A Visual Encyclopedia

INDEX







orbit 171 EVA, see space walks Local Group 11, 54–55 Gemini telescopes, Hawaii 19
position 10, 120, 121, 141 evolution 177 Magellanic Clouds 11, Genesis probe 243
rotation 15, 181 exoplanets 119, 226, 227 52–53 geysers 145
satellite images 79, 80–81, explosions 85 Milky Way 11, 50–51 Giotto spacecraft 156, 242
87 extinctions 177 radio galaxies 60 glaciers 173
seasons 170–171 redshifts 39 Glenn, John 94
shape 14 F satellite galaxies 52, 55 globular clusters 224–225,
structure 166 Fermi Gamma-ray Space Seyfert galaxies 60, 61 230 INDEX
surface 172–173 Telescope 33 spiral 22, 23, 31, 47, globules 220
tilt 170, 171 fireballs 159 48–49, 50, 55, 61 Goddard, Robert 92
earthquakes 172, 173 Fizeau, Armand 240 types 47 GONG observatories 34
eclipses 14, 15, 182–183, Flame Nebula 236 Galilean moons 138, 139 GPS 79
200, 201 forces, fundamental 43 Galileo Galilei 17, 50, 138, gravity 9, 34, 43, 66
ecliptic 120, 235 Foucault, Jean 240 142, 184, 208, 240 black holes 230
Egg Nebula 219 Galle, Johann 121, 151, 240 dark matter 62
electromagnetic radiation G gamma rays 20, 33, 198, 229 galaxies 47, 52, 58, 60
26–27 Gagarin, Yuri 66, 72, 93, bursts (GRBs) 26, 27 moons 138, 180
electromagnetic spectrum 104, 241 Ganymede 139 planets 122, 140, 144
20–21 Galatea 151 gas 31, 58, 59 star clusters 223
electromagnetism 43 galaxies 28, 44–61, 241 gas and dust 10, 51, 60, 220, Great Red Spot 120, 136
elements 42 active 60–61 221, 227 Greeks 15, 240
Enceladus 145 clusters 58, 63 galaxy formation 46–47
Endurance Crater, Mars 131 colliding 43, 46, 54, 55, gas galaxies 45 H
engines 67, 70, 88, 113 58–59, 60, 63 gas giants 118, 121, 150 Hale-Bopp comet 154
Eris 121, 153 dwarf 44, 53, 55, 224 Hale Telescope 18, 19
Eros 134, 157, 243 elliptical 47 Halley, Edmund 155
erosion 173 formation 43, 46–47 Halley’s comet 83, 121, 155,
Eskimo Nebula 219 gas galaxies 45 156, 240, 242
Eta Carinae 218 irregular 47, 52 Haumea 121, 153
Europa 139, 163 heliosphere 141, 221
European Extremely Large helium 41, 43, 47, 136, 142,
Telescope 19 198, 213, 221
European Space Agency 73, Helix Nebula 23
74–75, 86, 88, 193 Herschel, William 23, 120,
148, 149, 240
Herschel Telescope 33
Hinode spacecraft 209
Hipparchus 15























249

International Space Station habitable zone 167, 227
66, 85, 102–103, origins of 176
106–107, 110, 243 in solar system 130,
living in 98–99 162–163
science experiments light 20–21, 42
108–109 speed of 20, 38, 115
supply ships 107, 113, 115 light echo 216–217
interstellar space 141, 220–221 light-years 11, 38
Io 138
LIGO observatory 34
INDEX ion drive 88 Lippershey, Hans 17
Little Ice Age 206
iron 122, 128, 161, 166, 228
Local Group 11, 54–55
J Lowell, Percival 162
James Webb Space Telescope Luna probes 82, 186, 187,
33 188, 241
Jansky, Karl 24 lunar eclipses 14, 15, 182–183
Japan 86, 87, 89, 107, 192 Lunar Prospector 192
Jiuquan, China 73 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Jupiter 14, 25, 136–139, 235 77, 192
clouds 136, 137, 162 lunar rovers 187, 188, 193
comet impacts 155 Lunokhod 1 242
exploration 83, 137, 140
formation of 118 M
Great Red Spot 120, 136 Maat Mons, Venus 126
moons 138–139, 163 Magellan, Ferdinand 53
rings 137 Magellan spacecraft 127
rotation 137 Magellanic Clouds 11, 52–53,
solar system 120, 121 54, 239
Magellanic Stream 53
K magnetars 229
Keck Telescopes, Hawaii 19, Makemake 121, 153
148 Manned Maneuvering Unit
Kennedy Space Center 71, 72 97
Kepler, Johannes 15 Mariner probes 82, 83, 123,
Korolev, Sergei 93 130, 241
Kourou, French Guiana 73, Mars 14, 120, 128–133, 235
74–75 exploration 82, 114, 128,
Kuiper Belt 153 129, 130–131, 162,
hydrogen 41, 43, 47, 118, Kukulcan, Pyramid of 15 193, 242
197, 198, 218, 220, 221 formation of 119
hydrothermal vents 163, 177 L life 162, 163
Hyperion 144 Lagoon Nebula 214, 238 meteors/meteorites
Hiten spacecraft 192 Laika (space dog) 100 159, 161
Hoag’s Object 47 I Large Binocular Telescope 19 moons 128
Hoba meteorite 160 Iapetus 144 Large Hadron Collider 43 Mars Reconnaissance
Horsehead Nebula 215 ice 121, 123, 139, 145, 157, Large Magellanic Cloud 11, spacecraft 89, 128,
Hubble, Edwin 28, 241 162, 163, 166 52–53, 54, 219 132–133, 62
Hubble Space Telescope ice caps, Mars 128, 131 Lemaitre, Georges 240 matter and antimatter 40, 41
28–29, 33, 45, 97, 148, ice giants 148 Leonid meteor shower 159 Mauna Kea, Hawaii 18, 19
243 Ida 135 Leonov, Alexei 96, 242 Maunder, Edward Walter 207
Huygens, Christiaan 144, 240 India 86, 193 Le Verrier, Urbain 151 Maxwell Montes, Venus 124,
Huygens-Cassini probe 137, infrared light 21, 22–23 life 24, 109, 145 127
144, 145, 146 observatories 32, 33, 35 Earth 166, 167, 169, McMath Pierce Solar
Hyakutake comet 155 INTEGRAL space observatory 176–177 Telescope 208
Hydra 153, 238 27 exoplanets 226 McNaught comet 155

