MCU-006-รวมเล่ม-ทดลองใช้.pdf

4. Zen Buddhism sees nature as symbolizing the cycle of life.
_______________, in Zen Buddhism nature is considered a friend.

5. The availability of medicinal plants is reduced by forest loss.
_______________, the number of nuts and fruits is decreasing owing
to deforestation.

B. Complete the following paragraph with the transitional words in
the box. Each word can be used only once.

After that Next Finally However
Then For example
In conclusion To begin with

Novice Ordination Procedure in the Theravada Tradition

There are several steps in the ordination procedure for a Buddhist
novice. _________________, the applicant makes a formal request (Pabbajja)
to a senior monk or bhikkhu for novice (samanera) ordination. On receiving
permission, the applicant prepares for the ceremony by acquiring a complete
set of robes and enlisting the help of the monks in the monastery to shave his
head. _______________, he approaches the senior monk and pays his respects
by bowing three times before handing over the robes while reciting a passage
prescribed for this purpose. ______________, he formally asks the senior
monk to give him the robes and, having received them, is aided by monks in
putting them on. _______________, he makes a formal request for the novice
ordination and takes refuge in the Triple Gem (Buddha, Dhamma and
Sangha). _______________, he requests the senior monk to serve as his
Preceptor and, on being accepted, receives a new name in Pali. After
completing these steps, the applicant becomes a Buddhist novice.

WRITING SKILLS
Concluding Sentence

To finish a paragraph, all the details must be wrapped up in a
concluding sentence. An effective concluding sentence can be written in two
main ways: restating the topic sentence (Restatement) or summarizing the
main points (Summary).

1. Restating the topic sentence (Restatement)
Restating the topic sentence means rephrasing the topic sentence by

stating the same idea in different words.

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Examples:

Topic sentence: Buddhist ecology monks around the world have engaged in
activities to protect the environment.

Concluding sentence: Buddhist monks in many countries have played a role
in saving the environment.

Topic sentence: At the Buddhist Sunday Dharma school, students can learn
many things.

Concluding sentence: There are several things that children can learn at the
Buddhist Dharma school.

Topic sentence: Young children can benefit greatly from practicing
meditation.
Concluding sentence: Practicing meditation helps young children in many

ways.

2. Summarizing the main points (Summary)

Summarizing the main points is another way to write a concluding
sentence. This can be done by reviewing the major supporting details
mentioned in the paragraph.

Examples:

Topic sentence: Buddhist ecology monks around the world have engaged in
activities to protect the environment.

Concluding sentence: In order to protect the environment, Chinese monks
initiated a tree-planting campaign, Cambodian monks
developed the tree ordination campaign, and Thai
monks have used a portable kitchen cabinet.

Topic sentence: At the Buddhist Sunday Dharma school, students can learn
many things.

Concluding sentence: Students learn the life story of the Lord Buddha and his
teaching at the Buddhist Sunday Dharma school.

Topic sentence: Young children can benefit greatly from practicing
meditation.
Concluding sentence: Meditation helps children be more aware of their

present emotions, improve concentration and
reduce anxiety at school.

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EXERCISE
Write a restatement concluding sentence and a summary concluding
sentence for the following topic sentences.

1. Topic Sentence: There are some activities that many people do daily
that harm the environment.

Restatement Concluding Sentence: __________________________
_______________________________________________________
Summary Concluding Sentence: ____________________________
_______________________________________________________

2. Temples are a good place for meditation.

Restatement Concluding Sentence: __________________________
_______________________________________________________
Summary Concluding Sentence: ____________________________
_______________________________________________________

WRITING TASK
Complete the following paragraph outline.

Topic: What Buddhism Teaches about the Environment

Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________

Supporting Details:

1. ___________________________________________________

a. ________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________

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2. ___________________________________________________
a. ________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________
a. ________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________

Concluding Sentence: __________________________________________

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References

Current World Affairs. (n.d.). SlideServe.
https://www.slideserve.com/garth/current-world-affairs

Dipen, B. (2018, August 17). Buddhist “Eco-monks” Work to Protect
Thailand’s Environment.Buddhist Door.
https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/buddhist-eco-monks-work-to-protect-

thailands-environment

Ordination Procedure in the Theravada Tradition. (n.d.). Buddha Dharma
Education Association and BuddhaNet.
http://www.buddhanet.net/elearning/buddhistworld/ordination1.htm

Thai Buddhist monks emerging as environmental advocates. (2018, August
20). Royal Thai Embassy, Washington D.C.
https://thaiembdc.org/2018/08/20/thai-buddhist-monks-emerging-as-

environmental-advocates/

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UNIT 4
Science and Technology

Learning Objectives

After studying this unit, students will be able to:
10. Understand words related to science and technology.
11. Identify different types of paragraphs.
12. Write how-to paragraphs.

Warm-Up

1. Look at the following pictures and discuss with your classmates how the
people in the picture are making use of technology.

Picture 1

Source: https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/celebrating-technology-the-buddhist-
way (retrieved January 31, 2021)

Picture 2

Source:
https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1893065/zoom-rockets-to-fame-with-some-
hiccups (retrieved January 31, 2021)

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Picture 3

Source: https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/internet-disrupted-society-myanmar-and-
fueled-extremists (retrieved January 31, 2021)

2. Match the pictures above with the following activities.

a. Taking a selfie Picture ____

b. Making a purchase Picture ____

c. Holding an online meeting Picture ____

Reading

Text Types

Texts usually have different purposes and this affects how they are
organized. Some texts are written to tell stories, some to make comparisons,
some to persuade and others to give information. Texts are organized in various
ways so that they are easy to follow. If the readers are able to recognize the type
of organization of the text, they will be able draw out the main idea and
supporting ideas more efficiently. Here you will learn some of the most common
text organization types including list, sequence, and comparison.

List texts

Listing texts give readers information about types of things and ideas.
The structure of the passage is similar to a shopping or to-do list. That is, it
presents one main supporting idea at a time, which could be in no particular
order. For example, the passage could be about types of religions, kinds of
rituals, or categories of technology. However, if there is an order, each main

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supporting idea could be presented from most important to least important or
vice versa.

In this type of text, the topic sentence may include words and phrases
such as many, several, types of, kinds of, various, etc. For supporting ideas,
there may be signal words and phrases such as first, second, last, also, in
addition, example, another, one, and furthermore.

