FIBER OPTIC FAULT ALARM MOHD AFIFI BIN ZULKIFLE UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
NOTES : If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/13) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT REPORT AND COPYRIGHT Author’s full name : MOHD AFIFI BIN ZULKIFLE Date of Birth : 30/1/1988 Title : FIBER OPTIC FAULT ALARM Academic Session : PSM 1 2022/2023 I declare that this thesis is classified as: CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)* RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the organization where research was done)* OPEN ACCESS I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access (full text) 1. I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows: 2. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 3. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only. 4. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange. Certified by: SIGNATURE OF STUDENT SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR SX170536KEES04 PROF. MADYA IR. DR. MOKHTAR HARUN MATRIX NUMBER NAME OF SUPERVISOR Date: 9 July 2023 Date:
“I hereby declare that we have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in term of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical)” Signature : ________________________________ Name of Supervisor : PROF. MADYA IR. DR. MOKHTAR BIN HARUN Date : 9 JULY 2023
FIBER OPTIC FAULT ALARM MOHD AFIFI BIN ZULKIFLE A project reportsubmitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical) School of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JULY 2023
i DECLARATION I declare that this report entitled “FIBER OPTIC FAULT ALARM” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree. Signature : .................................................... Name : MOHD AFIFI BIN ZULKIFLE Date : 9 JULY 2023
ii DEDICATION This report is a memorial to my late father, who taught me that knowledge gained for its own sake is the most priceless. It is also a tribute to my mother, who taught me how to take even the most difficult jobs step by step. Additionally, I have the full moral support of my wife and my two children to finish my last report since my soul allows me to.
iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In preparing this report, I was in contact with many people, researchers, academicians, and practitioners. They have contributed towards my understanding and thoughts. In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my main thesis supervisor, Ir. Dr. Mokhtar Bin Harun, for encouragement, guidance, critics and friendship. I am also indebted to Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for giving me a opportunity to study and take this course that of curriculum to complete my Bachelor Degree in Electrical Engineering. My sincere appreciation also extends to all my colleagues and others who have provided assistance at various occasions. Their views and tips are useful indeed. Unfortunately, it is not possible to list all of them in this limited space. I am grateful to all my family member.
iv ABSTRACT Fiber optic networks are an essential component of modern communication systems, providing high-speed, reliable connectivity for a range of applications. However, the complexity and size of these networks can make it challenging to detect and respond to faults in less than 24 hours. The goal of this project is to notify the responsible parties to localize the fault in less than 24 hours it's allowing the technical team to go to the scene and begin the repair process as soon as possible. This project will involve the design and development of the fiber optic fault alarm system, as well as testing and evaluation to determine its performance and potential for improvement. The fiber optic fault alarm system had been designed and developed using appropriate software Blink IoT and hardware technologies such as ESP32. This may include the use of fiber optic sensors, signal processing algorithms, and communication protocols to detect and transmit fault information. The system might demonstrate improved accuracy in detecting faults compared to current methods, leading to more efficient and effective network management The system will enable faster response times compared to the old system that had been used now which is the old system the users must make a report to a Call Centre if their line got a problem. For this system, it can be reducing the impact of network downtime and improve overall network reliability, and it will be an important part of the project. Overall, the fiber optic damage alarm project has the feasibility and benefits of using fiber optic sensors and signal processing algorithms for damage detection in fiber optic networks, it is very useful because this system has the potential to be a tool capable of detecting damage immediately, which will warn so quickly that the operator will detect the damage on the optical fiber line will also be faster, and it will improve the reliability and performance of the network.
