349shock, electrical, obedience experiment 248–252Simon, Théodore 52, 302, 304Simonton, Dean Keith 318Skinner box 81, 82, 83Skinner, B.F. (Burrhus Frederic) 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 71, 72, 74, 75, 78–85, 86, 149, 288, 294, 309Slater, Mel 253Slavin, Robert 270Smith, Sidney 173social constructivism 238–239, 270social learning theory 80, 236, 260, 288–291Social Learning Theory, Albert Bandura 74, 164social psychology 11, 12, 167, 216–217, 220–223, 232, 236, 244–245, 256Social Psychology as History, Kenneth Gergen 238Socrates 26Some Thoughts Concerning Education, John Locke 264Spearman, Charles 53, 62, 302, 303, 304, 314Spence, Janet Taylor 217, 236Sperry, Roger W. 337Spiro, Melford 271Spitz, René 271split personalities 110Stages of Moral Development, Lawrence Kohlberg 261Stanford Prison experiment 217, 254Stekel, Wilhelm 108Stern, William 309, 334Stevens, Stanley Smith 173stimulus-response theory 11, 58, 59, 68, 70, 71, 74Storm and Stress movement 47structuralism 24–25Structure of Intellect (SI) 303Studies on Hysteria, Sigmund Freud & Josef Breuer 24, 30, 90, 94Sturm und Drang movement 47Sufi mystic 126suicide 140Sullivan, Harry Stack 146superiority complex 101Syntactic Structures, Noam Chomsky 260systematic desensitization 86, 87Szasz, Thomas 328 TTeasdale, John D. 210, 339temperament and humours 18, 19Terman, Lewis 53Textbook of Psychiatry, Emil Kraepelin 31Thaler, Richard 193The Art of Memory, Giordano Bruno 48psychedelic drugs 148psychiatry 328–329Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry, David Cooper 328Psychiatry: The Science of Lies, Thomas Szasz 328psychic growth 101psychic tension 108psychoanalysis (psychoanalytic psychotherapy) 12, 17, 90, 91, 97, 158, 308 Alfred Adler 110–111 Donald Woods Winnicott 118–121 Françoise Dolto 279 Jacques Lacan 122–123 Johann Friedrich Herbart 24, 25 Melanie Klein 108–109 Sigmund Freud 94–99Psychoanalysis: Its Image and Its Public, Serge Moscovici 239psychodiagnosis 17psychodynamic therapy 149Psychological Automatism, Pierre Janet 55psychological nativism 265psychological resilience 152, 153Psychological Types, Carl Jung 90psychology 10–11, 16, 17 experimental 148Psychology and Productive Thinking, Karl Duncker 160Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, John B. Watson 58, 59, 86psychology of difference 11, 13, 302–303psychology of emotions 196–197psychometric test 302psychopathology 90psychosexual development 260psychosis 150, 318–321psychotherapy 11, 12, 94, 138psychoticism 318–321Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism (PEN) 308, 321purposive (cognitive) behaviorism 72, 160Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men, Edward Tolman 72RRace Attitudes in Children, Bruno Lasker 282racism 242, 282, 283radical behaviorism 71, 80–85, 149Rajecki, D.W. 233Rank, Otto 132Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) 91, 110, 142–145, 174, 177, 212Rayner, Rosalie 69, 70, 71, 86reality and perception 114, 115reality theory 217reality therapy 217, 240, 241Reality Therapy, William Glasser 217REBT see Rational Emotive Behavior Therapyreciprocal inhibition 86–87Reclaiming our Children, Peter Breggin 240reconstructive memory 158recovered memory therapy 205, 207Reicher, Steven 254reinforcement 64, 81, 82Remembering, Frederic Bartlett 204, 208, 234repressed memory 204, 205, 207Riecken, Henry 167Rivers, W.H.R. 334Rogers, Carl 26, 27, 91, 114, 116, 130–135, 141, 145, 146, 198, 200, 313Rokeach, Milton 338Rorschach, Hermann 335Rorschach test 331, 335Rosenhan, David 303, 328–329Rowe, Dorothy 91, 154, 243Rubin, David 237Rubin, Zick 