250

INDEX



Mercury 120, 122–123, 235 N Orion Nebula 23, 53, Project Daedalus 89
exploration 83, 123 NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft 215, 221, 226, 236 Project Orion 89
formation of 119 157, 243 oxygen 42, 163, Proteus 151
orbit 120, 123 nebulas 30, 31, 45, 216, 223 166, 169, 174 pulsars 33, 40, 226, 229
transits of 123 planetary 197, 218, 219 ozone 174, 207
MERLIN radio telescope 25 solar 118 Q
Meteor Crater, Arizona 160 star birth 212, 214, 215 P quasars 60, 61
meteorites 134, 160–161, Neptune 121, 150–151 pancake lava domes 125
162, 174 discovery 121, 151, 240 particles 40, 41, 43, 62 R
meteoroids 159, 160 exploration 10, 140, 150 Pele volcano, Io 138 radiation 43, 108, 174, 221, INDEX
meteors 123, 158–159, 176 formation of 118 permafrost 128 226, 229
methane 136, 145, 148, 150, moons and rings 151, 242 Phobos 82, 128 electromagnetic 26–27
152, 163 Nereid 151 Phoebe 144 radio galaxies 60
Mice, The 59 neutrinos 35 photography 233, 240 radio waves 21, 24–25, 82
microwaves 21, 35 neutron stars 20, 55, 212, photosphere 196, 199, 200 red dwarfs 225
Milky Way 11, 44, 50–51, 52, 213, 219, 228 phytoplankton 177 red giants 197, 212, 213, 218
53, 141, 238 Newton, Sir Isaac 17, 66 Piazzi, Giuseppe 134, 240 Red Rectangle Nebula 218
center 50, 51, 56–57, 231, nitrogen 152, 167, 174 Pinwheel Galaxy 55 red supergiants 213, 216, 218
238 Nix 153 Pioneer probes 83, 127, 140 redshift 39
Mir Space Station 101, 105, North Star 223, 235, 237 Pistol Star 56 Retina Nebula 31
242 Northern Cross 236 planetary nebulas 197, 218, Riccioli, Giovanni 222
Miranda 149 novas 228 219 rings, planetary 137, 142,
monkeys 92, 100, 101 nuclear reactions 89, 196, planetesimals 118 148, 151
Moon 10, 27, 170, 178–193 197, 198, 214, 228 planets 8, 10, 235 rivers 173, 175
bases 163, 192, 193 dwarf 10, 120, 121, 134, robotic arms 70, 97, 107
distance from Earth 10, O 152 rockets 9, 66–69, 70, 71, 140
119, 189 Oberon 149 Earth-like 227 launch sites 72, 73
eclipses 14, 15, 182–183 observatories 16–19 exoplanets 119, 226, 227 launching 74–75
exploration 82, 86, 87, 88, solar 27, 196, 208, 209 formation of 118–119, pioneers 92, 93, 240, 241
93, 192–193 space 27, 28–29, 32–33, 135, 226, 227 rocky planets 119, 120
formation 119 79, 227 gas giants 118, 121 Rosetta spacecraft 157
manned missions 66, unusual 34–35 orbits 14, 15, 120, 121, Rosse, Lord 45
186–191 oceans 151, 152 Russia 73, 86, 93, 193
meteor impacts 159 Earth 167, 172, 173, 175, order of 121
orbit 15, 181 176, 177 rocky 119, 120 S
phases of 181 planet 134, 139, 163 rotations 15, 121 Sagittarius 238
size 10 Odyssey platform 73 solar system 120–121 Salyut space stations 104, 242
structure 181 Olympus Mons, Mars 129 terraforming 163 San Andreas fault 173
surface 184–185, 189 Omega Centauri 224, 225 tilt 171 satellite navigation 79
moons 10, 82, 120 Oort Cloud 155 plants in space 109, 115 satellites 29, 66, 70, 76–81, 84
asteroid 135 Opportunity rover 131, 161 plates, Earth’s 172, 173 debris 85
Galilean 138, 139 orbits Pleiades 215, 223, 237 launches 74–75, 86, 87
Jupiter 138–139, 163 asteroids 134 Plesetsk, Russia 73 recovery 97
life on 163 Earth 84, 85, 171 Pluto 121, 152–153
Martian 128 eccentric 152 discovery 120
Neptune 151 moons 15, 144 moons 152, 153
Pluto 152, 153 planets 14, 15, 120, 121, orbit 15, 120, 152
Saturn 144–145 148, 151, 152
shepherd 149, 151 satellites 79
Uranus 149 Orion 23, 233, 236
mountains 124, 127, 131,
145, 172, 184