v ABSTRAK Rangkaian gentian optik ialah komponen penting sistem komunikasi moden, menyediakan sambungan berkelajuan tinggi dan boleh dipercayai untuk pelbagai aplikasi. Walau bagaimanapun, kerumitan dan saiz rangkaian ini boleh menjadikannya mencabar untuk mengesan dan bertindak balas terhadap kerosakan dalam masa kurang daripada 24 jam. Matlamat projek ini adalah untuk memberitahu pihak yang bertanggungjawab untuk menyetempatkan kerosakan dalam masa kurang daripada 24 jam yang membolehkan pasukan teknikal pergi ke tempat kejadian dan memulakan proses pembaikan secepat mungkin. Projek ini akan melibatkan reka bentuk dan pembangunan sistem penggera kerosakan gentian optik, serta ujian dan penilaian untuk menentukan prestasi dan potensi penambahbaikannya. Sistem penggera kerosakan gentian optik telah direka dan dibangunkan menggunakan perisian Blink IoT dan teknologi perkakasan yang sesuai seperti ESP32. Ini mungkin termasuk penggunaan penderia gentian optik, algoritma pemprosesan isyarat dan protokol komunikasi untuk mengesan dan menghantar maklumat kesalahan. Sistem ini mungkin menunjukkan ketepatan yang lebih baik dalam mengesan kerosakan berbanding kaedah semasa, yang membawa kepada pengurusan rangkaian yang lebih cekap dan berkesan Sistem akan membolehkan masa tindak balas yang lebih cepat berbanding sistem lama yang telah digunakan sekarang iaitu sistem lama pengguna mesti membuat laporan ke Pusat Panggilan jika talian mereka mendapat masalah. Untuk sistem ini, ia boleh mengurangkan kesan masa henti rangkaian dan meningkatkan kebolehpercayaan rangkaian keseluruhan, dan ia akan menjadi bahagian penting dalam projek. Secara keseluruhannya, projek penggera kerosakan gentian optik mempunyai kebolehlaksanaan dan faedah menggunakan sensor gentian optik dan algoritma pemprosesan isyarat untuk pengesanan kerosakan dalam rangkaian gentian optik, ia sangat berguna kerana sistem ini berpotensi untuk menjadi alat yang mampu mengesan kerosakan dengan segera, yang akan memberi amaran dengan cepat sehingga pengendali akan mengesan kerosakan pada talian gentian optik juga akan menjadi lebih pantas, dan ia akan meningkatkan kebolehpercayaan dan prestasi rangkaian.
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE DECLARATION i DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii ABSTRACT iv ABSTRAK v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF APPEDICES x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Project Background 1 1.2 Problem Statement 2 1.3 Research Objectives 3 1.4 Scopes 3 1.5 Contribution 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Basic Fiber Optic Connection 5 2.3 Advantages of Optical Communications 6 2.4 Disadvantages of Optical Communication 7 2.5 Fiber Optic Properties 8 2.6 Infrared 9 2.7 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 10 2.8 Chapter Summary 12
vii CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 13 3.1 Research flowchart 13 3.2 Data analysis 14 3.3 Software Development 15 3.3.1 Proteus PCB Design 15 3.3.2 Blink Iot 15 3.4 Hardware Development 16 3.4.1 Arduino Board 16 3.4.2 GPS 17 3.4.3 GSM 17 3.4.4 ESP 32 17 3.4.5 Comparison of Arduino UNO and ESP 32 18 3.5 Experiment 20 3.5.1 Dismantle of SIM and GPS module 21 3.6 Chapter Summary 22 CHAPTER 4 RESULT 24 4.1 OTDR applications 24 4.2 FDP on site 25 4.3 Priminilary Result 26 4.4 Final Result 26 4.5 Chapter Summary 30 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 32 5.1 Conclusion 32 REFERENCES 33 APPENDIX A 34 APPENDIX B 38
viii LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE Table 2.1 Summarize of journal related to fiber optic fault alarm 12 Table 3.4.5 Comparisons between UNO and ESP 32 19 Table 3.6(a) PSM 1 Gantt Chart 22 Table 3.6(b) PSM 2 Gantt Chart 23 Table 4.1 Project Costing 31
ix LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE Figure 1.1 Fiber To The Home Network Implement Diagram 1 Figure 2.2 Model of basic fiber optic data link 6 Figure 2.5 The Way Light Travels In Optical Fibers 9 Figure 2.6 Wavelength of infrared in application 10 Figure 2.7 Light Emitting Diode (LED) working principal 11 Figure 3.1 Project flowchart 13 Figure 3.1.(a) Project flowchart final 14 Figure 3.2 Flowchart for software application 14 Figure 3.4 Hardware flowchart 16 Figure 3.5 Development of process project flowchart 20 Figure 3.5.(a) Final Development Of Process Flowchart 21 Figure 4.1 measurement of fiber optic power signal 24 Figure 4.2 Pole with Fiber Distribution Point(FDP) 25 Figure 4.3 Priminilary result of applying FOFA 26 Figure 4.4.(a) The Notification of Fiber Optic Fault Alarm 27 Figure 4.4.(b) Circuit Diagram Of Fiber Optic Fault Alarm 28 Figure 4.4.(c) Device Connection 29 Figure 4.4.(d) Complete Box 30
x LIST OF APPEDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A Coding for Fiber Optic Fault Alarm 34 B Data Sheet 38
xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OLT - Optical line terminal EDFA - Erbium doped fiber amplifier WDM - Wavelength division multiplexing FDF - Fiber distribution frame FDH - Fiber distribution hub ONT - Optical network unit LED - Light emitted diode PCB - Printed circuit board FDP - Fiber distribution point GPS - Global positioning system UTM - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia GSM - Global system for mobile communication OTLS - Optical Termination light source UNO - Microcontroller OTDR - Optical time domain reflectometer IOT - Internet Of Think APPS - Applications FOFA - Fiber Optic Fault Alarm
