Book Review
Martin Luther as Prophet, Teacher, and Hero:
Images of the Reformer, 15201620
By Robert Kolb,
Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1999
Reviewed by Kirsi Stjerna
“Dead teachers are often at the mercy of their living teaching assistants,” muses Robert
Kolb in his book Martin Luther as Prophet, Teacher, and Hero. Those teaching
assistants, however, in all their fallibility, are the ones we can thank for the rapid
reproduction of Luther’s works and early biographies. Luther’s biographers and editors –
as well as his critics have significantly shaped the views of past generations on Luther.
According to Kolb, the image and influence of Luther have not remained static but rather
have evolved from prophet and a “living logo” to a national hero in Germany and a
teaching authority in the church. These insightful categories illustrate the complexity
both of Luther’s person and of his theological influence. Kolb’s assessment of Luther’s
teaching role in the church touches on the old dispute over Luther’s theological authority
versus the normative status of the Lutheran Confessions.
Drawing from a variety of sermons, propagandist and dramatic texts, biographical
sketches and full biographies, as well as prefaces and editions of Luther’s work, Kolb
wants to document how Luther’s biographers and editors brought their own conceptual
frameworks and questions to their interpretation of Luther. All writing about history
reflects the framework of questions important to the writer and his/her immediate
audience. Thus, modern readers should be appropriately critical of all interpretations of
Luther and hesitate to accept, or offer, any one view as normative. Rather, Luther needs
to be understood anew by each generation an undertaking that entails critical reflection
on the fundamental issues of our lives as well as assessment of the foundations of our
history, as Heinrich Bornkamm has insisted.
Kolb’s argument concerning Luther’s “waning” authority as a teacher of the church and
his “replacement” by confessional documents illustrates how our goals and background
shape even our “neutral” reading of the history. His stress, however, on the increasing
authority of the Book of Concord for all Lutherans after the 1580’s fails to recognize the
ambiguous reception of this collection of confessional texts internationally (still so today)
and presents a perspective of a church tradition that holds the Book of Concord as the
norm for Lutheran faith for every century. This is the point where readers might want to
engage in further critical conversation with Kolb unless one agrees, of course.
The book is a pleasant read, enhancing readers’ knowledge of the lesser known
Reformation sources, of the different players in the earliest Lutheran circles, as well as of
the complexities surrounding Luther and his legacy. It illustrates the author’s wellversed
knowledge of the sources, methods, and issues involved. The soundly researched book
gives ample references to intriguing sources that warrant further study.
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The second half of the book provides a very helpful survey of the history of the first
printed editions of Luther’s work, starting from the 1518 “opera omnia” by Wolfgang
Capito (editor) and Johannes Froben (printer) 500 pages of Luther’s Latin works,
sermons and set of theses and the 1519 “opera omnia” by Mathias Schurer and Andreas
Cratander, followed by the 1520 editions by Adam Petri with Konrad Pellikan, and two
more by Cratander and Schurer. In more detail Kolb explains the history of and the
differences between the two landmark editions, the Wittenberg Edition and the Jena
Edition. Each of these, in its own way and borrowing from the other, sought to fix and
canonize Luther’s writings and systematize his theology. The Wittenberg Edition, edited
and compiled by Stephen Roth, Georg Rorer, Caspar Cruciger and Georg Major, arranges
books topically, with some editorial “freedoms” taken in revising. The edition consists of
twelve German volumes (15391603) and seven Latin volumes (15451582). The
complementary (or competing) Jena Edition by Nicholas von Amsdorf and Johann
Aurifaber arranges works chronologically, without taking editorial privileges of altering
Luther’s words (needless to say, GnesioLutherans would prefer this edition). This
edition includes eight German (15551615) and four Latin volumes (15561611).
These major editions were too expensive for a general audience, and, thus, there was a
demand also for smaller, more specialized editions, such as the Eisleben Edition and
Luther’s Correspondence, both edited by Aurifaber, and particularly the first printings of
Luther’s hugely influential Postils, edited by Stephen Roht and Caspar Cruciger, as well
as Luther’s Catechism(s), Hymns, Prayers, other devotional materials and biblical
commentaries.
The first part of the book deals with the images of Luther rising from interpretations by
an array of intriguing figures, some better known, some lesser known. Phillip
Melanchthon, Nicholas von Amsdorf, and Johann Aurifaber are lifted up as among the
very first to sketch briefly Luther’s biography to accompany editions of his works.
