Contractors - Civil Engineering
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals 97
Contractors - Civil Engineering
Division of the State Architect (DSA)
The state architect and subordinates typically form an organizational unit named the Division of the State Architect. This entity
oversees the design and/or construction of public building within the state.
Damp Proofing: A procedure used to keep the drywall interior dry and to prevent moisture absorption.
Design-Bid-Build: A traditional project delivery method where the owner or agency contracts separate firms to design and
construct the building.
Design-Build: A project delivery method where the owner or agency hires a single firm or company to handle both the design
and construction of the building.
Diagrid: Structure reinforcement technique using steel beams placed in diagonal grids.
Dimension: A dimension is used in the planning stage and refers to a measure between two points.
Drywall:
A panel made from gypsum plaster that is wrapped in cardboard. It is commonly used as a fundamental material for framing
a building.
Ducts: Piping that carries air throughout a structure.
Daily Construction Report
A written document and record that has two main purposes:
1. they furnish information to off-site persons who need and have a right to know important details of events as they occur
daily and hourly, and
2. they furnish historical documentation that might later have a legal bearing in cases of disputes. Daily reports should be as
factual and impersonal as possible, free from the expression of personal opinions and feelings. Each report should be numbered
to correspond with the working days established on the progress schedule. In the event of no-work days, a daily report should
still be made, stating “no work today” ( due to rain, strike, or other causes). The report includes a description of the weather; a
record of the total number of employees, subcontractors by name, work started and completed today, equipment on the job site,
job progress today, names and titles of visitors, accidents and/or safety meetings, and a remarks column for other job related
information.
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98 Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Contractors - Civil Engineering
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals 99
Engineering Works
100 Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Engineers - Consulting
Date of Agreement
1. Usually on the front page of the agreement
2. If not on front page it may be the date opposite the signatures when the agreement was actually signed
3. or when it was recorded
4. or the date the agreement was actually awarded to the contractor.
Date of Commencement of the Work
The date established in a written notice to proceed from the owner to the contractor.
Dead Load
All the weight in a structure made up of unmovable materials.
Demising Walls
The boundaries that separate your space from your neighbors’ and from the public corridor.
Design
A graphical representation consisting of plan views, interior and exterior elevations, sections, and other drawings and
details to depict the goal or purpose for a building or other structure.
Design-Build Construction
When a Prime or Main contractor bids or negotiates to provide Design and Construction services for the entire
construction project.
Design-Construct Contract
A written agreement between and contractor and owner wherein the contractor agrees to provide both design and
construction services.
Design-Development Phase
The second phase of the architect’s basic services wherein the architect prepares drawings and other presentation
documents to fix and describe the size and character of the entire project as to architectural, structural, mechanical and
electrical systems, materials and other essentials as may be appropriate; and prepares a statement of probable construction
cost.
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Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals 101
Engineers - Foundation
102 Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Engineers - Structural
Detail
1. An individual part or item
2. A graphical scale representation (drawing at a larger scale) of construction part(s) or item(s) showing materials, composition
and dimensions.
Direct Cost (or expense)
All items of expense directly incurred by or attributable to a specific project, assignment or task. Direct Costs, Hard Costs, and
Construction Costs are synonymous.
Dormer
An opening in a sloping roof, the framing of which projects out to form a vertical wall suitable for windows or other openings.
Downspout
A pipe, usually of metal, for carrying rainwater down from the roof’s horizontal gutters.
Draw
The amount of progress billings on a contract that is currently available to a contractor under a contract with a fixed payment
schedule.
Drawings
1. A term used to represent that portion of the contract documents that graphically illustrates the design, location and
dimensions of the components and elements contained in a specific project
2. A line drawing.
Drywall (or Gypsum Wallboard (GWB), Sheet rock or Plasterboard)
Wall board or gypsum- A manufactured panel made out of gypsum plaster and encased in a thin cardboard. Usually 1/2” thick
and 4’ x 8’ or 4’ x 12’ in size. The panels are nailed or screwed onto the framing and the joints are taped and covered with a
‘joint compound’. ‘Green board’ type drywall has a greater resistance to moisture than regular (white) plasterboard and is used
in bathrooms and other “wet areas”.
Duration
The length of an activity, excluding holidays and other non-working days.
Damp-proof course: Usually abbreviated as DPC, this is a watertight layer applied to masonry to prevent moisture rising up
from the ground.
Datum: Also known as datum point, this refers to any elevation taken as a reference point for leveling.
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Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals 103
Interior Decorators
104 Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Interior Decorators
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals 105
Commercial Construction Industry Glossary / Terminology
Derrick barge: Also known as a crane barge. These floating cranes lift large loads while on water. These are great for offshore
construction use.