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1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background Telekom Malaysia future plans for fiber optic technology are not publicly available. However, as a leading telecommunications provider in Malaysia, Telekom Malaysia already investing in fiber optic technology to meet the growing demand for high-speed internet and improve network reliability and performance. In today's world, fiber optics has emerged as one of the most crucial factors driving the development of the telecommunications industry. Optical fiber can transmit light in a quick and efficient manner because it makes use of light as its medium. This makes it possible for communication to become faster and more efficient than the copper wire that is currently used for things like telephone communication. This technology is not only fascinating and sophisticated, but it can also produce superior results in much less time. However, regardless of how advanced an optical link may be, there is always the possibility that it could have flaws or cause problems. Due to the high level of precision required, we need the appropriate instrument to assist us with maintenance purposes, such as locating a severed link in an optical fiber. Figure 1.1 : Fiber To The Home Network Implement Diagram
2 For locations like the suburbs or rural regions, where subscribers are dispersed yet often in clusters, cascaded splitters are helpful. Use a 4 or 8 port splitter, for instance, to link numerous users in a multi-dwelling unit, a street in the suburbs, or a small group of houses in a rural location (apartment or condo building) 1.2 Problem Statement Fiber optic connections rely on light signals to transmit data, and any interruption in the light signal can cause a fault in the connection. If there is a fault in the connection, the operator may not be able to immediately find out and may have to wait for a call from the customer side, This can make the restoration time is more long because it took time to operator find that locations got problem with the network. The following is what I want to solve a) Signal loss: Fiber optic networks rely on light signals to transmit data, and any disruption in the light path can cause a loss of signal. A fiber optic fault alarm can detect and alert network administrators to signal loss, helping to resolve the issue before it affects network performance. b) Cable breaks: Physical damage to fiber optic cables can cause breaks, disrupting data transmission and potentially causing permanent damage to the cable. A fiber optic fault alarm can detect cable breaks and alert network administrators, allowing them to take prompt action to resolve the issue. c) Bend-induced loss: Bending or twisting fiber optic cables can cause optical loss, reducing signal quality and causing data errors. A fiber optic fault alarm can detect bend-induced loss and alert network administrators, allowing them to take corrective action to prevent further loss. d) Optical power loss: Optical power loss can occur in fiber optic networks due to a variety of factors, including connector loss, splice loss, or fiber attenuation. A fiber optic fault alarm can detect optical power loss and alert network administrators, allowing them to take corrective action to resolve the issue.
3 e) The goal of a fiber optic fault alarm is to detect and alert the presence of a fault or interruption in a fiber optic cable, which may cause communication disruptions. This helps to quickly identify and resolve the problem, ensuring the continuous operation of the fiber optic network. This helps to minimize downtime, reduce the impact on network performance, and ensure that communication services are maintained. 1.3 Research Objectives Other specific objective of a fiber optic fault alarm project may include: a. Improves network ability to minimize disruptions in communication services where the massage or signal will sent by the fiber optic fault alarm to technical team to indicate that the fiber has lost signal. b. Detect of fault because the operator does not know there have some issue on the network it must wait for the report from the customer at that location. c. Monitor the health of the networking on the real time. 1.4 Scopes The scope of a fiber optic fault alarm project typically includes the design, development, testing, and implementation of a fiber optic fault alarm system. The following are some of the key elements that might be included within the scope of the project: (a). Design and Development: This involves the creation of a fiber optic sensor system and a signal processing algorithm that can detect and analyze fiber optic faults in real-time. (b).Testing and Evaluation: This includes the testing of the fiber optic fault alarm system in a laboratory or field environment to verify its performance and accuracy. (c).Integration and Deployment: This involves integrating the fiber optic fault alarm system with other network management tools and deploying it in realworld fiber optic networks.
