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EMBEDDED DAM GATE CONTORL SYSTEM USING
MICROCONTROLLER

DEEPIKA.M MANGAIARKARASI.A KIRUTHIGA.S
UG Scholar,ECE, UG Scholar,ECE, UG Scholar,ECE,
Sri manakula vinayagar Sri manakula vinayagar
engineering college, Sri manakula vinayagar engineering college,
deepikamunisamy@gmail. engineering college, [email protected]
com
vishnupriya31995@gmail. m
com

ABSTRACT Depending on the water level of the dam gate can be controlled
using a DC motor and a personal computer. Due to this
Now-a-days water scarcity has become a serious problem mechanism the water wastage can also be reduced and efficient
in India and there are many factors responsible for this like utilization of water resources can be done. Also we can keep
improper supply of water from the dam, improper water the record of the water usage and indications can also be given
saving systems, etc. but one major factor is the improper to the people at various situations eg. During heavy rainfall the
opening and closing of the dam gate according to the level chances of flood can be indicated.
of water in the dam. Also till date the control mechanism
of the dam gates are done manually and using PLC. But The paper is structured to describe the literature survey in
there are lots of errors in manual method. Also the PLC section 2, hardware implementation and operation in section 3,
based system is huge and hence suitable for major dams power generation mechanism in section 4, software description
due to its cost. For medium and small dams like irrigation in section 5 followed by results , conclusion and future scope
dams does not require such huge PLC systems. So to in sections 6 , 7 and 8 respectively.
reduce these problems a mechatronic control system is
proposed in this paper. This project is a AT89S51 2. LITERATURE SURVEY
microcontroller based dam gate control system which
helps in keeping an eye on the frequent usage of water The proposed system is mainly concerned with the real time
resources from dam for irrigation purposes and efficient operation of dam gates depending on the level of water. But
operation of dam gate according to the level of water and there are many other parameters that has to be considered when
also helps in indicating about flood to people living in the this system is implemented in real. A paper was proposed by
surrounding. This proposed mechanism of dam gate Xavier Litric [3] related to water management in dam using
control reduces the water wastage and efficient usage of SIMO systems. This SIMO system deals with the real time
available water is ensured. Also there are heavy load calculation of the upstream and downstream flow of the water
shedding problems in the villages in almost all states of in dams. By observing these factors and accordingly operating
India. To overcome these problems the proposed dam gate the gates can be carried out. The system we proposed can be
control system can be combined with the operation of the merged with the afore mentioned system for effective operation
geothermal and nuclear power plants for generation of of dam gates. In our system the sensed data is only the level of
electricity . water in dam. So the upstream and downstream flow
information can be an added feature to our system so that the
Keywords microcontroller based dam gate control system can be more
accurate. Also Syed Sheraz Mohani and his group mates had
water supply, dam gate, level monitoring , gate proposed a PC based dam control model [4] wherein they
mechanism , microcontroller , DC motor, SIMO(simple

input multiple output, arduino

INTRODUCTION

Embedded system is the combination of hardware and
software co-design. Embedded systems are now-a-days
playing a vital role in Engineering design process for
efficient analysis and effective operation. From data
analysis to hardware work, everywhere embedded
products are now-a-days playing a vital role because of its
reliability and real time operation execution. Due to time
complexity in electronic aspects embedded systems have
become a major part of our daily life. Our work describes
the design of an embedded system for the “Embedded
Dam Control System”.For industrial applications, home
automation, and supervisory control applications,
Personal Computer based electrical
appliances control is mainly useful. This control system gives
exact concept of interfacing a high voltage electrical device or
DC motor or DC / AC motor to personal computer system. This
system facilitates us to control the gates of a dam depending on
the water level automatically.

It consists of a set of sensors connected to a DC motor through
an 8-bit microcontroller (AT89S51) [1]. The water level is
detected based on the feedback from the mechanism used.

division of reservoirs into upper and lower reservoirs and 3. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
efficiently use the dam water. But the overall control was AND OPERATION
through PC and needed an operator. In our system we are
mainly using microcontroller and a PC for the mode that 3.1 Sensor
microcontroller don’t support. Marcel Nicola, Florin Velea
have proposed a system [5] for effective control of Hydropower For implementing our proposed system we used normal single
Dam Spillway using PLC/SCADA system. But recently strand conductors but when implemented we didn’t get fruitful
Montanhydraulik [6] manufacturing company has installed a results. There was not enough flow of current in conductors to
PLC based control system for controlling the operation of dam effectively trigger the microcontroller. So we made a sensor
gates. This system was successfully installed on a large scale in PCB with etched conducting strips on it sensing various levels
foreign countries and the only dam in India where this system shown below in fig.3. If implemented in real, this PCB sensor
is installed is Indira Sagar Dam in Madhya Pradesh. But this can be implemented but by applying AC power to it or we can
PLC based system is costly and effectively applicable for major also use magnetic pressure sensors or some other industry
dams and not for small and medium dams like irrigation dams.. purpose level sensors. Further as a part of our sensor circuit we
Our system is though proposed only for the proper control of are using four npn transistors (BC 549) for each of the sensor.
gates but further it can be extended for proper supply of water These transistors amplify the sensor output so that it can have
for irrigation and to households too by implementing additional enough strength to trigger the microcontroller. Fig.1 depicts the
system. sensor circuit in which five sensors are used at various levels
(very low,1/4,1/2,3/4,full).Except the very low level sensor all
Fig 3.1 Sensor others are connected to the transistors and whenever water
level increases or decreases and comes in contact with each
sensor the corresponding transistor conducts and amplify the
sensor output. Special arrangement is made to indicate the
various water levels using an LCD display at the operator
control panel. When water reaches each and every level then
respective level value programmed in microcontroller will be
indicated in LCD and the operator will either open/close the
gate. The main reason behind using the transistor amplifiers
after the sensors is to provide sufficient energy to the sensor