Direct digital control (DDC): A type of control where controlled and monitored analog or binary data (e.g., temperature,
contact closures) are converted to digital format for manipulation and calculations by a digital computer or micro-processor,
then converted back to analog or binary form to control physical devices.
DLB (dig, lay, bury/backfill): Term used in underground construction that describes the activity of utility installation. Dig/
excavate dirt, lay your utility line, and backfill.
Embankment: An elevated landmass made of compacted soil or aggregate. Embankments help create roads and level
surfaces for slabs or levees.
Energy management system (EMS): A system of computer applications used by building engineering staff to monitor,
control, and optimize the building’s operating performance (e.g., energy consumption, occupant comfort levels). EMS
optimizes building operating performance through supervisory control programs that utilize core BMS functionality. An
EMS is a more refined definition of a building management system (BMS) focused exclusively on operating performance
with things like indoor air quality (IAQ), occupant productivity and comfort, and energy output as key metrics.
Easement
The right to use land owned by another, such as a utility company’s right-of-way.
Eaves
The horizontal exterior roof overhang.
Egress
A means of exiting a space. Normally a 4’ X 4’ window is the minimum size required.
Electrical Rough
Work performed by the electrical contractor after the plumber and heating contractor are complete with their phase of
work. Normally all electrical wires, and outlet, switch, and fixture boxes are installed (before insulation).
Electrical Trim
Work performed by the electrical contractor when the project is nearing completion. The electrician installs all plugs,
switches, light fixtures, smoke detectors, appliance “pig tails”, bath ventilation fans, wires the furnace, and “makes up” the
electric panel. The electrician does all work necessary to get ready for and to pass the electrical final inspection.
Elevation
The drawings of the front, sides, or rear face of a building.
Engineer (see Professional Engineer)
Estimate
1. To calculate approximately the amount, extent or value of something
2. To form an opinion of estimated costs.
Estimate of Construction Cost, Detailed
A calculation of costs prepared on the basis of a detailed analysis of materials and labor for all items of work, as contrasted
with an estimate based on current area, volume or similar unit costs. *195
Estimating
A process of calculating the amount of material, labor and equipment required for a given project necessary to complete the
work as specified.
Excavation
Cavity or pit produced by digging the earth in preparation for construction.
Expansion Joint
Fibrous material (@1/2” thick) installed in and around a concrete slab to permit it to move up and down (seasonally) along
the non-moving foundation wall.
Encasement: The encasing of underground pipes in concrete or when encasing hazardous materials that have been installed.
Elevation Drawing: A drawing of a structure that shows the front or side of the buildings facades; it is a first angle projection.
ESRI
Environmental Systems Research Institute (aka ESRI) is an international supplier of Geographic Information System (GIS)
software, web GIS and geodatabase management applications. The company is headquartered in Redlands, California.
Expenditure Transfer
An after-the-fact reallocation of an expense.
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106 Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Interior Decorators
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals 107
Interior Decorators
Facilities Services
The organization that is responsible for overseeing the planning, development, operation, and maintenance of university
buildings, structures an grounds
Falsework: A temporary structure used to support an arch or bridge during the construction or repair process.
Field Measure: Measurements taken inside the structure that do not rely on the blueprints.
Field Work Order: The general contractor’s document given to the subcontractor regarding the completion of work that is not
included in the original scope of the project.
Foreman: The leading supervisor at the construction site who is in charge of the work crews. He ensures workers perform daily
tasks based on established schedules while creating documents regarding completed work.
Field measure: Taking measurements within the structure itself rather than relying on blueprints.
Floor plan: The floor plan refers to the layout of the building. It is a drawing of the horizontal section that shows how the
different spaces relate to each other.
Fabrication
Work done on parts of a structure at the factory before delivery to the building site.
Facade
Face or front elevation of a building.
Facility or Site Analysis
A visual inspection of a building and on-site improvements for functional or physical deterioration; prepare optional
Replacement Cost Estimate for making recommendations to improve functional and physical deficiencies to increase market
value; AND/OR prepare a Reserve Study over five (5) years to increase Net Operating Income (NOI) for the facility.
Fast Track Construction (Fast Tracking)
A method of construction management which involves a continuous design-construction operation. When a prime or main
contractor starts the construction work BEFORE the plans and specifications are complete. (See Design-Build Construction)
FF&E
1. An abbreviation for furniture, fixtures and equipment
2. Items classified as personal property rather than real property
3. An abbreviation generally associated with interior design and planning of retail stores or office facilities.
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108 Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Quantity Surveyors
With Best Compliments from
CCS
Cost Consultancy Services (Pvt) Limited
Chartered Quantity Surveyors and Construction Cost Consultants
ISO 9001
BUREAU VERITAS
Certification
No. 89 / 1 Jayapura Lane, Main Street, Battaramulla.