4 1.5 Contribution The development of a fiber optic fault alarm system with improved performance compared to existing systems is an exciting prospect. This project could lead to faster and more accurate detection of faults, reducing the risk of network downtime and improving network reliability. This could be a major breakthrough in the field of fiber optics, as it would allow for more reliable and efficient networks. The project could involve the development of new technologies and techniques for detecting and diagnosing faults in fiber optic networks. This could include the use of advanced sensors, signal processing algorithms, and machine learning techniques to detect and diagnose faults. Additionally, the project could involve the development of new hardware and software components for the alarm system, such as improved communication protocols and user interfaces. The project could also involve the development of new methods for analyzing and interpreting the data collected by the alarm system. This could include the use of data mining and machine learning techniques to identify patterns in the data and to detect anomalies. Additionally, the project could involve the development of new algorithms for predicting the likelihood of a fault occurring in the future. Finally, the project could involve the development of new methods for responding to faults. This could include the development of automated responses to faults, such as the rerouting of traffic or the activation of backup systems. Additionally, the project could involve the development of new methods for alerting network administrators to faults, such as the use of SMS or email notifications. Overall, the development of a fiber optic fault alarm system with improved performance compared to existing systems could be a major breakthrough in the field of fiber optics. This project could lead to faster and more accurate detection of faults, reducing the risk of network downtime and improving network reliability. It could also involve the development of new technologies and techniques for detecting and diagnosing faults, as well as new methods for analyzing and interpreting the data collected by the alarm system. Additionally, the project could involve the development of new methods for responding to faults and alerting network administrators.
5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction To ensure the project proceeds properly, we must be familiar with the tools and equipment that will be utilised. The second chapter addresses the literature review and provides a theoretical explanation of the basic fiber optic connection, optical communication, Infrared and LED. A literature review of fiber optic fault alarms provides an overview of the various research studies and technical articles published on the topic. It summarizes the state of the art and current understanding of the design, implementation, and performance of fiber optic fault alarms. 2.2 Basic Fiber Optic Connection Since the project deals with optical fiber, it is only appropriate that we look at what fiber optics all about. Fiber optics is the science that deals with the transmission of light through extremely thin fiber of glass, plastic or other transparent material. Optical fibers are dielectric waveguides for electromagnetic energy at optical wavelength. Light can be transmitted over a straight or curved path. An optical system link converts the electrical signal into light, transmits the light through the fiber and converts the light back into an electrical signal. The input electrical signal can be either an analog or digital format. A typical link, as depicted in Figure 2.2, has five major parts that send communications from one point to another point: encoder, light source or transmitter, the optical fiber, a light detector or receiver, and the decoder. The driver converts the signal, whether analog or digital to a format that is useful to the light source or transmitter. The light source takes the electrical signal from the
6 driver and converts it to a light pulse. Since the light source is directly coupled to the optical fiber, the light pulses will be guided down the length of the fiber optic cable to coupled light detector. The light pulses strike the surface of the light detector and are converted to an electrical current corresponding to the intensity of the light that was transmitted. The signal now is decode and is a replica of original pulse. Figure 2.2 : Model Of Basic Fiber Optic Data Link Transmitter and Receiver, the Source-User pair, are shown in the figure 2.2. Additionally, it provides a clear illustration of the connectors that serve as the interface between the transmitter and the transmission medium and the receiver and the fibre optic cable that makes up the transmission medium. These are all elements of the straightforward fibre optic data connection. 2.3 Advantages of Optical Communications Communication with optical waves, or optical communication, is a relatively new technology that has revolutionized the way we communicate. It is based on the transmission of light through glass fibers, which have some very interesting properties. When the technique was first introduced, it was clear that optical communication had the potential to revolutionize the way we communicate. The most obvious benefit of optical communication is its speed. Light travels much faster than electrical signals, so optical communication can transmit data much faster than traditional methods. This makes it ideal for applications such as high-speed internet, video conferencing, and other data-intensive applications. Another benefit of optical communication is its reliability. Glass fibers are much less susceptible to interference than traditional copper wires, so optical communication is much more reliable than traditional methods. This makes it ideal for applications such as long-distance
7 communication, where reliability is essential. In addition, advances in technology have so far surpassed the most optimistic forecasts. For example, the use of multiplexing techniques has allowed for the transmission of multiple signals over a single fiber, increasing the capacity of optical communication systems. This has allowed for the transmission of more data over a single fiber, leading to increased efficiency and cost savings. Finally, optical communication is much more secure than traditional methods. Because light cannot be intercepted, it is much more difficult for hackers to access data transmitted over optical communication systems. This makes it ideal for applications such as banking and other sensitive data transmissions. Overall, optical communication has revolutionized the way we communicate. Its speed, reliability, and security make it ideal for a wide range of applications, and advances in technology have so far surpassed the most optimistic forecasts. As a result, optical communication is likely to remain an important part of our communication infrastructure for many years to come. 2.4 Disadvantages of Optical Communication Fiber optic communication has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its many advantages over traditional communication methods. Fiber optic cables are capable of transmitting data at much higher speeds than traditional copper cables, allowing for faster data transfer and higher bandwidth. Additionally, fiber optic cables can be used to transmit data over much longer distances than copper cables, making them ideal for long-distance communication. Finally, fiber optic cables are much more secure than copper cables, as they are much more difficult to tap into and intercept data. However, there are also some disadvantages to using fiber optic communication that should be considered. : (a). Cost: Initial installation and equipment costs of fiber optic communication systems can be high, especially compared to traditional copper cable systems. (b). Fragility: Fiber optic cables are made of glass or plastic and can be easily damaged by bending, crushing, or exposure to high temperatures.