Figure 3.1.1 sensor circuit

3.2. Block Diagram drive the DC motor through the motor driver relay circuit and
the dam gate connected to the DC motor [11] will also move
Fig. 2 depicts the block diagram of Microcontroller AT89S51 and it will get opened or closed according to the water level.
based Dam Gate Control System. The proposed system uses To operate the gates of dam at the water levels which are not
five sensors to sense various levels of dam water. Whenever the
water level rises or decreases and comes in contact of any supported by the system an operator can be placed at the
sensor then the circuit is complete and current flows due to control room to control all the operation of the dam. The
which the corresponding transistor conducts and circuit is operators system will be connected to the microcontroller
closed. The output of the sensor circuit triggers the through the USB interface. This is the main interface through
microcontroller. Whenever the water level rises above the which the operator is connected to the microcontroller and
highest level or decreases below the lowest threshold level then without this interface code cannot be burnt in the controller.
the sensor circuit triggers the microcontroller. According to the Also the operator is provided with the facility to indicate the
code written and burnt in the microcontroller, it will people living in the surrounding areas of the dam about the
water usage for irrigation and alarm the people to let the

released water from dam to their fields.

POWER SUPPLY

PC

MOTOR DC MOTOR
DRIVING CONNECTED
RELAY
CIRCUIT TO DAM
GATE

LEVEL SENSOR
SENSORS CIRCUIT
ATTACHED (AMPLIFIER)
TO DAM

AT89S51 LCD

MICROCONTROLLER ALARM

Fig. 2 Microcontroller AT89S51 based Dam Gate Control System.

3.3. AT89S51 microcontroller AT89S51 microcontroller

The AT89S51 microcontroller is a low power , high

performance CMOS 8 bit microcontroller with 4 kb of in
system programmable flash memory . the device is
manufactured using atmel’s high density non volatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80c51
Instruction set and pin out . the on chip flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in system or by a conventional
non volatile memory programmer by combining a versatile 8
bit cpu with in system programmable flash on a monolithic
chip, the atmel 8089s51 is a powerful microcontroller which
provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many
embedded control applications .

3.4 Implementation of Proposed System

In this section the hardware that we have developed to
implement the proposed system has been explained. There are
various components we used to implement this system. The
following figures are the snapshots of the system we
implemented. The whole system is divided into various
sections and each are explained separately.

Fig 3 represents the five water level sensors that are etched on
a PCB. This PCB will be placed in the dam. Whenever the
water level touches each sensor line then the corresponding
trigger the microcontroller. This kit is interfaced with the
microcontroller kit. The main reason behind using the transistor
amplifiers after the sensors is to provide sufficient energy to the
sensor output to trigger the microcontroller.

Fig 4 shows the LCD interfaced [11] to the microcontroller kit.
The LCD is used for indicating the operator about the frequent
level changes in the dam. LCD will be placed in the control
panel. The LCD used is a 16x2 LCD with the green backlight
feature. In this LCD the water level will be continuously
displayed according to the changes in the water level in dam.

Fig .4 LCD indication of water level to operator

Figure 3.4.1 power supply transistor amplifies its input and this sensor data is used to

trigger the microcontroller. This kit is interfaced with the for the generation of power except the fact that nuclear
microcontroller kit. The main reason behind using the transistor materials are used for processing. In this plants the nuclear
amplifiers after the sensors is to provide sufficient energy to the materials undergo nuclear fission as a result give tremendous
sensor output to trigger the microcontroller. heat energy. This heat energy is used to heat the water through
which superheated steam is generated and this steam is finally
Fig 4 shows the LCD interfaced [11] to the microcontroller kit. accelerated over the generator turbines resulting in the
The LCD is used for indicating the operator about the frequent generation of electricity.
level changes in the dam. LCD will be placed in the control
panel. The LCD used is a 16x2 LCD with the green backlight C. Use Of Dam Gate System in Power
feature. In this LCD the water level will be continuously Plants
displayed according to the changes in the water level in dam
Now the role played by the dam gate control system is the supply
Fig 3.4.1 shows the microcontroller kit with power supply. of the water from the dams to the above power plants through
AT89S51 is the microcontroller used in this system with 8MHz separate pipe lines in case the amount of water available to them
crystal frequency. The microcontroller is programmed to is not adequate. In case of geothermal power plants instead of
control the operation of gates and indicate the operator the exact using water from the earth’s core solely, just
level of water in dam using LCD. Port 0 is interfaced with the
LCD module and Port 2 is interfaced with the motor control 50 to 60% from the core can be utilized and rest amount of
circuit. Port 1 is interfaced with the sensor circuit. +5V power water can be taken from the dam for power generation. In this
supply is given to the system.movement will be On but as soon way water content in core will also not extinct and power
as it touches the switch then the supply to motor is cut and the generation will also be un-stoppable.
gate movement stops. Similarly the mechanism works while
closing of gates. This feature monitors the proper operation of 5. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
dam gates
we used arduino integrated development environment for
Fig 6 shows the motor driver circuit using electromagnetic writing code in the microcontroller in arduino language 6.2 .
relays [11]. Four SPDT relays are used one for opening thegate, The highest level of water is assumed to be 4ft and the lowest
one for closing the gate, one to turn ‘ON’ the buzzer/alarm and level to be 3ft according to our model. Whenever the water
last one for future use. Four Transistors (BC 549) are connected level reaches the highest level (4ft) then the controller will open
to each relay to activate them. Also four the gate and water level will decrease and as soon as it reaches
LED’s are connected to each relay and whenever the relay is the lowest level (3ft) the controller will close the gate.