Tel: 0112 076085, 0114 889005-8, 0115 836926, 0115 836932
Fax: 0112 076116 E mail: [email protected]
Web: www.costconsultancy.com
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Constructors, Specialist Contractors & Professionals 109
MAIN PAGE 3
Access Control System - Elevators
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Machinery, Tools & Equipment 113
Access Control System - Elevators
114 Machinery, Tools & Equipment Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Access Control System - Elevators
Field Order
A written order effecting a minor change or clarification in the work not involving an adjustment to the contract sum or an
extension of the contract time.
Field Work Order
A written request to a subcontractor or vendor, usually from the general or main contractor, site for services or materials.
Final Acceptance
The action of the owner accepting the work from the contractor when the owner deems the work completed in accordance
with the contract requirements. Final acceptance is confirmed by the owner when making the final payment to the contractor.
Final Inspection
A final site review of the project by the contractor, owner or owner’s authorized representative prior to issuing the final certificate
for payment.
Final Payment
The last payment from the owner to the contractor of the entire unpaid balance of the contract sum as adjusted by any approved
change orders.
Finish Date
The date that an activity or project is completed.
Fire-Resistive or Fire Rated
Applies to materials that are not combustible in the temperatures of ordinary fires and will withstand such fires for at least 1
hour.
Fire Retardant Chemical
A chemical or preparation of chemicals used to reduce the flammability of a material or to retard the spread of flame.
Fire-Stop
Tight closure material or blocking to prevent the spread of flame or hot gases within framing.
Fixed Fee
A set contract amount for all labor, materials, equipment and services; and contractors overhead and profit for all work being
performed for a specific scope of work.
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Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Machinery, Tools & Equipment 115
Automobile
116 Machinery, Tools & Equipment Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Blasting Explosives & Quarry Equipment
Import,Wholesale & Retail
Hydraulic Breakers
Expansive Mortar
(for fracturing of rock and concrete)
Jack Hammer,Button Bits,all Rock Drilling &
Breaking Tools
Reparing of Hydraulic Breakers & Earth Moving
E Equipment
Hiring of Earth Moving Equipment
No 02 ,Moragahapitiya Estate,Kengalla, Sri Lanka.
Tel: 081-2424643 Fax: 0812424642 Workshop Tel: 0812374239
Web: www.theakpgroup.com Email: [email protected]
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Machinery, Tools & Equipment 117
Building Management Systems
118 Machinery, Tools & Equipment Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Construction Equipment
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Machinery, Tools & Equipment 119
Construction Equipment
120 Machinery, Tools & Equipment Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Construction Machinery & Earthmoving Equipment
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Machinery, Tools & Equipment 121
Construction Machinery & Earthmoving Equipment
122 Machinery, Tools & Equipment Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Construction Machinery & Earthmoving Equipment
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Machinery, Tools & Equipment 123
Construction Machinery & Earthmoving Equipment
124 Machinery, Tools & Equipment Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Industrial Equipment
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Machinery, Tools & Equipment 125
Tools & Machinery
126 Machinery, Tools & Equipment Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Water Pumps & Industrial Water Pumps
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Machinery, Tools & Equipment 127
Commercial Construction Industry Glossary / Terminology
Fixed Limit of Construction Costs
A construction cost ceiling agreed to between the owner and architect or engineer for designing a specific project. (See
Budget)
Flashing
Sheet metal or other material used in roof and wall construction to protect a building from water seepage.
Floating
The next-to-last stage in concrete work, when you smooth off the job and bring water to the surface by using a hand float
or bull float.
Floating Wall
A non-bearing wall built on a concrete floor. It is constructed so that the bottom two horizontal plates can compress or pull
apart if the concrete floor moves up or down. Normally built on basements and garage slabs.
Form
Temporary structure erected to contain concrete during placing and initial hardening.
Footprint
The outline of a building’s foundation; used for site planning.
Foundation
The supporting portion of a structure below the first floor construction, or below grade, including the footings.
Foundation Ties
Metal wires that hold the foundation wall panels and rebar in place during the concrete pour.
Fit out: A term that refers to the interior construction of a building to make it suitable for occupation. This could include
distribution of MEP services, ceiling systems, finishes, furniture, lighting, etc.