8 (c). Limited availability: Fiber optic infrastructure is not yet widely available in many areas, especially in rural and remote locations. (d).Complex installation: Installing fiber optic cables can be complex and timeconsuming, requiring specialized knowledge and equipment. (e). Interference: Fiber optic signals can be disrupted by electromagnetic interference from sources such as power lines or electrical equipment. (f). Termination and connectorization: Connecting and terminating fiber optic cables can be difficult and requires special tools and expertise. (g).Compatibility: Fiber optic communication systems may not be compatible with existing equipment and infrastructure, requiring upgrading or replacement. Despite these disadvantages, fiber optic communication is becoming increasingly popular due to its high-speed and high-capacity capabilities, making it well-suited for applications such as high-definition video and large-scale data transfer. 2.5 Fiber Optic Properties To ensure that all of the data supplied will reach its destination, the quality of the signal received must be guaranteed. So, before using a fibre cable to transfer information, a few specific features must be examined. When selecting the right optical fibre, there are six key factors to consider. (a). Dispersion (b).Numerical Aperture (NA) (c). Fiber strength (d).Attenuation (e).Bandwidth parameters (f). Rise time
9 Figure 2.5 : The Way Light Travels In Optical Fibers Figure 2.5 show the example of the signal inside the fiber optic cable, a) this is the normal of signal flow inside the cable, b) when the cable surface got a damage the signal flow will thru out and this will make the power is loss than signal cannot reach at the last point. c) when the fiber bend on certain degree the signal wavelength will not in normal mode than this will make the power in to high and make the ONT cannot read the signal. 2.6 Infrared Infrared energy is a type of electromagnetic radiation that is similar to visible light, but with a longer wavelength. This means that infrared energy has a lower frequency and a lower energy than visible light. Infrared energy is invisible to the human eye, but can be detected by special instruments. Infrared energy is emitted by all objects at ordinary temperatures, even though it is not visible to the human eye. This is because all objects emit infrared energy as a result of their thermal energy. The hotter an object is, the more infrared energy it emits. This is why infrared energy is often used to detect objects in the dark, as the hotter objects will emit more infrared energy and can be detected by special instruments. Infrared energy is also used in many applications, such as in infrared cameras, which are used to detect objects in the dark, and in infrared saunas, which use infrared energy to heat the body. Infrared energy is also used in medical imaging, such as in thermography, which uses infrared energy to detect changes in body temperature. In conclusion, infrared energy is a type of electromagnetic radiation that is similar to visible light, but with a longer wavelength. It is invisible to the human eye, but can be detected by special instruments. All objects
10 emit infrared energy as a result of their thermal energy, and it is used in many applications, such as in infrared cameras and infrared saunas. Figure 2.6 : Wavelength of infrared in application Infrared radiation contains the energy needed to stimulate molecular bonds and cause them to vibrate more violently. However, only polar bonds will interact with electromagnetic infrared radiation. The electric field component of an electromagnetic wave may stimulate the vibrational energy of a molecule when there are distinct regions of partial positive and negative charge present in the molecule. 2.7 Light Emitting Diode (LED) LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. In applications, LED refers to a type of solid-state lighting technology that uses a semiconductor material to produce light. LED lights are known for their high energy efficiency, long lifespan, and fast response time compared to traditional lighting technologies such as incandescent or fluorescent lights. LED lights can be used in a variety of applications including general lighting, automotive lighting, backlighting for displays, task lighting, and more.
11 Figure 2.7 : Light Emitting Diode (LED) working principal In the depletion zone of the p-n junction that makes up the LED, charge carriers (holes and electrons) recombine to generate light. The electron-hole pair enters a lower energy state during recombination by producing a photon. The bandgap of the material that makes up the LED determines the wavelength and "colour" of the emitted photon since the principles of quantum mechanics dictate the recombination, as shown in Figure 2.7. The wavelength of the emitted light is inversely proportional to the bandgap size.