Sample text

Although there have been countless examples where technology has
changed our lives, there are some which are considered revolutionary for
mankind. The technology used in the field of robotics is one such example.
Nowadays robots are being used by people and industries all over the world for
various purposes. They are also used in places which are otherwise considered
harmful for humans and thereby protecting us. One such area is the cleaning
and managing of radioactive waste. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is another field
which is a classic example of the technological advancements man has
achieved. Who could have imagined that a machine would be capable of
thinking like us? That is what AI has been successful in doing. AI is intelligent
machine capable of behaving like us. It can perform activities such as problem-
solving, planning, learning and even reasoning. Today AI is used in all major
areas such as warfare, security, healthcare and communication. On top of this,
it is far more efficient than us and has a lower rate of error.

Source: Excerpt from https://www.thewisdompost.com/essay/technology-essay/3387
(Retrieved, February 1st, 2021)

When reading listing texts, the reader should try to identify the topic of
the list such as “technology that has changed our lives” as in the sample text
above. Once the topic of the list has been identified, the reader can look for the
main supporting details – in this case robotics and artificial intelligence. If we
summarize key points from the passage, it would look something like the outline
below.

Topic: Some of mankind’s revolutionary technology
Main supporting idea:

 Robotics

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 Artificial intelligence
EXERCISE 1
Read the passage below. Circle the signal words and identify the topic and
main supporting ideas.

It might be surprising to know that resources such as solar power, wind,
and water were utilized for human energy needs much earlier than fossil fuels
were brought to use. First, the Sun has been the main source of life on Earth for
centuries. As early as the 2nd Century B.C., the Greeks and Romans used
mirrors to focus the Sun’s rays to light torches and set fires. Solar cookers were
invented in the middle of the 17th century and solar-powered engines came into
existence in the 1860s. The second energy resource is water. Ancient Persians
and Chinese used water wheels for grinding flour, irrigation, and for sawing
timber and stone. Today we have hydroelectric power plants across the world
and utilize the force of water to produce electricity. Another resource is wind.
Wind energy was first used to propel boats. By the 11th century, windmills were
used for making flour in the Middle East. During the 17th century, the Dutch
developed large windmills to drain water from lakes and canals. As per March
2019, the total wind power capacity was about 36.625 GW. Germany is the
highest wind power producer and India comes fourth in the list. Finally, we can
utilize plant waste, manure, and even animal dung to make fuel. This fuel is
known as biofuel. Another way is to directly process raw materials from plants
and process them to form fuel. This method has been successful in coming up
with fuels like CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and ethanol.

Adapted from https://www.successcds.net/learn-english/essays/essay-on-renewable-
sources-of-energy.html Retrieved (February 3rd, 2021)

Topic: _________________________________________________

Main supporting ideas:

 __________________________

 __________________________

 __________________________

 __________________________

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Sequence texts
In sequence texts, the information is organized in order of events as in

narratives and how-to passages. This type of text can be found in passages about
the history of places, people, and ideas. It could also be a story such as the
childhood life of Prince Siddhartha Gautama. Furthermore, sequence texts can
be found in passages that describe a process such as how to transfer money via
your phone or how to meditate.

In this type of text, the topic sentence could include words or phrases
that signal a time or period such as in 1945, to begin with, or previously. If the
passage describes a process, you may see signal words or phrases such as first,
next, then, etc. In the passage, signal words or phrases may also include dates,
orders, or time references.

Sample text
The term technology is derived from the ancient Greek

words “techne” and “logos”, which translates to “art, craft” and “word, speech”
respectively. The Renaissance, which occurred from the 14th to 17th
centuries in Europe, marked a surge of interest in literature, arts and science.
Most of today’s fundamental principles and the basis for many inventions were
established during that time. For instance, renowned scientists, astronomers and
inventors such as Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolaus Copernicus, Rene Descartes, and
Blaise Pascal, all lived during this time period. These individuals contributed
many principles, theories and ideas that would become the basis for all the
things we have in our world today. The next big leap in technological
advancement came during the Industrial Revolution, which began in the
1760s. This movement gave birth to many inventions such as the steam engine,
the Spinning Jenny, the power loom and the electrical telegraph. When the
world was plunged into two world wars, technological progress skyrocketed.
This is because if any nation had technological superiority, it could mean the
difference between life and death. World War II, in particular, spawned
countless innovations and inventions. The most significant inventions include
the jet engine, synthetic rubber, radar, helicopters and penicillin.
Source: Adapted from https://www.aplustopper.com/technology-essay/ (Retrieved,
February 1st, 2021)

When reading sequence text, the reader should try to identify the points of
time or major steps. This can help one recall major events in the narrative or

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main steps of a process. When outlined, the main points of the passage may
appear like the following:

Topic: History of technology
Main supporting ideas:

 The Renaissance sparked an interest in science.
 The Industrial evolution gave birth to many inventions.
 World War II led to numerous innovations

EXERCISE 2
Read the passage below. Circle the signal words and identify the topic and
main supporting ideas.

Most internet users have a Facebook account, though most of these users
do not know much about the exact origins and the development of their favorite
social media platform. Mark Zuckerberg, a student at Harvard University,
was in his second year of undergraduate studies. In that year, he opened
Facesmash: a website that allowed users to compare college students’
attractiveness. In 2004, noticing that Harvard had no online face book, or
a student directory showing photos and information, and that Harvard was
stalling on this project, Zuckerberg began writing code for “TheFacebook”
in January of 2004. The intention behind the website was not only about
showcasing data about students, but also to create a way for Harvard students
to connect. In its first month of service, “TheFacebook” garnered more than
half of the undergraduates at Harvard as users. By the end of the summer of
2004, it was incorporated, and Sean Parker, an adviser of Zuckerberg, became
the company’s president. “TheFacebook” become “Facebook” after the team
purchased the domain name “facebook.com” in 2005 for $200,000. This domain
change made a huge difference, as by December 2005, Facebook had 6 million
users—and the rest is internet history.

Source: Adapted from
https://academichelp.net/samples/academics/essays/expository/the-history-of-
facebook.html (Retrieved February 5th, 2021)

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Topic: ______________________________________________
Main supporting ideas:

 __________________________

 __________________________

 __________________________

__________________________

EXERCISE 3
Another type of sequence text is the how-to passage. In the passage below,
circle the signal words identify main steps for meditating.