Feasibility Study
A study based on a Project Program to determine a project budget, schedule and requirements for starting a Capital
Improvement Project. The feasibility study usually includes a conceptual design, site investigation such as geotechnical
and utility infrastructure, cost estimating including construction costs, project management fees, financing requirements
and investigation into any issue that will have an effect on the outcome of the project. A report is provided to describe if
the project is feasible and what will be required to move forward with the project.
Group I Equipment
Building Elements that are considered “part of the building”. These items are typically built into the structure of the
building and are not movable. ie: wall mounted items, lighting, cabinetry, a/v equipment, etc.
Group II Furniture/Equipment
Furniture/Equipment are movable and can be relocated from one space to another with ease. ie: tables, chairs, desks, office
furniture, classroom equipment, lab equipment, etc. Also known as FF&E (Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment).
Gross Square Footage (GSF)
Square footage that includes all unusable space within a building, ie: corridors, custodian closets, inside walls, utility
spaces, etc.
Grade and compact: The process of leveling out an area of land and exerting force using heavy equipment to stabilize the
soil or aggregate.
Gable
The end, upper, triangular area of a home, beneath the roof.
Gambrel Roof
A roof with two slopes on each side, the lower slope steeper than the upper.
Gantt Chart
The schedule of activities for a project. A Gantt Chart shows start and finish dates, critical and non-critical activities, slack
time, and predecessor relationships.
General Conditions
A written portion of the contract documents set forth by the owner stipulating the contractor’s minimum acceptable
performance requirements including the rights, responsibilities and relationships of the parties involved in the performance
of the contract. General conditions are usually included in the book of specifications but are sometimes found in the
architectural drawings.
General Contractor
Properly licensed individual or company having primary (prime) responsibility for the work.
General Contracting (the traditional method)
When a prime or main contractor bids the entire work AFTER the final design, plans and specifications are complete and
have been approved by the owner.
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128 Machinery, Tools & Equipment Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Audio Visual Solutions
Girder
A large or principal beam of wood or steel used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.
Grade
Ground level, or the elevation at any given point. Also the work of leveling dirt. Also the designated quality of a manufactured
piece of wood.
Grid
The completed assembly of main and cross tees in a suspended ceiling system before the ceiling panels are installed.
Girder: The main horizontal support of a structure that supports smaller beams.
General Contractor:
The main contractor for the building construction. Their main responsibility is the oversight of the project as they manage
subcontractors, handle scheduling and monitor the budget.
GMP (Guaranteed Maximum Price): A contract where the contractor is paid for the actual costs that are incurred in addition
to a fixed fee that has a price ceiling cap.
Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP)
The agreed upon maximum price between the Contractor and Owner to build a project per the drawings and specifications
developed.
General Fund
The state fund into which non-dedicated revenues are deposited and from which the majority of state expenditures are made.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
A computer system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information
in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS
satellites. The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. It is maintained by
the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.
See page 132
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Service Providers 131
Educational Institutions
ESOFT COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
I started my engineering education at Esoft College of Engineering & Technology
by enrolling into Pearson HND in Construction & the Built Environment (Civil
Engineering). Thereafter, I completed the BSc in Civil Engineering and MSc in
Structural Design & Construction Management of Kingston University London
delivered at Esoft College of Engineering. My qualifications enabled me to
achieve the professional status, MICE and CEng respectively from the Institute of
Civil Engineers (ICE) and UK Engineering Council at the age of 28.
011 75 72 575 BSc. Eng. (Hons), MSc.Eng. CEng, MICE
0766 780 780
www.esoft.lk/engineering | [email protected]
Hazardous Waste
A waste substance that may cause severe illness, death, or may cause a substantial hazard to health or the environment when
improperly managed
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning): Abbreviation used to signify the heating, ventilation and cooling structures
and systems of the building.
Hard Costs (see Construction Costs and Direct Costs)
Heating Load
The amount of heating required to keep a building at a specified temperature during the winter, usually 65° F, regardless of
outside temperature.
Heat Rough
Work performed by the heating contractor after the stairs and interior walls are built. This includes installing all duct work and
flue pipes. Sometimes, the furnace and fireplaces are installed at this stage of construction.
Heat Trim
Work done by the heating contractor to get ready for the Final Heat Inspection. This includes venting the hot water heater,
installing all vent grills, registers, air conditioning services, turning on the furnace, installing thermostats, venting ranges and
hoods, and all other heat related work.
Hip
A roof with four sloping sides. The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping sides of a roof.
Hip roof: A roof where all four sides slope down towards the walls.
