine chamois 159 ruby-throated 420 African jacana 224 Japanese cherry 284–5
Arabian oryx 250 humpback whale 345, 364, 407 blue-winged kookaburra 323 Japanese giant salamander 291
bighorn sheep 53 Japanese hornbean 284
humphead parrotfish, green 309
hunting

anhinga 70, 71
Arctic fox 27
Bengal tiger 261
blue damselfly 359
bobcat 37
caracal 229
cheetah 196
chimpanzee 210
coyote 49

Japanese macaque 284, 286–87 knob-tailed gecko 328 Lemmus sibiricus 385 INDEX | 469
Japanese marten 288–89 koala 334, 338–39 Lemur catta 238–39
Japanese serow 285 Kobus ellipsiprymnus 405 lemurine night monkey 390 desert horned 433
Japanese weasel 285 Kobus leche 220–21 lemurs 236 Fabian’s 113
Japanese white-eye 284 Komodo dragon 434 frilled 320, 324–25
jarrah 320 kookaburras Berthe’s mouse 237 Gila monster 64–65
Javanese leaf insect 452 Betsileo sportive 389 golden tegu 105
jawfish 442 blue-winged 323 black 389 jeweled 157
jawless fish 444 laughing 334 black-and-white ruffed 239 lava 123
jaws kori bustard 416 Coquerel’s sifaka 241 Nile monitor 226–27
krait, yellow-lipped sea 430 fat-tailed dwarf 389 rainbow 432
Fabian’s lizard 113 Kras region, Slovenia 133 ring-tailed 238–39 rough-scaled plated 434
gharial 265 krill 364, 365, 371 Verreaux’s sifaka 240–41 sand 434
golden tegu 105 kudu 179 leopard gecko, common 433 thorny devil 332–3
great barracuda 308 greater 440 leopard seal 371 viviparous 434
jaguar 95 Kuhl’s flying gecko 434 leopard shark 444 lobelia, giant 178
wolverine 38 Kunsia tomentosus 385 leopard tortoise 226 Lobodon carcinophaga 396
Jeffrey pine 52 leopards 95, 193, 199, 214, 254 Loch’s chromodoris 302
jerboas L Arabian 248 lodgepole pine 34, 35, 52
lesser Egyptian 386 Indochinese clouded 254, 276 loggerhead turtle 428
long-eared 279 Lacerta agilis 434 snow 266, 268–9 Lombok 247
jeweled lizard 157 Lachesis muta 431 Leopardus pardalis 80–81 long-beaked echidna 315
jird, fat-tailed 385 Lagenorhynchus cruciger 372 Leopardus wiedii 401 long-eared bat, brown 393
Joshua tree 60 Lagidium peruanum 109 Lepidothryis fernandi 434 long-eared hedgehog 394
jumping rat, Malagasy giant 237 Lagopus muta 161 Lepilemur betsileo 389 long-eared jerboa 279
jumping spider, green 326–27 Lagorchestes conspicillatus 321 Leptailurus serval 401 long-nosed potoroo 335
jungle see rainforest Lagostomus maximus 387 Leptonychotes weddellii 396 long-tailed chinchilla 109, 387
junglefowl, red 411 Lagothrix cana 389 Leptophis ahaetulla 105 long-tailed planigale 328
juniper 52, 140, 146, 178, 248 lakes Lepus arcticus 383 long-whiskered owlet 84
Jutland 133 Lepus californicus 63 longicorn beetle, rosalia 158
Alps 159 Lepus europaeus 383 longwing, crimson 89
K Great Rift Valley 184–91 lesser Egyptian jerboa 386 Lophelia pertusa 134, 135
Lama guanicoe 403 lesser flamingo 184, 188–89 Lophius piscatorius 446
kakapo 354, 356 lammergeier 182–83 lesser mouse-tailed bat 392 lora 105
Kalahari Desert 218, 228–35 lamprey, sea 444 lesser short-tailed bat 355 lorikeet, rainbow 419
Kalahari springbok 230–31 Lamprolepis smaragdina 434 Letoptilus crumenifer 207 loris, Sunda slow 388
kangaroo rat 60 Lampropeltis getula 430 lice, parasitic 453 Louisiana black bear 55
kangaroos 320 Lampropeltis triangulum 430 lichens 24, 362, 370 lowland nyala 179
Lampropeltis zonata 59 lifespans lowland tapir 100, 403
Goodfellow’s tree 317 Lampropeltis zonata multicincta 59 African savanna elephant 203 Loxia scotica 143
red 330–31 langurs Andean condor 112 Loxodonta africana 202–03
western gray 381 Bengal gray 391 Atlantic puffin 139 Loxodonta cyclotis 382
kans grass 255 golden 267 bald eagle 43 Lucanus cervus 172–73
kapok 78 Terai sacred 259 blue damselfly 359 lungfish 219
Karoo rock sengi 381 lanternfish, prickly 446 common snapping turtle 72 Luscinia megarhynchos 424
karst landscapes 133, 236 lar gibbon 391 dugong 304 Lutra lutra 166–67
katsura 284 large flying fox 294 golden eagle 162 Lybia tessellata 309
kauri, giant 354, 355 large mountain grasshopper 163 Goliath birdeater 99 Lycaon pictus 224–25
Kazakhstan 282 large pocket gopher 384 jabiru stork 103 Lynx lynx 400
kea 354, 356 Larus argentatus 418 leopard tortoise 226 Lynx pardinus 154–55
keelback, Asian tiger 291 Laticauda colubrina 430 lesser flamingo 188 Lynx rufus 37
Kenya Latimeria chalumnae 445 ring-tailed lemur 239 lynxes
black-capped social weaver 204–05 Latrodectus hasseltii 326 scarlet macaw 97 Eurasian 158, 164–65, 400
Grant’s zebra 200 laughing kookaburra 334 snow leopard 269 Iberian 154–55
Great Rift Valley lakes 184 lava cactus 122–3 walrus 32 lyrebirds 313
wildebeest 198 lava lizard 123 whale shark 306 Albert’s 334
Kenya, Mount 200 leaf-cutter ant 98 light, ultraviolet 26
Kerguelen Islands 364 leaf insects 452 lilac-breasted roller 207 M
Kermode bear 55 leaf monkeys 259 limestone 133, 236
khulan 278–79 leaf-tailed geckoes limpkin 416 Macaca fuscata 286–87
killer whale 136–37, 306, 372 fantastic 13 Limpopo River 176 Macaca nigra 391
king cobra 207, 431 northern 433 Liolaemus fabiani 113 macaques
king eider 137 least weasel 398 lion 193, 194–95, 199, 378
king ragworm 450 leatherback turtle 346, 428 lion’s mane jellyfish 450 Celebes crested 391
kingfishers leathery moonwort 165 Lithobates sylvatica 441 Japanese 284, 286–87
common 421 lechwe, red 220–21 Litocranius walleri 406 macaroni penguin 411
stork-billed 299 Leipoa ocellata 410 Litoria caerulea 326 macaws
Kings Canyon National Park 52 leks little egret 152 green-winged 408
kingsnakes great bustard 283 little grebe 412 hyacinth 100–101
common 430 greater bird-of-paradise 319 little red flying fox 334 red-and-green 419
mountain 59 greater sage-grouse 50 little spotted kiwi 356 scarlet 13, 97
kit fox 61 Indian peafowl 271 liverworts 370 see also parrots
kite, snail 415 kakapo 356 Livingstone’s turaco 192 Macleay’s spectre 343
kiwis 313, 354 red lechwe 221 lizards 432–5 Macrochelys temminckii 428
great spotted 410 western capercaillie 145 agama 427 Macroderma gigas 392
little spotted 356 lemmings 24, 27, 33 armadillo 234–5 Macropus fuliginosus 381
North Island brown 356 brown 385 Australian water dragon 342 Macropus parma 337
klipspringer, Ethiopian 179 Norway 134–5 common flying dragon 298–99 Macropus rufus 330–31

470 | INDEX

Macrotis lagotis 332 mastigure, North African 432 midge, Antarctic 371 black colobus 20, 209
Madagascan dry forest 236–43 matamata 428 midwife toad 162 De Brazza’s 390
Magellan, Strait of 77 mating migration 16 emperor tamarin 92
magpie, Eurasian 422 gelada 178, 180–81
mahogany 66 American bison 47 American bison 47 golden langur 267
malacostracans 454 Arabian oryx 250 Arctic char 33 golden snub-nosed 273
Malagasy giant jumping rat 237 Bengal tiger 261 Arctic tern 24 gray woolly 389
Malawi, Lake 184, 185, 191 blue damselfly 359 Asia 246 hamadryas baboon 249
Malayan colugo 388 bobcat 37 birds 76, 152, 248, 312 hooded capuchin 102
Malaysian orchid mantis 301 Bornean orangutan 297 European bee-eater 150 Japanese macaque 286–87
malleefowl 410 common adder 145 Galapagos tortoise 127 leaf monkeys 259
Malurus coronatus 323 coyote 49 Grant’s zebra 200 lemurine night 390
mamba, black 207 dyeing poison frog 98 great bustard 283 mandrill 213
mammals 378–407 emerald tree boa 97 green sea turtle 346 Myanmar snub-nosed 391
emperor scorpion 216 harp seal 31 olive baboon 185
carnivores 395–402 European hedgehog 156 monarch butterfly 51 Patas 390
cetaceans 407 greater sage-grouse 50 mountain nyala 179 proboscis 294–95
egg-laying mammals 380 gray wolf 37 narwhal 30 pygmy marmoset 92
hoofed mammals 402–07 hippopotamus 187 reindeer 26 red howler 92–93
marsupials 380–81 Iberian lynx 154 Serengeti savannas 192 savanna baboon 180
see also individual species impala 197 snow goose 33 spiders 13
Japanese macaque 287 snowy owl 33 Terai sacred langur 259
man o’ war, Portuguese 352–53 leopard seal 372 turkey vulture 56 vervet 201
manatees meerkat 232 whale shark 306 Monodon monoceros 30–31
moose 39 wildebeest 198 monotremes 378, 380
Amazonian 382 red-eyed tree frog 82, 83 Mihoacán, Mexico 51 duck-billed platypus 336–37
West Indian 67 red fox 168 milk 24, 331, 336, 339 long-beaked echidna 315
mandarin duck 290 red howler monkey 93 milksnake 430 monsoon 246
mandarinfish 305 red kangaroo 331 milkweed 51 Montagu’s harrier 152
mandrill 213 ring-tailed lemur 239 miller moth 34 Montana 36
Mandrillus sphinx 213 scalloped hammerhead shark 349 millipedes 454 montane forests 11, 13
maned sloth 382 southern elephant seal 365 mimicry Ethiopian Highlands 178
maned wolf 118–19 whale shark 306 Bargibant’s pygmy seahorse 350 New Guinea 314–15
manes 181, 194–5 wildebeest 198 crimson longwing 89 Nihonkai 284–85
mangrove snake 426 maxillopods 454 gelada 180 montane grassland 14, 178
mangrove swamps 19 mayfly 452 Malaysian orchid mantis 301 montane moorland 178
Bornean rainforest 292 mountain kingsnake 59 moonrat 394
Costa Rican rainforest 78 Maylandia zebra 191 Mimus polyglottos 423 moonwort, leathery 165
Florida Everglades 66 mink, American 141, 398 moorland, montane 178
Manipur bush-quail 254 mbuna, zebra 191 minke whale 364 moose 38–39
Manis temminckii 395 Mediterranean forest 10, 13, 152–53 Mirounga leonina 365 Mops condylurus 393
Manis tricuspis 215 Mediterranean pond turtle 152 Missouri River 44 Mopsus mormon 326–27
Manta birostris 444 Mediterranean scrub 10 mites 24, 455 morpho, common 81
manta ray, giant 444 Mediterranean Sea 132 mockingbird, northern 423 Morpho peleides 81
mantella, green 441 Mojave Desert 16, 60–65 Morus bassanus 414
Mantella viridis 441 meerkat 228, 232–33 Mojave ground squirrel 60 Moschus chrysogaster 440
mantis, Malaysian orchid 301 Megaptera novaeangliae 407 Mojave rattlesnake 60, 64 mosquitoes 146
mantis shrimp, peacock 351 Melanosuchus niger 435 Mola mola 347 moss water bear 451
mara, Patagonian 117 Meleagris gallopavo 410 mole rats mosses 24, 362
Mara River 198 giant 179 Antarctic Peninsula 370
marabou stork 188 Meles meles 165 naked 387 haircap 165
margay 401 Mellivora capensis 399 moles 394–5 sphagnum 140–41
marine ecosystems see seas European 395 moths 453
marine iguana 113, 122, 128–29 Melursus ursinus 263 star-nosed 394 Atlas 300
markhor 406 molluscs 455 Hercules 300
marmosets Mephites mephites 54 moloch 325 Isabella tiger 25
Goeldi’s 390 Merian, Maria Sibylla 99 Moloch horridus 332–33 miller 34
pygmy 92 Moluccan babirusa 403 mullein 448
Marmota flaviventris 383 Merops apiaster 150–51 Momotus momota 421 pale tussock 170
Marmota marmota 160 Mesocricetus auratus 385 monarch butterfly 51 yucca 60
Marmota monax 383 mesquite scrub 44 Monfragüe National Park 152 see also butterflies
marmots metabolism Mongolia 278–83 motmot, blue-crowned 421
Alpine 11, 160 Mongolian marmot 278 molting 31, 161
Mongolian 278 Berthe’s mouse lemur 237 Mongolian saiga 278, 280 mounds, termite 320
yellow-billed 383 polar bear 29 Mongolian wild ass 278–79 mountain ash gum 334
marsh deer 440 red panda 270 mongooses mountain chickadee 56
marsh frog 441 sloths 79 banded 400 mountain gazelle 248
marsupial mole, southern 329 Mexican axolotl 438 Indian gray 262–63 mountain kingsnake 59
marsupials 313, 314–15, 363, 378, 380–81 Mexican burrowing toad 439 meerkat 232–33 mountain lion 62
see also individual species Mexico 22 yellow 400 mountain nyala 178, 179
martens American black bear 55 Monistria pustulifera 333 mountain tapir 85
European pine 165 bald eagle 43 monitors mountains 11
Japanese 288–89 deserts 23 Nile 226–27 Alps 133, 158–59, 176
yellow-throated 272 monarch butterfly 51 savanna 435 Andes 76, 363
Martes martes 165 mountain kingsnake 59 monk saki 389 Arabian Highlands 248–49
Martes melampus 288–89 mice monkey orchid 84–85 Atlas Mountains 176
Martes pennanti 398 harvest 386 monkeys 78 Australia 313
Martes zibellina 398 house 386 Azura’s capuchin 77
martin, house 146, 423 sandy inland 328 black-capped squirrel 390
Masai giraffe 199 spinifex hopping 328, 386
white-footed 385