ON then the corresponding LED will glow.

START

Assign Highest
Level of Water as

4ft

Assign Lowest Level
of Water as 3ft

4. POWER GENERATION Is Water
MECHANISMS Level 4ft?

In this section, we describe the power generation in geo thermal Yes No
and nuclear power plants and then we explain dam gate systems
application in the afore mentioned power plants. OPEN THE CLOSE THE
GATE GATE
A. Geo-thermal power plants.
STOP
In geothermal thermal power plants [12], water from the core
of the earth at around 20,000 feet deep is sucked and it is Fig. 8 Flowchart of system operation in ‘AUTO’
processed at various pressure levels. In this processing water mode
collected from earth is boiled at various temperature levels and
the superheated steam generated from this process is
accelerated on the turbines of the power generators through
which electricity is generated.

B. Nuclear Power Plants.

In nuclear power plants water is the main medium which is used

6. RESULTS en-civil-engineering-references-indira-sagar-dam.html
This web provides the detailed information of the
The system we proposed has been successfully implemented Montanhydraulik industry that implement PLC based
and observed the results. We found that the time taken for the Dam Projects.
dam gate to open and close is accurately synchronized with the
increase or decrease in the water level because of the use of [5] Slivnik, T. Kodric, M.; Antauer, M. , ‘Protection of gate
Low Speed High Torque DC Reduction Gear Motor having 100 movement in hydroelectric power stations’ ,
rpm. Due to the use of GUI operator control panel the dam gate ‘Electrotechnical Conference, 2000. MELECON 2000.
can be opened or closed at any time as and when we require 10th Mediterranean’ , Volume 3 , PP. 1043 – 1046 , May
which increases the system reliability and flexibility. Fig. 9 2000.
shows the operator control panel. A graph is plotted
continuously on the panel indicating the change in the water [6] Puig, V. , Ocampo-Martinez, C.; Romera, J.; Quevedo, J.;
level every second which makes the system operator friendly Rodriguez, P.;de Campos, S.; Negenborn, R. , ‘Model
and reduces his job of continuously monitor the water level in predictive control of combined irrigation and water supply
dam. systems: Application to the Guadiana river’ , ‘9th
IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing
7. CONCLUSION and Control (ICNSC), 2012’ , Conference Publications ,
PP 85 - 90 , April 2012.
The proposed mechanism of dam gate control reduces the water
wastage, ensures efficient use of available water resources and [7] Lihua Feng, Yan Wang, ‘Environmental Effect of Tidal
generates more precise and accurate results. There is no Gate and Measures of Disaster Reduction - A Case Study
requirement of human labourers for monitoring the level, just of the Tidal Gate on Yaojiang River’, ‘5th International
one operator is sufficient for opening and closing the gate Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical
according to sensor output. Due to the number of sensors being Engineering, (iCBBE) 2011’ , Conference Publications ,
more we can open or close the dam gate whenever necessary PP 1-4, May 2011.
knowing the accurate level of water. Also operation execution
time is less. Also there are heavy load shedding problems in the [8] Mazidi and Mazidi, ‘Microcontrollers’, Prentice Hall
villages in almost all states of India. So this dam gate control Publications, Pg 284-290,300-310,428-430,441-450.
system operation can be combined with the operation of the
geothermal and nuclear power plants for generation of [12]http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/flash/geo_anima
electricity. tion.swf This reference gave us the information of the actual
working of a Geothermal Power Plant which is used for
8. FUTURE WORK generation of electricity.

Since wired technology is used in our proposed system there is
scope to further modify it by using wireless RF
technology.Thus the communication between the controller
and the driving element can be established wirelessly.
Improvements can be made with minor changes in this model
by eliminating the operator and providing the complete control
to microcontroller (automatic level control). It can be used for
level monitoring and control in industries. Control of irrigation
dam and other large dams used for power generation and water
supply should be different; as control of both types together will
be very complex since there are total 5200 dams (approx.) in
India. Therefore a major future work can be possible in which
a centralized control of all the dams in a state using GPRS or
other wireless technology under central government can be
beneficial to the whole country.