HVAC: The equipment, terminals, and distribution systems that provide, either collectively or individually, the processes of
heating, ventilating, or air conditioning to a building or portion of a building. Basically, the setup of machines that make a room
or space warmer, cooler, or more conditioned in some regard.
HVAC Zone: A space or group of spaces within a building with heating, cooling, and ventilating requirements that are
sufficiently similar so that desired conditions (e.g., temperature) can be maintained throughout using a single sensor (e.g.,
thermostat or temperature sensor).
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132 Service Providers Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Information and Communication
IR: This stands for “inspection request” which is a form required by independent third-party inspectors to confirm an installation
detail or method. It is often used for work such as welding, anchoring, and concrete pours.
I-beam
A steel beam with a cross section resembling the letter I. It is used for long spans as basement beams or over wide wall openings
when wall and roof loads bear down on the opening.
Independent Contractor
One free from the influence, guidance, or control of another or others and does not owe a “fiduciary duty”. Example: architect,
engineer, prime or main contractor, construction manager at-risk.
Improvements
1. A term sometimes used to describe TI’S or Tenant Improvements.
2. Improvements can be in the form of new construction or remodel work. (see TI’S)
Indemnification
1.The act of indemnifying.
2. The condition of being indemnified.
Indirect Cost (or expense)
A contractor’s or consultant’s overhead expense; expenses indirectly incurred and not chargeable to a specific project or task.
The terms Indirect costs and soft costs are synonymous . (see Soft Costs)
Inspection
1. The act of inspecting.
2. An official examination or review of the work completed or in progress to determine its compliance with contract requirements.
Inspection for Disbursement of Funds
An independent vehicle for the disbursement and accounting of construction funds allowing construction obligations to be paid
(progress payments) when work is completed, inspected and approved. Job Costs are reviewed prior to making disbursements
to establish that the actual construction payments are within the confines of the original estimate confines or schedule of
construction values.
Inspection List (punch list)
A list prepared by the owner or his/her authorized representative of items of work requiring immediate corrective or completion
action by the contractor.
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Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Service Providers 133
Professional Graphic Printers
Inspection Report
Sometimes used to describe an Inspection List. (see Inspection List)
Inspector
One who is appointed or employed to inspect something.
Interior Finish
A term used to represent the visible elements, materials and applications applied to a building’s interior excluding furniture,
fixtures and equipment. (see FF&E)
Invoice
A list sent to a purchaser containing the items and charges of merchandise. (see Statement)
I-beam: A beam that has a cross-section that looks like the capital letter I. Girders often have an I-beam cross-section.
Insulation: Material that’s designed to prevent heat from leaving or entering a building. Insulation material is placed within
the walls, ceiling, or floor of a structure.
IFB (Invitation for Bid): Request given to contractors for them to submit a project proposal regarding their provided services
and products.
Integrated Labor Delivery: A construction model where the project labor is brought in at the design phase as subcontractors
perform roughly 80% to 100% of the labor.
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD): A construction model where a single multi-party contract is established between the
owner, architect and builder. The contract outlines that all stakeholders will share both the risks and incentives of the project.
Job Costing:
Accounting method used to track construction work that is completed and measures whether the amount of activity aligns
to the project budget.
Joint: A construction interface between two separate building elements that do not have a physical connection to each other
but may overlap or align to the other element.
Joist
Structural member which directly supports floors or ceilings adn is supported by bearing walls, beam, or girders.
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134 Service Providers Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Septic Tanks & Systems
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Service Providers 135
Water Treatment Solutions
JOC
Job Ordering Contracting (JOC) is a way for organizations to get numerous, commonly encountered construction projects
done quickly and easily through multi-year contracts. JOC reduces unnecessary levels of engineering, design, and contract
procurement time along with construction project procurement costs by awarding long-term contracts for a wide variety of
renovation, repair and construction projects.
Kip: A unit of force or weight, equal to 1,000 pounds, used to measure engineering loads.
K-rail/Jersey barrier: A precast concrete barrier that comes in 10’ or 20’ lengths. These are used to separate traffic, protect
traffic from a leading edge, or designate the construction zone.
King stud: A framing member that runs from the bottom to the top of a panel or sheet.
Lath: A metal wire on the frame of a building that serves as a base for laying down stucco or plaster.
Load-bearing wall (partition): A partition or load-bearing wall carries the load of the structure above it. As a result, they
cannot be removed without compromising the integrity of the structure.
Liquidated damages: An amount of money that the contractor would owe the owner in the event of a breach of contract. These
are typically calculated by a formula such as $10,000 per day of substantial delay of completion.