Microcebus berthae 237
Micromys minutus 386
Microtus arvalis 385
Micrurus lemniscatus 430
midday gerbil 278
Middle East 194, 281

Ethiopian Highlands 178–79 Andean cock-of-the-rock 89 giant anteater 116 INDEX | 471
Himalayas 176, 246, 266–67 anhinga 70 greater bilby 332
Scottish Highlands 140–41 Atlantic puffin 139 kit fox 61 ocean sunfish 347
Sierra Nevada 52–53 bald eagle 43 koala 339 Oceanites oceanicus 412
Upper Yangtze Forests 272–73 black-capped social weaver 204–05 leopard 214 oceans see seas
mouse lemur, Berthe’s 237 booted racket-tail maned wolf 119 ocelot 80–81
mouse-tailed bat, lesser 392 humming bird 88 northern gray fox 67 Ochotona curzoniae 383
mousebird, speckled 421 Bornean orangutan 297 ocelot 80–81 Ochotona princeps 40
mouth brooders, zebra mbuna 191 chimpanzee 210 parma wallaby 337 Ocreatus underwoodii 88
mouths collared sunbird 216 red-eyed tree frog 82–83 octopus, blue-ringed 352, 455
Indochinese clouded leopard 276 crested berrypecker 317 red river hog 215 Odobenus rosmarus 32
lion 276 European bee-eater 150, 151 Siberian flying squirrel 285 Odocoileus hemionus 440
ribbontail stingray 304 European honey bee 171 silky anteater 86 Odocoileus virginianus 40
whale shark 306, 307 fat-tailed dunnart 329 spectacled hare wallaby 321 Odontodactylus scyllarus 351
see also jaws; teeth frilled lizard 325 striped hyena 252 Oenanthe oenanthe 424
mudpuppy 438 golden eagle 162 tiger quoll 341 oil, palm 293
mudskippers 442 great blue heron 71 Trueb’s cochran frog 89 okapi 208, 216
Atlantic 447 great crested grebe 157 western tarsier 294 Okapia johnstoni 216
mule deer 440 great frigatebird 124 Woma python 333 Okavango Delta 218–27
mullein moth 448 greater bird-of-paradise 319 noddy, black 344 Okavango River 176
Müller’s gibbon 298 greater rhea 121 North Africa 194, 281 Okeechobee, Lake 66
Mungos mungo 400 green jumping spider 326 North African mastigure 432 Oklahoma 44, 51
Muntiacus muntjak 258 gray crowned crane 189 North America 22–73 Old Faithful geyser 34
muntjac, red 258 imperial shag 369 Canadian Arctic 24–33 Olduvai Gorge 192
muriqui, southern 389 Indian peafowl 271 Central Great Plains 44–51 olive baboon 185
Murray-Darling Basin 313 jabiru stork 103 Florida Everglades 66–73 olive sea snake 345
Mus musculus 386 lesser flamingo 188 Mojave Desert 60–65 olm 133
Muscardinus avellanarius 384 lilac-breasted roller 207 Sierra Nevada 52–59 Ombu tree 115
musk deer, Alpine 440 mandarin duck 290 Yellowstone 34–43 Oncorhynchus nerka 446
muskox 24, 26 mute swan 148 North American porcupine 386 Ondatra zibethicus 385
muskrat 385 peregrine falcon 144 North Australia savannas 320–27 Onychoprion fuscatus 418
Mustela erminea 398 pied avocet 149 North Island brown kiwi 356 Ophiophagus hannah 431
Mustela nigripes 48 plumed whistling-duck 323 northern cardinal 425 Opisthocomus hoazin 419
Mustela nivalis 398 purple gallinule 71 northern chuckwalla 433 opossums 378
Mustela putorius 398 red-billed hornbill 206 northern fulmar 412
mute swan 148–49 resplendent quetzal 81 northern gannet 414 Virginia 380
Myanmar snub-nosed monkey 391 shoebill 190 northern goshawk 415 water 380
Mycteria americana 413 termites 218 northern gray fox 67 Orange River 176
Myctophum asperum 446 toco toucan 96 northern leaf-tailed gecko 433 orangutans 292
Mydaus marchei 397 see also dreys northern mockingbird 423 Bornean 296–97
mygalomorph 343 New Guinea 300, 313, 323, 325–26, 341 northern pike 446 Sumatran 297, 391
Myliobatis aquila 445 northern pudu 85 orbweaver, golden silk 73
mynah, common 423 montane forest 314–19 northern quoll 320–21 orca 136–37, 306
Myocastor coypus 387 New South Wales 337 northern raccoon 68–69 see also killer whale
Myotis daubentonii 393 New Zealand 313 northern viscacha 109 orchid mantis, Malaysian 301
Myrmecobius fasciatus 380 northern wheatear 424 orchids 78, 84–5, 292
Myrmecophaga tridactyla 116–17 mixed forests 354–59 Northwest Passage 25 Orcinus orca 136–37
myrrh 178 New Zealand Alps 313 Norway lemming 134–5 Orectolobus maculatus 444
Mystacina tuberculata 355 New Zealand pigeon 354 Norway spruce 140 Oreotragus saltatrixoides 179
Newfoundland 25 Norwegian fjords 132, 134–39 oriental fire-bellied toad 439
N newts Norwegian wolf spider 164 oriole 51
Notaden bennettii 439 ornate box turtle 44
Naivasha, Lake 184 Alpine 438 Notomys alexis 386 Ornithorhynchus anatinus 336–37
Naja naja 264 eastern 438 Notophthalmus viridescens 438 oropendola, crested 425
Naja nivea 234 Notoryctes typhlops 329 Orthogeomys grandis 384
naked mole rat 387 great crested 170 Nullarbor Plain 312 Orycteropus afer 229, 381
Nakuru, Lake 184 Himalayan 254, 255 numbat 380 Oryctolagus cuniculus 383
Namib Desert 177 smooth 436 Numenius arquata 417 oryx, Arabian 250–51
Namibia 194 Niger, River 176 Numida meleagris 206 Oryx gazella 405
narwhal 29, 30–31 nightingale 424 nutcracker, Clark’s 34 Oryx leucoryx 250–51
Nasalis larvatus 294–95 nightjar, European 420 nuthatch, Eurasian 423 osprey 414
Nasua nasua 86 nightshade, spiny 44 nyalas osteoderms, Yacare caiman 107
Natrix natrix 430 lowland 179 Osteolaemus tetraspis 435
Natron, Lake 184 Nihonkai montane forest 284–91 mountain 178, 179 ostrich 228, 234, 322
nautilus 449 Nyasa, Lake 184 Otaria byronia 397
Necturus maculosus 438 Nile crocodile 190–91, 198 Nyctalus noctula 393 otarids 123
Neofelis nebulosa 276 Nyctea scandiaca 33 Otis tarda 283
Neomys fodiens 394 Nile monitor 226–27 Nyctereutes procyonoides 289 Otocyon megalotis 396
Neophron percnopterus 415 Nile perch 184 Nycticebus coucang 388 Otolemur crassicaudatus 388
Neovison vison 398 nilgai 405 Nymphargus truebae 89 otters
Nepal 254, 255 El Niño 122, 123, 124, 129 nymphs, blue damselfly 359 African clawless 184, 399
Nephila clavipes 73 Noctilio leporinus 393 Asian small-clawed 400
Nestor notabilis 356 noctule, common 393 O Eurasian 166–67
nests 15 nocturnal animals giant 102–03
oak trees 52, 66, 266 sea 43, 399
African jacana 224 aardvark 229 cork 153 spotted necked 184
African skimmer 226 Auckland tree weta 358 Ouroborus cataphractus
aye-aye 241 oases, Okavango Delta 218–19 234–35
Bengal tiger 261 Ovibos moschatus 26
Berthe’s mouse lemur 237 Ovis canadensis 53
black-tailed jackrabbit 63
desert blond tarantula 65
duck-billed platypus 336
emperor scorpion 216
European hedgehog 156
fat-tailed dunnart 329