251

Saturn 121, 142–147, 235 solar system 10, 15, 120–121 satellites 76–81 names 236
exploration 89,140, 145 birth of 118–119 space shuttle 70–71, neutron 55
formation of 118 distant 226–227 242, 243 temperature 212
hot spot 22 life 162–163 super 88–89 types 213
moons 140, 144–145, movement 221 spaceplanes 112 voyages to 114–115
163 solar wind 119, 136, 140, SpaceShipOne/Two 110, stellar disks 119
rings 146–147, 240 141, 143, 201, 204, 209 111, 243 stellar winds 51, 53, 221
Saturn V rocket 66, 72, 93 Sombrero Galaxy 48–49 space walks 87, 95, 96–97, Stephan’s Quintet 59
102–103
South Pole Telescope 34
Stonehenge 240
Schwarzchild, Karl 241
INDEX scientific experiments 106, Southern Cross 239 spectroscopy 21 storms 22, 129, 136, 143,
150, 175
Soyuz rocket 66, 67, 68–69
108–109, 189
spiders’ webs 101
seasons 15, 128, 170–171 space 8–9, 40, 41 spiral galaxies 22, 23, 31, 47, solar 202–203
Seven Sisters, see Pleiades space colonies 163 48–49, 50, 55, 61 Sun 21, 50, 194–203, 212
Seyfert galaxies 60, 61 space debris 84–85 Spitzer, Lyman 29 atmosphere 200–201
shepherd moons 149, 151 space elevator 112 Spitzer Infrared Observatory birth and death 197
Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet 155 space hotels 111 23, 32, 33, 51, 52 eclipses 182–183, 200, 201
shooting stars 158–159 space nations 86–87, 193 Sputnik 66, 72, 76, 100, 109, exploration 34, 82, 196,
Sirius (Dog Star) 222, 239 space observatories 23, 27, 241 201, 208–209
Skylab space station 101, 105 32–33 star catalogs 234 formation 118
Small Magellanic Cloud 11, space pioneers 92–93 star charts/maps 15, 233, 236, observing 26, 27, 233
52–53, 54 space probes 66, 82–83, 127 237, 239 quakes 203
SMART-1 orbiter 88, 193 space shuttle 9, 28, 70–71, 85 Stardust spacecraft 156, 243 rotation 199
SNO observatory 35 space sickness 108 stargazing 232–239 solar cycle 206–207
SOFIA observatory 35 space stations 70, 98–99, stars 8, 11, 12–13, 210–229 solar storms 201–203, 207
SOHO spacecraft 156, 104–107 binary 55, 56, 218, 222, solar system 10, 15,
196, 203 space suits 8, 97, 100 228 120–121, 208
Solar Dynamics Observatory space telescopes 23, 28–29, birth 43, 51, 53, 214–215, structure 196, 198–199
27 32–33 221 sunspots 27, 196, 201, 202,
solar eclipse 15, 182, 183, space tethers 113 clusters 31, 215, 222, 223, 206, 207, 208
200, 201 space tourism 110–111, 243 224–225 supergiants 213, 218
solar flares 27, 201, 202, 203 spacecraft 9, 64–89 death 212, 218–219, 228 supernovas 42, 118, 212, 218,
solar power 29, 76, 77, launch sites 71, 72–73 extreme 228–229 219, 228, 230, 241
106, 113 probes 82–83 life of 212 remnants 33, 51, 52, 221
solar sails 89 rockets 66–67 multiple 222–223

































252

INDEX



T United States 72, 86, 93 Viking probe 129,
Tagish Lake Meteorite 161 universe 11, 14, 38–39 130, 162, 242
Tarantula Nebula 53 birth of 40–43, 240 VLBA radio
tardigrades 101 expanding 28, 38, 40, 41 telescope 25
Taurus 237 shape of 39 volcanoes 125,
telescopes 16–19, 34, 38, 45, Uranus 121, 148–149 126, 129, 138,
232, 240 discovery 120, 148, 240 172, 177
infrared 22–23 exploration 140 von Braun, Wernher 93
radio 24–25 formation of 118 Voskhod 2 242
reflecting 17 moons 149 Voyager spacecraft 10, INDEX
refracting 16–17 seasons 171 140–141, 148,
solar 26, 208, 209 150, 151
space 23, 28–29, 32–33 V X
Tempel 1 comet 157 vacuum 9 W X-rays 20, 27, 51, 55, 58, 198
terraforming 163 Valles Marineris, Mars 129, water 86, 129, 130, 131, 139, observatories 32, 33
Thirty Meter Telescope 19 130 227
tides 180, 181 Vanguard 1 satellite 77 Earth 166, 167, 169 Y
time 38, 39, 40, 41 Vega probes 83 water cycle 175 year 120, 121
Titan 140, 144, 145, 163 Veil Nebula 221 weather 174, 175 Yerkes Observatory,
Tito, Dennis 111 Venera spacecraft 125 weather satellites 78, 79 Wisconsin 16
toilets, space 98 Venus 120, 121, 124–127, weightlessness 9, 95, 99, 101,
Toltecs 15 235, 241 108, 109 Z
Tombaugh, Clyde 120 exploration 83, 124, 125, Whirlpool Galaxy 45 zodiac 235
Trapezium 221 127 White, Edward 96
Triangulum Galaxy 54, 55 formation of 119 white dwarfs 197, 212, 213,
Trifid Nebula 214, 238 rotation 125 218, 225, 228, 241
Triton 151 surface 126–127 Wild 2 comet 156
troposphere 174, 175 Venus Express 125, 127 wind 173, 175
Tsiokovsky, Konstantin 92, Verne, Jules 92 interstellar 141
240 Very Large Array, New Mexico planets 124, 129, 143,
25 148, 150
U Very Large Telescope Array, Witch Head Nebula 30
ultraviolet 20, 26, 27, 207 Chile 19 Wolf-Rayet stars 213
Ulysses spacecraft 201 Vesta 134

































253

Acknowledgments






The publisher would like to thank the following Bettmann (cra); NASA/ Science Faction (ca); ESA: ECF (crb). Max
for their kind permission to reproduce their NOAA (cla); Seth Resnick/ Science Faction (fcla). Planck Institute for Solar
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254

