5.3 Transistor 2021

√1 LDR //PPC //light sensor √2 detect light //mengesan cahaya

//pengesan cahaya //R rendah

√3 position detector: √4 VTU lebih besar //transistor

TU //bawah //base circuit //litar tapak activated // IB (flows) // (larger)
√5 The connection of the terminal of the collector current, IC //transistor
diaktifkan // arus tapak, IB //Arus
cells:Positif to V //positif ke V
/collector/pengumpul /C / Base/Tapak/B pengumpul, IC // VB high // VTU high //
√6 current flows from collector to
/S /T / Rajah.
emitter // forward biased
√7 position of the bulb:
VW //atas transistor //at the collector // arus boleh mengalir dari
√9 J pengumpul ke pengeluar
//pincang hadapan
√10 √1√3√5√7 @ √2√4√6√8
√8 lights up //IC //switch on //hidup

//ON //pasang //menyala

S1 S2 μA mA √1 √1 Base current / IB //arus tapak
ON OFF X X √2 √2 large collector current //arus
√ x
OFF ON pengumpul besar //IC big // IC
lebih

√1 1

10

√2 1 x 10-3 // 1 x 10-3 √1

10 x 10-6 10-5 √2

√3 100

√1 IE = IC + IB
IE = (1 x 10-3) + (10 x 10-6) // 10 + 1 // 1 + 10

√2 1.01 mA // 1010 μA // 1.01 x 10-3



Npn

IC great // IB low // IC > IB
IC besar

IC great // IC besar //
IC lebih // IC > IB

Equal / Sama Diagram 10.1: 2mA = 400
5μA

Diagram 10.2: 6mA = 400
15μA

small change IB , big change IC // IC/IB
constant // perubahan kecil IB,
perubahan besar IC // IC/IB malar
// directly proportional
/ berkadar terus

Each atom of pure semiconductor / Si / Ge has four electrons //Setiap
atom semikonduktor tulen / Si / Ge mempunyai empat electron
The pentavalent atom / P / As is added //Atom pentavalent / As ditambah

Pentavalent atom donates free electron // Atom pentavalent menderma
electron bebas

Majority of charge carriers are free electrons //
pembawa cas majoriti adalah electron



Thermistor at J / termistor di J resistance change with temperature / heat
// rintangan berubah dengan suhu //
Resistor at K / Perintang di K sensitive to temperature // peka haba
Resistor at L // perintang di L
Alarm at M // Penggera di M potential divider // VB high //
Dry cell at N // Sel kering di N transistor ON / IB pembahagi voltan
Limit IB // Had IB

Sound // bunyi

Supply current // bekal arus





Thermistor / termistor Sensitive to heat or temperature
Peka kepada haba / suhu
Thermistor replace R1
termistor ganti R1 Hot, RT low,VT low. VB high, transistor
R1 replace LDR // ON and switch on the fan
R1 ganti PPC Ib flow / mengalir // Ic flow / mengalir

Fan & 240 V replaced LED IC can flow through the fan
Kipas & 240 V ganti LED IC mengalir melalui kipas
Relay switch / suis geganti To switch on the second circuit // power
Relay at collector circuit supply 240 V // fan / hidupkan litar kedua
Suis geganti di litar pengumpul kipas 240 V