9. REFERENCES

[1] www.keil.com/dd/docs/datashts/atmel/at89s51_ds.,pp 4-
5, 12- 13. This reference is the datasheet of AT89S51
microcontroller. This datasheet helped us in interfacing
the peripheral devices with the microcontroller using the
pin configuration and their functions.

[2] Syed Sheraz Mohani, Syed Muhammad Umar Talha,
Syed Hassan Ahmed and Mansoor Ebrahim, ‘Design for
Irrigation and Monitoring System of an Automated
Dam’, ‘Proceedings of the Multi Conference of Engineers
and Computer Scientists 2012 Vol II, IMECS 2012,
March 14-16, 2012, Hong Kong.

[3] Marcel Nicola, Florin Velea, ‘Automatic Control Of A
Hydropower Dam Spillway’, ‘Annals of the University of
Craiova, Electrical Engineering series, No. 34, 2010;
ISSN 1842-4805’.

[4] http://www.montanhydraulik.in/montanhydraulik-india-

INVISIBILITY SYSTEM USING IMAGE
PROCESSING AND OPTICAL

CAMOUFLAGE TECHNOLOGY

,R.Harishma ECE Dept., jeppiaar engineering college, [email protected]

,U.Indumathi ECE Dept., jeppiaar engineering college, [email protected]

,S.Sivapriya ECE Dept., jeppiaar engineering college, [email protected]

Abstract: Invisible persons are seen in fiction stories only, many different directions. A perfectly smooth surface, like
but in the real world it is proved that invisibility is that of a mirror, creates what is known as a specular
possible. This paper describes the creation of invisibility reflection -- a reflection in which incident light rays and
with the help of technologies like Optical camouflage; reflected light rays form the exact same angle with the mirror
Image based rendering and Retro- reflective projection. surface. In retro- reflection, the glass beads act like prisms,
The object that needs to be made transparent or invisible bending the light rays by a process known as refraction. This
is painted or covered with retro reflective material. Then causes the reflected light rays to travel back along the same
a projector projects the background image on it making path as the incident light rays.
the masking object virtually transparent. Capturing the
background image requires a video camera, which sits
behind the person wearing the cloak. The video from the
camera must be in a digital format so it can be sent to a
computer for image processing using image based
rendering technical. There are some useful applications
for this simple but astonishing technology.
Keywords: Optical Camouflage Technology, Retro-
Reflective material, Head Mounted Projector (HMP),
invisibility, cloak, camera

I. INTRODUCTION

Optical camouflage is a kind of active camouflage. This idea Figure 1-types of reflection
is very simple. If you project background image onto the
masked object, you can observe the masked object just as if Retro-reflective materials are actually quite common.
it were virtually transparent. The cloak that enables optical Traffic signs, road markers and bicycle reflectors all take
camouflage to work is made from a special material known advantage of retro-reflection to be more visible to people
as retro-reflective material. The materials that are used in driving at night. Movie screens used in most modern
this in order to create invisibility or transparent illusion we commercial theatres also take advantage of this material
need a video camera, computer, projector and a combiner. because it allows for high brilliance under dark conditions.
In optical camouflage, the use of retro-reflective material is
II.RETRO-REFLECTIVE MATERIAL critical because it can be seen from far away and outside in
The cloak that enables optical camouflage to work is made bright sunlight -- two requirements for the illusion of
from a special material known as retro-reflective material. A invisibility.
retro-reflective material is covered with thousands and
thousands of small beads (Fig-1). When light strikes one of III.THE VIDEO CAMERA AND COMPUTER
these beads, the light rays bounce back exactly in the same A. Video Camera
direction from which they came. To understand why this is The retro-reflective garment doesn't actually make a person
unique, look at how light reflects off of other types of invisible -- in fact, it's perfectly opaque. What the garment
surfaces. A rough surface creates a diffused reflection does is create an illusion of invisibility by acting like a movie
because the incident (incoming) light rays get scattered in screen onto which an image from the background is