472 | INDEX Paradoxurus hermaphroditus 400 Phalacrocorax carbo 413 killer whale 137
Paraguay River 100, 101 Phalanger orientalis 380 see also schools
owlet, long-whiskered 84 Paramythia montium 317 phalarope, red 24 Poecile gambeli 56
owls 408 Parana River 77 Pharomachrus mocinno 81 poisons
parasitic lice 453 Phascolarctos cinereous 338–39 Asian tiger keelback 291
barn 420 parma wallaby 337 pheasant, golden 277 black mamba 207
boreal 164 Parnassius apollo 163 pheromones 232 blue poison dart frog 436
burrowing 121 parrot crossbill 143 Philippines, Sulu-Sulawesi Seas 302–09 Cape cobra 234
eagle 58, 152, 164 parrot snake, giant 105 Phoca vitulina 396 common adder 145
great gray 58 parrotfish, green humphead 309 Phocoena phocoena 135 desert blond tarantula 65
great horned 58, 420 parrots Phoebastria irrorata 125 duck-billed platypus 336
Pel’s fishing 219 Phoenicoparrus jamesi 413 emperor scorpion 216
snowy 33 budgerigars 328–29 Phoenicopterus minor 188–89 ensatina 59
spectacled 86, 420 gray 419 Phoenicopterus roseus 149 Gila monster 64
eurasian eagle 11 kakapo 354, 356 Phrynosoma platyrhinos 433 great barracuda 308
oxpecker 219 kea 356 Physalia physalis 352–53 greater blue-ringed
oystercatcher, Eurasian 417 scarlet macaw 97 Physeter macrocephalus 407 octopus 352
parsley frog 439 Physignathus cocincinus 432 hooded pitohui 314
P partridges phytoplankton 306 Indian cobra 264
Arabian 253 Pica pica 422 Mojave rattlesnake 64
Pac-Man frog 121 Chinese bamboo 272 pickleweed 60 monarch butterfly 51
Pachypodiums 236 Passer domesticus 424 Picus viridis 422 Portuguese man o’war 352
Pachyuromys duprasi 385 Passerina ciris 425 pied avocet 149 redback spider 326
Pacific Flyway 76 passerines 422–25 pigeons ribbontail stingray 304
Pacific Ocean 22, 25, 77, 334, 354 Patagonia 76 Sydney funnelweb spider 343
Patagonian mara 117 common wood 418 tomato frog 243
El Niño 122, 123 Patas monkey 390 New Zealand 354 Poland 47
Galapagos Islands 122–23 Pavo cristatus 271 southern crowned 418 polar bear 17, 24, 25, 27, 28–29, 31
Pacific Ring of Fire 246 paws see feet pigs 187 polar cod 30
packs peacock mantis shrimp 351 common warthog 230 polar regions 17, 24–25, 370–71
African wild dog 224 peafowl, Indian 271 pygmy hog 255 polecat, European 398
coyote 49 pearlwort, Antarctic 362, 370 red river hog 215 Poliocephalus poliocephalus 412
dhole 277 Peary caribou 26 wild boar 164, 169, 261 polynyas 24
Ethiopian wolf 182 peat swamps 292 pikas polyps, Portuguese man o’ war 352
gray wolf 37 Pecari tajacu 403 American 40, 52 Pomacanthus imperator 447
Pagophilus groenlandicus 31 peccaries black-lipped 383 pond cypress 66–67
painted bunting 425 collared 403 pike, northern 446 pond turtles
painted firetail 328 white-lipped 101 pilchard 177 European 428
pale tussock 170 Pedetes capensis 387 pilot whale, short-finned 407 Mediterranean 152
pallid bat 393 peeper, spring 440 pine marten, European 165 Ponderosa pine 52
palm civet, common 400 Pelargopsis capensis 299 pine trees 13, 34, 35, 52, 140, 334, 354 Pongo abelii 297, 391
palm oil 293 Pelecanus crispus 414 pink river dolphin 76, 91 Pongo pygmaeus 296–97
pampas, Argentine 77, 114–21 Pelecanus occidentalis 414 pintail, South Georgia 364 poppies 60–61
pampas deer 114 Pelecanus onocrotalus 189 Pipa pipa 439 porcelain fungus 164
pampas grass 114–15 pelicans 125 pipe snake, South American 429 porcupines
Pan paniscus 210, 392 brown 414 Pipilo maculatus 425 Cape 231
Pan troglodytes 210–11 Dalmatian 414 pipistrelle, common 393 North American 386
pandas great white 189 Pipistrellus pipistrellus 393 Porphyrio martinica 71
giant 272, 274–75, 379 Pelobates fuscus 439 Piranga olivacea 425 porpoise, harbor 135
red 270, 272 Pelodytes punctatus 439 piranha 107 Portugal, Tagus Valley
Pandinus imperator 216–17 Pelomedusa subrufa 428 pit vipers 64
Pandion haliaetus 414 Pelophylax ridibundus 441 pitcher plants 292 152–57
pangolins 395 Pel’s fishing owl 219 Pithecia monachus 389 Portuguese man o’war
common 215 penguins 370, 371 pitohui, hooded 314
ground 395 Adelie 372 plains zebra 402 352–53
Sunda 293 chinstrap 411 planigale, long-tailed 328 possums
Pantanal 76, 100–107 emperor 370, 374–75 plankton 306, 364, 365
panther chameleon 242–43 Galapagos 124 plantations, palm oil 293 brushtail 354
Panthera leo 194–95 macaroni 411 plants see ecosystems; forests; rainforests honey 335, 380
Panthera onca 94–95 rockhopper 368–69 Platalea ajaja 104 pygmy 335
Panthera pardus 214 peninsulas, Europe 133 Platalea alba 413 postman, common 89
Panthera tigris altaica 261 Perameles gunnii 380 plate-tailed gecko 283 Potamochoerus larvatus 403
Panthera tigris sumatra 261 perch, Nile 184 plated lizard, rough-scaled 434 Potamochoerus porcus 215
Panthera tigris tigris 260–61 peregrine falcon 144 platypus, duck-billed 334, 336–37 potoroo, long-nosed 335
Panthera uncia 268–69 Periophthalmus barbarus 447 Plecotus auritus 393 potto, West African 388
Pantherophis guttatus 429 permafrost 24 ploughshare tortoise 236 prairie chicken, greater 44–45
panthers 95 Perodicticus potto 388 plover, common ringed 417 prairie dogs 44, 49, 61, 121
Florida 66 Peromyscus leucopus 385 plumage see feathers black-tailed 48
pantropical spotted dolphin 407 Peru 89, 125 plumed whistling-duck 323 prairies 14, 114
Papilio maackii 291 pesticides 51, 144 poaching Central Great Plains 44–45
Papio anubis 185 Petaurus breviceps 316–17 African savanna elephant 203 Florida Everglades 66
Papio hamadryas 249 petrels 364 Arabian oryx 250 North America 22
Papio ursinus 391 snow 370 Asian elephant 259 pratincole, Australian 417
Papua New Guinea 314 Wilson’s storm 412 Indian rhinoceros 256 pregnancy see gestation
papyrus 218 Petromyzon marinus 444 white rhinoceros 222 prickly lanternfish 446
Para rubber tree 90 Phacochoerus africanus 230 Podargus strigoides 420 prides, lions 194
Paradisaea apoda 318–19 Phaethon aethereus 414 Podiceps cristatus 157 primates 388–92
Paradisaea raggiana 319 Phalacrocorax atriceps 369 pods Prince Edward Island 364
paradoxical frog 440 Prince Ruspoli’s turaco 178
prinia, gray-crowned 254
Priodontes maximus 382

INDEX | 473

Prionailurus viverrinus 401 quolls 314, 325 Red Sea 248 rock wallaby, black-footed 328
Pristis pectinata 445 eastern 380 red spotted toad 60–61 rockhopper penguin 368–69
proboscis bat 392 northern 320–21 red swamp crayfish, American 146, 184 Rocky Mountain wolf 37
proboscis monkey 294–95 tiger 341 red-throated diver 412 Rocky Mountains 34, 44, 47, 51, 60, 72
Procavia capensis 253 red wolf 396 rodents 378, 383–87
Procyon cancrivorus 398 R redback spider 326
Procyon lotor 68–69 redstart, common 177 Cape porcupine 231
pronghorn 44, 45 rabbit 146–7, 154, 321, 335, 383 redwood, dawn 272 capybara 101
Propithecus coquereli 241 rabbit-eared bandicoot 332 reef shark, blacktip 444 Eurasian red squirrel 142
Propithecus verreauxi 240–41 raccoon dog 284, 289 reefs see coral reefs northern viscacha 109
Proteles cristata 402 raccoons 59 regent honeyeater 335 Rodrigues flying fox 392
Przewalski’s wild horse 278, 282–83 reindeer 26, 38 roe deer 164
Przewalski’s wonder gecko 283 crab-eating 398 Rena dulcis 431 western 153
Psarocolius decumanus 425 northern 68–69 reproduction Rollandia microptera 111
Pseudacris crucifer 440 South American coati 86 rollers
Pseudalopex culpaeus 109 raggiana bird-of-paradise 319 amphibians 436 Abyssinian 207
Pseudis paradoxa 440 ragworm, king 450 birds 408 lilac-breasted 207
Pseudonigrita cabanisi 204–05 rainbow boa 429 fish 442 rookeries
Psittacus erithacus 419 rainbow lizard 432 invertebrates 448 emperor penguin 375
ptarmigan 161 rainbow lorikeet 419 mammals 378 see also colonies
Pterocles coronatus 419 rainfall see ecosystems reptiles 426 roosts 15
Pteroglossus castanotis 422 rainforests 13 see also captive breeding; courtship; Andean condor 112
Pteromys volans 285 Amazon 76, 90–91 eggs; gestation; mating Honduran white bat 79
Pteronura brasiliensis 102–03 Bornean 292–93 reptiles 426–35 large flying fox 294
Pteropus rodricensis 392 Congo Basin 208–09 amphisbaenians 435 vampire bat 115
Pteropus vampyrus 294 Costa Rican 76, 78–79 caecilians 439 rosalia longicorn beetle 158
Ptychozoon kuhli 434 Gondwana 313 crocodiles and alligators 435 roseate spoonbill 104
Pudu puda 440 Ramphastos toco 96–97 frogs and toads 439–41 Ross Sea ice shelf 362
pudus Ramsar convention 146 lizards 432–35 Rostrhamus sociabilis 415
Rana catesbeiana 441 newts and salamanders 438 Rothschild’s birdwing 315
northern 85 Rana sierrae 59 snakes 429–31 Rothschild’s slipper orchid 292
southern 440 Rana temporaria 440 tortoises and turtles 428 rotifers 450
puff adder 431 Rangifer tarandus 26 see also individual species rough-scaled plated lizard 434
pufferfish, freshwater 209 Rangifer tarandus pearyi 26 resplendent quetzal 81 roundworms 450
puffin, Atlantic 138–39 ratfish, spotted 445 Reunion Island 242–3 rousette, Egyptian 392
Pulsatrix perspicillata 420 rats Rhabdophis tigrinus 291 Rousettus aegyptiacus 392
puma 62, 66, 69, 87 black 386 Rhacophorus nigropalmatus 300 rowan trees 140
Puma concolor 62 brown 386 Rhea americana 121 rubber trees 90
Puma yagouaroundi 401 Chinese bamboo 385 Rhea pennata 410 ruby-throated hummingbird 420
puna flamingo 413 giant South American water 385 rheas 120, 322 rufous sengi 182
purple-crowned fairy wren 323 kangaroo 60 Darwin’s 410 Rupicapra rupicapra 159
purple gallinule 71 Malagasy giant jumping 237 greater 121 Rupicola peruvianus 89
purple heron 152 rock rat 312 Rhincodon typhus 306–07 Ruppels fox 395
Pusa sibirica 396 rattlesnakes Rhinella marina 440 Russia 261
pygmy chimpanzee 208, 210 Mojave 60, 64 rhinoceros Russian desman 394
pygmy hippopotamus 403 western diamondback 64 black 193, 222, 223 rut
pygmy hog 255 Rattus norvegicus 386 Indian 254, 255, 256–57 impala 197
pygmy marmoset 92 Rattus rattus 386 Sumatran 403 moose 39
pygmy possum 335 Ratufa indica 384 white 222–23, 256 red muntjac 258
pygmy seahorses 345 rays 344 rhinoceros hornbill, great 293 western red deer 141
Bargibant’s 350–51 common eagle 445 rhinoceros iguana 433 western roe deer 153
Denise’s 350 giant manta 444 Rhinoceros unicornis 256–57 Rynchops flavirostris 226
Pygoscelis adeliae 372 ribbontail stingray 304 Rhinoderma darwinii 440
Pygoscelis antarctica 411 Recurvirostra avosetta 149 Rhinolophus hipposideros 392 S
pyrgomorph, arid painted 333 red-and-green macaw 419 Rhinophrynus dorsalis 439
Pyrrhocorax graculus 161 red-bellied titi 390 Rhinopithecus roxellana 273 sable 398
Python bivittatus 429 red-billed hornbill 206 Rhinopithecus strykeri 391 sable antelope, southern 405
pythons 426 red-billed quelea 225 Rhizomys sinensis 385 sacred baboon 249
Burmese 67, 429 red-billed tropicbird 414 rhododendrons 266–67 sacred ibis 413
Woma 333 red deer, western 141 Rhône Delta 146–47 sacred langur, Terai 259
red dog, Asian 277 Rhynchonycteris naso 392 saddleback tamarin 92
Q red-eyed tree frog 82–83 ribbon worms 451 sage-grouse, greater 50
red fir 52 ribbontail stingray 304 Sagittarius serpentarius 206
Qinling Mountains 272 red flying fox 334 rice cultivation 255 saguaro cactus 17
quail, common 410 red-footed tortoise 428 right whale 364 Saguinus imperator 92
quaking aspen 35 red fox 119, 163, 168, 321, 337 southern 407 Saguinus oedipus 390
queens 98, 171 red howler monkey 92–93 rimu 354 Sahara Desert 17, 176
Queensland 334 red junglefowl 411 ring-tailed lemur 238–39 Sahel 176, 177
quelea, red-billed 225 red kangaroo 330–31 ringed caecilian 439 saiga, Mongolian 278, 280
Quelea quelea 225 red lechwe 220–21 ringed plover, common 417 Saiga mongolica 280
quetzal, resplendent 81 red-legged seriema 120 ringtail 398 Saimiri boliviensis 390
quills, Cape porcupine 231 red muntjac 258 river dolphin, pink 91 saki, monk 389
quillwort 164 red oat grass 192 river eagle 43 salamanders
quinoa 108–9 red panda 270, 272 “river wolf” 102
quokka 381 red phalarope 24 roadrunner, greater 63 cave 133
red river hog 215 rock dove 418 Chinese giant 291
rock hyrax 67, 253 eastern tiger 438
rock rat 312 ensatina 59
fire 438

