Quarterly InternationalJournal of Physical Education Sports Management and Yogic SciencesPeer Reviewed, Referred and with DOISJ Impact Factor 8.31Yoga Karmeshu KoshlamEditor in ChiefMs. Ruby SharmaPesyISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol. 15 No 4, Oct – Dec. 2025
Quarterly International Journal of Physical Education Sports Management and Yogic SciencesISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394, VOL. 15, NO.4, Oct – Dec. 2025Peer Reviewed, Referred and with DOI SJ Impact Factor 8.31Papers written in English/HindiEditor in ChiefMs. Ruby SharmaSudhir Surya Yoga College & Research CentreC-84, LIG Flats, Ashok Vihar Phase IV, Delhi 110052 Ph: 08733934440, 9868910376, 9990803459Email: [email protected]: www.mrdsect.onlinePesy
iiAbout the JournalPesy is a referred International, Quarterly and Bi lingual Journal of Physical Education, Sports Management and Yogic Sciences. It promotes interdisciplinary perspective to discuss issues of National and International Significance. Its regular features include research book editorial correspondence. All the Research papers are subject to a double – blind referring processand are published on the recommendations of referees and discretion of the editor. As far as the Research papers are concerned, the views or statements expressed in the Research papers are solely of the author and the editor is not responsible for the same.PURPOSES1. Cooperation in the exchange of information about Physical education, sports Management and Yogic Science Culture worldwide2. Development of both the physical and mental aspects of Physical Education, Sports Management and Yoga.3. Balance of advanced theories and common practices.AIMS1. To provide a medium for the exchange of information and an opportunity for cooperation and development among various countries worldwide.2. To promote the study of both and physical and mental aspect of physical education, sports management and yogic sciencesby using the advances in scientific research results.3. To establish a common foundation of theory based on the positive differences of various backgrounds.4. To develop interest in the significant study of various researchers.Printed and Published by Mrs. Ruby Sharma on behalf of Master Rameshwar Dutt Sharma Educational and Charitable Trust, A1-353, Blue’s Springfield Society, Opposite Gayatri Mandir Katamba, Pavlepur Village, Vadodara Gujarat 390019
iiiEditorial BoardPatronProf. Dr. R. ThirumalaisamyEmeritus Professor, Department of Physical Education, Alagappa University, TNFormer (Founder) First Vice Chancellor, TNPESU, Chennai, TamilNadu, India Mobile No. 9443326547, Email Id: [email protected] in ChiefMrs. Ruby SharmaAdvisory BoardDr. Chia Hua Kuo (Taiwan) Email:[email protected]: +886-2-28718288 ext.5802Catarina Isabel N. G. Abrantes (Portugal) Email: [email protected], Ph: 259350890 Dr. Essam Eldin Shaaban A. H (Egypt) Email id: [email protected]. Yousra Al-Sinani (Oman)Phone: +968 2414 1634Email: [email protected]. George Abraham(India)Mo: 99656 25502Email id: [email protected]. Inder Mohan Datta (India) Mobile No.: 9818330804 Email id: [email protected]. Nagendra Sharma (India)Email: [email protected]: 9412038902Dr. J. K. Thakur (India)Mo: 9421710105Email: [email protected]’s BoardProf. M Chandra Kumar(India)E-Mail:[email protected]: 9449040903Dr. A. Shenbagavalli (India)Email Id: [email protected]: 9443411072Dr. Kaukab Azeem (Saudi Arab)Mob. 00966 534097996Email Id.: [email protected]. D. Maniazhagu (India) Mobile No.: 9865204005Email id.: [email protected]://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijpesmys&type=eboardAll correspondence related to the Journal should be addressed to Head Office:-Mrs. Ruby Sharma (Editor in Chief)Master Rameshwar Dutt Sharma Educational and Charitable Trust, Regd. Office: C-84, LIG Flats, Ashok Vihar Phase IV, Delhi 110052,Head Office: A1-353, Blue’s Springfield Society, Opposite Gayatri Mandir Katamba, Pavlepur Village, Vadodara Gujarat 390019Ph: 08733934440, 09990803469, Website: www.mrdsect.in/pesy, Email: [email protected]
ivGUIDELINES FOR AUTHORSProcedureCommunicationPESY welcomes articles of interest representing original work, analytical papers and papers based on review of extensive literature on Physical Education, Sports Management and Yogic Sciences for publication in it. All communications should be addressed to the Mrs. Ruby Sharma (Editor).DeclarationEach article should be accompanied with a declaration by all the authorsthat I/They are the authors of the article in the order in which listed; and the article is original, has not been published and has not been submitted for publication elsewhere.It is the author’s responsibility to obtain permission in writing for the use of all previously published material, not that of the editor or publisher.ManuscriptManuscriptsshould be type/written (double spacing) on one side of the white A4 paper. These should normally consist of five to eight thousand words. The length of the full paper must be 8-10 single spaced (Books typed) pages. Please use Time New Roman Font with 12pt. size. (In adobePageMaker), Papersin Hindi language should be typed in Krutidev 40, 12pt. size in adobe PageMaker (Book Styled).Submission of ArticlesArticles should be sent by post or e-mail along with your brief bio-data and email Id. One hard copy along with the CD should be sent.Review SystemEvery Article will be reviewed by a masked peer review by two referees.The criteria used for acceptance of articles are contemporary relevance, contribution to knowledge, clear and logical analysis, and sound methodologyof research articles. The Editor reserves the right to reject any manuscript as unsuitable in topic, style or form without requesting external review.CopyrightThe author owns the copyright of the article until it is accepted by the Editor for publication. After the acceptance communication, the copyright of the article is owned by the PESY, C/o Master Rameshwar Dutt Sharma Educational and Charitable Trust, and should not be reproduced elsewhere without the written permission of the Editor and the authors of the article.Preparation of the Article TitlePageThe title page includes the title of the article, name/s of the authors, position/s their institution and e-mail address/s. repeat only the title on the first page of the article.AbstractThe first page of the article should contain an abstract of the article not exceeding 200 words.