projected. Capturing the background image requires a video Figure 2 –complete process
camera, which sits behind the person wearing the cloak. The
video from the camera must be in a digital format so it can Once a person puts on the cloak made with the retro-
be sent to a computer for processing. reflective material, here's the sequence of events:
B. Computer 1. A digital video camera captures the scene behind
All augmented-reality systems rely on powerful computers the person wearing the cloak.
to synthesize graphics and then superimpose them on a real- 2. The computer processes the captured image and
world image. For optical camouflage to work, the makes the calculations necessary to adjust the still image or
hardware/software combo must take the captured image video so it will look realistic when it is projected.
from the video camera, calculate the appropriate perspective 3. The projector receives the enhanced image from the
to simulate reality and transform the captured image into the computer and shines the image through a pinhole-sized
image that will be projected onto the retro- reflective opening onto the combiner.
material. This technic of image processing is called image 4. The silvered half of the mirror, which is completely
based rendering. reflective, bounces the projected image toward the person
wearing the cloak.
IV.THE PROJECTOR AND COMBINER 5. The cloak acts like a movie screen, reflecting light
A. The Projector directly back to the source, which in this case is the mirror.
The modified image produced by the computer must be 6. Light rays bouncing off of the cloak pass through
shone onto the garment, which acts like a movie screen. A the transparent part of the mirror and fall on the user's eyes.
projector accomplishes this task by shining a light beam Remember that the light rays bouncing off of the cloak
through an opening controlled by a device called an iris contain the image of the scene that exists behind the person
diaphragm. An iris diaphragm is made of thin, opaque plates, wearing the cloak. The person wearing the cloak appears
and turning a ring changes the diameter of the central invisible because the background scene is being displayed
opening. For optical camouflage to work properly, this onto the retro-reflective material. At the same time, light
opening must be the size of a pinhole. Why? This ensures a rays from the rest of the world are allowed reach the user's
larger depth of field so that the screen (in this case the cloak) eye, making it seems as if an invisible person exists in an
can be located any distance from the projector. otherwise normal-looking world.
B. The Combiner
The system requires a special mirror to both reflect the VI. HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAYS
projected image toward the cloak and to let light rays Of course, making the observer stand behind a stationary
bouncing off the cloak return to the user's eye. This special combiner is not very pragmatic -- no augmented- reality
mirror is called a beam splitter, or a combiner -- a half- system would be of much practical use if the user had to
silvered mirror that both reflects light (the silvered half) and stand in a fixed location. That's why most systems require
transmits light (the transparent half). If properly positioned that the user carry the computer on his or her person, either
in front of the user's eye, the combiner allows the user to in a backpack or clipped on the Hip. It's also why most
perceive both the image enhanced by the computer and light systems take advantage of head-mounted displays, or
from the surrounding world. This is critical because the HMDs, which assemble the combiner and optics in a
computer-generated image and the real- world scene must be wearable device.
fully integrated for the illusion of invisibility to seem There are two types of HMDs: optical see-through displays
realistic. The user has to look through a peephole in this and video see-through displays. Optical see- through
mirror to see the augmented reality. displays look like high-tech goggles, sort of like the goggles

V.THE COMPLETE SYSTEM
Now let's put all of these components together to see how
the invisibility cloak appears to make a person transparent.
The given figure-2 shows the typical arrangement of all of
the various devices and pieces of equipment.

Cyclops wears in the X-Men comic books and movies. VIII.SOME IMAGES SHOWING INVISIBILITY
These goggles provide a display and optics for each eye, so
the user sees the augmented reality in stereo. Video see- Figure 3-man in front of a car
through displays, on the other hand, use video- mixing
technology to combine the image from a head-worn camera Figure 4-transparent man
with computer-generated graphics.
In this arrangement, video of the real world is mixed with Figure 5-man in front of a screen
synthesized graphics and then presented on a liquid- crystal users a gaming experience that changes according to where
display. The great advantage of video see-through displays they are and what they are doing.
is that virtual objects can fully obscure real-world objects
and vice versa. REFERENCES
The scientists who have developed optical-camouflage [1] S. Tachi, Telexistence and Retro-reflective
technology are currently perfecting a variation of a video
see-through display that brings together all of the Projection Technology (RPT), Proceedings of the
components necessary to make the invisibility cloak work. 5th Virtual Reality International Conference
They call their apparatus a head-mounted projector (HMP) (VRIC2003) pp.69/1-69/9, Laval Virtual 2003,
because the projection unit is an integral part of the helmet. France, May 13-18, 2003 (VRIC2003.pdf (432k))
Two projectors -- one for each eye -- are required to produce [2] M. Inami, N. Kawakami, Y. Yanagida, T. Maeda
a stereoscopic effect. and S. Tachi, Method and Device for Providing
Information, US PAT. 6,341,869, 2002
VII.REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS
While an invisibility cloak is an interesting application of
optical camouflage, it's probably not the most useful one.
Here are some practical ways the technology might be
applied:

A. Pilots landing a plane could use this technology to
make cockpit floors transparent. This would enable
them to see the runway and the landing gear simply
by glancing down.

B. Doctors performing surgery could use optical
camouflage to see through their hands and
instruments to the underlying tissue. See Techy
Lab: Optical Camouflage: oc-phantom.mpg to
watch a video of how this might work.

C. Providing a view of the outside in windowless
rooms is one of the more fanciful applications of
the technology, but one that might improve the
psychological well-being of people in such
environments.

D. Drivers backing up cars could benefit one day from
optical camouflage. A quick glance backward
through a transparent rear hatch or tailgate would
make it easy to know when to stop.

IX.CONCLUSION
This amazing technology creates objects or human beings
invisible or transparent. Though it has some limitations, it
won't be for long as scientists continue to push the
boundaries of the technology. One of the most promising
applications of this technology, however, has less to do with
making objects invisible and more about making them
visible. The concept is called Mutual Telexistence: working
and perceiving with the feeling that you are in several places
at once. Pervasive gaming is another application where
players with mobile displays move through the world while
sensors capture information about their environment,
including their location. This information is used to deliver

[3] M. Inami, N. Kawakami, D. Sekiguchi, Y. Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality 2000, pp.233-
Yanagida, T. Maeda and S. Tachi, Visuo-Haptic 240, 2000 (vr2000.pdf(350k))
Display Using Head-Mounted Projector, [4] M. Shiro, Ghost in the Shell, Kodansya, 1991.