474 | INDEX

greater siren 438 snow leopard 269 setts, European badger 165 sloth bear 263
hellbender 438 sugar glider 316 Seychelles 12 sloths 78
Japanese giant 291 Verreaux’s sifaka 240 Shaanxi province 272
mudpuppy 438 white-lipped peccary 101 shag, imperial 369 Hoffmann’s two-toed 79
Salamandra salamandra 438 schools Shark Bay 312 maned 382
Salar de Atacama 113 great barracuda 308 sharks 344 Slovenia 133
Salar de Uyuni 108 hourglass dolphin 372 slow worm 434
Sally Lightfoot crab 122 scalloped hammerhead shark 348, 349 blacktip reef 444 small-clawed otter, Asian 400
Salmo salar 137 spinner dolphin 303 bull 66 smalltooth sawfish 445
salmon whale shark 306 great white 444 smell, sense of
Atlantic 137 Sciurus carolinensis 384 hammerhead 304 aardvark 229
Chinook 52–53 Sciurus vulgaris 142 leopard 444 American black bear 55
salt 108, 113, 209 Scopus umbretta 413 scalloped hammerhead 348–49 Arabian oryx 250
Saltuarius cornutus 433 scorpions 454 smooth hammerhead 444 giant anteater 116
saltwater crocodile 191, 435 emperor 216–17 whale 306–07 polar bear 29
Salvelinus alpinus 33 striped 50 zebra 444 raccoon dog 289
sambar 261 Scotland 140–45 sheep rufous sengi 182
San Andreas fault 22 Scots pine 140 Barbary 406 scalloped hammerhead
sand cat 401 Scottish crossbill 143 bighorn 53 shark 349
sand eel 138, 139 Scottish Highlands 140–45 Himalayan blue 266 turkey vulture 56
sand lizard 434 scrub 15 shells wandering albatross 366
sandgrouse, crowned 419 Scutisorex somereni 394 common snapping turtle 72 Sminthopsis crassicaudata 329
sandhill crane 416 sea anemones 309, 351 Galapagos tortoise 127 smooth hammerhead 444
sandpiper, spotted 418 sea cow 67, 304–05 giant clam 352 smooth helmeted iguana 432
sandy inland mouse 328 sea krait, yellow-lipped 430 green sea turtle 346 smooth newt 436
Sapajus cay 102 sea lamprey 444 leopard tortoise 226 snail kite 415
sapsucker, yellow-bellied 422 sea lavender 146 shoebill 190 snails 455
Sarcophilus harrisii 340–41 sea lions short-beaked dolphin, common 407 amber 354–55
sardine 177, 302 California 397 short-beaked echidna 334, 380 apple 107
sarus crane 263 Galapagos 123 short-finned pilot whale 407 Badwater 60
satyr tragopan 267 South American 397 short-tailed bat, lesser 355 snake-necked turtle,
Sauromalus ater 433 sea otter 43, 399 shrews 394 common 428
savanna baboon 180 sea slugs, Loch’s chromodoris 302 armored 394 “snakebird” 70
savanna monitor 435 sea snakes 345 bicoloured white-toothed 394 snakehead moth 300
savannas turtle-headed 347 Eurasian 394 snakes 429–31
Africa 176 sea spiders 454 Eurasian water 394 Arabian cat snake 248–49
Arabian Highlands 248 sea squirt 455 shrimp, peacock mantis 351 Asian tiger keelback 291
Kalahari Desert 228 sea turtles 302, 426 shrub frog 292 black-headed bullmaster
North Australia savannas 320–27 sea urchins 455 Siberia 33, 246, 261 viper 79
Serengeti savannas 192–207 seagrass 303 Siberian flying squirrel 285 black mamba 207
Sierra Nevada 52 seahorses Sichuan Basin 272 Burmese python 67
Terai-Duar 254–55 Bargibant’s pygmy 350–51 sidewinder 431 Cape cobra 234
sawfish, smalltooth 445 Denise’s pygmy 350 Sierra Mountain kingsnake 59 common adder 145
sawflies 453 seals 24, 27, 29, 370 Sierra Nevada 52–59 common garter snake 50
sawgrass prairies 66 Baikal 396 sifakas emerald tree boa 97
saxaul 278 brown fur 397 Coquerel’s 241 giant parrot snake 105
scales common 396 Verreaux’s 240–41 green anaconda 105
armadillo lizard 235 crabeater 364–65, 396 sika deer 284 Indian cobra 264
Australian water dragon 342 eared 123 Sikkim 266 king cobra 207
common pangolin 215 fur 364 Silhouette Island 12 mangrove snake 426
Fabian’s lizard 113 gray 135 silky anteater 86 Mojave rattlesnake 60, 64
Gila monster 64 harp 31 silverfish 452 mountain kingsnake 59
scalloped hammerhead shark 348–49 hooded 24 Siphonops annulatus 439 olive sea snake 345
Scandinavia 133 leopard 371 siren, greater 438 sea snakes 345
Norwegian fjords 132, southern elephant 365 Siren lacertina 438 turtle-headed sea snake 347
Weddell 370, 396 sitatunga 208 western diamondback rattlesnake 64
134–39 seas sitka spruce 140 Woma python 333
polynyas 24 Sitta europaea 423 snapper, blue-striped 443
Scaphiopus couchii 64 Sulu-Sulawesi Seas 302–09 six-banded armadillo 117 snapping turtles
scarab beetle 100 secretary bird 206 skimmer, African 226 alligator 428
scarlet macaw 97 sedges 24 skin common 72
scarlet tanager 425 segmented worms 450 Indian rhinoceros 256 snow 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 286, 287, 362
scavengers sei whale 364 mandarinfish 305 snow goose 33
Semien Mountains 178 Trueb’s cochran frog 89 snow leopard 266, 268–69
lammergeier 183 Semnopithecus entellus 391 Wallace’s flying frog 300 snow petrel 370
northern raccoon 69 Semnopithecus hector 259 skinks snowy owl 33
red fox 168 sengis African fire 434 snub-nosed monkeys
striped hyena 252 Karoo rock 381 blue-tongued 434 golden 273
Tasmanian devil 340 rufous 182 emerald tree 434 Myanmar 391
turkey vulture 56–57 sequoia 52, 53 eyed 434 sociable weaver 228–29
scent glands Sequoia National Park 52 skipjack tuna 303 social groups
striped skunk 54 Serengeti savannas 192–207 skua 370 armadillo lizard 235
yellow-legged frog 59 seriema, red-legged 120 skunks Asian elephant 259
scent marking serow, Japanese 285 Eastern spotted 397 Barrier Reef anemonefish 351
American pika 40 serval 401 Humboldt’s hog-nosed 397 blue whale 372
giant otter 102 Setifer setosus 241 striped 54 cheetah 196
Japanese marten 289 Setonix brachyurus 381 skylark, Eurasian 423 coati 86
Japanese serow 285 sleep 287, 339 common warthog 230
koala 339 slipper orchid, Rothschild’s 292
red muntjac 258
six-banded armadillo 117

INDEX | 475

giant otter 102 green sea turtle 346 stag beetle 172–73 swift fox 45
mandrill 213 gray wolf 37 star-nosed mole 394 swifts
meerkat 232 hippopotamus 187 star tortoise, Indian 428
narwhal 30 Kalahari springbok 230 starfish 448, 455 Alpine 146
Nile crocodile 191 lion 194 common 184, 421
proboscis monkey 295 Nile crocodile 191 crown-of-thorns 344 swimming
pygmy marmoset 92 northern raccoon 69 starling, European 423 Eurasian otter 167
South American coati 86 ostrich 234 Stauroderus scalaris 163 Galapagos sea lion 123
Verreaux’s sifaka 240 Patagonian mara 117 Stegostoma fasciatum 444 great barracuda 308
vicuña 110 peregrine falcon 144 Steller’s sea eagle 43 grizzly bear 36
western gorilla 212 pronghorn 45 Stenella attenuata 407 hourglass dolphin 372
white rhinoceros 223 red kangaroo 331 Stenella longirostris 303 Indian rhinoceros 256
see also colonies; flocks; harems; herds; red-legged seriema 120 steppes 14, 114 jaguar 95
prides; schools reindeer 26 Sterna vittata 369 leopard seal 372
soda lakes, Great Rift Valley 184 rufous sengi 182 stick insects 452 marine iguana 129
Solanum rostratum 44 wildebeest 198 northern raccoon 69
solenodon, Hispaniolan 394 Speothos venaticus 395 giant prickly 343 polar bear 28
Solenodon paradoxus 394 sperm whale 364, 407 Stigmochelys pardalis 226 proboscis monkey 295
sphagnum moss 140–41 stilt, black-winged 417 reindeer 26
Somateria spectabilis 137 Spheniscus mendiculus 124 Stiltia isabella 417 six-banded armadillo 117
song thrush 424 stingray, ribbontail 304 West Indian manatee 67
Sonoran Desert 60 Sphenodon punctatus 358–59 stink badger, Palawan 397 Sydney funnelweb spider 343
sooty tern 418 stoat 40, 398 Sylvicapra grimmia 405
Sorex araneus 394 Sphyraena barracuda 308–09 stonefish 447 Sylvilagus floridanus 383
South Africa 176, 177, 225 Sphyrapicus varius 422 stoop 144 Synanceia verrucosa 447
South America see Central and South Sphyrna lewini 348–49 stork-billed kingfisher 299 Syncerus caffer 220
Sphyrna zygaena 444 storks Synchiropus splendidus 305
America spider ant 343
South American bullfrog 440 spiders 455 jabiru 103 T
South American bushmaster 431 marabou 188
desert blond tarantula 65 white 193 Tachybaptus ruficollis 412
South American coati 86 giant huntsman 99 wood 413 Tachyglossus aculeatus 380
South American coral snake 430 golden orb 455 storm petrel, Wilson’s 412 tadpoles
South American pipe snake 429 golden silk orbweaver 73 stove-pipe sponge 450
South American sea lion 397 Goliath birdeater 99 stratified grazing 193 Couch’s spadefoot 64
South Georgia 364 green jumping 326–27 Strigops habroptila 356 dyeing poison frog 98
South Georgia pintail 364 Norwegian wolf 164 stripe-winged grasshopper 452 green tree frog 326
southern caracara 416 redback 326 striped hyena 248, 250, 252–53 Trueb’s cochran frog 89
southern cassowary 410 sea 454 striped scorpion 50 Wallace’s flying frog 300
southern copperhead 431 Sydney funnelweb 343 striped skunk 54 yellow-legged frog 59
southern crowned pigeon 418 Spilocuscus maculatus 315 Strix nebulosa 58 Taeniopygia guttata 424
Spilogale putorius 397 stromatolites 312 Taeniura lymma 304
southern elephant seal 365 spines 156, 231, 241 Struthio camelis 234 Tagus Valley 152–57
southern gerenuk 406 spinifex 328, 329 sturgeon, European 445 Tahoe, Lake 52
spinifex hopping mouse 328, 386 Sturnus vulgaris 423 tailed frog 441
southern marsupial mole 329 spinner dolphin 303 sugar glider 316–17, 335 takin, Bhutan 267
southern muriqui 389 spiny babbler 254 sugarcane 255 Talpa europaea 395
Southern Ocean 16, 362 spiny nightshade 44 Sula nebouxii 125 Tamandua tetradactyla 382
sponges 450 Sulawesi 247 tamarins
Southern Ocean islands 364–69 spoonbills roseate 104 Sulawesi coelacanth 302–03 cotton-top 390
Southern Ocean winds 362 spoonworms 451 sulphur-crested cockatoo 341 emperor 92
spotted cuscus, common 315 Sulu-Sulawesi Seas 302–09 saddleback 92
roaring forties 362 spotted dolphin, pantropical 407 Sumatran orangutan 297, 391 Tamias alpinus 56
furious fifties 362 spotted hyena 198, 253, 401 Sumatran rhinoceros 403 Tamias striatus 383
screaming sixties 362 spotted kiwi, great 410 Sumatran tiger 261 tanager, scarlet 425
southern pudu 440 spotted-necked otter 184 sun bear 292 Tanami Desert 328–33
southern right whale 407 spotted ratfish 445 sunbeam snake 429 Tanganyika, Lake 184–5
southern sable antelope 405 spotted sandpiper 418 sunbird, collared 216 Tanzania 184, 198, 204–5, 210
southern tree hyrax 382 spotted skunk, Eastern 397 Sunda pangolin 293 tapirs
southern yellow-billed hornbill 421 spotted toad, red 60–61 Sunda slow loris 388 lowland 100, 403
spotted towhee 425 sunfish, ocean 347 mountain 85
spadefoot, Couch’s 64 spotted wobbegong 444 supervolcano 35 Tapirus pinchaque 85
spadefoot toad, common 439 spring peeper 440 Suricata suricatta 232–33 Tapirus terrestris 403
springboks Surinam toad 439 tarantula hawk wasp 448
Spain, Tagus Valley 152–57 common 230 Sus scrofa 169 tarantulas
sparrow, house 424 Kalahari 230–31 swallows 146, 184 desert blond tarantula 65
speckled dasyure 314–15 springhare 387 welcome 355 Goliath birdeater 99
speckled mousebird 421 springtails 24, 452 swallowtail butterflies 315 tarsier, western 294
speckled worm lizard 435 spruce trees 140 Alpine black 291 Tarsipes rostratus 380
squid 30 Apollo 163 Tasmania 313, 334, 336–37, 340–41
spectacled bear 87 squirrel glider 335 swamp crayfish, American red 146, 184 Tasmanian devil 314, 334, 337, 340–41
spectacled caiman 107 squirrel monkey, black-capped 390 swamp deer 254 tawny frogmouth 420
spectacled cobra 264 squirrels swamps Taxidea taxus 399
Douglas 53 Florida Everglades 66–67 Tayassu pecari 101
spectacled hare wallaby 321 eastern gray 384 Okavango Delta 218–19 teal, common 411
spectacled owl 86, 420 Eurasian red 142 Pantanal 100–101 tectonic plates, island arcs 247
speed gray 12 peat 292 teeth
Indian giant 384 swans African savanna elephant 203
Alpine chamois 159 Siberian flying 285 black 411
American alligator 72 see also ground squirrels mute 148–49
American bison 46, 47
Atlantic puffin 139
black mamba 207

caracal 229
cheetah 196, 197
common warthog 230
emu 322
frilled lizard 324
giraffe 199
Grant’s zebra 200