Meditating for the first time can be challenging but if you follow these
guidelines, it may help you get started. First, look for a quiet area where you
might be least disturbed. Turn off your communication devices so no one can
interrupt you during your session. Next, sit in a cross-legged position. Both your
knees should rest on the floor. Your abdomen should naturally push out a little,
and there will be a slight curve in the lower region of the back. Once you are
comfortable, close your eyes. This will prevent you from having to blink
repeatedly. You should also close your mouth and breathe through your nose.
With closed eyes, fold your hands in a maha mudra. The dominant hand is held
palm up and holding the other hand, also palm up, so that the knuckles of both
hands overlap. The thumbs are lightly touching; thus, the hands form an oval.
Finally, during meditation, you should inhale and exhale through the nose and
generally exhale twice as long as you inhale. If you follow these guidelines
carefully, you will have a calm and relaxing meditating experience.

Adapted from https://kwanumzen.org/how-to-practice-sitting-meditation
Topic: _______________________________

 Step one: ___________________________
 Step two: ___________________________
 Step three: __________________________
 Step four: ___________________________
 Step five: ___________________________

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Comparison texts
Another common type of text is the comparison text. The purpose of this

type of text is to compare, contrast, or sometimes both. For example, a passage
may compare two different social network platforms or different Buddhist sects.
The information could be organized in two main ways. First, it could discuss,
for example, one social network platform followed by another. Alternatively,
the passage could be organized by points of comparison. For instance, the
passage could compare the appearance, privacy measures, and popularity of the
social network platforms. Comparison texts usually contain signal words such
as similar, different, same, both, whereas, while, instead, more, less, and in
common.

Bill Gates and Steve Jobs are two of the most recognized innovators of
our generation. They share certain traits but are also very different. Both
dropped out of college and launched their own businesses. The late Steve Jobs
was always the quick, live-for-the-moment hare, while Bill Gates was the
dispassionate, lawyerly, bide-your-time tortoise. Both these rivals understood
business, but neither had formal training in balance sheets and income
statements. Although each company has its own hilltop, there is a slight
difference between Microsoft’s and Apple’s philosophies because each
philosophy has a different goal. Microsoft’s philosophy is; “A computer on
every desk in every house, running Microsoft software,” which is more
concerned about running its own software in every computer. Apple’s
philosophy is “Make computers accessible to everyone and make them very
easy to use,” which is more concerned about making their computers easy to
access and easy to use. Finally, they both established and co-founded their
companies with partners. Bill Gates co-founded Microsoft with Paul Allen. As
for Apple, it was co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, who wrote most
of the software that Apple ran.

Source: Adapted from https://graduateway.com/compare-contrast-bill-gates-steve-
jobs/ (Retrieved on February 5th, 2010)

When reading a comparison text, the reader should try to identify the points of
comparison. This can help retain the main points of comparison. When
outlined, the main points of the passage above may appear as the following:

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Topic: Similarities and differences between Bill Gates and Steve Jobs
Main supporting ideas:

 Both dropped out of college.
 Steve was spontaneous while Bill was methodical.
 Both understood businesses regardless of lack of formal training.
 Microsoft’s philosophy was to have its software run on every home

computer while Apple’s philosophy was to build computers that
everyone could use easily.
 Both co-founded their company with partners.

EXERCISE 4
Read the passage and outline the main supporting ideas.

On the face of it, it would be impossible to find two religions more
different than Buddhism and Christianity. Christians believe that there is a God,
whereas Buddhism has no god. The Buddha pointed the way, whereas Jesus
said that He was the way. Christianity promises believers eternal life.
Buddhism's highest state, the state of enlightenment, is freedom from being
reborn. On the other hand, there are compelling similarities. The spirit of
compassion, bodhicitta in Sanskrit, is as central to Buddhism as that of love is
to Christianity. While their objectives may be different, there are prayers in both
traditions. Christianity has its saints, who exemplify faith. Tibetan Buddhism
has saintlike figures, Bodhisattvas, whose example selflessly illuminates the
way, the dharma.

Source: https://international.la-croix.com/news/religion/christianity-and-buddhism-
more-similarities-than-differences/227 (Retrieved on February 10th, 2010)

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Topic: __________________________________________

Main supporting ideas:

 Differences
o ______________________________________________
o ______________________________________________
o ______________________________________________

 ___________________
o ______________________________________________
o ______________________________________________
o ______________________________________________

PREPARING TO READ

EXERCISE 5

1. Put a check ( / ) in front of words you already know, a question mark ( ? )
in front of words you have seen before but are not sure what they mean
and leave blank the words you don’t know and look up their meanings.

__1. ocher __4. addiction __7. self- __10. stimulation
__2. adopting __5. temptation discipline
__11. be on a
__8. shed light phone
__12. resplendent
__3. gratification __6. perplexed __9. remind

2. Scan the passage “On Technology and Human Connection: An Interview
with Ajahn Brahm” And complete the sentences below with the words
above.

1. Ajahn was already waiting for us, looking __________________ in his
ocher robe and luminous smile.

2. He __________________me of the laughing Buddha as he has such a
beatific smile.

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3. We can access a near-unlimited buffet of mental
__________________, yet we are often dependent on these devices to
make our lives smoother.

4. The boy replied immediately that he wanted to be an iPhone or an
iPad. The teacher was __________________and asked him why.

5. They __________________ phones or tablets.
6. His story __________________ on how we are all connected, yet so

disconnected.
7. They know the damage it can do to a young developing brain and are

__________________strict “rationed screen time” policies, sometimes
banning them completely for extended periods.”
8. It’s an __________________that is harming us in ways that we cannot
fathom right now.
9. It is therefore important that we create an environment that keeps us
away from __________________.
10. We require serious __________________ that needs to be combined
with a creation of spaces, an environment where our dependency is
challenged.
11. We want instant __________________, and that could be our
downfall.

Before Reading

In small groups, discuss the following questions.
1. Has communication technology changed the way people interact?
How?
2. How has modern technology affected Buddhism?

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On Technology and Human Connection: An Interview
with Ajahn Brahm

By Shveitta Sharma
Buddhist Global 2019-03-21

Source: buddhistdoor.net

When I was invited to interview Ajahn Brahm during his recent visit to Hong
Kong, I was overjoyed at the prospect of meeting him again. My friend Cathy
and I arrived at the lobby of his hotel 15 minutes early, but Ajahn was already
waiting for us, looking resplendent in his ocher robe and luminous smile. He
reminds me of the laughing Buddha as he has such a beatific smile and a
wonderful way of making difficult concepts easy to understand. And he always
has a story to tell.