Labor and Material Payment Bond
A written form of security from a surety (bonding) company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor
or subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to the owner in the event the contractor fails to pay for all labor, materials, equipment,
or services in accordance with the contract. (see Performance Bond and Surety Bond)
Leasehold Improvements
A term used to mean Tenant Improvements. Generally, this term is used when building in retail stores as contrasted with the
term Tenant Improvements which are generally associated with office buildings. The terms are often used interchangeably. (see
TI’S)
Lien, Mechanic’s or Material
The right to take and hold or sell an owner’s property to satisfy unpaid debts to a qualified contractor for labor, materials,
equipment or services to improve the property. (see Preliminary Lien Notice)
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136 Service Providers Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Storage Tanks - Water
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Service Providers 137
Commercial Construction Industry Glossary / Terminology
Lien Release
A written document from the contractor to the owner that releases the Lien, Mechanic’s or Material following it’s satisfaction.
Lien Waiver
1. An written document from a contractor, subcontractor, material supplier or other construction professional(s), having lien
rights against an owner’s property, relinquishes all or part of those rights.
2. Lien waivers are generally used for processing progress payments to prime or main or subcontractors as follows: Conditional
Lien Waiver, Unconditional Lien Waiver, and Final Lien Waiver.
Lintel
A horizontal structural member that supports the load over an opening such as a door or window.
Live Load
The total of all moving and variable loads that may be placed upon a building.
Load Bearing Wall
Includes all exterior walls and any interior wall that is aligned above a support beam or girder.
Loggia
A roofed open gallery, often on an upper level.
Lumens
Unit of measure for total light output. The amount of light falling on a surface of one square foot.
Lump Sum Bid
A single entry amount to cover all labor, equipment, materials, services, and overhead and profit for completing the
construction of a variety of unspecified items of work without the benefit of a cost breakdown.
Lump Sum Contract
A written contract between the owner and contractor wherein the owner agrees the pay the contractor a specified sum of
money for completing a scope of work consisting of a variety of unspecified items or work.
Lean Construction: A construction methodology where all stakeholders share relationships and goals to manage the project
so as to reduce waste while maximizing the project’s value.
Lease-leaseback: A project delivery method where a school will lease a site to a contractor who will construct a building to
be used by the school. The contractor will then lease the constructed building back to the school. At the end of the lease, the
title of the building would be vested to the school.
Lien: A property claim made by the contractor against the owner when they are not paid for the completed work.
Lift Slab Construction: Construction method where concrete slabs are cast on the ground level and then are lifted into place
using hydraulic jacks.
Low Bid Procurement: A construction bedding method where the lowest bid is automatically accepted and awarded the job.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
Sustainable design through use of materials, construction practices, efficient building design, etc.
Moling: A pneumatically-driven device inserted into the ground to create holes for construction elements such as pipes and
heat pump systems.
Monocrete Construction: A construction method that uses precast concrete panels which are bolted together to make
concrete structures.
Mansard Roof
A roof with two slopes on each side, with the lower slope being nearly vertical and the upper slope nearly horizontal.
Masonry
Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, or other similar building units or materials. Normally bonded together
with mortar to form a wall.
Meeting Attendance Form
A form consisting of three columns (individuals name, individuals title, and company the individual represents). This form
is given to all persons attending any meeting. Each person attending the meeting will complete their respective information.
The date of the meeting should be included for reference.
Meeting Notes
A written report consisting of a project number, project name, meeting date and time, meeting place, meeting subject, a list
of persons attending, and a list of actions taken and/or discussed during the meeting. Generally, this report is distributed to
all persons attending the meeting and any other person having an interest in the meeting.
Milestone
An activity with a duration of zero (0) and by which progress of the project is measured. A milestone is an informational
marker only; it does not affect scheduling.
See page 142
138 Service Providers Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Water Treatment Solutions
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Service Providers 139
Water Treatment Solutions
140 Service Providers Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Water Treatment Solutions
WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENTS
* Water Softener Systems * Sewerage Treatment Plants * Wastewater Treatment Plants
* Iron Removal Systems * Industrial Effluent Treatment Plants * Industrial RO Systems
* Reverse Osmosis Systems (RO) * Package Treatment Plants * Community Water Treatment Plants
* Ultra-Filtration Systems (UF) * Dye Effluent Treatment Plants * Industrial Process Water Treatment Systems
* Water Disinfection Systems ( UV, Ozone ) * Poultry Effluent Treatment Plants * Bottled Water Treatment Plants
* Bottled Water Treatment Plants * Preventive Maintenance Services * Consultancy and Training for Plant Operations
HOTLINE : 0768 265 550
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka Service Providers 141
Architectural Practices / Construction Consultants
Millwork
Generally all building materials made of finished wood and manufactured in millwork plants. Includes all doors, window and
door frames, blinds, mantels, panelwork, stairway components (ballusters, rail, etc.), moldings, and interior trim. Does not
include flooring, ceiling, or siding.