476 | INDEX

American alligator 72 leopard 214 tool users tropical dry forest 13, 236–37
American beaver 41 lilac-breasted roller 207 chimpanzee 210 tropical grasslands 15, 192–93, 254–55,
aye-aye 241 maned wolf 119 hooded capuchin 102
common wombat 337 meerkat 232 woodpecker finch 125 320–21
dhole 277 polar bear 29 see also intelligence tropical rainforests 13, 80–81, 86–87,
egg teeth 58 red lechwe 220, 221
gharial 264 secretary bird 206 topaz, crimson 421 90–91, 208–09, 292–93, 314–15
great barracuda 308 six-banded armadillo 117 Topaza pella 421 tropical moist forest 13
hamadryas baboon 249 snow leopard 269 tornadoes 23
hippopotamus 187 stag beetle 172 torpor see also rainforest
Indian gray mongoose 262 stork-billed kingfisher 299 tropical two-wing flying fish 446
Indochinese clouded leopard 276 sugar glider 316 Berthe’s mouse lemur 237 tropicbird, red-billed 414
koala 339 Verreaux’s sifaka 240 fat-tailed dunnart 329 trout, cut-throat 35
leopard 214 vicuña 110 sugar glider 316 Trueb’s cochran frog 89
leopard seal 372 white rhinoceros 223 tuatara 358 tuatara 358–59
mandrill 213 wildcat 143 see also hibernation tucuxi 91
Nile crocodile 190, 191 Tetrao urogallus 145 tortoises 183 tuna
Nile monitor 226 Texas 47, 51, 257 desert 60
ocean sunfish 347 Texas thread snake 431 Galapagos 126–27 Atlantic bluefin 447
tuatara 359 Thalassarche chlorothynchos 412 Indian star 428 skipjack 303
vampire bat 115 Thamnophis sirtalis 50 leopard 226 yellowfin 303
vervet monkey 201 ploughshare 236 tundra 22, 33, 133, 246, 362
vicuña 110 Theraphosa blondii 99 red-footed 428 Tupinambis teguixin 105
whale shark 306 toucan, toco 96–97 turaco, Prince Ruspoli’s 178
Yacare caiman 107 Theropithecus gelada 180–81 towhee, spotted 425 Turdus merula 424
see also fangs; tusks thick-tailed greater galago 388 towns, black-tailed prairie dog 48 Turdus philomelos 424
Thomson’s gazelle 192, 200, 224 Trachypithecus geei 267 Turkana, Lake 184
tegu, golden 105 thorny devil 325, 328, 332–33 turkey, wild 410
temperate broadleaf forest 12, 13, 164–65, thread snake, Texas 431 Tragelaphus buxtoni 179 turkey vulture 56–57
three-toed woodpecker 164 Tragelaphus eurycerus 440 turtle-headed sea snake 347
284–85, 354–55 Threskiornis aethiopicus 413 Tragelaphus oryx 440 turtles
temperate coniferous forest 12, 34–35, thrush, song 424 Tragelaphus strepsiceros 440 African helmeted 428
Thunnus thynnus 447 tragopan, satyr 267 alligator snapping 428
52–53, 140–41, 158–59, 284–85 Tibetan wild ass 402 tree dwellers common snake-necked 428
temperate forests 22, 334–35, 354–55 ticks 455 common snapping 72
temperate grassland 14, 44–45, 114–15 Tierra del Fuego 77 American black bear 54, 55 European pond 428
temperature regulation tiger keelback, Asian 291 aye-aye 241 green sea 346–47
tiger moth, Isabella 25 Bornean orangutan 297 leatherback 346, 428
anhinga 70 tiger quoll 341 emperor tamarin 92 loggerhead 428
black-tailed jackrabbit 63 tiger salamander, eastern 438 European pine marten 165 Mediterranean pond 152
frilled lizard 325 tigerfish, Goliath 209 golden langur 267 ornate box 44
Galapagos penguin 124 tigers 254 golden snub-nosed monkey 273 sea 302, 426
greater hedgehog tenrec 241 Goodfellow’s tree kangaroo 317 tusks
kit fox 61 Amur 261 Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth 79 African savanna elephant 203
Nile crocodile 190 Bengal 260–61 Müller’s gibbon 298 Asian elephant 259
red kangaroo 331 Sumatran 261 pygmy marmoset 92 common warthog 230
rock hyrax 253 Tiliqua scincoides 434 silky anteater 86 narwhals 30
shoebill 190 Timon lepidus 157 South American coati 86 walrus 32
toco toucan 96 Timor Sea 347 spectacled bear 87 tussock, pale 170
temperatures see ecosystems tinamou, elegant crested 410 Terai sacred langur 259 two-toed sloth, Hoffmann’s 79
tenrecs titan arum 293 Verreaux’s sifaka 240 two-wing flying fish, tropical 446
common 381 titi, red-bellied 390 western tarsier 294 Tyto alba 420
Titicaca, Lake 108, 111 tree frogs
greater hedgehog 241 Titicaca water frog 108 common 440 U
Tenrec ecaudatus 381 tits (titmice) 56 European 152
blue 423 green 326 uakari, bald 389
Terai sacred langur 259 toads red-eyed 82–83 Ukraine 282
cane 91, 440 tree kangaroos 314 ultraviolet light 26
Terai-Duar savannas 254–65 common spadefoot 439 Goodfellow’s 317 underground living
Teratoscincus przewalskii 283 Couch’s spadefoot 64 tree shrew, Indian 388
termites 114, 116, 218, 226, 263, 320, 328, dead-leaf 84 tree skink, emerald 434 Arctic fox 27
European common 440 tree viper, Chinese green 272–73 black-footed ferret 48
332, 453 fire-bellied 436 trees see ecosystems; forests; rainforests black-tailed prairie dog 48
terns Mexican burrowing 439 Tremarctos ornatus 87 common garter snake 50
midwife 162 Triakis semifasciata 444 Couch’s spadefoot 64
Antarctic 369 oriental fire-bellied 439 Trichechus inunguis 382 coyote 49
Arctic 24, 369 red spotted 60–61 Trichechus manatus 67 European badger 165
sooty 418 Surinam 439 Trichoglossus haematodus 419 southern marsupial mole 329
territory Tockus erythrorhynchus 206 Tridacna gigas 352 stag beetle 172
American black bear 54 Tockus leucomelas 421 triggerfish, clown 447 see also burrows and tunnels
American pika 40 toco toucan 96–97 Trioceros jacksonii 432 unicorn 30
Arabian oryx 250 tokay gecko 433 Triturus cristatus 170 United States of America
armadillo lizard 235 tomato frog 243 Troglodytes troglodytes 423 Central Great Plains 44-51
Bengal tiger 261 tongues trogon, violaceous 421 Florida Everglades 66-73
black woodpecker 169 Andean flicker 111 Trogon violaceus 421 Mojave Desert 60-65
booted racket-tail humming bird 88 giant anteater 116 troops Sierra Nevada 52-59
coyote 49 giraffe 199 golden snub-nosed monkey 273 Yellowstone 34-43
Ethiopian klipspringer 179 long-beaked echidna 315 Japanese macaque 287 Upper Yangtze Forests 272–77
Eurasian otter 167 Nile monitor 227 red howler monkey 93 Upupa epops 157
Fabian’s lizard 113 okapi 216 ring-tailed lemur 239 Ural Mountains 133
giant otter 102 panther chameleon 242, 243 vervet monkey 201 Uria aalge 418
hippopotamus 187 see also social groups Urocyon cinereoargenteus 67
Iberian lynx 154
jaguar 95
Japanese marten 289
Japanese serow 285
koala 339

Uromastyx acanthinura 432 wallaroo 320 white-footed mouse 385 INDEX | 477
Uroplatus henkeli 243 walrus 32 white-lipped peccary 101
Ursus americanus 54–55 wandering albatross 366–67 white rhinoceros 222–23, 256 Y
Ursus americanus kermodei 55 wart-headed bug 453 white shark, great 444
Ursus americanus luteolus 55 warthog, common 218, 230 white stork 193 Yacare caiman 106–07
Ursus arctos gobiensis 279 Washington state 36, 59 white-tailed deer 40, 153 yak 266, 405
Ursus arctos horribilis 36 wasps 51, 453 white-tailed eagle 43 Yañez’s iguana 113
Ursus maritimus 28–29 whitebark pine 34 Yangtze Forests 272–77
Ursus thibetanus 396 German 453 whitefish, European 159 Yangtze River 272
tarantula hawk 448 Whitney, Mount 52 Yarkand gazelle 279
V water bears 451 widow spiders, redback 326 yellow-bellied sapsucker 422
moss 451 wigeon 185 yellow-billed chough 161
vampire bat 115 water cycle, Okavango Delta 219 wild boar 164, 169, 261 yellow-billed hornbill, southern 421
Varanus exanthematicus 435 water dragons wild dogs yellow-billed marmot 383
Varanus komodoensis 434 Asian 432 yellow-faced honeyeater 335
Varanus niloticus 226–27 Australian 342 African 192, 224–25 yellow-legged frog 59
Varecia variegata 239 water hyacinth 19, 101 coyote 49 yellow-lipped sea krait 430
velvet worms 450 water opossum 380 wildcat 143, 164 yellow mongoose 400
venom see poisons water rat, giant South American 385 wildebeest 192, 193, 198, 200 yellow-nosed albatross, Atlantic 412
Verreaux’s sifaka 240–41 water shrew, Eurasian 394 willow trees 140 Yellow River 272
vervet monkey 201 water snail 107 Wilson’s bird-of-paradise 422 yellow-throated marten 272
Victoria, Lake 177, 184 water vole 141, 385 Wilson’s storm petrel 412 yellowfin tuna 303
Vicugna vicugna 110–11 waterbuck, common 405 winds, Antarctica 362 yellowhammer 425
vicuña 110–11 waterlily 100 wisent 47, 405 Yellowstone 34–43
violaceous trogon 421 wattle, golden 334 wobbegong, spotted 444 yellowthroat, common 425
Vipera berus 145 wattled jacana 417 wolf spider, Norwegian 164 yucca 60
vipers waved albatross 125 Wollemi pine 334 yucca moth 60
weasels 40 wolverine 38 yungas, Andean 84–89
black-headed bullmaster 79 Eurasian otter 166–67 wolves 27, 38, 164
Chinese green tree 272–3 giant otter 102–3 Arabian 248, 249 Z
common adder 145 Japanese 285 Ethiopian 178, 182
gaboon 431 Japanese marten 288–89 gray 34, 35, 37, 47, 158–59 Zaglossus bartoni 315
Virginia 31 least 398 maned 118–19 Zalophus californianus 397
Virginia opossum 380 wolverine 38 red 396 Zalophus wollebaeki 123
viscachas 121 weavers Rocky Mountain 37 Zambezi River 176
Argentine plains 387 black-capped social 204–05 Woma python 333 zebra finch 424
northern 109 sociable 228–29 wombat, common 337 zebra mbuna 191
viviparous lizard 434 webs, spider 73, 343 wonder gecko, Przewalski’s 283 zebra shark 444
Vltava, River 164 Weddell seal 370, 396 wood ant 140 zebras 192, 193, 198
Vogelkop bowerbird 314 wedge-tailed eagle 322, 328, 415 wood bison 47
Vogelkop montane rainforests welcome swallow 355 wood frog 24, 441 Chapman’s 200
314 West African potto 388 wood pigeon, common 418 Grant’s 200
volcanoes West Indian manatee 67 wood stork 413 plains 402
Antarctica 363 western capercaillie 145, 164 woodchuck 14, 383 zooplankton 306
Galapagos Islands 122 Western Cordillera 22, 23 woodpecker finch 125 Zootoca vivipara 434
Iceland 132 western diamondback rattlesnake 64 woodpeckers zorilla, African 399
island arcs 247 western gorilla 212–13 Andean flicker 111
New Guinea 314 western grebe 412 black 169
Pacific Ring of Fire 246 western gray kangaroo 381 black-backed 52
Yellowstone Caldera 35 western red deer 141 green 422
voles 27, 58 western roe deer 153 three-toed 164
common 385 western tarsier 294 white-backed 134
water 141, 385 weta, Auckland tree 354, 358 woolly bear caterpillar 25
Vombatus ursinus 337 wetlands 10, 15, 22, 66–67, 100–01, woolly monkey, gray 389
Vulpes macrotis 61 146–47, 152, 218–19, 313 worm lizard, speckled 435
Vulpes rueppellii 395 whale shark 306–07, 345 worms
Vulpes vulpes 168 whales 187 acorn 451
Vulpes zerda 395 beluga 24, 31 arrow 451
Vultur gryphus 112–13 blue 19, 364, 372–73 ribbon 451
vultures 192 bowhead 24, 407 roundworms 450
black 152 dwarf minke 345 segmented 450
Egyptian 254, 415 fin 364, 372 spoonworms 451
griffon 152 gray 407 velvet 450
lammergeier 182–83 humpback 364, 407 wrens
turkey 56–57 minke 364 dusky grass 328
narwhal 30–31 Eurasian 423
W right 364 purple-crowned fairy 323
sei 364 Wyoming 36
waders 417–18 short-finned pilot 407
wallabies 320 southern right 407 X
sperm 364, 407
black-footed rock 328 wheatear, northern 424 Xenopeltis unicolor 429
parma 337 whistling acacia 192 Xerus inauris 384
Wallace, A.R. 300 whistling-duck, plumed 323
Wallace’s line 247 white-backed woodpecker 134
Wallace’s flying frog 300 white bat, Honduran 79
white-eye, Japanese 284
white fir 52