Seeking to emphasize the role of technology in our interview, I asked him: “We
live in a high-tech world where tech companies hold all our private data, we can
perform banking transactions on our smartphones, and we can access a near-
unlimited buffet of mental stimulation, yet we are often dependent on these
devices to make our lives smoother. What is the right balance in allowing these
technologies into our lives, if there is such a thing?”

True to his storytelling style, Ajahn responded with a story: “A teacher asked
an 11-year-old boy what he wanted to be when he grew up. The boy replied
immediately that he wanted to be an iPhone or an iPad. The teacher was
perplexed and asked him why. The boy replied, ‘I want to be an iPhone or an
iPad so that my parents can spend more time with me. They are always on their

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phones or tablets and every time I try to talk to them, they tell me to wait a
minute and let them send this message or email, but they never have time for
me. If I was an iPhone or an iPad they would be with me all the time.’”

The story rang so close to home that both Cathy and I nodded our heads in
unison. I looked at all the devices that were on the table before us and felt a
pang of guilt for doing the same. His story shed light on how we are all
connected, yet so disconnected. Technology plays a very important role in our
life, he acknowledged, but we need to stop and think of the cost. It has brought
people from all over the world closer, yet has, sadly, distanced those that are
closest to us.

Ajahn spoke about the theme of a Silicon Valley conference a few years ago
titled: “Disconnect to Connect.” Silicon Valley executives are very wary about
the amount of time their own children spend looking at screens. They know the
damage it can do to a young developing brain and are adopting strict “rationed
screen time” policies, sometimes banning them completely for extended
periods.”

Interestingly, this is exactly the topic that I have been asked to speak about at
an upcoming TEDx event, so I saw this as a wonderful opportunity to probe
Ajahn further. How exactly do we disconnect?

“We need to have WiFi and data-free zones where we can completely
disconnect,” Ajahn explained, inverting the usual idea of a WiFi zone. “There
is a need for a digital detox. It’s an addiction that is harming us in ways that we
cannot fathom right now. The trouble with any addiction if it’s right in front of
you is that you need willpower to say no. You can say ‘no’ a few times but then
you have to say ‘yes’ only once to get the high. It is therefore important that we
create an environment that keeps us away from temptation. We require serious
self-discipline that needs to be combined with a creation of spaces, an
environment where our dependency is challenged.
“Our dependence on technology is reaching dire levels,” he continued. “Our
brains are being outsourced to our smartphones. We hardly remember any
phone numbers, we don’t read as much, we don’t invest time or effort to search
for information, everything is available at the click of a button. We want instant
gratification, and that could be our downfall.”

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I understood exactly what Ajahn was saying. We really have outsourced our
brains to our devices. We are being warned, but how many of us are heeding
the warning?

Source: https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/on-technology-and-human-
connection-an-interview-with-ajahn-brahm (Retrieved February 14th, 2021)

EXERCISE 6

Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F)

1. Technology has made people closer to each other. T F
2. Tech companies are aware of the problem technology causes. T F
3. Ajahn Brahm and tech companies believe limiting screen time is one T F
possible solution.
4. People are becoming too dependent on technology. T F
5. Designating areas where people cannot go online can help reduce T F
their addiction to technology.

DISCUSSION
In pairs or small groups, discuss the following questions

1. What type of text is the first three paragraphs?
2. What method does Ajahn Brahm use to illustrate the harm technology may
cause?
3. Do you agree with Ajahn Brahm that technology has made people more
disconnected?
4. What effects has modern technology had on Buddhism?
5. What Buddhist concepts or teachings can help people depend less on
technology to find answers?

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WRITING PART

IMPERATIVES

Giving instructions and suggestions. From the passage in Exercise 3
that discusses how to meditate, the author gives a number of suggestions.
Some of them were instructions:

 Turn off your communication devices.
 Tuck your chin in a little.
 Close your eyes.
These are called Imperative Sentences, and they are used to express
commands, requests, or forbiddance. In this structure, the subject “You” is left
out and the sentence begins with a bare infinitive—a verb form that is not
inflected for tense, aspect, or agreement. When requesting someone not to do
something, “do not” is placed in front of the bare infinitive. The auxiliary “do”
is also never inflected:
Examples:
 Do not slouch when you sit.
 Do not squeeze your eyes too tightly.
In a “How-To” paragraph, you can also give suggestions instead of
commands. To do this, you can use modal verbs “should”, “can” or “must”
followed by a bare infinitive.
Examples:
 You can sit on a chair
 Both your knees should rest on the floor
 Breathing should be done naturally
 You must be very quiet.

EXERCISE 7

A. Match the bare infinitive in column A with the phrases in column B

1 Do not be a. merit.
2 Go b. the floor.
3 Brush c. silly.
4 Make d. away!
5 Shut e. your eyes softly.

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6 Clean f. your pupils concentrate.
7 Help g. your teeth twice a day.

B. The sentences are not in the correct order. Reorder the words, so they
form correct sentences.

1. before sunset / come back / must / you
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. should / you / your hands / wash
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. at home / start / can / meditation/ you
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. method / try this / you / for 10 minutes / can
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. should / to the floor / parallel / your thighs / be
…………………………………………………………………………………

C. In pairs, think of 5-6 rules or instructions that must be followed at
your monastery or workplace, and write them below.
1.
…………………………………………………………………………………
2.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6.
…………………………………………………………………………………

WRITING SKILL

Chronological Order: Transition Signals
When writing a “How-To” paragraph, you must write in a sequence,

from the first step to the final step. You must make the sequence very clear, so

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it is easy to follow. Transition signals are thus very important when writing in
chronological order. Below are some of the more common transition signals
you can use to transition from one step to the next.

Sentence Connectors Subordinators Others
First (second, third, etc.) Before / after The first + noun
Next, last, finally when Before the + noun
First of all as soon as Since the + noun
Before / After that until
while / as
Now that

EXERCISE 8

Add appropriate chronological transition signals to the following
paragraph. There is more than one possible transition signal for each gap.

How to Chant

Chanting has existed as long as Buddhism itself. Here are a few simple
steps for chanting. ______________ , prepare the space. Find a space with an
altar containing a statue or image of Lord Buddha. Then light incense candles
if available. _________________ , prepare your body and mind with a silent
meditation. Cross your legs and put your palms together in front of your chest.
Do not open your elbows too wide as you put your palms together.
____________________, you can begin to chant. Focus on the continuous
sound of the chant rather than the meaning of the words. Let the chant unfold.
Over time, your chant will deepen, and you will become one with the words that
flow naturally. _____________________, return to a state of meditation for a
minute then slowly open your eyes. Put out the candles, get up gently, and walk
away.