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

of Maryland/A.S. Wilson et al.; Optical: Pal.Obs. ASI-Star City (crb). NASA: (cl) (br) (clb); Bill NASA: HiRISE/ JPL/ University of Arizona. Arizona (fcr). Science Photo Library: Christian
DSS; IR: NASA/JPL-Caltech; VLA: NRAO/ Ingalls (tl). Science Photo Library: NASA (cr). 134 Alamy Images: Mary Evans Picture Library Darkin (b); NASA (cl); T. Stevens & P. Mckinley,
AUI/NSF (bl). HubbleSite: John Hutchings 96 NASA: JSC (clb) (b) (tr). 97 Dorling (tr). Science Photo Library: Chris Butler (cb) Pacific Northwest Laboratory (cra). 163 NASA:
(Dominion Astrophysical Observatory), Bruce Kindersley: NASA (clb). NASA: JSC (crb) (br) (br). 135 NASA: JPL / USGS (t). Science Photo (tc) (bl); JPL / USGS (clb); JPL/ University of
Woodgate (GSFC/NASA), Mary Beth Kaiser (fbr). Science Photo Library: NASA (t). Library: Henning Dalhoff / Bonnier Publications Arizona (cl); JPL/ University of Arizona/
(Johns Hopkins University), Steven Kraemer 98 NASA: (cl) (bc). Science Photo Library: (crb); D. Van Ravenswaay (cl). 136 HubbleSite: University of Colorado (tr); NOAA (cr). Science
(Catholic University of America), the STIS Team, NASA (crb) (br). 99 NASA: (tl) (bc) (tr). NASA/ESA, John Clarke (University of Photo Library: Mark Garlick (br); US
and NASA (tl). NRAO / AUI / NSF: Image Wikimedia Commons: Aliazimi (bl). 100 Alamy Michigan) (tr); M. Wong and I. de Pater Geological Survey (crb). 164-165 Science Photo
courtesy of National Radio Astronomy Images: RIA Novosti (cl). Corbis: Bettmann (c); (University of California, Berkeley) (br). 137 Library: Planet Observer (Background). 164-176
Observatory / Associated Universities, Inc. / Hulton-Deutsch Collection (tr). Getty Images: Corbis: NASA-JPL-Caltech - digital versi/Science Dorling Kindersley: NASA (l). 165 Corbis:
National Science Foundation (cra). Science Hulton Archive (ca). NASA: 5909731 / MSFC- Faction (r). HubbleSite: NASA, ESA, IRTF, and Momatiuk - Eastcott (fcl); Douglas Peebles (c).
Photo Library: NASA / ESA / STSCI / 5909731 (br). 101 Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer (tr). A. Sánchez-Lavega and R. Hueso (Universidad Getty Images: Barcroft Media (cl). 166 Dorling
J.BAHCALL, PRINCETON IAS (crb). NASA: Kennedy Space Center (bl). Press del País Vasco, Spain ) (clb). NASA: JPL/ Cornell Kindersley: Planetary Visions Ltd (clb). 166-167
62 Science Photo Library: Mike Agliolo (crb); Association Images: (fbr). Science Photo University (cla). 138 Corbis: Bettmann (tr); JPL NASA: (c). 167 NASA: (tr/Earth); MSFC (cr)
Volker Springel / Max Planck Institute for Library: Power And Syred (crb). 102-103 NASA: / USGS (b). NASA: JPL/ University of Arizona (bc). 168-169 Alamy Images: Rolf Nussbaumer
Astrophysics (cl). 62-63 Science Photo Library: (Background). 104 Alamy Images: RIA Novosti (c); JPL/ Brown University (bl); JPL/ DLR (tr); Photography. 170 Alamy Images: Alaska Stock INDEX
Lynette Cook. 63 HubbleSite: NASA, ESA, M.J. (cla). The Kobal Collection: MGM (crb). JPL/ University of Arizona (cr). 139 NASA: JPL LLC (b). NASA: JPL (cl). 171 iStockphoto.com:
Jee and H. Ford (Johns Hopkins University) (br). NASA: (clb). 104-105 Science Photo Library: (cla) (bc) (cl) (clb). 140 NASA: JPL-Caltech Janrysavy (cl) (cb) (cr) (fcrb). NASA: GSFC (bl);
Science Photo Library: M. Markevitch/ CXC/ NASA (b). 105 NASA: (tl) (cra). 106 NASA: (cl) (crb); MSFC (bl). 141 NASA: Walt Feimer (cr); MODIS Ocean Science Team (br). Science
CFA/ NASA (bl). 64-65 Getty Images: AFP/ Jim (br). 107 Courtesy of JAXA: (br). NASA: (cla) JPL (clb); JPL-Caltech (cl) (br); MSFC (cra); Photo Library: European Space Agency (c).
Watson (Background). 64-88 Dorling (cr) (tr). 108 NASA: (cra) (cb) (crb). 109 Corbis: JPL/ Space Science Institute (clb). 142 NASA: 172 Corbis: Douglas Peebles (crb). 172-173
Kindersley: ESA - ESTEC (l). 65 Corbis: Bettmann (cr). NASA: (br); MSFC (tl) (cla). JPL/ STScI (tr). Science Photo Library: Corbis: Galen Rowell (b). 173 Corbis:
Bettmann (fcl). ESA: (c). US Geological Survey: Science Photo Library: NASA (cra). 110 Alamy D. Van Ravenswaay (crb); NASA, ESA, J. Clarke Momatiuk - Eastcott (ca). Science Photo
Astrogeology Team (cl). 66 Getty Images: Sir Images: Detlev van Ravenswaay / Picture Press (Boston University) , and Z. Levay (STScI) (c). Library: Bernhard Edmaier (crb); David Parker
Godfrey Kneller (c). NASA: KSC (l); United (br). Corbis: Jim Sugar (bl). NASA: Scaled 143 Corbis: NASA - digital version copyright/ (br); Ron Sanford (tr). 174 Corbis: Bryan Allen
Launch Alliance/ Pat Corkery (r). 67 NASA: Bill Composites (ca). 110-111 Corbis: Ed Darack/ Science Faction (tc); STScI/ NASA (r) (bc). (clb); Hinrich Baesemann / DPA (cl). NASA: (tr).