242Rumi 126Rutter, Michael 274, 278, 339Ryan, William J. 242 SSalkovskis, Paul 212–213Sartre, Jean-Paul 122, 140, 150Satir Model 147Satir, Virginia 91, 146–147Schachter, Stanley 167, 338Schacter, Daniel 159, 170, 188, 194, 204, 207, 208–209Schaffer, H. Rudolph 276, 277, 278schizophrenia 31, 91, 150, 151, 329Schopenhauer, Arthur 108, 122Segal, Zindel 210selective attention 182, 183, 184, 185self 16, 126, 127, 133, 134, 135, 136self-actualization 91, 126, 138–139, 148, 313self-awareness 116self-blame 154self-esteem 100, 101Self-Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion, Emile Coué 22self-perception theory 166self-realization 106self-suggestion 23Seligman, Martin 140, 174, 198, 200–201, 313, 322seven, as a magical number 170–173Seven Sins of Memory, Daniel Schacter 159Shannon, Claude 171Sheehy, Gail 272Shepard, Roger N. 159, 192Sherif, Muzafer 216, 224, 225, 254, 337INDEX
350The Behavior of Organisms, B.F. Skinner 74, 75, 86The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion, Melvin Lerner 154, 243The Blank Slate, Steven Pinker 192The Cause of Lucid Sleep, Abbé Faria 16The Children of the Dream, Bruno Bettelheim 271The Concept of Anxiety, Søren Kierkegaard 26The Descent of Man, Charles Darwin 203The Dissociation of Personality, Morton Prince 330The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness, R.D. Laing 26, 91, 328The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense, Anna Freud 90The Emotions, Nico Frijda 303The Expression of the Emotions in Men and Animals, Charles Darwin 58, 324The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud 90, 98The Laws of Emotion, Nico Frijda 325The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, George Armitage Miller 162, 170The Mating Mind, Geoffrey Miller 211The Meaning of Anxiety, Rollo May 26, 141The Measurement of Intelligence, Edward Thorndike 314The Mentality of Apes, Wilhelm Köhler 193The Mirror Stage, Jacques Lacan 90The Myth of Mental Illness, Thomas Szasz 328The Narrative Construction of Reality, Jerome Bruner 261The Need for Social Psychology, John Dewey 216The Organization of Behavior, Donald Hebb 48, 163The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology, Alfred Adler 90The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Erving Goffman 216, 228The Principles of Psychology, William James 45, 122, 162, 170The Process of Education, Jerome Bruner 165The Psychology of Consciousness, Robert E. Ornstein 148The Psychology of Perceptive and Renaissance Art, Michal Kubovy 192The Psychology of Personal Constructs, George Kelly 154The Psychology of Sex Differences, Eleanor E. Maccoby 261, 284The Psychology of the Unconscious, Carl Jung 24The Selection of Consequences, B.F. Skinner 83The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins 211The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers, Daniel Schacter 170, 188, 194, 204, 207The Sickness unto Death, Søren Kierkegaard 16The Social Animal, Elliot Aronson 244The Textbook of Psychology, Johann Friedrich Herbart 16The Three Faces of Eve, Corbett H. Thigpen & Hervey M. Cleckley 303, 331The War of the Ghosts, Frederic Bartlett 158Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 138, 323Thigpen, Corbett H. 303, 330–331Thorndike, Edward 58, 59, 62–65, 68, 72, 74, 161, 163Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Sigmund Freud 260Thurstone, L.L. 304Titchener, Edward B. 35, 232, 233, 305, 334Tolman, Edward Chace 58, 59, 68, 72–73, 74, 75, 160, 193Tomkins, Silvan 196Torrence, Ellis Paul 304Traits Revisited, Gordon Allport 313Treisman, Anne 180Tulving, Endel 159, 162, 