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WRITING TASK

Write a “How-To” paragraph on the process of a Buddhist practice
such as making merit. Follow the steps provided.

Step 1: Brainstorming: 5 minutes
Write a list of ideas, steps, actions, and equipment, etc. on a piece of paper.
Step 2: Outline: 10 minutes
Write an outline for your paragraph. (You do not need to write in compete
sentences)

Title: ………………………………………………………………………
Topic Sentence:
…………………………………………………………………………………
Step 1:
…………………………………………………………………………………

Supporting idea:
…………………………………………………………………………………
Step 2:
…………………………………………………………………………………

Supporting idea:
…………………………………………………………………………………
Step 3:
…………………………………………………………………………………

Supporting idea:
…………………………………………………………………………………
Step 4:
…………………………………………………………………………………

Supporting idea:
…………………………………………………………………………………
Concluding sentence:
…………………………………………………………………………………

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Step 3: Writing: 45 minutes
Use the ideas from step 1 and organization from step 2 to write your first draft.
Step 4: Editing
Read your first draft and check for mistakes using the checklist below
Put a check in the box if your writing meets the criteria.

• The topic sentence implies that the paragraph will describe a process.
• The steps are clear enough for reader to follow.
• The steps are sequenced.
• Transition signals are used to mark each new step.
• The conclusion gives a sense of ending.

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UNIT 5
HEALTH & LIFESTYLE

Learning Objectives

After studying this unit, students will be able to:

13. Make inferences.
14. Use appropriate connectors.
15. Write an expository paragraph.

Warm-Up Activities

5. Look at the following pictures and discuss with your friends what the
people in each picture are doing and why.

Picture 1

Source: https://cutt.ly/ikqIRXi

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Picture 2

Source: https://theyogastudiosouthlake.com/the-soul-flow/
Picture 3

Source: https://www.chasingtravel.com/giving-alms-to-monks-thailand/

6. Match the pictures with the following sentences.

d) The students are stretching their legs and opening their chests in a yoga
class.

e) The monks are receiving their daily alms from local worshippers.
f) Students are learning to control their movements, breath, and mind

through Tai Chi.

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Reading

Inferences

An inference is an idea or conclusion that’s drawn from evidence and
reasoning. An inference is an educated guess that you make based on the
information you already have. You can use context clues within the text as
well as your own experience to come to your own conclusions and opinions.
By reading between the lines, you can understand what the author doesn’t
express directly. Making inferences is an important skill for developing
critical thinking skills and reading comprehension.

Inferring = using the information from the text + your own experience

EXERCISE 1

A. Look at picture 3 and write the letter “I” in front of the statement that
you think is an inference and not a random guess.

1……. The people who are kneeling are Buddhists.
2…….. The people who are kneeling are farmers.
3……..The event is taking place in the morning.
4……..The monks walk barefoot.
5……..The monks walk with the senior monk in front.
6…….. The weather is a little cold.

From the statements above, items 1,3, and 6 are inferences. For item 4, you
don’t have to make any inferring. The answer is shown in the picture. Items 2
and 5 are random guesses.

B. Read the following excerpts and choose the correct inferences.

1. I started at my new job as Beauty Editor at the Sunday Times among
friendly colleagues, which was fun compared to my job as a general
reporter at the Observer.

a. The narrator is happier at her new job.
b. The narrator receives a higher salary at her new job.

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c. The narrator enjoys researching and writing about cosmetics and
skincare.

d. The narrator’s colleagues at the Observer are terrible people.

2. Sam barely exercises, except for when he walks from his house to his
car. For breakfast, he has toast and sugary tea. For lunch, he likes
chicken and potatoes. For dinner, he usually has creamy curries over
white rice.

a. Sam dislikes vegetables.
b. Sam is lazy.
c. Sam is likely to be overweight.
d. Sam loves playing video games.

3. The residents of San Cristobal, Mexico, drink more than 2 litres of
soda per day. Between 2013 and 2016, the mortality rate from diabetes
increased 30%, and is one of the leading causes of death, claiming
more than 3,000 lives each year.

a. Drinking too many sweet, sugary drinks can cause diabetes.
b. Mexicans dislike plain drinking water.
c. Diabetes is a dangerous, sometimes fatal, disease.
d. The residents of San Cristobal exercise regularly.

4. According to Business Insider, Kung Fu and the Shaolin Temple can be
traced to 527 AD, when Bodhidharma, an Indian Buddhist, sat in a cave
and meditated for nine years. During those years, Bodhidharma would
perform stretches. His movements eventually became the foundations of
Kung Fu.

a. Kung Fu is an ancient martial arts tradition.
b. Shaolin monks are vegetarian.
c. To learn Kung Fu, one should meditate for nine years.
d. Kung Fu comes from India.

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5. Right after class, Nong hurried to the canteen and ordered 2 bowls of
rice with fried vegetables, Tofu, mushroom soup, and sticky rice with
mango for dessert. She ate and left the canteen.

a. Nong was late for an appointment.
b. Nong was quite hungry.
c. Nong might be a vegetarian.
d. Nong has a lot of homework.

PREPARING TO READ

EXERCISE 2

Match the following words on the left with the definition on the
right.

Part 1

Words Definitions
1. regimen a. to get rid of something that you do not want or need
2. to shed
b. to help to cause an event or situation: Smoking
3. clergy ……………his early death.
4. to contribute to
something c. a diet plan for restoration of health
5. barely
6. diabetes d. a disease in which the body cannot control the level of
sugar in the blood

e. a priest, a monk, a religious leader

f. hardly, only just, by the smallest amount

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Part 2 Definitions
Words g. more than usual or necessary
7. sumptuous h. to make a situation worse
8. generous to a
fault i. very impressive and expensive-looking
j. being extremely fat, in a way that is dangerous to health
9. obesity k. a machine used to transport people or goods
10. to soar l. to rise very quickly to a high level: All night long
11. to aggravate fireworks ________ into the sky
12. vehicle

Part 3

13. delicate m. reject, refuse
14. deny n. fragile, easily broken
15. mandatory o. careful
16. mindful p. compulsory, something demanded by law

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english

READING PASSAGE
Read the following passage and answer the questions below.
Eat, pray, exercise: monks battle weight problems
Every morning monk Pipit Sarakitwinon walks around his temple and does
hundreds of arm exercises, part of a new regimen aimed at shedding pounds
as a health overhaul for members of the clergy in Thailand. Followers have

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been showering monks -- who are deeply respected in the kingdom -- with
foods loaded with sugar, fat and oil, contributing to a health crisis.