12 Table 2.1 : Summarize Of Journals Related To Fiber Optic Fault Alarm Table 1 is the research that have been make from others people and its related to what is this project will deliver also the idea of this project can make the network will well maintained and it make the system more stable. 2.8 Chapter Summary A fiber optic fault alarm is a device used to detect and alert operators to any faults or malfunctions within a fiber optic communication system. This type of alarm uses optical sensors to monitor the health of the fiber and detect any issues such as breaks or bends that can cause signal degradation or complete loss of communication. The fault alarm can be programmed to trigger an alarm or send a signal to a remote monitoring system when a fault is detected. This helps to quickly identify and resolve any problems, ensuring the reliability and stability of the fiber optic network.
13 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research flowchart In order to complete this project, it was necessary to study the properties of the optical fibre and other relevant optical components. The study began in the third PSM1 week and is still ongoing as of this writing. The study's findings are presented in chapter 2 of this report. This study is a crucial piece of literature for learning more about this project and the fundamentals of optical fibre operation. Before moving forward with the project, it is important to understand the properties of the fundamental optical components, including photodiodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), isolators, and optical fibre types. This helped with the preparation for creating an optical communication system and also provided inspiration for the project's overall success. Figure 3.1 : Project Flow Chart TRANSMITTER OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER GSM ARDUINO GPS Online Apps
14 Figure 3.1.(a): Project Flowchart Final 3.2 Data analysis This is the stage where we start to compile all the data required for the project. Additionally, it involves looking for information on the Internet, in libraries, in books, and so forth. All of the data was combined and used as references for the project. Figure 3.2: flowchart for software applications
15 The software will able to link to the hardware and make easier to monitor the condition of the fiber optic cable. 3.3 Software Development Blink and Proteus PCB (Printed Circuit Board) software are often used for developing microcontroller-based systems and circuit design, respectively. When used in conjunction, these tools can provide a number of benefits in the development of a fiber optic fault alarm system. Some of the benefits of using Blink and Proteus PCB for fiber optic fault alarm its make the Circuit design by using Proteus PCB allows you to simulate the behavior of your circuit before actually building it, making it easier to identify and fix design flaws. also Blink is a development platform for programming microcontrollers, and it can be used to program the microcontroller that controls the fiber optic fault alarm. By using Blink and Proteus PCB for fiber optic fault alarm development, it can take advantage of these benefits to improve the efficiency and quality of your project. 1) Software Proteus PCB Design 2) Blink IoT 3.3.1 Proteus PCB Design The design and simulation of the circuit design will be done using the Proteus software. Because it has more virtual components than other electronic software, this software was chosen. To test a program's functionality and determine whether it is appropriate or not, the Arduino programming can also be loaded into Proteus. In addition, Proteus is capable of designing the circuit's PCB board. The PCB layout can be exported as an image for printing the PCB board, and it will design the layout in accordance with the circuit design. 3.3.2 Blink Iot Blynk is an Internet of Things platform that can be downloaded on iOS or Android smartphones and is used to remotely operate Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and
16 NodeMCU devices. By compiling and giving the right address on the available widgets, this programme is used to construct a graphical interface, also known as a human machine interface (HMI). 3.4 Hardware Development Fiber optic fault alarm is the primary goal of the hardware design for the project. Therefore, the transmitter's role in this project is to transmit infrared light through the fibre, which the receiver will then detect. If the receiver recognises the released infrared lights, the receiver's red LED will light up. In this project, the receiver circuit serves as a fibre break detector. If the receiver has picked up the infrared light that the fibre break emits, the red LED in the receiver circuit will turn on. so that we can determine whether any fibre optic cable breaks have occurred. Figure 3.4 : Hardware Flowchart The block diagram for monitoring optical fibre fault alarms is shown in Figure 3.4. First, an optical fibre will be used to transmit the signal from the transmitter system to the receiver system. The receiver cannot pick up the signal if a fibre breaks during the transmission. The user will be warned by a red LED when the break detector is detected without a signal. 3.4.1 Arduino Board A microcontroller board called Arduino Uno is based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has a 16 MHz quartz crystal, six analogue inputs, 14 digital input/output pins (of which six can be used as PWM outputs), a USB port, a power jack, an ICSP Transmitte r Optical Fiber Receiver Controller Alarm LED
17 header, and a reset button. It comes with everything required to support the microcontroller; to get started, just use a USB cable to connect it to a computer, or an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to power it. You can experiment with your UNO without being overly concerned that you'll make a mistake; in the worst case, you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over. 3.4.2 GPS The acronym "GPS" stands for "Global Positioning System." The Global Positioning System is a global navigation satellite system that provides location and time information in any weather condition, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system is managed by the government of the United States of America, and it is available to anyone who possesses a GPS receiver at no cost. 3.4.3 GSM The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard for wireless communication of speech and data that is widely used all over the world for mobile phones. This standard was developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). GSM is a mobile technology that was originally launched in Europe in the early 1990s and has since become the most extensively used mobile communication standard worldwide. GSM is a 2G mobile technology, which means that it is the second generation of mobile technology. It offers voice services, text messaging services, and data services with a modest transfer rate, such as WAP browsing. 3.4.4 ESP 32 As a system-on-chip (SoC) microcontroller with integrated Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, the ESP32 is inexpensive and low-power. It has a wide range of capabilities and functions and is frequently utilized in the Internet of Things (IoT) industry.