Ingalls (c); Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne (tr). Science Faction (Background). 111 Bigelow Science Photo Library: NASA/ JPL/ University Science Photo Library: Detlev Van Ravenswaay
68-69 NASA: Bill Ingalls. 70 Alamy Images: Aerospace : (crb). Getty Images: Daniel Of Arizona (tl). 144 Alamy Images: The Print (br). 175 Corbis: (br); Mike Hollingshead /
Linda Sikes (br). Corbis: NASA/CNP (c). Berehulak (ca). NASA: KSC (bl). Science Photo Collector (tr); JPL / USGS (bc). NASA: JPL/ Science Faction (bl); Gerolf Kalt (clb); NOAA
Science Photo Library: Mark Garlick (cl). Library: Take 27 Ltd (br). courtesy Virgin Space Science Institute (clb) (cl) (crb). NRAO / (cr). Science Photo Library: David R. Frazier
71 Alamy Images: Stock Connection Blue (c). Galactic: (tl) (cra). 112 Reaction Engines AUI / NSF: (cr). 144-145 NASA: JPL/ Space (cl). 176 Dorling Kindersley: The Royal
Corbis: (cra); Bettmann (tl). Getty Images: Limited / Adrian Mann: Reaction Engines Ltd Science Institute (tc). 145 ESA: (br); NASA/ Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh (br). Science
NASA (clb). Science Photo Library: NASA (cr) develops SKYLON, a space plane which evolved JPL/ University of Arizona (tr) (cb) (crb). NASA: Photo Library: Lynette Cook (Volcanoes);
(crb). 72 NASA: (tr); KSC (crb); MSFC / KSC from the HOTOL project (b). Science Photo (cla); JPL (bl); JPL/ GSFC/ Space Science Henning Dalhoff / Bonnier Publications (clb).
(cl). 73 ESA: (cl). EUROCKOT Launch Library: Richard Bizley (cra). 113 Agence Institute (clb); JPL/ University of Arizona (ca). 177 Alamy Images: Amberstock (tl). Dorling
Services GmbH: (cra). Getty Images: Space France Presse: (crb). Corbis: (cl). NASA: DFRC/ 146-147 NASA: JPL/ Space Science Institute. Kindersley: Jon Hughes (bl) (bc). ESA: (crb).
Imaging (bl). NASA: Victor Zelentsov (tl). Illustration by Steve Lighthill (b). SpaceX: NASA 148 Getty Images: John Russell (cl). W.M. Keck imagequestmarine.com: Peter Batson (cb).
Courtesy Sea Launch: (br). 74 ESA: CNES/ (tr). 114 Alamy Images: Pat Eyre (crb). Corbis: Observatory: Lawrence Sromovsky, (Univ. NOAA: Office of Ocean Exploration; Dr. Bob
Arianespace/ Photo optique video du CSG (clb) James Marshall (cb). ESA: S. Corvaja (bl). Wisconsin-Madison) (cb). NASA: JPL (br); Embley, NOAA PMEL, Chief Scientist (ca).
(cb); Service Optique CSG (cr). 74-75 ESA: Science Photo Library: Sinclair Stammers (cra). NSSDC (l). 149 NASA: GSFC (br); JPL (c); JPL Science Photo Library: Victor Habbick Visions
CNES/ Arianespace/ Photo optique video du 115 Alamy Images: Photos 12 (cr). NASA: / USGS (bl); JPL-Caltech (cla) (cr) (fcr); NSSDC (tr); P. Rona/ OAR/ National Undersea Research
CSG (t). 75 ESA: CNES/ Arianespace/ Photo MSFC (clb). PA Photos: AP/ NASA (br). (cra). 150 NASA: (bl); Voyager 2 (c). 151 NASA: Program/ NOAA (cl). 178-179 Alamy Images:
optique video du CSG (bc) (cr); Service Optique Science Photo Library: Victor Habbick Visions (cra); JPL (bl); JPL / USGS (cla). Science Photo Melba Photo Agency (Background). 179 NASA:
CSG (cl). 76 Corbis: Alain Nogues/ Sygma (br). (t). 116-117 NASA: JPL/ University of Arizona Library: Royal Astronomical Society (cr). (cl) (c). 180 Alamy Images: Patrick Eden (b).
NASA: JPL (clb). 77 NASA: (b). 78 Corbis: (Background). 116-162 Dorling Kindersley: 152 HubbleSite: NASA, ESA, and M. Buie Science Photo Library: Andrew J. Martinez (cra)
Bettmann (b). ESA: D. Ducros (c). NASA: NASA /Finley Holiday Films (l). 117 Corbis: (Southwest Research Institute) (tr). NASA: Dr. R. (fcra). 181 Corbis: William Radcliffe/ Science
Goddard Space Flight Center/ MODIS Rapid Dennis di Cicco (c). HubbleSite: M. Wong and Albrecht, ESA/ ESO Space Telescope European Faction (cr). Science Photo Library: Planetary
Response Team/ Jeff Schmaltz (cr). 79 CNES: I. de Pater (University of California, Berkeley) Coordinating Facility (cla). 152-153 NASA: ESA Visions Ltd (bc). 182 Getty Images: VGL/
Illustration P. Carril - Mars 2003 (clb). © EADS : (cl). 118 NASA: JPL-Caltech / T. Pyle (SSC) (c). and G. Bacon (STScI) (b). 153 HubbleSite: amanaimagesRF (fcra). NASA: Image courtesy of
Astrium (crb). ESA: J. Huart (cra). 80-81 USGS: Science Photo Library: Detlev Van Ravenswaay ESA, H. Weaver (JHU/APL) , A. Stern (SwRI) , the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, NASA
Courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey. 82 Getty (crb). 119 David A. Hardy : PPARC (br). Julian and the HST Pluto Companion Search Team Johnson Space Center (cra). Science Photo