Cyriakus Spannenberg, Andreas Musculus, Nicolas Selnecker and Lucas Osiander follow
with their tributes to the prophetic teacher. Johannes Mathesius, Ludwig Rabus, Georg
Glogger, and others present Luther as a teacher of heroic nature, and Johannes Wigand,
Georg Mueller and Theophilus Glaser highlight Luther’s lasting influence as a teacher,
something Andreas Hartman, Martin Rickhart and Balthasar Voigt did with their dramas.
The Lutheran circle expands significantly by recognition of these participants in the
formation of Lutheran tradition and interpretations of Luther.
From these and other writings Kolb concludes that we can really perceive three emerging
conceptions of Luther from the 16th century sources. First, Luther arises as a prophetic
voice, an authority in the eschatological climate replacing popes and councils and
affirming the primacy of biblical authority. In the next stage, Luther is portrayed as a
prophetic teacher, again with a biblical message, whose works urgently need to be
produced for an eager audience wanting to hear the voice of their teacher. The third
image of Luther is that of a prophetic hero, a Godchosen instrument who has come to
liberate the church. Through all these stages or dimensions, the prophetic nature of
Luther’s authority and exceptional personal, almost mythical, influence remain
consistent. What fluctuates is the nature and degree of his authority as a teacher,
according to Kolb.
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If Luther’s authoritative prophetlike appearance initially contributed to his esteem as a
teacher and a national and cultural hero for the Germans (combining these roles in his
person), after his death he lost his “adjudicatory, secondary authority” next to the Bible
for practical and political reasons, argues Kolb. Had he known this, Luther might have
regretted having written so abundantly; after all, he did not leave one easytouse
summarizing confessional document he was not that kind of a writer to begin with
but a great variety of writings that reflects the changing situations of life (as well as his
moods, I would say). Also, if Luther remained a controversial political figure in the
aftermath of religious and political wars, Lutherans may have needed something more
neutral and simple for the sake of maintaining their doctrinal purity and uniformity. This
seems to be Kolb’s take on things, as he repeatedly argues that Luther’s “adjudicatory
authority” was replaced by the Book of Concord, whereas Luther’s person as a symbol
has continued to “loom large” over the developing Lutheran identity, and his teaching
authority has continued through his writings, particularly the popular Postils (an
important tool for pastors) and Catechisms (generally important).
Kolb’s sources give a flavor of the heterogeneous minds of Luther’s followers and peers
and also touch upon one of the continuing interests in Reformation scholarship: the
relationship of Luther and Melanchthon as teaching authorities of the church. Without
explaining it, the book lets readers conclude that whereas Luther’s very person continued
to influence Lutherans, with the acceptance of the confessional books as the official
guides for all (according to Kolb) Lutherans, Melanchthon’s work, not his person,
became more influential for the church(es). Kolb also seems to credit and/or blame
Melanchthon for the efforts of editors to squeeze the reformer into conceptual
frameworks. He also sees Melanchthon’s method of organizing theology by loci as
inherently alien to Luther’s own thought and spirit. In many ways, we may be reading a
“tamed” Luther; too much of the “peculiar” Luther may have been “sacrificed” by his
“epigones,” Kolb laments.
To summarize Kolb’s assessment of Luther’s legacy as a hero for Germans: “Luther the
prophetic hero served the purpose of rallying his latterday followers to the cause of
Protestant or evangelical independence from Roman control. His teaching and his
authority meant less than his power as a symbol of political and religious forces, which
had brought truth and freedom to the German people. For Martin Luther incorporated in
his person the reformation of the church’s teaching and life. He had served during his
lifetime as a living logo for his movement and his theology. In death he continued to
embody for his followers the renewed revelation of the gospel which God had given the
world [at for?] the end of time” (p. 101). His prophetic influence came to be combined
with his national status as the German Hercules whose teaching authority in the church
has continued through the republication of his works.
Kolb knows his sources and presents the results of his sharp historical analysis in a clear
and logical fashion, stirring the reader with his overall assessment of Luther’s authority.
Readers who want to broaden their image of the historical Luther and his continuous role
in Lutheran tradition, as well as their understanding of the complexities involved in every
interpretation of this major figure in Protestant history, will be well served by this book.