18 Expressive Systems is the maker of the ESP32, which is based on the Xtensa LX6 CPU. Connectivity to Wi-Fi Since the ESP32 has built-in Wi-Fi, it can access the internet and interact with other devices over a wireless network. Bluetooth compatibility Additionally, it has Bluetooth built in, making it simple to communicate with Bluetooth-enabled devices like smartphones, tablets, and other Internet of Things (IoT) gadgets. Dual-Core CPU: The ESP32 has a dual-core CPU that makes it possible to do difficult jobs and multitask well. Power Usage is low. Because of its low power requirements, the ESP32 is appropriate for IoT devices and battery-powered applications. a wealthy peripheral set It provides versatility for a variety of applications with a wide range of peripherals, including GPIO pins, UART, SPI, I2C, ADC, DAC, PWM, and more. Large-scale libraries and development assistance with a sizable developer community and access to a wide range of libraries and development tools, the ESP32 is simple to program and deliver projects on. Adafruit Compatible the Arduino IDE may be used to program the ESP32, enabling users to take advantage of the Arduino environment and libraries for quick prototyping and development. Superior Security Data integrity and protection are ensured by built-in security features, including secure boot, flash encryption, and cryptographic hardware acceleration. The ESP32 is an all-around strong and adaptable microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities that is perfect for a variety of IoT applications, including home automation, sensor networks, and more. 3.4.5 Comparison of Arduino UNO and ESP 32 Note UNO ESP32 Microcontroller It is based on the ATmega328P microcontroller running at 16MHz. It is based on the ESP32 chip, which contains a dual-core processor running at 160MHz. Processing Power It has a single-core processor with limited processing power. It has a dual-core processor, which provides higher processing power and better multitasking capabilities.
19 Memory It typically has 2KB of SRAM and 32KB of Flash memory. It has more memory options, including up to 520KB of SRAM and 4MB of Flash memory. Connectivity It does not have built-in Wi-Fi or Bluetooth capabilities. It has built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, allowing for easy integration into IoT projects. GPIO Pins It has a total of 14 digital GPIO pins and 6 analog input pins. It offers a larger number of GPIO pins, with up to 36 digital GPIO pins and multiple analog input pins. Additional Features It has a USB interface for programming and serial communication. It offers additional features such as touch sensors, SPI, I2C, UART, ADC, DAC, PWM, and more. Power Consumption It is known for its low power consumption, making it suitable for battery-powered projects. It is more power-hungry compared to Arduino Uno but provides more processing power and features. Development Environment It is widely supported by the Arduino IDE and has a large community and extensive libraries. It is also compatible with the Arduino IDE but requires specific board configurations for programming. Table 3.4.5: Comparisons between UNO and ESP 32
20 3.5 Experiment The experiment of a fiber optic fault alarm typically involves setting up a fiber optic cable and monitoring its signal transmission for any disruptions or faults. This can be done using specialized equipment such as optical time-domain reflectometers (OTDRs) or optical loss test sets (OLTS) that can detect changes in the optical signal and alert the operator to a fault in the cable. The experiment can also involve testing the reliability and response time of the alarm system, and evaluating its effectiveness in detecting various types of faults, such as breaks, bends, or attenuation in the fiber. Figure 3.5 Development of process project flowchart START ARDUI NO ALARM GPS RESET GREEN LED GSM N O Y E RED LED
21 Figure 3.5.(a): Final Development Of Process Flowchart 3.5.1 Dismantle of SIM and GPS module One of the main reasons for the closure of the 3G network in Malaysia is to provide more space for the development of more sophisticated and efficient 4G and 5G networks. Here are some factors that may be the main reason for the 3G network shutdown: Technological Advancement, Communication technology continues to develop rapidly, and 4G and 5G networks offer higher internet speeds, greater capacity, and better service quality than 3G. By shutting down 3G networks, resources can be allocated more efficiently to expand and improve 4G and 5G networks. Telecommunications users increasingly rely on faster and more reliable mobile data services. High usage of mobile data and increasing demand for better connectivity require a stronger network infrastructure. By closing the 3G network, operators can increase network capacity and provide a better experience to users. The radio