Images: Ludek Pesek (b). NASA: NSSDC (tl). Baum: (clb). 120 HubbleSite: Reta Beebe (New (cb). 154 Corbis: Dennis di Cicco (b). Library: Dr Fred Espenak (ca); NOAO (tc);
Science Photo Library: Detlev Van Ravenswaay Mexico State University) / NASA (cb); NASA, 155 Corbis: Jonathan Blair (bl); Gianni Dagli David Nunuk (crb). 182-192 Dorling
(c). 83 NASA: Ames Research Center (cra); JPL ESA, L. Sromovsky and P. Fry (University of Orti (cla). HubbleSite: NASA / ESA / M. Wong Kindersley: NASA (l). 183 Corbis: Tom Fox/
(tl); NSSDC (clb). Science Photo Library: Wisconsin) , H. Hammel (Space Science (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Dallas Morning News (crb); Reuters (tl). Getty
NASA / JPL (bc). US Geological Survey: Institute) , and K. Rages (SETI Institute) (crb). Md.) / H. B. Hammel (Space Science Institute, Images: VGL/ amanaimagesRF (cr). NASA:
Astrogeology Team (fclb). Wikimedia NASA: (clb/Earth). 120-121 NASA: JPL-Caltech Boulder, Colo.) / Jupiter Impact Team (cr). Image courtesy of the Image Science & Analysis
Commons: Daderot (br). 84 ESA: (c). NASA: (solar system planets). 121 Dorling Kindersley: Science Photo Library: Mark Garlick (br); Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center (fcr).
(crb). 85 CNES: Illustration D. Ducros - 1998 NASA /Finley Holiday Films (cb). 122 Science Gordon Garradd (tr); NASA / ESA / STSCI / Science Photo Library: NOAO (c). 184 NASA:
(cr). ESA: (tr). NASA: (cb) (bc) (br). 86 NASA: Photo Library: NASA (r). 123 Getty Images: H. Weaver & T. Smith (c). 156 Corbis: NASA JSC (cl). 184-185 Getty Images: Stocktrek RF
ISRO/ JPL-Caltech/ USGS/ Brown Univ. (bl). Dieter Spannknebel (tl); NSSDC (clb). NASA: (crb); Roger Ressmeyer (c). Dorling Kindersley: (c). Moonpans.com: (b). 185 Getty Images:
Science Photo Library: Indian Space Research NSSDC/ GSFC (ca). Science Photo Library: ESA (cra). ESA: SOHO (clb). NASA: JPL (br). SSPL (crb). NASA: JSC (cb); MSFC (cla);
Organisation (r). 87 CBERS: INPE (cra). M. Ledlow et al / NRAO / AUI / NSF (cb). 157 HubbleSite: NASA, ESA, P. Feldman (Johns
Corbis: Li Gang/ Xinhua Press (tc). Getty SOHO/EIT (ESA & NASA) : (cr). 124-125 Hopkins University) and H. Weaver (Johns
Images: ChinaFotoPress (cl). Akihoro Ikeshita: Science Photo Library: NASA (tc). 125 ESA: Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory)
(clb). Courtesy of JAXA: NHK (b/Background) MPS/ Katlenburg-Lindau (crb). NASA: JPL (cla); (tr); JPL/ UMD (cra). NASA: JPL (tl); MSFC
(cb). 88 ESA: AOES Medialab/ ESA 2002 (cb). NSSDC (bl) (bc). 126 NASA: JPL (cra) (b) (clb). (cl). Science Photo Library: Erik Viktor (b).
Science Photo Library: David A. Hardy, Futures: 127 ESA: (crb). NASA: Ames Research Center 158 ICSTARS Astronomy: Vic & Jen Winter.
50 Years In Space (ca). 89 Courtesy of JAXA: (tr); JPL (tl); JPL-Caltech (cra) (c) (cl). Science 159 Corbis: Tony Hallas/ Science Faction (br).
(crb). Science Photo Library: David A. Hardy Photo Library: David P.Anderson, SMU/ Nasa HubbleSite: John Caldwell (York University,
(clb); NASA (tl) (cra). 90-114 Dorling (cb). 128 ESA: DLR/ FU Berlin (G. Neukum) Ontario) , Alex Storrs (STScI) , (tr). Kwon, O
Kindersley: NASA (l). 90-91 Getty Images: (bc). NASA: (cra); ESA (cr); JPL (cb); JPL/ Chul: (cr). Jimmy Westlake: (cla). 160 Corbis:
NASA/ National Geographic (Background). Malin Space Science Systems (br); NSSDC (bl). Hans Schmied (ca). Science Photo Library:
91 Corbis: Bettmann (cl). NASA: (fcl). SpaceX: 129 Getty Images: Time & Life Pictures (clb). Mark Garlick (cla). 160-161 Corbis: Bryan Allen
NASA (c). 92 Corbis: Bettmann (cl) (cr); NASA NASA: GSFC (r); JPL /MSSS (tl); JPL/ Malin (b). 161 Dorling Kindersley: The Natural
- digital version copyright/Science Faction (bl). Space Science Systems (ca). 130 Corbis: Lowell History Museum, London (ca). Galaxy Picture
NASA: 5909731 / MSFC-5909731 (cra). 92-93 Georgia (br); JPL / USGS (r); JPL /MSSS (cb). Library: UWO/ University of Calgary/ Galax
Corbis: Bettmann (Background). 93 Corbis: NASA: JPL/ University of Arizona (cl). 131 ESA: (tr). NASA: Ted Bunch/ JPL (fcra); M. Elhassan/
Bettmann (cla) (bc) (cr); Karl Weatherly (cb). G. Neukum (FU Berlin) et al./ Mars Express/ M. H. Shaddad/ P. Jenniskens (crb); Michael
Dorling Kindersley: Bob Gathany (tl). NASA: DLR (cra); JPL (clb); JPL-Caltech (cb/Rover). Farmer/ JPL (cr); JPL/ Cornell (cl). 162 Selden
(clb); MSFC (tr). 94 NASA: ESA (r); Robert NASA: JPL/ Cornell (t) (bl) (br) (ca) (cb). E. Ball: Cornell University (ca). Corbis: NASA/
Markowitz/ Mark Sowa (bc). 95 ESA: (cla) (cra); Science Photo Library: NASA (fbl). 132-133 Roger Ressmeyer (cr). NASA: JPL/ University of
255