Monolithic
Term used for concrete work poured and cast in one piece without joints.
Monopost
Adjustable metal column used to support a beam or bearing point.
Mylar
Plastic, transparent copies of a blueprint.
MSE (mechanically stabilized earth) wall: A wall system consisting of vertical panels and horizontal straps backfilled with
aggregate or soil. MSE walls allow for easier and quicker installation than traditional cast-in-place methods.
Mortar: In masonry, mortar is the paste that is used to bind stones, bricks, and other similar types of units used to construct
the walls of a building. Mortar can be made up of a variety of things, such as asphalt, pitch, or clay.
Major & Minor Capital Improvement Project
A Major Capital Improvement Project is any project using Campus or CSU financing over $632,000. All projects under $632,000
are considered Minor Capital Improvement Projects.
Minor Construction Project
Minor Capital Outlay (construction) projects are limited to those projects that correct deficiencies, provide new or improved
facilities, add access or provide equipment for a minor capital outlay project whose estimated total cost is $632,000 or less.
Minor construction does not include any work classified as maintenance or repair. Projects may not be grouped unless they are
for similar work within one building or complex.
Move Budget Estimate
As opposed to a Small Project Approval Form (SPAF), a Move Budget Estimate is for any small furniture reconfiguration, new
furniture order and/or furniture or box move. The move budget estimate can also include small electrical and cable work,
patching/painting and carpeting of an office or small area.
MEP
Mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) drawings are part of the standard drawings within the construction set of blueprints.
See page 143
142 Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
Commercial Construction Industry Glossary / Terminology
Notice of Completion (NOC)
Written notice issued by the owner of a project (or his or her agent) to notify concerned parties that all work on the project
has been completed. This notice also sets the period within which concerned parties may exercise their lien rights against one
another.
Nonbearing Wall
A wall supporting no load other than its own weight.
Negotiated Procurement: A government procurement method where a contractor is chosen without formal price competition
or formal advertising.
OC- On Center
The measurement of spacing for studs, rafters, and joists in a building from the center of one member to the center of the next.
Open Bid/Estimate
A service where any bidder or estimator is given access to project specific RFP (Request for Proposal) information. This option
is for those seeking bids/estimates from any interested professionals or service with out prequalifying them.
Orientation
The positioning of a building on a lot in relation to the sun, wind, view, and noise.
Outrigger
An extension of a rafter beyond the wall line. Usually a smaller member nailed to a larger rafter to form a cornice or roof over-
hang.
Owner-Architect Agreement
A written form of contract between architect and client for professional architectural services.
Owner-Builder
A term used to describe an Owner who takes on the responsibilities of the general contractor to build a specific project.
Parapet
A wall placed at the edge of a roof to prevent people from falling off.
Pay Applications: A construction document that details how the contractor will be paid.
Pile: Usually, a long structural member driven into the ground to act as support for a foundation or wall. There are many forms
of pile that differ by material, shape, and size.
PPE: This stands for “personal protective equipment” which is basically the proper attire for a construction job. Such equip-
ment often includes a hard hat, hard-soled boots, reflective vest, safety glasses, long pants, and a shirt with at least 6” long
sleeves.
Post-tensioning: A method for prestressing (strengthening) concrete whereby cables are pulled or the concrete is jacked up
after it has been placed.
Preliminary notice: Documents notifying other parties that they are working on the project. They’re often required to preserve
mechanics lien rights. But even when not required, they provide invaluable transparency and communication.
Punch list: A list of all items that need to be fixed before the building or project can be turned over to the client. Punch list
items are also known as snags or deficiencies, and include things like paint scratches, damaged siding, cleanup, etc. This process
comes at the end of the project after a preliminary walkthrough of the jobsite. The final punch list is usually tied to a cost with-
held from the contractor until it is completed and verified.
Pergola
Open, structural framework over an outdoor area, usually covered with climbing vines to form an arbor.
PERT
An abbreviation for Program Evaluating and Review Technique. (see Activity; Critical Path Method)
Pitch
The incline slope of a roof or the ratio of the total rise to the total width, i.e., a 6-foot rise and 24-foot width is a one-fourth
pitch roof. Roof slope is expressed in the inches of rise, per foot of horizontal run.
Post-and-Beam
A basic building method that uses just a few hefty posts and beams to support an entire structure. Contrasts with stud framing.