MISSION TO VISION Several companies today market computer programs that
An Innovative Braille System Keyboard allow a blind person to use a standard computer. These
computer programs are called "speech recognizers". A
for the Visually Impaired speech recognizer is itself a standard Windows computer
application, but its job is to run alongside the other programs
S.JAYASHREE, V.SRI RANJANI, SRI SAIRAM running on a computer and makes the blind person to speak out
ENGINEERING COLLEGE to enter the text on the screen. Because a blind person cannot
see what is on the screen, a screen reader typically has a built-
1. Introduction in speech synthesizer which, perhaps sounding a bit like a
robot, speaks information to the user through the normal sound
The world today demands people to be independent, speakers of the computer itself.
irrespective of their challenges, mentally or physically.
Visually impaired people have to rely on someone for fulfilling The speech recognition system is highly complicated to
even the minor needs. The probability for them to interact with work on as everyone needs to wisp the exact language and also
the computer is very minimal except for the speech recognition that it keeps the visually impaired away from the common
technology which is really complicated and unreliable. Thus to users by not using a keyboard by hands.
make them stronger in their working on the computers, this
project provides them the total enhancements for interaction The another System is E-touch, in which major disadvantages
with the system and servicing their necessities. are

This project is an original project work of ours, which is a 1) The person must be given a separate coaching to use the
unique innovation making them visual across the globe, keyboard, which is different from the usual way of writing by
interact with computers easily and independently. blind persons. Hence it becomes quite tedious.

A keyboard is an external input device that is connected to 2) In that keyboard “special characters “cannot be used.
the computer using a fiber optic cable. An ordinary Because of that the size of the keyboard increases as usual
conventional keyboard contains around 104 keys in it, buried keyboard and many Complexity arises.
inside the keyboards case is an 8042 microcontroller chip that
constantly scans the switches on the keyboard to see if any 3) The size of the keyboard is comparatively greater than our
keys are down. A typical keystroke starts with the user project.
pressing a key on the keyboard. Thus a newer technology is necessitated for those people to
work as a common man on interacting with the computer,
which is provided by our project for satisfying their needs.

3. Architecture of the project

The below given diagram is just a design of our project. The
specifications of the design are as follows

This closes an electrical contact in the switch so that the
microcontroller can sense that you've pressed the switch. The
PC keyboard actually generates two scan codes for every key
you press. It generates a down code when you press a key and
an up code when you release the key. But it is definitely
impossible for every visually impaired people to learn the
regular typing pattern and work on these keyboards.

Thus there must be an alternative for the blind people to
interact with the computer to meet their needs. Hence there
were projects introduced for making them to interact with the
computer, but really failed to prove their qualities.

1. Existing scenarios

For enhancing the interaction with the computers by the .
visually impaired, there were many systems that were created
like E touch, speech recognition interacting system etc.

 There are 6 logical switches (or touch sensors) which
are used to sense the characters

 The special four switches are explained below:

SHIFT – This key is used to toggle between the alphabet The basic principle of this type of sensor is the measurement
and number mode. If this key is switched on, then the of the resistance of a conductive elastomer or foam between
sensors give output as numbers only. two points. The majority of the sensors use an elastomer that
consists of a carbon doped rubber. In the above sensor the
SPACE – This key is used to create a blank space resistance of the elastomer changes with the application of
character. force, resulting from the deformation of the elastomer altering
the particle density.
BACK – This key is used as backspace character.

4. Braille Language

5. Logical Switching If the resistance measurement is taken between opposing
surfaces of the elastomer, the upper contacts have to be made
The 6 logical switches are made up of ‘TOUCH using a flexible printed circuit to allow movement under the
SENSORS’. Touch sensing is the detection and measurement applied force. Measurement from one side can easily be
of a contact force at a defined point. A touch sensor can also achieved by using a dot-and-ring arrangement on the substrate.
be restricted to binary information, namely touch, and no
touch. It should be recognized that the operation of a touch 6. Features
sensor is very dependant on the material of the object being
gripped. The touch sensor is a resistive based sensor where the  The typing in this keyboard is very easy and simple for
change in the resistance produced (R2-R1) produces the change the visually impaired.
in the current and hence is used in selecting of characters.
 It needs no prior practice for those who are well versed
in BRAILLE language.

 It takes around only 5 days to learn the typing on the
board for those who aren’t familiar in BRAILLE
language.

 The special 5 keys provided and the modes of operation
chosen in the system makes the task of typing
comfortable for the blind.

7. Advanced enhancements

As far as the implementation part of the project is
concerned, the text to speech conversion is a future
enhancement of the project. The text to speech conversion
allows, talking word processing program, allows visually
impaired to hear the letter, word, sentence or phrase as it is
entered into the computer. We can use existing Text Aloud,
Intellitalk as a software part for hearing the speech as the text
is entered. The SPEAK button in the design is used to
verify/hear the text entered. Thus it makes the probability of
error to minimize and makes comfortable position for the
people who are visually impaired.