170, 186–191, 194, 208, 209Tupes, Ernest 326Turing, Alan 158, 170, 181Tversky, Amos 159, 193UUncommon Therapy, Jay Haley 149unconditional positive regard 135, 136unconscious 16, 17, 90, 91, 148 collective 104, 105, 106, 107 psychoanalysis 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 structuralism 25 VValéry, Paul 13Value and Need as Organizing Factors in Perception, Jerome Bruner & Cecile Goodman 158Vaughn, Brian E. 280Verbal Behavior, Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, Edward Thorndike & B.F. Skinner 59, 85Vernon, Philip E. 304Vesalius, Andreas 18, 19Vgotsky, Lev 238von Ehrenfels, Christian 160von Hartmann, Eduard 24von Helmholtz, Hermann 37von Thun, Friedemann Schulz 339Vygotsky, Lee 164, 165, 260, 269, 270WWalden Two, B.F. Skinner 85Waldeyer-Hartz, Heinrich 76war neurosis 86, 87Warrenfeltz, Rodney 326Watson, Jeanne 220Watson, John B. (Broadus) 11, 26, 28, 40, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66–71, 72, 75, 80, 86, 87, 94Watzlawick, Paul 91, 149Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) 303Wechsler, David 303, 336Weisner, Thomas 277Werner, Emmy 152Wernicke, Carl 16Wertheimer, Max 40, 114, 160, 335Westley, Bruce 220When Prophecy Fails, Leon Festinger, Henry Riecken & Stanley Schacter 167Wherever You Go, There You Are, Jon Kabat-Zinn 200Wilbur, Cornelia 330Williams, Mark 210Willis, Thomas 30Windelband, Wilhelm 309Wing, Lorna 298Winnicott, Donald Woods 91, 118–121Wolpe, Joseph 59, 72, 80, 86–87, 174, 177, 212women 217, 236Words and Things, Roger Brown 216Writings for a Liberation Psychology, Ignacio Martín-Baró 257Wundt, Wilhelm 17, 18, 26, 31, 32–37, 47, 50, 172, 304 Yy Cajal, Santiago Ramón 76Yalom, Irvin 141Youth: Its Education, Regiment, and Hygiene, G. Stanley Hall 47Yuille, John 207 ZZajonc, Robert 217, 230–235Zeigarnik, Bluma 158, 162, 188, 194Zeigarnik Effect 162, 194Zigler, E. 328Zimbardo, Philip 166, 217, 248, 254–255zone of proximal development theory 269INDEX
351ACKNOWLEDGMENTSDorling Kindersley would like to thank Shriya Parameswaran, Neha Sharma, Payal Rosalind Malik, Gadi Farfour, Helen Spencer, Steve Woosnam-Savage, and Paul Drislane for design assistance; Steve Setford for editorial assistance; and Stephanie Chilman for composing the Directory.PICTURE CREDITSThe publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs:(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top)19 The Bridgeman Art Library: Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Médecine, Paris / Archives Charmet (tr). 21 Corbis: Bettmann (tr). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (bl). 23 akg-images: Bibliothèque nationale (tc). Alamy Images: Tihon L1 (bl). 25 Getty Images: Hulton Archive (tr). 27 akg-images: Coll. Archiv f. Kunst & Geschichte (tl). Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 29 The Bridgeman Art Library: Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery (bc). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (tr). 30 Getty Images: Imagno / Hulton Archive (br). 35 Alamy Images: Interfoto (br). Corbis: Visuals Unlimited (tc). 36 Corbis: Bettmann (tr, tc). 37 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 40 Corbis: (bl). 43 Corbis: The Gallery Collection. 44 Corbis: Underwood & Underwood (br). 45 Science Photo Library: Chris Gallagher (tr). 47 Corbis: Bettmann (tr). 49 Corbis: Bettmann (bl); Bill Varie (tr). 51 Science Photo Library: US National Library of Medicine (tr). 52 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 55 Alamy Images: Eddie Gerald (cr). Lebrecht Music and Arts: Rue des Archives / Varma (bl). 