"Before I dieted I could barely walk 100m without getting tired", Phra Pipit,
63, told AFP during a medical check-up at a hospital for monks in Bangkok,
adding that he used to weigh 180kg.

With cases of diabetes, hypertension and knee problems, health and religious
officials last December published a "Monk Health Charter", instructing
members of the clergy to watch what they eat.

Thais seeking to earn merit and honour their ancestors often provide food to
monks on their daily rounds but they can be generous to a fault. Heavy
curries, sugary sweets, sodas and salty snacks are among the sumptuous --
and unhealthy -- alms.

"If they eat our food and are satisfied, we feel comfort that food will be
transferred to our loved ones," said Prachaksvich Lebnak, deputy secretary
general at the National Health Security Office.

"Some people even give monks cigarettes," he added, in a symbolic offering to
ancestors who were heavy smokers.

'Can't reject' food

Thais have some of the highest rates of obesity in Asia, according to the Asian
Development Bank. Members of the clergy are among the worst-hit -- a 2016
survey of monks by the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences at Chulalongkorn
University found rates of obesity soaring as high as 48%, with 42% suffering
from high blood pressure.

Buddhist precepts forbid monks from eating after noon and Buddha himself
was said to have told his followers to refrain from consuming meals later in
the day. But certain juices -- referred to as pana in religious scripture -- are
allowed after midday, making them perfect delivery vehicles for sugar.

Pre-packed alms that include processed foods are also easily available at Thai
stores, aggravating the problem.

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Although the new guidelines call on monks to look after their health so they
can be "ready to deliver Buddha's teachings", refusing devotees' offerings is a
delicate subject.

"According to Lord Buddha's teaching, whatever they offer, we have to
accept. We can't deny, we can't reject," said Phra Rajvoramuni, the assistant
abbot at Sungvej temple in Bangkok who helped author the new charter.

Phra Rajvoramuni hopes that health education -- including training clergy to
run basic medical check-ups -- will bring about change.

"The monks also should do something, like exercise... like walking meditation,
cleaning the temple in the morning, sweeping the grounds," he said.

No doctors, no dentists

Phra Bhavana Dhamakosit, the abbot at Wat Phochai in Nongkhai provice,
told AFP the temple started medical check-ups three years ago, with obesity
and high blood pressure being common issues. Since monks tend to move
from one temple to the next, many don’t visit doctors or dentists for check-
ups, he said.

Although the new plan also instructs followers to make healthier offerings,
religious leaders are wary of applying too much pressure on the faithful. “It’s
better and more effective to ask monks to refrain from eating certain kinds of
food”, Phra Bhavana said.

Although the new guidelines are not mandatory, monks who are mindful of
their weight are starting to see results. In addition to exercising, Phra Pipit has
been trying to eat smaller portions, especially when it comes to unhealthy
offerings. He says he has lost 30kg since he started to watch his weight earlier
this year.

"Now I am choosier with the food offered by villagers."

Adapted from https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1580306/eat-pray-
exercise-monks-battle-weight-problems

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EXERCISE 3

1. What common illnesses do many Thai monks develop?

…………………………………………………………………………………

2. According to the author, what are the causes of those illnesses?

………………………………………………………………………………..

3. What suggestions from the text can monks follow in order to avoid those
illnesses?

………………………………………………………………………………….

4. What is the purpose of this article?

a. To inform the readers about the life of a monk.
b. To criticize people who offer unhealthy food to monks.
c. To raise awareness about a health crisis that affects many monks.
d. To inform monks about the readers’ lives.

EXERCISE 4

Write a check ( ) in front of the statements that can be inferred from
the article above.

……1. Phra Pipit used to be overweight.

……2. Followers give monks dishes such as heavy curries and sweets because
they know Thai Buddhist monks love them.

……3. It is easier and cheaper to find unhealthy food in Thailand than it is to
find food that is low in sugar and oil.

……4. Some followers give monks cigarettes because they believe they can
pass on the gift to deceased loved ones who were heavy smokers.

……5. Thai Buddhist rules on diet and health can never be changed.

……6. Altering the rules of Thai Buddhism is a delicate matter.

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……7. Basic medical check-ups can alert monks to obesity-related illnesses,
such as diabetes.

……8. If one abstains or eats less sugar, fat, and processed foods, one will be
able to lose weight.

……9. Light physical exercise, such as walking and yoga, can help monks
improve their health.

……10. Sugary drinks in the afternoon are a healthy option for keeping
hydrated and energized.

Writing

An expository paragraph

Expository writing is a style of writing that provides information to the reader
about the topic. The purpose of the writing is to explain, describe, define, or
inform. For example, when the author wants to explain how to do something,
how something works, or to provide information on a topic, this is called
expository writing.

When we want to provide information, explain, describe, or define an idea to
readers, we write expository paragraphs. Just like other types of paragraph, an
expository paragraph includes a topic sentence and details. To write an
expository paragraph, specific details and examples are required. Therefore, in
this lesson, we will learn how to use the connectors for example, for instance,
and such as to explain the topic, and the connectors as a result and therefore,
to describe the effects of an act or event,

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/maramoon89/the-expository-paragraph

LANGUAGE FOCUS

How to use for example, for instance, such as

These three phrases are similar in meaning, and are used when the writer
wants to include details so that the reader has a better understanding of the
writer’s main idea. Look at the example sentences below to see how these
phrases are used in a sentence.

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I can speak many languages, for example, English, Chinese, and Thai.

I can speak many languages, for instance, English, Chinese, and Thai.

I can speak many languages, such as English, Chinese, and Thai.

Note: Such as is NOT followed by a comma. For example and for instance
needs a comma before and after.

**For instance and for example may be used at the beginning of a new
sentence. This sentence must be a complete sentence, not a list.

There are many healthy things on the menu. For example, you can order
fresh vegetables as a side dish.

There are many healthy things on the menu. For instance, you can order
fresh vegetables as a side dish.

There are many healthy things on the menu. For instance, carrots, peas,
and pumpkin.