8. Conclusion

The KEYBOARD is aimed towards the welfare of visually
impaired people. The visually impaired have an exposure to all
the latest equipments made especially for them, but none has
attempted a better research over this issue. Hence, this project
is sure to create a revolution in its own field and ensure
complete support from people of different societies. This
project helps the visually impaired to interact with the
computer system at a maximum probability and easier to
communicate. At the international arena this project will
definitely achieve greater heights and is expected to be
welcomed by communities for helping the blind.

9. References

[1] William Kleitz, ‘ Microprocessor and Micro Controller
Fundamental of 8085 and 8051 Hardware and Software’, Pearson
Education, 1998.

[2] R.S.Gaonkar, ‘Microprocessor Architecture Programming and
Application’, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1995.

[3] Muhammad Ali Mazidi & Janice Gilli Mazidi, ‘The 8051 Micro
Controller and Embedded Systems’, Pearson Education, 5th Indian
Reprint, 2003.

[4] http://www.omniglot.com/writing/braille.html

[5] http://www.deafandblind.com/braille-keyboard.html

[6] http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/8/9/C/5/89C51
.shtml

COMPREHENDING II. TUTORING SOFTWARE FOR ASD KIDS

INTERESTS OF KIDS Motivation is the key factor for one to learn. The
software must be designed in such a way that it should
WITH AUTISM USING motivate the child and it should keep the child intrigued to
learning [2]. In addition to this it must also require external
AI sensors to monitor learner’s expression, pulse rate, breathing
rate etc.
Abstract— Autism is a neuro-developmental disorder
Assistive Technologies Team (ATL) proposed a
characterized by impaired social interaction, verbal and non- model; the main goal of this model is to create a tool which
verbal communication, restricted and repetitive behavior. AI will motivate children with LD to learn [2].
expert system helps in diagnosis of children with ASD and
provides families with early intervention. Such systems Kids with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show
require external sensors to monitor child's posture, improvements in learning with software application [12].
expressions, heart rate, breathing, etc. Human instructors have Human instructors have a lot of inconsistencies that imposes
a lot of inconsistencies that imposes undesired impacts on the undesired impacts on the learning progress of kids with ASD
learning progress of individuals with ASD whereas the AI whereas the AI expert systems are good at providing
expert systems are good at providing predictable environment predictable environment which is typically better for them to
which is typically better for them to learn. These expert learn. Each individual kid with autism is unique, it has its own
systems emphasize only on general learning and social set of abilities/disabilities, visual/auditory preferences, and
interactions but they don’t analyze child's area of interest. different preferred learning techniques. Thus the learning
Analysis of few techniques is provided that can be software has to be highly flexible and capable of using
implemented in these systems so that it enhances the child's different techniques and approaches.
special interests and overcomes LD.
Smart Tutor expert system was proposed by Centre for
Keywords— AI-Artificial Intelligence; Autism; ASD- Development of Advanced Computing [12] which was
Autism Spectrum Disorder; LD-learning disabilities. composed from two main sessions: assessment and e-learning
session. The mood levels, interests, and concentration levels
Introduction of the child are determined by performing the assessment
session. Then the e-Learning session is performed by working
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of science which on: conscious and sub-conscious levels. On the conscious
deals with machines finding solution to complex problems in levels it captures information from the child by actively
a more human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing interacting with it. On the subconscious level, system updates
characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as child's profile and builds its own domain expertise.
algorithms in a computer friendly way. A more or less flexible
or efficient approach can be taken depending on the Thus Smart Tutor expert system provides children with
requirements established, which influences how artificial the adjustable interfaces and is capable of evaluating the learning
intelligent behavior appears. progress over time.

The potential applications of artificial intelligence are III. ROLE OF ROBOTS AND HUMANOIDS
abundant. They stretch from the military for autonomous
control and target identification, to the entertainment industry FMRI [3] study reveals that both autistic kids and normal
for computer games and robotic pets. It should not be forgotten kids tend to get attracted towards the autonomous agents. The
that big establishments dealing with huge amounts of study also shows that ASD kids interact with human agents
information such as hospitals, banks and insurances, which can and artificial agents by using same resources. Only typical
use AI to predict customer behavior and detect trends. AI children show noticeable difference between the two.
reduces the burden of physically challenged people and makes However, artificial agents are more predictable and
their life an easy one to live in. Now AI is helping kids with emotionally stable when compared with human agents. Hence
autism to face the world, by teaching them how to behave, the use of artificial agents (i.e.) robotic toys as a tool for
learn and interact. intervention with ASD kids is highly effective in imparting
knowledge and improving social interactions [5].
I. FINDING LEARNING DISABILITIES IN KIDS
Keepon, an interactive robot is designed in such a
way that it prompts both kids and adults to indulge in group
play and interactions [6]. It has a simple appearance and
predictable built in interaction that relaxes the mood of the
child which in turn engages the child in a group play. Keepon
is operated in two modes: automatic and manual modes.
Factors like face detection location, and/or movement, toy of
predetermined color in automatic mode enhances the
likelihood of child to play. The robot is fully controlled by
human operators, in manual mode.