61 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). LawtonPhotos.com : (tl). 65 Corbis: Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc. (tl). Science Photo Library: Humanities and Social Sciences Library / New York Public Library (tr). 69 Corbis: Underwood & Underwood (bl). 71 The Advertising Archives: (br). 73 Corbis: Sandy Stockwell / Skyscan (cr). Magnum Photos: Wayne Miller (bl). 75 The Advertising Archives: (cra). 77 Getty Images: Nina Leen / Time & Life Pictures (br). 81 Getty Images: Nina Leen / Time & Life Pictures (br). 82 Getty Images: Joe Raedle (br). 83 Corbis: Bettmann (tr). 84 Alamy Images: Monashee Frantz (bl). 87 Getty Images: Lambert / Archive Photos (tr). 94 Getty Images: Imagno / Hulton Archive / Sigmund Freud Privatstiftung (tr). 97 Alamy Images: Bjanka Kadic (bl). 98 The Bridgeman Art Library: Museum of Modern Art, New York / © Salvador Dali, Fundació Gala-Salvador Dalí, DACS, 2011. 99 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (tr). 101 Corbis: Guo Dayue / Xinhua Press (tl). Getty Images: Imagno / Hulton Archive (tr). 105 Getty Images: Imagno / Hulton Archive (br). 106 Getty Images: Apic / Hulton Archive (bl). 107 akg-images: Walt Disney Productions (tl). Getty Images: Imagno / Hulton Archive (tr). 108 Corbis: Robbie Jack (cra). 109 Wellcome Images: (bl). 116 Corbis: Robert Wallis (tl). 117 Alamy Images: Harvey Lloyd / Peter Arnold, Inc. (tl). Science Photo Library: National Library of Medicine (bl). 119 Getty Images: Hulton Archive (tr). 120 Corbis: Nancy Honey (br). 123 Getty Images: Ryan McVay (tl). Lebrecht Music and Arts: Rue des Archives / Collection Bourgeron (bl). 127 Corbis: Michael Reynolds / EPA (tr). 129 Getty Images: Leonard Mccombe / Time & Life Pictures (tr); Roger-Viollet (bl). 134 Corbis: Pascal Deloche / Godong (tl). 135 Getty Images: David Malan / Photographer’s Choice (tr). 136 Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer (bl). 137 Getty Images: Peter Cade / Iconica (tl). 139 Corbis: Ann Kaplan (tr). 144 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). Getty Images: Mark Douet (tr). 147 Corbis: Jutta Klee (tl/computer); Roy Morsch (tc/blamer); Larry Williams (tr/placator). Getty Images: Nathan Blaney / Photodisc (tc/leveller). 148 Getty Images: Dennis Hallinan (b). 151 Corbis: Allen Ginsberg (tr); Robbie Jack (bl). 153 Getty Images: Miguel Medina / AFP (tr); Toru Yamanaka / AFP (tl). 155 Alamy Images: Sigrid Olsson / PhotoAlto (cra). 161 TopFoto.co.uk: Topham Picturepoint (tl, tr). 162 Getty Images: Andersen Ross / Photodisc (cb). 165 Press Association Images: (tr). 167 Science Photo Library: Estate of Francis Bello (bl). 173 Corbis: William Whitehurst (tl). Jon Roemer: (tr). 175 Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy: (tr). 176 Corbis: Bettmann (br). 181 Alamy Images: David O. Bailey (tl). Science Photo Library: Corbin O’Grady Studio (tr). 82 Corbis: Carol Kohen (bl). 184 Corbis: H. Armstrong Roberts / ClassicStock (bc, br). Getty Images: George Marks / Retrofile / Hulton Archive (bl). 185 Corbis: Monty Rakusen (tr). 190 Alamy Images: Gary Roebuck (tl). Courtesy of Baycrest: (bl). 192 Corbis: Owaki/ Kulla (cra). 195 Corbis: Ocean (tr). 197 Getty Images: Steven Dewall / Redferns (bl). 199 Claremont Graduate University: Photo by C. Sajgó (bl). Corbis: Charles Vlen / Bettmann (tl). 201 Getty Images: Purestock (bc). Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania. : (tr). 204 Courtesy of UC Irvine: (bl). 207 Corbis: Guy Cali (bl). 210 Alamy Images: Michele Burgess (cb). 212 Lebrecht Music and Arts: Matti Kolho (bc). 213 University of Bath: (tr). 