Precast
Concrete shapes made separately before being used in a structure.
Predecessor
An activity that must be completed before another activity can begin.
Pre-qualification of prospective bidders
A screening process wherein the owner or his/her appointed representative gathers background information from a contractor
or construction professional for selection purposes. Qualifying considerations include competence, integrity, dependability, re-
sponsiveness, bonding rate, bonding capacity, work on hand, similar project experience, and other specific owner requirements.
Performance Gap: A performance gap is an instance where the expected work progress does not match to the results that are
given.
Precast Concrete: Concrete elements created offsite that are transported to the construction site for final assembly.
See page 144
Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka 143
Commercial Construction Industry Glossary / Terminology
Punch List: A document listing construction work that does not meet the customer’s specifications. It is made at the end of the
project as the contractor needs to complete the job to receive the payment.
Purlin: A horizontal and longitudinal beam used on the roof structure to support the rafters.
Project Cost
Funds spent on completing a project. Project cost includes construction costs.
Purchase Order (PO)
Request required when purchasing materials, equipment or supplies from a vendor.
Preliminary Design (PD Phase)
Further developed plans showing physical spaces and attributes such as doors, windows, walls, etc.
Plan Check
A process in which your building plans are reviewed to make sure they comply with basic safety, engineering and planning
rules.
Project Architect
The person, firm or corporation appointed by the Owner to provide a design, contract documents, and contract administration
of construction work
QA/QC: This stands for “quality assurance/quality control” which is the formalized process of confirming proper installation
methods and materials on-site.
Rafter: A series of roof frame pieces that are connected to the supports and hold up the roofing and sheathing.
Reinforced concrete: Concrete that is strengthened by adding steel bars or mesh within the concrete.
Revit
Autodesk Revit is Building information modeling (BIM) software for architects, structural engineers, MEP engineers, designers
and contractors. It allows users to design a building and structure and its components in 3D, annotate the model with 2D draft-
ing elements and access building information from the building models database. Revit is 4D BIM capable with tools to plan
and track various stages in the building’s lifecycle, from concept to construction and later demolition.
Rim Joist: In flooring, a rim joist is attached to the end of the main joists to give lateral support.
Rough Order of Magnitude (ROM)
Estimate of costs and time when requirements aren’t specified in early stages of project
RTT (Request for Tender): A formal invitation to vendors to submit their bid to supply products and services to the construc-
tion project.
Rubblization: During the construction project, unwanted concrete is broken down into small pieces that are used in the base
for new surfaces.
Schematic Design (SD Phase)
Conceptual plan showing locations of program space at scaled size.
Scope Creep: Scope creep involves when continuous changes and modifications are made or when the work grows uncontrol-
lably beyond the original scope of the project.
Scope of Work (SOW): A detail in the agreement outlining the work that will be performed for the project.
Skirting: Material that covers up the joint between the floor and a wall in the interior of a building, for aesthetic purposes.
Soil Stockpile: A pile of soil created when bulldozers excavate the site as the soil may later be used for grading purposes.
Soul Source Procurement: A procurement method where only one contractor is selected without a competitive process to
fulfill all the project’s requirements.
Strut: A structural member, usually inclined and shorter in length, used to resist axial force.
Stucco: A material made from aggregates, a binder, and water. It is often used as a decorative coating on walls and ceilings.
Subcontract: An agreement made with the contractor and subcontractor that outlines the specific work services for the project.
Submittals: Material data, shop drawings, and product data for architects and engineers so they can verify that the correct prod-
ucts were installed.
Superstructure: A structure that is built on top of another structure.
Takeoff: A document that lists the types and quantities of materials that will be required for the construction project.
Target Value Design: This design method involves all key stakeholders — including the owner, subcontractors, designers and
contractors — who will design the construction project to meet the owner’s goals and budget.
Toothing: When alternating bricks are left projecting from walls in order to bond with future work.
Tremie concrete: Concrete that is designed to be poured underwater through a gravity feed system. This method is often used
to create underwater foundations as well as seal cofferdams and caissons.
Veneer: A very thin sheet of wood. It is typically a finer wood that is used as a decorative cover for lower-quality wood.
Virtual Design and Construction (VDC): All of the multi-disciplinary project models which can include the analysis model,
visualizations, costs, and engineering modeling.
Voided Biaxial Slab: Concrete blocks with voids inside that maintain their strength and durability while using less concrete.
Zoning: A government regulation that involves restricting how a property is used. For example, industrial buildings cannot be
constructed in areas zoned solely for residential.
144 Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka
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