Is the following sentence correct? Circle yes or no.

Meditation has many benefits. For example, stress reduction and emotional
health awareness.

YES NO

The answer is NO because “For example, stress reduction and emotional
health awareness” is not a complete sentence

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EXERCISE 5
Combine the sentences using for example, for instance, and such as.

1. a. He plays many sports.
b. He plays volleyball, football, and tennis. (for example)

……………………………………………………………………………..

2. a. She reads difficult books.
b. She reads texts on political theory and philosophy. (such as)

…………………………………………………………………………….

7. a. They have several hobbies.
b. Their hobbies are meditation, cooking, and knitting. (for instance)

………………………………………………………………………………

8. a. Wanna is interested in many things.
b. Healthy eating, fitness and entertainment are some of her interests
(For example)

………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 6

Write sentences: one sentence using ‘for example’ in the middle of
the sentence and two sentences with ‘For example’ at the
beginning of the second sentence.

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

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How to use as a result, therefore, consequently

We use these phrases when we are talking about an action or event and its
result, or a cause and its effect. These conjunctive adverbs (as a result,
therefore, consequently) are placed in front of the effect or the result
clause.

Cause: He constantly works hard.

Effect: he is going to be promoted soon.

He constantly works hard. Therefore, he is going to be promoted soon.

He constantly works hard. Consequently, he is going to be promoted
soon.

He constantly works hard. As a result, he is going to be promoted soon.

We could also join two sentences together using a semi-colon + as a result/
therefore/ consequently + comma:

✔He constantly works hard; consequently, he is going to be promoted
soon.

EXERCISE 7

Combine the sentences using therefore, consequently, and as a result.

1. a. He walked in the rain without a coat and umbrella.
b. He caught a cold. (as a result)

...................................................................................................................

…………………………………………………………………………….

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2. a. He asked his students to meditate for 5 minutes before the start of
each class.
b. His students were much calmer and had better focus than the
students in other classes. (consequently)

……………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………

3. a. The Chinese government has closed many cities because of the
spread of Covid-19.
b. Many factories had to stop production (therefore)

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

4. a. There was a delay at the train station.…………………….
b. Many students came to class late. (Therefore)
…………………………………………………………………………

5. a. Air pollution in the city has reached harmful levels.
b. People need to wear masks when they go outside. (As a result)

………………………………………………………………………

EXERCISE 8

Read the following excerpts and fill in the blanks with the phrases from the
box. More than one phrase may be appropriate.

for example for instance such as
consequently as a result therefore

Every morning monk Pipit Sarakitwinon walks around his temple and does
hundreds of arm exercises, part of a new regimen aimed at shedding pounds as

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a health overhaul for members of the clergy. (1) ____________, his health is
good.

Followers have been showering monks -- who are deeply respected in the
kingdom -- with foods loaded with unhealthy additives, (2) ____________
sugar, fat and oil, contributing to a brewing health crisis.

Thais seeking to earn merit and honor their ancestors often provide food to
monks on their daily rounds but they can be generous to a fault.
(3)___________, heavy curries, sugary sweets, sodas and salty snacks are
common among the array of sumptuous -- and unhealthy -- alms.
(4)_____________, rates of obesity amongst Thai monks are soaring as high
as 48%, with 42% suffering from high blood pressure.

Monks who are mindful of their weight are starting to see results. In addition
to exercising, Phra Pipit has been eating smaller portions, especially when it
comes to unhealthy offerings; (5)____________, he has lost 30kg since he
started watching his weight earlier this year.

WRITING SKILLS

Elements of Expository Paragraph

Source: https://aminghori.blogspot.com/2016/06/lesson-plan-of-expository-
paragraph.html

The structure of the expository paragraph can be organized as follows:

The beginning of the paragraph tells the reader what you are writing about.
The topic sentence should be included.

The body gives more specific information that clarifies and provides examples
of the topic or gives reasons/ explanation. Sentences must follow one another
in a logical sequence of steps.

The end provides a summary of the paragraph.

Use transition words such as first, second, then, next, to help readers follow
ideas.

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WRITING TASK

EXERCISE 9

Choose one of the following topics and write an expository paragraph

1. Describe a Buddhist monk’s daily routine
2. Discuss the causes of obesity among Thai monks
3. Discuss how to maintain good health
4. Discuss ways one might maintain a healthy diet
5. Discuss the reasons people wish to maintain a healthy lifestyle

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References

https://cutt.ly/ikqIRXi
https://theyogastudiosouthlake.com/the-soul-flow/
https://www.chasingtravel.com/giving-alms-to-monks-thailand/
www.vocabulary.com
Business Insider
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english
https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1580306/eat-pray-exercise-
monks-battle-weight-problems
https://www.slideshare.net/maramoon89/the-expository-paragraph
https://aminghori.blogspot.com/2016/06/lesson-plan-of-expository-
paragraph.html

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UNIT 6
SOCIAL ISSUES

Learning Objectives

After studying this unit, students will be able to:

1. Identify the author’s purpose and attitude
2. Differentiate facts and opinions
3. Write an opinion paragraph

Warm-Up Activities

Work in pairs.
1. Look at the following pictures and discuss what the people in each
picture were doing, where they were and why they were doing so.

Picture 1

Source: https://bit.ly/354cU8E (Retrieved September 27, 2020)

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Picture 2

Source: https://www.nationthailand.com/lifestyle/30378981 (Retrieved
January 3, 2021)
Picture 3

Source: https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1642488
(Retrieved January 3, 2021)

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Picture 4

Source: http://www.google.com (Retrieved January 10, 2021)

2. Match the pictures above with the following items.

a. Yoga program helping prisoners practice mindfulness
Picture ________

b. Buddhist monk teaching Dhamma in a prison
Picture ________

c. A prisoner sculpting the Buddha statue in a prison
Picture ________

d. A Buddhist meditation course in a prison
Picture ________

Reading Part

Establishing a purpose

Reading is an activity with a purpose. A reader may read in order to gain
information, to get knowledge or to understand the author’s viewpoint. A
reader may also read for enjoyment or to enhance knowledge of the language
being read. The purpose for reading guides the reader’s selection of texts.

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There are three basic purposes for writing.

1. To inform or explain
2. To entertain
3. To persuade

1. Writing to inform

The primary purpose of texts that are written to inform is to enlighten the
reader or provide the reader with information about a topic.