221 Getty Images: Chris Ryan / OJO Images (tr). 222 Corbis: Moment / Cultura (bc). 223 Alamy Images: Interfoto (bl). Corbis: K.J. Historical (tl). 225 Solomon Asch Center for Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict: (tr). 227 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 229 American Sociological Association, www.asanet.org. : Photo of Erving Goffman (bl). Corbis: Yi Lu (cr). 234 Corbis: Claro Cortes / Hanoi, Vietnam (tl). 235 Corbis: Hannes Hepp (bc). Stanford News Service. : Linda A. Cicero (tr). 237 Corbis: Walt Sisco / Bettmann (cr). 239 Corbis: Sophie Bassouls / Sygma (bl). 241 The Bridgeman Art Library: Musée national des arts et traditions populaires, Paris / Archives Charmet (tc). William Glasser Inc. - www.wglasserbooks.com : (tr). 243 Alamy Images: David Grossman (tl). University of Waterloo: Maurice Greene (bl). 245 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). Special Collections, University of California, Santa Cruz: (tr). 249 Getty Images: Apic / Hulton Archive (tr). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library: Courtesy of Alexandra Milgram (bl). 251 Getty Images: Peter Stackpole / Time & Life Pictures (br). 252 Corbis: Stapleton Collection (br). 253 Corbis: Geneviève Chauvel / Sygma (tl). 255 TopFoto.co.uk: Topham Picturepoint (tr). Philip G. Zimbardo, Professor Emeritus, Stanford University: (tl). 257 Universidad Centroamericana “José Simeón Cañas” (UCA), El Salvador: (bl). 265 Corbis: The Gallery Collection (tc). 267 Science Photo Library:
352Bill Anderson (bl). 268 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 269 Alamy Images: Thomas Cockrem (br). 271 Corbis: Jerry Cooke (cr). 273 Corbis: Ted Streshinsky (tr). Getty Images: Jose Luis Pelaez / Iconica (bc). 276 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (tr). 277 Richard Bowlby: (bl). Getty Images: Lawrence Migdale (tr). 278 Science Photo Library: Photo Researchers (cr). 281 Corbis: Tim Page (tr). 282 Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: Gordon Parks (cr). 283 Corbis: Bettmann (tr). 285 Corbis: Bob Thomas (tc). Special Collections, Eric V. Hauser Memorial Library, Reed College, Portland, Oregon: (bl). 289 Albert Bandura: Department of Psychology, Stanford University (tr). 290 Alamy Images: Alex Segre (tr). 291 Corbis: Ocean (b). 293 Corbis: Bettmann (tr). 296 Corbis: Christopher Felver (bl). 297 Corbis: Frans Lanting (br); Brian Mitchell (tl). 299 Getty Images: Trisha G. / Flickr (bl). Rex Features: Brian Harris (tr). 305 Getty Images: Stan Munro / Barcroft Media (tl). 310 The Bridgeman Art Library: Palazzo Vecchio (Palazzo della Signoria), Florence (tr). 312 Getty Images: MPI / Archive Photos (tl). 313 Corbis: Bettmann (tr). 315 Courtesy of the University of Illinois Archives: Image 0000950. Found in RS: 39/1/11, Box 12, Folder Raymond B. Cattell (bl). 320 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 321 Getty Images: Universal History Archive/ Hulton Archive (tl). Mary Evans Picture Library: John Cutten (tr). 323 Harvard University : Jane Reed / Harvard News Office (tr). Science Photo Library: Van D. Bucher (bc). 325 Getty Images: Universal History Archive / Hulton Archive (tr). Dolph Kohnstamm: (bl). 327 Corbis: Monalyn Gracia (tc). Courtesy of University Archives, Columbia University in the City of New York. : Joe Pineiro / Office of Public Affairs Negatives - Box 109 (tr). 329 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 331 The Kobal Collection: 20th Century Fox (tc).All other images © Dorling Kindersley. For more information see: www.dkimages.co.ukACKNOWLEDGMENTS ~StormRG~