478 | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Parida (cla). FLPA: ImageBroker (cra); Minden Pictures / Donald M. Jones (tr); Minden Pictures /
Pictures / Michael & Patricia Fogden (c). Getty Konrad Wothe (bl). 56 Corbis: 167 / Ralph Lee
DK would like to thank: throughout the year. Images: Imagemore Co., Ltd. (crb). 18 Hopkins / Ocean (bl). FLPA: Frans Lanting (br).
(Judith Rothwell, Marketing & PR Dreamstime.com: Fabio Lotti (clb); Welcomia (c). Paul Whalen: (cl). 57 Getty Images:
Robert Dinwiddie for consultancy on Coordinator; Laura Stevenson, Digital FLPA: Minden Pictures / Kevin Schafer (cr). 18-19 mallardg500. 58 FLPA: Jules Cox (b); Minden
main continent feature pages; Christopher Marketing Executive; all the keepers) Getty Images: Design Pics / Vince Cavataio (bc). Pictures / Michael Quinton (tc). Robert Royse:
Bryan for additional research; Sanjay 19 FLPA: Imagebroker / Alfred & Annaliese T (cl); (tr). 59 123RF.com: Tom Grundy (crb). Alamy
Chauhan, Parul Gambhir, Alison Cotswolds Wildlife Park, Minden Pictures / Konrad Wothe (cr). Images: Design Pics Inc (tr). FLPA: Minden
Gardner, Meenal Goel, Konica Juneja, Oxfordshire, UK OceanwideImages.com: Gary Bell (c). 20-21 Pictures / Sebastian Kennerknecht (bl). 60
Roshni Kapur, Alexander Lloyd, Upasana SuperStock: age fotostock / Don Johnston. 22 Christopher Talbot Frank: (bc). Robert A.
Sharma, Riti Sodhi, and Priyansha Tuli for The Cotswold Wildlife Park was opened in Alamy Images: Charline Xia Ontario Canada Klips, Ph.D.: (clb). Wikipedia: Ryan Kaldari (cb).
additional design assistance; Suefa Lee, 1970. It covers 160 acres (65 hectares) and Collection (cb). 23 123RF.com: David Schliepp 61 FLPA: Minden Pictures / Tim Fitzharris (clb);
Vibha Malhotra, and Ira Pundeer for is home to 254 species. Highlights include (bc). Ardea: (cra). Getty Images: Jad Davenport Minden Pictures / Kevin Schafer (br). Getty
editorial assistance; Katie John for a breeding group of white rhinos and a (tr). 24 Alamy Images: Gary Tack (tr). FLPA: Images: Joel Sartore (tr). Warren E. Savary: (bc).
proofreading; and the following people collection of lemurs. The gardens are also Biosphoto / Sylvain Cordier (c). naturepl.com: 62 123RF.com: Eric Isselee (l). Corbis: George H
and organizations for allowing us to highly regarded among the horticultural MYN / Carl Battreall (bc). 24-25 FLPA: Minden H Huey (br). 63 Alamy Images: Jaymi Heimbuch
photograph: community. The park has its own charity Pictures / Jim Brandenburg (c). 25 Alamy Images: (tc). Corbis: Minden Pictures / Alan Murphy / BIA
that funds conservation work all over the Wildscotphotos (ca). Corbis: Tim Davis (br). (cr). Getty Images: Danita Delimont (tr). Rick
British Wildlife Centre, Lingfield, world and also directly manages the Sifaka FLPA: Minden Pictures / Jim Brandenburg (c). Poley Photography: (b). 64 Dorling Kindersley:
Surrey, UK Conservation Project in Madagascar. Peter Leopold, University of Norway: (bl). Jerry Young (tc). FLPA: Photo Researchers (crb).
(Jamie Craig, Curator; Hayley Rothwell, naturepl.com: MYN / Les Meade (tl). 26 Corbis: naturepl.com: Daniel Heuclin (clb). 64-65
The British Wildlife Centre is home to Activities Coordinator) All Canada Photos / Wayne Lynch (tr). FLPA: Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young (c). 65 Corbis:
more than 40 species of native British Minden Pictures / Jim Brandenburg (b). 27 Visuals Unlimited / Jim Merli (tr). National
wildlife, all housed in large natural Picture credits Corbis: AlaskaStock (tr); Tom Brakefield (tl). Geographic Creative: Joel Sartore (b). 66
enclosures that mimic their wild habitats. The publisher would like to thank the following Getty Images: Photodisc / Paul Souders (b). 28 4Corners: Susanne Kremer (bc). Alamy Images:
The centre actively manages or for their kind permission to reproduce their Corbis: Cultura (tr); Jenny E. Ross (tc). WaterFrame (cb). FLPA: Frans Lanting (clb). 67
participates in several conservation photographs: stevebloom.com: (b). 30-31 National Alamy Images: F1online digitale Bildagentur
programs for British wildlife, and focuses Geographic Creative: Paul Nicklen (t). 30 FLPA: GmbH (bl). Corbis: Design Pics / Natural
on education in all aspects of their work. (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; Minden Pictures / Flip Nicklin (tl). Getty Images: Selection William Banaszewski (bc). FLPA: Mark
The British Wildlife Centreis an excellent l-left; r-right; t-top) National Geographic / Paul Nicklen (b). 31 Newman (clb). Photoshot: Franco Banfi (c). 68-69
place to see Britain’s wonderful wildlife up Alamy Images: Andrey Nekrasov (tr). Corbis: Getty Images: Life on White. 69 Alamy Images:
close and personal. 1 FLPA: Frans Lanting. 2-3 FLPA: Minden All Canada Photos / Wayne Lynch (bc). Getty Arco Images GmbH (br). Getty Images:
(Liza Lipscombe, Marketing and Pictures / Tui De Roy. 4 Alamy Images: Matthijs Images: AFP / Kazuhiro Nogi (ca). 32 Corbis: All Craftvision (tr); Joe McDonald (bl). 70 123RF.com:
Information Officer; Matt Binstead, Head Kuijpers (cl); Life On White (fcr). Corbis: Joe Canada Photos / Wayne Lynch (b). Dreamstime. Tania and Jim Thomson (tr). FLPA: Imagebroker /
Keeper); Izzy Coomber (Senior Keeper) McDonald (fcl). Dorling Kindersley: Thomas com: Vladimir Melnik (l). FLPA: Minden Pictures Christian Hutter (tl). 70-71 FLPA: Minden
Marent (c). Getty Images: Tim Flach (ffcr). / Flip Nicklin (tr). 33 123RF.com: Vasiliy Pictures / Donald M. Jones (b). 71 123RF.com:
Liberty’s Owl Raptor and Reptile SuperStock: Animals Animals (cr). 5 FLPA: Vishnevskiy (cra). Alamy Images: Blickwinkel John Bailey (tr). Alamy Images: Blickwinkel (cr).
Centre, Hampshire, UK ImageBroker (fcl); Minden Pictures / Chris van (br). Dorling Kindersley: Liberty’s Owl, Raptor Getty Images: Russell Burden (ca). naturepl.
Rijswijk (fcr). 6 Corbis: AlaskaPhotoGraphics / and Reptile Centre, Hampshire, UK (tc). Getty com: George Sanker (bc). 72-73 Alamy Images:
Liberty’s Owl, Raptor and Reptile Centre Patrick J. Endres (fcl); AlaskaStock (cr). FLPA: Images: Universal Images Group (bl). 34 Jeff Mondragon (t). 72 Corbis: Biosphoto / Michel
is located near Hampshire’s New Forest Minden Pictures / Ingo Arndt (cl). Getty Images: Margarethe Brummermann Ph.D.: (c). Corbis: Gunther (bc). Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young
National Park. It is named after Liberty, Gail Shumway (c). 7 Corbis: Anup Shah (cl); Joe McDonald (cb). naturepl.com: Ben Cranke (tl, crb). 73 Science Photo Library: MH Sharp
the Alaskan bald eagle who lives there. Staffan Widstrand (c). Getty Images: Digital (tr). 34-35 Alamy Images: Nature Picture Library (br). 74-75 Corbis: Jim Zuckerman. 76 Corbis:
Liberty’s houses a large collection of birds Vision / David Tipling (fcr). National Geographic (c). 35 Corbis: Jeff Vanuga (br). FLPA: Minden Galen Rowell (cra). 77 Corbis: Novarc / Nico
of prey including owls, hawks, falcons, Creative: Tim Laman (cr). 8 Carl Chapman: (cl). Pictures / Donald M. Jones (ca); Minden Pictures / Stengert (bc). Oscar Fernandes Junior: (tr).
and vultures, as well as a collection of FLPA: Frans Lanting (cb); Albert Visage (tl); Ben Michael Quinton (bl); Fritz Polking (c). 36 FLPA: Getty Images: Pasieka (tc). 78-79 Photo Bee1,
reptiles and other small animals. The Sadd (tr); Minden Pictures / Thomas Marent (cla). Frans Lanting (b). naturepl.com: Andy Rouse LLC / Myer Bornstein. . Photo Bee1, LLC /
centre also offers falconry experience Getty Images: Grambo Grambo (bl); Gail (tr). 37 Corbis: Charles Krebs (bc). Dorling Myer Bornstein: (cb). 78 FLPA: Minden Pictures
days, photographic experience days, and Shumway (tc). naturepl.com: Aflo (clb). Kindersley: JerryYoung (tl, tr). 38-39 / Michael & Patricia Fogden (bc). Paul Latham :
hawking days. stevebloom.com: (br). 9 Corbis: Design Pics / Alaskaphotographics.com: Patrick J. Endres (cb). naturepl.com: Nick Garbutt (clb). 79 Lucas
(Lynda Bridges and all the staff) Natural Selection William Banaszewski (cl); All (Moose). 38 Alamy Images: Danita Delimont M. Bustamante / Tropical Herping: (bl). FLPA:
Canada Photos / Wayne Lynch (cla). FLPA: Frans (tc). Getty Images: Robert Postma (bl). 39 Minden Pictures / Konrad Wothe (ca); Minden
Wildlife Heritage Foundation, Kent, UK Lanting (bc); Minden Pictures / Steve Gettle (tl); Corbis: Minden Pictures / Mark Raycroft (tr). 40 Pictures / Suzi Eszterhas (br). 80 Corbis: E & P
Minden Pictures / Konrad Wothe (clb). Tom & FLPA: Minden Pictures / Donald M. Jones (tr). Bauer (bl). 81 Corbis: Minden Pictures / Stephen
Wildlife Heritage Foundation (WHF) is a Pat Leeson Photography: Thomas Kitchin & naturepl.com: Shattil & Rozinski (bl). Robert Dalton (br). FLPA: Minden Pictures / Juan Carlos
centre of excellence dedicated to the Victoria Hurst (c). SuperStock: Mark Newman Harding Picture Library: James Hager (cr). 41 Vindas (tr). 82-83 Dorling Kindersley: Thomas
captive breeding of endangered big cats (cb). 10 Alamy Images: Bernd Schmidt (cr). Ardea: Tom & Pat Leeson (tr, b). Dreamstime. Marent. 83 FLPA: Minden Pictures / Michael &
within European Endangered Species Getty Images: Stocktrek Images (c). 11 Corbis: com: Musat Christian (tl). 42 Alamy Images: Patricia Fogden (tl); Minden Pictures / Ingo Arndt
Programs with the eventual aim of Tim Graham (bl). Dreamstime.com: franzfoto.com (tc). Corbis: Arthur Morris (b). 43 (tr). 84 Alamy Images: All Canada Photos (clb).
providing animals for scientifically based Viophotography (br). FLPA: Minden Pictures / FLPA: Frans Lanting (tr). Getty Images: Tom Corbis: Image Source / Gary Latham (bc).
re-introduction projects. WHF is also a Ingo Arndt (cra). Getty Images: Ascent Xmedia Murphy / National Geographic (tl). 44 FLPA: National Geographic Creative: Christian
sanctuary for older big cats. (ca). iStockphoto.com: Anita Stizzoli (cr). 12 ImageBroker (c); Photo Researchers (cl). Getty Ziegler (cb). 85 Ardea: Kenneth W. Fink (cb, tr).
(The trustees, management, staff, and FLPA: Minden Pictures / Tim Fitzharris (cr); Images: Jake Rajs (b). 45 Alamy Images: (bl, br). Flickr.com: diabola62 / www.flickr.com / photos /
volunteers) Minden Pictures / Konrad Wothe (clb). 12-13 Dreamstime.com: Izanbar (tr). naturepl.com: bilder_heinzg / 11874681244 (clb). Getty Images:
Corbis: Minden Pictures / Buiten-beeld / Wil Gerrit Vyn (clb). 46 FLPA: Minden Pictures / Ingo Joel Sartore (br). Science Photo Library: James
Blackpool Zoo, UK Meinderts (b). 13 Alamy Images: MShieldsPhotos Arndt (bl). Ben Forbes: (t). National Geographic H. Robinson (bl). 86 Corbis: Kevin Schafer (ca).
(crb). Dreamstime.com: Isselee (cra). FLPA: Creative: Tom Murphy (br). 48 FLPA: Minden FLPA: Chris Brignell (b). Photoshot: Jany
Blackpool Zoo is a medium-sized ImageBroker (c). naturepl.com: Nick Upton (cl). Pictures / Donald M. Jones (b). 48-49 FLPA: Paul Sauvanet (tr). 87 Robert Harding Picture
collection of more than 1,000 animals that 14 Dreamstime.com: Iakov Filimonov (cla). FLPA: Sawer. 49 123RF.com: Steve Byland (tr). 50 123RF. Library: C. Huetter (br). 88 Dreamstime.com:
has been open for over 40 years on its Imagebroker / Herbert Kratky (crb); Minden com: Melinda Fawver (cr); Benjamin King (br). Suebmtl (tl). Getty Images: Mark J Thomas (r). 89
current site. Species vary from those Pictures / Michael Durham (ca). naturepl.com: FLPA: Minden Pictures / Donald M. Jones (bl). Alamy Images: Wildlife GmbH (ca). FLPA:
critically endangered such as Amur tigers, Onne van der Wal (clb). 14-15 Alamy Images: SuperStock: Animals Animals (tc). 51 Minden Pictures / James Christensen (cb). Getty
Bactrian camels, and Bornean orangutans Blaine Harrington III (b). 15 123RF.com: Tatiana Dreamstime.com: Janice Mccafferty | (cr). FLPA: Images: Kim Schandorff (br). 90 Corbis: JAI /
to western lowland gorillas, Asian Belova (cr). FLPA: Bob Gibbons (cl); Minden Minden Pictures / Ingo Arndt (b). 52 Corbis: All Gavin Hellier (cb). FLPA: Robin Chittenden (c).
elephants, giraffes, and many other Pictures / Richard Du Toit (c). 16 Dorling Canada Photos / Glenn Bartley (clb). naturepl. Keith Newton: (tr). 90-91 Getty Images: Elena
favorites. A growing and varied collection Kindersley: Liberty’s Owl, Raptor and Reptile com: Tom Vezo (cb). Photoshot: NHPA (bc). 53 Kalistratova (c). 91 FLPA: Minden Pictures / Flip
of birds includes the only Magellanic Centre, Hampshire, UK (cra). FLPA: Dickie 123RF.com: (tr). Corbis: Imagebroker / Michael de Nooyer (c); Minden Pictures / Kevin Schafer
penguins in the UK, and Californian sea Duckett (c); Imagebroker / Peter Giovannini (crb). Rucker (bl). FLPA: Minden Pictures / Donald M. (bl); Silvestre Silva (br). 92 Alamy Images:
lions offer an educational display daily Getty Images: DC Productions (clb). 16-17 FLPA: Jones (br). naturepl.com: (clb). 54 Corbis: First Wildlife GmbH (cb). Dorling Kindersley: Gary
ImageBroker (b). 17 Dreamstime.com: Subhrajyoti Light / Thomas Kitchin & Victoria Hurst (b). Ombler, Courtesy of Cotswold Wildlife Park (tc,
FLPA: S & D & K Maslowski (tc). Getty Images: ca). 92-93 Ardea: Thomas Marent (c). 93 FLPA:
Fuse (tl). 54-55 Alamy Images: Melody Watson Minden Pictures / Piotr Naskrecki (bc). 94 FLPA:
(t). 55 Ardea: M. Watson (bc). FLPA: Minden Frans Lanting. 95 123RF.com: Anan