NSSDC (cra). 186 Getty Images: Viewstock (bl). of Leicester) (ftl). Science Photo Library: (University of British Columbia) (cr). NASA: (fcrb). 242-243 iStockphoto.com: Gaffera.
187 NASA: (cr) (cb) (crb); Neil A. Armstrong (cl) European Space Agency (cla) (bl) (br) (clb) (crb) GSFC (crb). 226 ESA: NASA / L. Ricci (ESO) 243 Corbis: Reuters (clb); JPL / Scaled
(br); JPL-Caltech (bc). Science Photo Library: (r); NASA / A. Caulet / St-ECF / ESA (tr). (ca) (br) (cr) (fbl) (fclb). HubbleSite: NASA / Composites (tr). NASA: JPL (crb) (tl); NASA /
D. Van Ravenswaay (clb); Ria Novosti (bl). 214 HubbleSite: NASA / Jeff Hester (Arizona ESA / M. Robberto (Space Telescope Science ESA / STSCI / H. Ford et al. (fcla). Science
188 Moonpans.com: Charlie Duke (b). NASA: State University) (tl). 214-215 HubbleSite: Institute / ESA) / the Hubble Space Telescope Photo Library: NASA (fcr); Friedrich Saurer
JSC (tl) (cl). 189 Corbis: (tl); Roger Ressmeyer heic0506b / opo0512b. 215 HubbleSite: Orion Treasury Project Team (crb). NASA: JPL- (br); Detlev Van Ravenswaay (ca). 244 Science
(bl). NASA: (crb); Charlie Duke (cra); JSC (ca). A. Caulet (ST-ECF, ESA) / NASA (cla); NASA / Caltech (fcra). 227 NASA: Jean-Luc Beuzit, et al. Photo Library: Henning Dalhoff / Bonnier
Science Photo Library: NASA (tr). 190 Corbis: ESA / SM4 ERO Team (br). NASA: ESA (tr); / Grenoble Observatory / European Southern Publications. 245 HubbleSite: NASA, ESA, and
NASA / Roger Ressmeyer (bl). NASA: MSFC Ryan Steinberg & Family / Adam Block / NOAO Observatory (tr); JPL (br). National Research The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI / AURA).
(cla) (clb). 190-191 NASA. 192 Courtesy of / AURA / NSF (tl). 216 HubbleSite: NASA / Council Canada: C. Marois and B. Macintosh/ 246-247 Moonpans.com: (b). 248-249 Alamy
JAXA: (cra). NASA: (cr) (br) (fbr); GSFC (ca) ESA / H. E. Bond (STScI) / The Hubble Keck Observatory. (bl). 228 HubbleSite: NASA / Images: Dennis Hallinan. 249 Dorling
(cb); NSSDC (l). 193 ESA: (c). Courtesy of Heritage Team (STScI / AURA). 216-217 H. Richer (University of British Columbia) (cra). Kindersley: NASA. 250 NASA: SOHO / EIT
JAXA: (tl). Science Photo Library: Paul HubbleSite: NASA / ESA / the Hubble Heritage NASA: (cl); CXC / M. Weiss (bl); JPL-Caltech / Consortium / ESA. 251 Corbis: STScI / NASA
Wootton (b). X-Prize Foundation: (fcra); Team Team (STScI / AURA). 218 Anglo Australian R. Hurt (SSC) (crb). 229 NASA: (tr); Dana Berry (br). 252-253 Corbis: Bryan Allen. 253 NASA:
INDEX SOHO. 194-208 Alamy Images: Brand X Hans Van Winckel (Catholic University of 230 Dorling Kindersley: NASA (bc) (crb) (fcr). Gathany (tr). HubbleSite: ESA, NASA, and Felix
(br); CXC / SAO / F. Seward (c); JPL (clb).
Observatory: David Malin (tl); NASA / ESA /
JPL / USGS (tr). 254 Dorling Kindersley: Bob
Italia/ Alberto Rovetta (cra). 194-195 NASA:
Mirabel (French Atomic Energy Commission and
HubbleSite: ESA, NASA, and Felix Mirabel
Leuven, Belgium) / Martin Cohen (University of
Pictures (l). 195 NASA: GSFC / TRACE (cl);
TRACE (c). SST, Royal Swedish Academy of
Conicet of Argentina) (bl). 255 Corbis: Ed
Institute for Astronomy and Space Physics /
The Hubble Heritage Team / STScI / AURA (bl);
Sciences, LMSAL: (fcl). 196 NASA: (cl); SOHO California, Berkeley) (br); NASA / ESA / HEIC / (French Atomic Energy Commission and Institute for Astronomy and Space Physics /
(fbr). Science Photo Library: John Chumack NASA / Jon Morse (University of Colorado) (cr). Conicet of Argentina) (cl). NASA: G. Bacon Darack/ Science Faction (br). 256 NASA: JPL-
(cr); Ton Kinsbergen (tl). SOHO/EIT (ESA HubbleSite: NASA / ESA / Andrea Dupree (STScI) (tr). Science Photo Library: CXC / AlfA Caltech / T. Pyle (SSC)
& NASA) : (br). 197 NASA: SOHO. (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA) / Ronald Gilliland / D. Hudson and T. Reiprich et al / NRAO /
198 (c) University Corporation for (STScI) (ca). 219 Chandra X-Ray Observatory: VLA / NRL / NASA (bl). 231 Science Photo
Atmospheric Research (UCAR) : Illustration by X-ray: NASA / CXC / Rutgers / G.Cassam- Library: European Space Agency. 232 Science All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Mark Miesch (tr). NASA: (b). 199 NASA: (cl); Chenaï / J.Hughes et al. / Radio: NRAO / AUI / Photo Library: David Nunuk (b). 232-233 For further information see: www.dkimages.com