Italian team of researchers [8] created FACE, a
humanoid robot (Facial Automaton for Conveying Emotions)
to oppose the usage of non-human like robots as a tool for
teaching ASD kids. FACE is a more advanced learning tool for

ASD kids and adult. It is designed to generate six basic facial of Hidalgo State that enhances learning of algebra by
expressions which is controlled by either an algorithm or an dynamically adjusting itself to the student's progress and have
operator. The responses of the kids are analyzed and recorded a tracking system [4].
for future studies. FACE is built on a neural approach and is
more efficient than human therapists since it captures and It has a knowledge based system which was developed on
processes all the data. the basis of knowledge and teaching experience provided by
the professors. This coordinated work, has resulted in systems
PABI (Penguin for Autism Behavioral Intervention), that are capable of adaptation to student’s progress and they
a prototype of a cartoonish looking penguin robot was also make way for teachers to monitor the progress of a student
developed in [5]. The highlighting feature of PABI is that it is and accordingly direct/assign a topic to the student. These
highly tolerant to all possible abuse on it as a stuffed toy would systems have shown great results when used in some of the
withhold from a kid and also demonstrates human-like public and private schools in Mexico.
emotions. PABI incorporates features of extended therapy of
ASD child at home. It operates with two main modes. One is VI. ANALYZING STRENGTHS AND SPECIAL
that in which it can interact with the child independently and INTERESTS OF ASD KIDS
the other is one in which it interacts with the child in the
guidance of the therapist who is remotely controlling robot and All the above mentioned systems, robots and applications
observing child’s behavior and interactions. PABI can work in focus on general learning and social interactions. These
a distributed system and it uses facial recognition algorithm to systems do not find the child’s area of interest and improve the
observe child’s behavior. child’s skill in that area. Children with ASD are often
described in terms of their deficits, difficulties and challenges.
Paro, Robota, KASPAR, NAO, Popchilla, Ifanoid, They also have many strengths and abilities. If the child has a
Dance Dance Pleo, Dragonbot are the existing robots in autism difficulty in understanding vague instructions then its strength
therapy. Each use different algorithms and techniques to help will be to understand concrete instructions. Some of the
kids learn and improve interacting abilities. difficulties and strengths of ASD kids are given below.
Added to this list is Milo, a recently invented robot that is
designed to give more realistic human-like expressions and Difficulty Strength
engage ASD kids in social interaction.
Remembering Remembering information for a
IV. VIRTUAL REALITY FOR ASD KIDS concepts and long period.
implementing them
As told earlier, artificial agents that closely resemble quickly.
human, improve learning of social skills and interpretation of
facial expressions in ASD kids. Virtual characters have now Understanding  Ability to learn
been used for the same purpose. LifeisGame, is an interactive concepts that are visually.
game that aims at teaching ASD kids to recognize facial verbally said.
expressions by making them play with a virtual character [1].  Ability to
LifeisGame has four major activities: one is to recognize facial Thinking generally understand visual
expression, second is to build facial expression, third is to play always. information.
with avatar and fourth is to identify facial expression for
presented story/situation. Child’s expressions during the game Understanding Ability to think specifically.
are monitored and analyzed by using a small camera. Gaming instructions that are Thoughts and actions have strict
techniques incorporated in this learning tool makes this vague, less concrete, rules.
application to stand out from others that teach ASD kids to jokes and body
recognize facial expression. languages. Understanding concrete
Learning lengthy instructions.
V. OTHER COMPUTER AIDED APPLICATIONS concepts, categories
USED and classifications  Ability to learn in
pieces or ‘chunks’.
With the technology improving at rapid pace, more and
more applications are developed in the field of education.
These applications ensure effective learning experience for
slow pace learners.

Consider the example of learning the concepts of algebra
which requires the student’s continuous concentration and
constant training. Many solutions have been developed to
solve this problem. However, most of them have only a basic
instructional guide and practice exercises. The looked up
solutions in [4] do not have any tracking system for an
individual student to measure the progress and adjust
dynamically to the student’s progress. In order to solve this,
a tutoring system was developed by Research Centre for
Information Technology and Systems Autonomous University

 Ability to focus on VII. CONCLUTION
narrow topics
which are of The focus on building AI expert systems in the field of
interest. educating ASD kids is that, the number of autistic kids is on
the rise and there are proven results that have improved the
Choosing what to pay Ability to focus on small details behavior of autistic kids since all systems are stable and
attention to, shifting and keeps up attention, when predictable.
focus to something motivated.
new, maintaining More expert systems and computer aided applications are
attention built so that it serves as a tool to mitigate the effect of autism
spectrum disorder on learning and interacting skills of the
Learning a language Ability to learn a language in children.
and grammar rules chunks (echolalia) by mimicking
gradually by or echoing words or phrases. Thus AI expert systems with incorporated skill
expanding vocabulary. finding techniques will definitely be more efficient than other
expert systems that focus only on general learning, teaching
If AI expert system identifies a particular difficulty, then facial expressions and social interactions.
it can conclude the strength of the child and help it to learn on
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