Example:

Residents of the large Chinese city of Chongqing, population 30
million, were surprised this week by the appearance of a 9-meter
tall Buddha statue believed to date to the Qing dynasty (1644–
1912). The statue, missing its head, appeared between apartment
buildings dating to the 1990s that had been built along a steep,
rocky slope.

Source: Adapted from
https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/mysterious-giant-buddha-
statue-discovered-in-chongqing-china (Retrieved January 2, 2021)

2. Writing to entertain
The primary purpose of texts that are written to entertain is to amuse readers.

Example:

Once an Emperor went to an old master and said, “What happens to
an enlightened

man after death?”
Master replied, “I wouldn’t know..”
Emperor exclaimed, “But, you are a master…!!
“Yes….!! But not a dead one” quipped an old man.

Source: https://moralstories26.com/three-monks-story-funny-interesting/
(Retrieved January 2, 2021)

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3. Writing to persuade

In a text that is written to persuade, the author’s primary purpose is to compel
readers to take action, convince them of an idea through argument, or to
reaffirm their existing beliefs.
Example:

Lopburi Monkey Banquet is one of the biggest festivals
in Thailand, held annually

in Lopburi province. According to some famous newspapers in the
world, Monkey

Banquet is not only an amazing festival but also the strangest
festival in the world.

In Thailand, monkeys are considered a sacred type of animal.
Therefore, this

festival is held exclusively for them. If you plan to travel to
Thailand at the end of

November, visit Lopburi province, participate in this unique festival
and enjoy

yourself at Lopburi Monkey Banquet!

Source: https://www.bestpricetravel.com/ (Retrieved January 3, 2021)

EXERCISE 1

Read the following texts and decide whether the writer’s purpose is to
inform, to entertain or to persuade.

Passage 1
The Berkeley Center will host an all-day online event starting at 5:40 a.m. and
running until 9:00 p.m. The day includes periods of walking meditation, open
discussion and breaks, led by Abbot Sojun Mel Weitsman. In addition, the
Insight Meditation Center in New York City will offer an in-person community
event at Columbus Circle at the southwestern corner of Central Park. The
organizers ask participants to wear masks and sit in meditation together. If
you want to join the event, prior registration is required to ensure security.

Source: Adapted from https://cutt.ly/LkqYnEk (Retrieved January 3, 2021)

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Purpose:
_______________________________________________________________

Passage 2
Laughter is one of the greatest healing devices known to man. Laughter is
powerful and can help people in many different ways. Laughing has helped
create the smile which is the universal sign of well being. Generally,
individuals who do not laugh live miserably and have unhappy lives. Dr.
Robert Holden said smiling and laughing release endorphins in the brain
which gives people an overall happy well being. Putting a smile on faces is
what makes life complete. Laughter also helps heal people and brightens
spirits for a better and healthier life. Laughing is a sign of joy and hope and
keeps people normal and the world happy. Using the techniques of laughter is
the best medicine known to man. Laughing brightens the spirit and heals the
mind and body of people who allow it to overcome them. So try a smile and
laugh to live a longer happier life with loved ones.
(Jace Oeleis, 2005)

Source: Adapted from
http://english120.pbworks.com/w/page/19007010/persuasion%20paragraph
(Retrieved March 27, 2021)

Purpose:
_______________________________________________________________

Passage 3

An old monastery is perched high on a 500-foot cliff. Visitors ride up in a big
basket, pull to the top with a ragged old rope.

Halfway up, a passenger nervously asked: “How often do you change the
rope?”

The monk in charge replied: “Whenever the old one breaks.”

Source: http://www.jokebuddha.com/web/Cps/Monk (Retrieved January 3, 2021)

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Purpose:
_______________________________________________________________

Distinguishing between fact and opinion

A fact is a statement that can be proven true or false. An opinion is an
expression of a person’s feeling that cannot be proven.

An opinion can be based on facts or emotions. Therefore, it is important to be
aware of the author’s purpose and choice of language.

Consider this sentence:

- A Buddha sculpture and nine heads had been returned to the National
Museum of Afghanistan after they go on temporary display in London.

Source: https://thebuddhist.news/headline-news/ancient-stolen-
buddha-statues-returned-to-afghanistan-after-17-years-in-uk/
(Retrieved January 5, 2021)

This sentence is a fact. You cannot agree or disagree with this sentence. Facts
can be checked, observed and proven to be true.

Consider this sentence:

- Making merit remains essential in traditional Buddhist countries and
has had a significant impact on the rural economies in those countries.

Source: https://thebuddhist.news/headline-news/merit-making/ (Retrieved
January 5, 2021)

It is possible to agree or disagree with this sentence because it is an opinion.
Opinions are beliefs that cannot be proven.

Consider this sentence:

- Concentration practice exists not only in Buddhism, but also in other
religions. It can help our mind to be stronger and more stable. Also, its
result can help us to be smarter and have a sharper memory.

Source: https://cutt.ly/JkqT8td (Retrieved January 5, 2021)

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Sometimes the sentence does two things. It states the fact and also expresses
the author’s opinion.

EXERCISE 2

Indicate whether each of the following sentences is a fact, an opinion or a
combination of fact and opinion. Write F,O, or F+O in front of each
sentence.
______ 1. A group of inmates were trained for 185 days to mould clay into

Buddha sculptures.

______ 2. The Buddha statues were made by the inmates in various postures

and sizes, said the organizer who was impressed with the works.

______ 3. The former director of the National Office of Buddhism was

sentenced to 20 years in prison for the mis-appropriation of temple

funds.

_______ 4. It is not easy to make the Buddha statues, especially for novices.

_______ 5. Merit is a concept considered fundamental to Buddhist ethics.

_______ 6. Try not to talk the bad things because criticizing negatively is not

good.

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PREPARING TO READ

EXERCISE 3

A. Match the definitions in column B with the words in column A.

Column A Column B

______ 1. sculpture a. to begin something such as a plan or new
program
______2. convict
______3. rehabilitate b. the art of creating objects out of material
such as wood, clay, metal or stone
______ 4. launch
______ 5. reform c. to make an improvement, especially in a
______ 6. manipulate person’s behavior
______ 7. passion
are d. someone who is in prison because they
______ 8. crafting
______ 9. daunting guilty of a crime
life e. to return someone to a good or normal
______ 10. misdeed
after they have been in prison
f. an act that is criminal or bad
g. to control something using the hands
h. seeming difficult to deal with
i. the activity of making decorative objects

with your hands
j. something that you are strongly interested

in

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