22 frequency spectrum is a limited resource. By closing the 3G network, the spectrum used for the 3G network can be re-allocated for the more efficient 4G and 5G networks. This helps telecommunications operators improve network performance and service capacity. Ecosystem Development: The closure of the 3G network can also drive the development of the ecosystem of devices and applications that support 4G and 5G technology. By focusing efforts on newer technologies, operators can encourage innovation and the development of more advanced solutions in the telecommunications ecosystem. Then, because of the closure of the 3G network, the project abolished the SIM 800L module and also the GPS module, making it so difficult to get data when inside the building. 3.6 Chapter Summary Table 3.6(a) : PSM 1 Gantt Chart Form table 2 shown a Gantt Chart has been prepared in order to ensure the progress of the project follows the schedule. the project progress from October to February 2023. Firstly, meeting supervisor for project selection. Proposal of project are send and presented to supervisor before decision of the project. From week 2 to week 15,preliminary results are generated. The seminar slide preparation starts at week 3 and continued with the seminar at week 16 and lastly at week 17 report submission.
23 Table 3.6(b) : PSM 2 Gantt Chart The table outlines the step-by-step process of preparing PSM2, including tasks such as conducting research, creating a project plan, and developing prototypes. Each week is dedicated to specific activities that contribute to the overall progress of the project. As the final presentation approaches, it is crucial to ensure that all necessary components are completed and thoroughly reviewed for a successful outcome.
24 CHAPTER 4 RESULT 4.1 OTDR applications Figure 4.1 : Measurement of fiber optic power signal Figure 4.1 is OTDR (Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer) is a type of testing equipment used to measure the optical fiber cable's length, locate faults and measure loss by sending a pulse of light through the fiber and analyzing the reflected signal. The time taken for the pulse to travel the length of the fiber and reflect back to the OTDR is used to calculate the length of the fiber and any reflections from faults or bends in the cable will show up as spikes in the OTDR trace. The input power measurement is used to determine the strength of the light source in the fiber, which is important for verifying the performance of the fiber.
25 4.2 FDP on site Figure 4.2 : Pole with Fiber Distribution Point(FDP) If there is damage to the FDP for the time being, the technical team must go to the field to determine the cause of the damage. Moreover, they must wait for a call from the customer if the optical fibre line is damaged. The project that will be developed will notify the units involved so that immediate action can be taken and customer lines that are experiencing problems can be repaired in a shorter amount of time, while also helping to restore the company's reputation because it is always aware of its field assets.
26 4.3 Priminilary Result Figure 4.3 : Priminilary result of appliying FOFA The priminilary result of appliying the fiber optic fault alarm will be make the damage to the cable line known sooner, and this may raise the customer's level of reliability with the operator in terms of guaranteeing that the line is maintained in a stable state at all times. 4.4 Final Result From the research that has been done on the effectiveness of the components and the response to each thing studied, it has been found that the project built has the potential to reduce the time rate. where the project can specify the time of the damage at the same time, and this allows the repair team to repair the damage on the same day and time. then the repair process will be faster compared to the previous way, where it took a long time before the repair team could get to the place of damage to repair the damage. So, having time control and ensuring time on damage is also equally important in the restoration of damaged elements and structures.
27 Figure 4.4.(a) : The Notification of Fiber Optic Fault Alarm.
28 Figure 4.4.(b): Circuit Diagram Of Fiber Optic Fault Alarm
29 Figure 4.4.(c) : Device Connection
30 Figure 4.4.(d) : Complete Box 4.5 Chapter Summary A system used to identify and notify network operators of faults in a fiber optic network is called a fiber optic fault alarm. To reduce downtime and increase the dependability of fiber optic networks, a fiber optic fault alarm is used. When it notices a fault, such as a cable break or a drop in signal strength, the system raises an alarm and continuously monitors the fiber optic cables. The preliminary outcome of a fiber optic fault alarm implementation would depend on the specific system and network being used, but common findings include the precision of fault detection, response time, rate of false alarms, impact on network performance, and user feedback. A fiber optic fault alarm's implementation is a significant step towards raising the dependability and effectiveness of fibre optic networks overall. In order to ensure that