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 479

Kaewkhammul (tr). Corbis: Minden / Foto National Geographic Creative: Paul Nicklen naturepl.com: Rhonda Klevansky (bl, cr); David Hosking (bl). FLPA: Imagebroker / Andreas
Natura / SA Team (clb). FLPA: Frans Lanting (br). (bc). 138 FLPA: Minden Pictures / Luc Poinsignon & Hackel (clb). 178 Corbis: Robert Pollok (tr). 222-223 FLPA: Minden Pictures / Tui
96-97 Alamy Images: Steve Bloom Images (b). Hoogenstein. 139 Fotolia: Lux / Stefan Zeitz (tr). Harding World Imagery / Gavin Hellier (bc). De Roy (b). 223 Kevin Linforth: (tc). 224 Corbis:
97 Corbis: Joe McDonald (crb). FLPA: Minden Tomi Muukkonen: (bc). naturepl.com: Asgeir FLPA: Imagebroker / Stefan Auth (clb). Fran Minden Pictures / Suzi Eszterhas (c). Dorling
Pictures / Chris van Rijswijk (tc). 98 Dorling Helgestad (br). 140 Corbis: Fortunato Gatto / Trabalon: (c). 179 Africa Image Library: (crb). Kindersley: Jerry Young (tl). FLPA: Minden
Kindersley: Thomas Marent (cl). Getty Images: PhotoFVG (bc). naturepl.com: Arco / Meul (clb); Alamy Images: Papillo (bc). © Dr Viola Pictures / Martin Willis (bc). 225 123RF.com: Alta
Gail Shumway (b). SuperStock: Mark Newman Paul Hobson (cb). 141 Alamy Images: (cb). Clausnitzer. : (clb). FLPA: IgnacioYufera (bl). Oosthuizen (br). naturepl.com: Tony Heald (t).
(cra). 99 123RF.com: Mirosław Kijewski (tl). Getty Corbis: Niall Benvie (clb). Dorling Kindersley: Rene Mantei www.zootierliste.de: (cra). 180 226 Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young (cra). FLPA:
Images: Tim Flach (c). 100 FLPA: Mike Lane British Wildlife Centre, Surrey, UK (tr, br). FLPA: Dorling Kindersley: Andy and Gill Swash (tc). Chris Mattison (bc); Minden Pictures / Winfried
(clb); Malcolm Schuyl (c); Minden Pictures / Terry Whittaker (bl). 142 123RF.com: Eric Isselee FLPA: Imagebroker / GTW (bc). Getty Images: Wisniewski (tc). Chris Van Rooyen: (cla). 227
Luciano Candisani (bc). 101 123RF.com: (tr). FLPA: Albert Visage (br). Fotolia: Eric Isselée Anup Shah (bl). 180-181 FLPA: IgnacioYufera. naturepl.com: Francois Savigny (b). Shannon
Noppharat Manakul (bl). Ardea: François Grohier (l). 143 Dorling Kindersley: British Wildlife 181 FLPA: Imagebroker / Christian Hütter (crb). Wild: (t). 228 FLPA: Imagebroker / Winfried
(tr). Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Blackpool Centre, Surrey, UK (tc, cra). FLPA: Paul Hobson 182 Corbis: Biosphoto / Michel Gunther (ca). Schäfer (clb); Minden Pictures / Vincent Grafhorst
Zoo, Lancashire, UK (bc). FLPA: Biosphoto / (bc). 144 Photoshot: Picture Alliance (cr); Dave Dorling Kindersley: Andy and Gill Swash (tc). (bc). naturepl.com: Philippe Clement (cb).
Sylvain Cordier (clb); Minden Pictures / Pete Watts (bc). 145 Alamy Images: Christoph Bosch FLPA: Martin B Withers (cb). Getty Images: John 228-229 naturepl.com: Ingo Arndt (c). 229 123RF.
Oxford (c). 102-103 FLPA: Minden Pictures / Pete (tc). Matt Binstead, British Wildlife Centre: Downer (bc). 182-183 Mitchell Krog www. com: Anan Kaewkhammul (tr). Dorling
Oxford (t). 102 Alamy Images: DPA Picture (br). FLPA: Desmond Dugan (tr). 146 123RF.com: mitchellkrog.com: (b). 183 Photoshot: Jordi Bas Kindersley: Courtesy of Blackpool Zoo,
Alliance (bc). naturepl.com: Angelo Gandolfi Wouter Tolenaars (bc). Alamy Images: Tim Casas (tl, tr). 184 Ardea: Ian Beames (c). FLPA: Lancashire, UK (bc). Getty Images: Heinrich van
(crb). 103 Corbis: Jami Tarris (cr). FLPA: Moore (clb). FLPA: Fabio Pupin (cb). 147 Corbis: Frans Lanting (bc); Jack Perks (clb). 185 FLPA: den Berg (ca). Sharifa Jinnah: (clb). Photoshot:
ImageBroker (b); Frans Lanting (tr). 104 FLPA: JAI / Nadia Isakova (br). FLPA: Minden Pictures / Dickie Duckett (clb); ImageBroker (tr); Frans Karl Switak (bl). 230 Corbis: Imagebroker / Erich
Minden Pictures / Steve Gettle (bc). Getty Wim Weenink (clb); Minden Pictures / Wil Lanting (crb). Magdalena Kwolek-Mirek. : (bl). Schmidt (tc). FLPA: Frans Lanting (ca). 231
Images: Dickson Images / Photolibrary (r). 105 Meinderts (bl). 148-149 naturepl.com: 186 FLPA: Frans Lanting (t). 186-187 FLPA: Frans FLPA: Minden Pictures / Richard Du Toit (b).
FLPA: Minden Pictures / Pete Oxford (cra). Getty 2020VISION / Fergus Gill (t). 148 FLPA: Minden Lanting (b). 187 Corbis: Minden Pictures / ZSSD Getty Images: Tim Jackson (ca). 232 FLPA:
Images: Suebg1 Photography (br). Andrew M. Pictures / Flip de Nooyer (br). 149 FLPA: (bc). Fotolia: Eric Isselée (tr). 188-189 Corbis: Minden Pictures / Pete Oxford (tc). naturepl.com:
Snyder: (cr). John White: (cl). 106-107 Corbis: Imagebroker / Winfried Schäfer (tr); Minden Anup Shah (b). FLPA: Elliott Neep (t). 189 Getty Will Burrard-Lucas (bc); Charlie Summers (clb).
SuperStock / Nick Garbutt (b). 106 Corbis: Pictures / Ramon Navarro (br). 150 Dreamstime. Images: Grambo Grambo (ca). 190 Alamy 233 FLPA: Ben Sadd. 234 Corbis: Nature Picture
Minden Pictures / Tui De Roy (tr). 107 Corbis: com: Geanina Bechea (tl). 150-151 FLPA: Images: Sue O’Connor (bc). FLPA: Frans Lanting Library / Tony Heald (ca); Ocean / 2 / Martin
SuperStock / Nick Garbutt (tl). FLPA: Minden Imagebroker / Franz Christoph Robi. 151 FLPA: (tl). 191 Ardea: Leesonphoto / Thomas Kitchin & Harvey (bl). 234-235 Alamy Images: Matthijs
Pictures / Luciano Candisani (tr). 108 Ignacio De Rebecca Nason (tl). Getty Images: Joe Victoria Hurst (br). 192 123RF.com: Mike Price Kuijpers. 235 Corbis: Biosphoto / Michel Gunther
la Riva: (cb). FLPA: Biosphoto / Denis Bringard Petersburger (tc). 152 Corbis: JAI / Mauricio (c). Getty Images: Claudia Uribe (tr). naturepl. (tr). 236 FLPA: Minden Pictures / Thomas Marent
(cr); Biosphoto / Alain Pons (clb); Imagebroker / Abreu (bc). Dorling Kindersley: Thomas Marent com: Visuals Unlimited (bc, crb, cb). 192-193 (clb). naturepl.com: Brent Stephenson (cb).
GTW (cl); ImageBroker (bc). 109 Flickr.com: (cb). FLPA: Minden Pictures / Lars Soerink (clb). FLPA: Frans Lanting (c). 193 Corbis: (cb); Anup Photoshot: Nick Garbutt (bc). 237 Dr. Melanie
Fernando Rosselot (br). FLPA: Biosphoto / Antoni 153 123RF.com: Eric Isselee (tr). Ardea: Stefan Shah (bl). Getty Images: Joel Sartore (c). Dammhahn: (br). Dr. Jörn Köhler: (clb).
Agelet (ca). Pablo Omar Palmeiro: (tr). 110-111 Meyers (crb). FLPA: Bob Gibbons (bl); Minden Kimball Stock: HPH Image Library (tc). 194 naturepl.com: Alex Hyde (tr). 238 FLPA: Minden
Getty Images: Padmanaba01 (b). 111 Corbis: All Pictures / Willi Rolfes (cr). naturepl.com: Juan Ardea: Chris Harvey (br). FLPA: Frans Lanting Pictures / Cyril Ruoso. 239 Corbis: Nature Picture
Canada Photos / Glenn Bartley (bc). FLPA: Carlos Munoz (clb). Wild-Wonders of Europe, (bl). 195 Alamy Images: Chris Weston. 196 Library / Inaki Relanzon (bc). Dorling
Minden Pictures / Tui De Roy (tl). Paul B Jones: Staffan Widstrand: (br). 154 FLPA: Biosphoto / Dorling Kindersley: Wildlife Heritage Kindersley: Courtesy of Blackpool Zoo,
(ca). 112 Getty Images: Joel Sartore (tr). Jorge Sierra (tr). Iberian Lynx Ex-situ Foundation, Kent, UK (tl). FLPA: Frans Lanting Lancashire, UK (tr). FLPA: Minden Pictures /
naturepl.com: Daniel Gomez (ca). 112-113 Conservation Programme. www.lynxexsitu.es: (c). 197 Dorling Kindersley: Greg &Yvonne Konrad Wothe (crb). 240 FLPA: Frans Lanting (tl).
Alamy Images: Blickwinkel. 113 Manuel (bc). naturepl.com: Wild Wonders of Europe \ Dean (tr). FLPA: Minden Pictures / Stephen 240-241 naturepl.com: Nick Garbutt. 241 FLPA:
Francisco Gana Eguiguren: (c). María de la Luz Pete Oxford (bl). 155 Marina Cano www. Belcher (cl); Minden Pictures / Richard Du Toit Frans Lanting (cb). naturepl.com: Nick Garbutt
Vial Bascuñán www.fotonaturaleza.cl: (br/ marinacano.com: (r/lynx). 156 FLPA: Paul (crb). 198 123RF.com: mhgallery (tl). FLPA: (cra, br). 242-243 FLPA: Jurgen & Christine Sohns
FabianLizard). 114 FLPA: Carr Clifton (bc); Hobson (tr); Minden Pictures / Ingo Arndt (bc). Minden Pictures / Tui De Roy (tr). Photoshot: (c). 243 Corbis: Biosphoto / Michel Gunther (tr);
Minden Pictures / Luciano Candisani (c). 157 Corbis: Biosphoto / Michel Gunther (b). Andy Rouse (b). 199 123RF.com: Fabio Lotti (c). Visuals Unlimited / Simone Sbaraglia (tl).
naturepl.com: Luiz Claudio Marigo (cl, clb). 115 FLPA: Gianpiero Ferrari (cl); Imagebroker / Bernd Corbis: Hemis / Denis-Huot (tr). 200 FLPA: Dorling Kindersley: Thomas Marent (br). Tom
Dreamstime.com: Lunamarina (clb). Flickr.com: Zoller (tr). 158 FLPA: Imagebroker / Bernd Zoller Biosphoto / Mathieu Pujol (cl). Cain Maddern / & Pat Leeson Photography: Thomas Kitchin &
Yeagov C / www.flickr.com / photos / yeagovc / (clb); ImageBroker (cb). Getty Images: Look-foto wildfocusimages.com: (tr). 201 Getty Images: Victoria Hurst (cra). 244-245 4Corners: Andy
15252486009 (bl). FLPA: Minden Pictures / / Andreas Strauss (bc). 159 FLPA: Biosphoto / Angelika Stern (bc); Pal Teravagimov Photography Callan. 246 Dreamstime.com: Horia Vlad Bogdan
Michael & Patricia Fogden (br). naturepl.com: Remi Masson (bl); Imagebroker / Stefan Huwiler (tr). 202-203 stevebloom.com. 203 FLPA: Frans (tr). FLPA: Minden Pictures / Hiroya Minakuchi
Barry Mansell (tr). 116-117 Alamy Images: Life (tr). naturepl.com: Angelo Gandolfi (clb). Lanting (tr). Getty Images: Danita Delimont (bc). (bc); Winfried Wisniewski (tc). 247 Getty Images:
On White. 117 Ardea: (ca). Corbis: Tom Wild-Wonders of Europe, Staffan Widstrand: 204-205 FLPA: Bernd Rohrschneider. 205 FLPA: Datacraft Co Ltd (cr). 248 FLPA: Imagebroker /
Brakefield (tl). Dreamstime.com: Poeticpenguin (bc). 160 123RF.com: Eric Isselee (tl). FLPA: Minden Pictures / Tui De Roy (cra, bc). 206 123RF. Winfried Schäfer (bc). Svein Erik Larsen www.
(tr). 119 Dorling Kindersley: JerryYoung (tr). Minden Pictures / Misja Smits, Buiten-beeld (tr). com: Gerrit De Vries (cb). Dorling Kindersley: selarsen.no: (clb). naturepl.com: Hanne & Jens
FLPA: Minden Pictures / Tui De Roy (bc); Minden naturepl.com: Alex Hyde (b). 161 Corbis: Frank Greenaway, Courtesy of the National Birds Eriksen (cb). 249 Dreamstime.com: Lawrence
Pictures / Pete Oxford (br). 120 123RF.com: Eric Minden Pictures / BIA / Patrick Donini (cb). of Prey Centre, Gloucestershire (br). FLPA: Frans Weslowski Jr (tr). FLPA: Biosphoto / Xavier
Isselee (tl). FLPA: Minden Pictures / Pete Oxford FLPA: Jurgen & Christine Sohns (cl). naturepl. Lanting (bc). naturepl.com: Charlie Summers Eichaker (bl); ImageBroker (br). naturepl.com:
(tr). Photoshot: Picture Alliance (br). 121 FLPA: com: Radomir Jakubowski (br). 162 Dreamstime. (cla). 207 Corbis: Richard du Toit (tr). naturepl. Michael D. Kern (clb). 250 123RF.com: Sirylok
Minden Pictures / Jim Brandenburg (bl). com: Outdoorsman (tr). FLPA: Minden Pictures / com: Michael D. Kern (bc). SuperStock: Animals (tc). FLPA: Biosphoto / Michel Gunther (bc).
Photoshot: Juniors Tierbildarchiv (cra). 122-123 Jelger Herder (bc). 162-163 age fotostock: Animals (cr). 208 Ardea: Chris Harvey (tr). FLPA: 250-251 Corbis: Staffan Widstrand. 252-253
FLPA: Frans Lanting (cb). 122 FLPA: Frans Blickwinkel / P Cairns (c). 163 Ettore Balocchi: Frans Lanting (c). Witbos Indigenous Nursery: Ardea: Jean Michel Labat (t). Dreamstime.com:
Lanting (bc); Minden Pictures / Pete Oxford (clb); (br). naturepl.com: Stefan Huwiler (cr); Alex (br). 208-209 Getty Images: Cultura Travel / Isselee (b). 253 Alamy Images: Blickwinkel (bl).
Minden Pictures / Tui De Roy (c). 123 FLPA: Hyde (cb). 164 Corbis: Novarc / NA / Martin Philip Lee Harvey (c). 209 Alamy Images: FLPA: Minden Pictures / Ingo Arndt (tr); Jurgen
Minden Pictures / Tui De Roy (tr, br); Minden Apelt (bc). FLPA: Imagebroker / Christian Hütter Blickwinkel (bl). FLPA: Phil Ward (br). naturepl. & Christine Sohns (c). 254 FLPA: Bernd
Pictures / Pete Oxford (bl). 124 Corbis: Kevin (clb); Gerard Lacz (cb). 165 Alamy Images: com: Tim Laman (tc); Mark MacEwen (c). 210 Rohrschneider (c). naturepl.com: Hanne & Jens
Schafer (tl). FLPA: Frans Lanting (br). Dan Blickwinkel (ca); imagebroker (bl). Dorling FLPA: Frans Lanting (bl); Minden Pictures / Eriksen (tr); Axel Gomille (cb). 254-255
Heller Photography: (tr). 125 123RF.com: Keith Kindersley: British Wildlife Centre, Surrey, UK Konrad Wothe (bc). 211 FLPA: Frans Lanting. iStockphoto.com: Danielrao (c). 255
Levit (tr). FLPA: Minden Pictures / Tui De Roy (tr). FLPA: ImageBroker (clb). 166 FLPA: Minden 212-213 FLPA: Minden Pictures / Cyril Ruoso (t). Christopher Casilli: (c). Getty Images: EyeEm /
(cra, bc). 126-127 SuperStock: Mark Jones. 127 Pictures / Ernst Dirksen. 167 123RF.com: Eric 212 Alamy Images: Terry Whittaker (bc). Damara Dhanakrishna (br). naturepl.com:
123RF.com: Smileus (cra). FLPA: Minden Pictures Isselee (tr). Alamy Images: AGE Fotostock (bc, OceanwideImages.com: Mark Carwardine (bl). Sandesh Kadur (tc). 256 123RF.com: Carlos
/ Tui De Roy (bc). 128-129 FLPA: Frans Lanting br). 168 James Kruger: (b). 169 Ardea: Duncan Thinkstock: Matt Gibson (tl). 214 Corbis: Jami Caetano (tl). 256-257 FLPA: John Zimmermann
(t). 128 FLPA: Minden Pictures / Tui De Roy (bl, Usher (ca). Dreamstime.com: Isselee (tr). FLPA: Tarris (br). Dorling Kindersley: JerryYoung (tl). (b). 257 Dreamstime.com: Shailesh Nanal (crb).
br). 129 FLPA: Imagebroker / Ingo Schultz (tr). Duncan Usher (br). Photoshot: Niko Pekonen naturepl.com: TJ Rich (bl). 215 123RF.com: FLPA: Biosphoto / Patrice Correia (tl); Minden
130-131 naturepl.com: Bruno D’Amicis. 132 (crb). 170-171 Heidi & Hans-Jürgen Koch: (t). Jatesada Natayo (tr). FLPA: Frans Lanting (bc). Pictures / ZSSD (bc). naturepl.com: Bernard
FLPA: Imagebroker / Hans Blossey (cl). Getty 170 Dorling Kindersley: Frank Greenaway / 216 FLPA: Neil Bowman (bc). Getty Images: Joel Castelein (cra). 258-259 FLPA: Biosphoto /
Images: Traumlichtfabrik (tl). 133 Corbis: Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London Sartore (cla). 217 San Diego Zoo Global: (tl/ Stéphanie Meng (t). 258 Alamy Images:
Imagebroker / Günter Lenz (bl). FLPA: Minden (cb). FLPA: Minden Pictures / Jelger Herder (cla); EmperorScorpion). 218 FLPA: Biosphoto / Sergio Blickwinkel (bc). 259 Dreamstime.com: (tr, bc).
Pictures / Karl Van Ginderdeuren (bc). 134 Corbis: Minden Pictures / Thomas Marent (bc). 171 Getty Pitamitz (tr); Biosphoto / David Santiago Garcia FLPA: Minden Pictures / Cyril Ruoso (c). 260-261
imagebroker / Olaf Krüger (bc). naturepl.com: Images: Bill Beatty (bl); Oxford Scientific (OSF) (c); David Hosking (br). 218-219 FLPA: Frans Dreamstime.com: Happystock. 261 FLPA:
Espen Bergersen (cb). Markus Varesvuo: (bl). (bc). 172 Dom Greves: (bc). 172-173 FLPA: Lanting (c). 219 FLPA: Wendy Dennis (tc). ImageBroker (bc). 262 Alamy Images: Papillo (tr).
135 Corbis: Andrew Parkinson (ca). FLPA: Minden Pictures / Thomas Marent. 174-175 naturepl.com: (c). Science Photo Library: Tom 262-263 FLPA: Biosphoto / Daniel Heuclin (b).
Minden Pictures / Peter Verhoog (br). naturepl. Corbis: Minden Pictures / Tim Fitzharris. 176 McHugh (bl); NASA (br). 220 123RF.com: Nico 263 FLPA: Harri Taavetti (br). Gunnar
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