GSFC / A. Title (Stanford Lockheed Institute) / NSF / GBT / VLA / Dyer, Maddalena & Science Photo Library: Larry Landolfi.
TRACE (tl); GSFC / SOHO (br). 200 NASA: Cornwell / Optical: Middlebury College / 233 Alamy Images: Tony Craddock / Images Etc Dorling Kindersley would also like to
TRACE (bl). 200-201 NASA: Steve Albers / F. Winkler / NOAO / AURA / NSF / CTIO Ltd (ca). Corbis: Jay Pasachoff / Science Faction thank Ben Morgan for editorial help with
Dennis di Cicco / Gary Emerson. 201 NASA: Schmidt & DSS (cr); NASA (bc); NASA / (bl). 234 Corbis: Stapleton Collection (cl) (tr). this book, Lorrie Mack and Penny Smith
(br); JPL-Caltech (tl); SOHO (cra). 202 NASA: Andrew Fruchter / ERO Team - Sylvia Baggett Getty Images: The Bridgeman Art Library / for proofreading, Peter Radcliffe for design
GSFC (b). SST, Royal Swedish Academy of (STScI) / Richard Hook (ST-ECF) / Zoltan Andreas Cellarius (br). 235 Science Photo assistance, and Peter Bull for additional
Sciences, LMSAL: (tr). 203 NASA: GSFC (clb); Levay (STScI) (br). HubbleSite: NASA / The Library: Pekka Parviainen (tl). 236 Science illustrations.
SOHO / ESA (t); SOHO / MSFC (c) (br). Hubble Heritage Team (STScI / AURA) / Photo Library: Davide De Martin (tr); NASA /
204-205 Corbis: Fred Hirschmann / Science W. Sparks (STScI) / R. Sahai (JPL) (bl). JPL-Caltech / STSCI (cl); Eckhard Slawik (cr).
Faction. 206 Wikimedia Commons: (bl). 220 HubbleSite: NASA / ESA / The Hubble 238 Corbis: Radius Images (cl). Getty Images:
206-207 NASA: ISAS. 207 NASA: MSFC (cb). Heritage Team (STScI / AURA) / P. McCullough Robert Gendler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. (tr);
208 Corbis: Bettmann (tl). Science Photo (STScI). NASA: NOAO / T. A. Rector / U. Stone / World Perspectives (cr). 240 Corbis:
Library: Royal Astronomical Society (ca). Alaska / T. Abbott / AURA / NSF (br). Naval Bettmann (cla) (fcrb); Gianni Dagli Orti (clb);
208-209 Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer. 209 Alamy Research Lab.: Rhonda Stroud / Nittler (2003) Christel Gerstenberg (cr); Stapleton Collection
Images: BWAC Images (br). NASA: MSFC (tl). (cra). 221 HubbleSite: NASA / K.L. Luhman (fclb). Dorling Kindersley: NASA /Finley
Reuters: Ho New (c). 210-211 HubbleSite: (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Holiday Films (fcr); Rough Guides (fcla).
NASA / ESA / A. Nota (STScI / ESA). Cambridge, Mass.) / G. Schneider, E. Young, Science & Society Picture Library: (cra).
210-238 HubbleSite: NASA, ESA, and Martino G. Rieke, A. Cotera, H. Chen, M. Rieke, R. Science Photo Library: Chris Butler (crb).
Romaniello (European Southern Observatory, Thompson (Steward Observatory, University of 240-241 iStockphoto.com: Gaffera.
Germany) (l). 211 Corbis: Stapleton Collection Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.) (bl). NASA: NOAO / 241 Corbis: Bettmann (cra); NASA - digital
(cl); NASA / ESA / HEIC / The Hubble Heritage T. A. Rector / U. Alaska / WIYN / AURA / NSF version copyright/Science Faction (cl). Dorling
Team / STScI / AURA (c). HubbleSite: NASA / / GSFC (t). 222 HubbleSite: NASA / ESA / Kindersley: Anglo-Australian Observatory/
ESA / J. Hester (ASU) (fcl). 212 HubbleSite: G. Bacon (STScI) (bc). NASA: CXC / SAO / David Malin (clb). Getty Images: Time & Life
NASA / ESA / M. Robberto (Space Telescope M. Karovska et al. (cl). 223 HubbleSite: NASA / Pictures (fclb). NASA: ESA and G. Bacon
Science Institute / ESA) / Hubble Space Telescope ESA / (STScI / AURA) / J. Maíz Apellániz (STScI) (tl). Science Photo Library: NASA / JPL
Orion Treasury Project Team (bc). 213 Anglo (Institute of Astrophysics of Andalucía, Spain). (br). 242 Alamy Images: Stock Connection Blue
Australian Observatory: D. Malin (AAO) / 224-225 HubbleSite: NASA / ESA / the Hubble / Novastock (cra). Dorling Kindersley: The
AATB / UKS Telescope (ftr). NASA: (tr); Heritage Team (STScI / AURA) / A. Cool (San Science Museum, London (ca). NASA: (fcla); JPL
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory / GSFC (tc); Francisco State University) / J. Anderson (STScI). (bc); JPL-Caltech (cb). Science Photo Library:
ESA / H. Bond (STScI) / M. Barstow (University 225 HubbleSite: NASA / ESA / H. Richer RIA Novosti (bl) (ftl); Detlev Van Ravenswaay























256