vSpellingsUse British spellings in all case instead of American (Concise Oxford Dictionary).Underlining WordsWords underlined in a manuscript appear in Italics when typeset. Don’t underline words for emphasizing them.AbbreviationsA term to be abbreviated must, on its first appearance, be written out completely and followed immediately by its abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, the abbreviation may be used without further explanation.NumbersUse figures to express all numbers 10 and above. Use words to expressnumberslower than 10, and common fraction numbers that begin a sentence/title.NotesFootnotes should be listed as notes in an appendix and not typed at the bottom of the manuscript pages on which they appear.QuotationsVerbatim citation of fewer than 40 words may be incorporated in thetext, enclosed with double quotation marks. A quotation of more than 40 words may be displayed as a free standing block. Do not use quotation marks for the block quotation. Give the source of the quotation in the form of author’s last name, year and page number in parentheses.If you are using Graphs, Tables or any Type of Data in your research paper please give Source of that table, graph or data.Reference List1. The author should follow the APA style in to. The reference list at the end should provide complete information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. References sited in the text must appear in the reference list; conversely, each entry in the reference list must be sited in the text, both should be identical in spelling and year.2. An article published in journal may be listed as: Author’s last name,initials, year of publication, name of the article, name of the journal in italics, volume number, issue number in parentheses, and page number.3. An article published in an edited book may be listed in the followingformat: Author’s last name, initials, year of publication, name of the article, initial and surname of editors, Ed/s in parentheses, title of the book in italics, place of publication and name of publisher, separated by a colon.4. A book may be listed in the following manner: Author’s last name, initials, year of publication, title of the book in italics, place of publication and name of publisher, separated by a colon.
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CONTENTSixS. No. TOPICPage No.1. INFLUENCE OF INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM-BASED ATYA PATYA GAME PRACTICES ON SELECTED SPORTSPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OF ADOLESCENT SCHOOL BOYSCincy B Christopher, Dr. D. Maniazhagu1 - 52. PLASTIC, CHEAP AND VERSATILE: REFUSE, REDUCE, REUSE, REPLACE, AND RECYCLE AS THE MOTTO OF THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2030 IN AHMEDABAD — A COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS WITH THE OLYMPIC MOVEMENTDr. Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Dr. Jyoti Sharma6 – 83. EFFECTS OF AEROBIC TRAINING AND JUMP ROPE TRAINING ON MUSCULAR ENDURANCE (UPPER BODY) OF OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN R. Ranjith Kumar, Urvashi Tiwari, Cincy B Christopher, Dr. D. Maniazhagu9 – 214. THE IMPACT OF THE INDIAN KORFBALL ASSOCIATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS ON YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN KORFBALL ACROSS ASIADr. Sandeep Kumar22 – 275. IMPACT OF THE INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM–BASED LAGORI GAME ON SELECTED HEALTH-RELATED FITNESS COMPONENTS OF SCHOOL GIRLSUrvashi Tiwari, Dr. D. Maniazhagu28 - 34
EditorialxThe October–December 2025 issue of PESY: International Journal of Physical Education, Sports Management and Yogic Sciences presents a rich collection of scholarly work that reflects the growing integration of traditional knowledge, scientific research, and contemporary social concerns in the field of physical education and sports sciences.This issue opens with an insightful study by Cincy B. Christopher and Dr. D. Maniazhagu on the Influence of Indian Knowledge System (IKS)–Based Atya Patya Game Practices, highlighting how indigenous games significantly enhance sport-specific performance among adolescent school boys. Reinforcing the relevance of sustainability and sociology of sport, Dr. Sudhir Kumar Sharmaand Dr. Jyoti Sharma offer a compelling comparative analysis titled “Plastic, Cheap and Versatile”, positioning the proposed Commonwealth Games 2030 in Ahmedabad as a potential model for eco-social responsibility inspired by the Olympic movement.Addressing child health and fitness, R. Ranjith Kumar, Urvashi Tiwari, Cincy B. Christopher, and Dr. D. Maniazhagu examine the Effects of Aerobic and Jump Rope Training on Upper-Body Muscular Endurance of Overweight Children, providing practical training insights for school-based interventions. Further broadening the scope, Dr. Sandeep Kumar presents The Impact of Indian Korfball Associations Development Programs on Youth Participation in Korfball Across Asia. Collectively, the contributions in this issue reaffirm PESY’s commitment to interdisciplinary, culturally rooted, and socially relevant research. We sincerely thank all authors, reviewers, and editorial members for enriching this volume and advancing scholarly discourse in physical education, sports management, and yogic sciences.Warm regards,Mrs. Ruby SharmaEditor in Chief
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.41INFLUENCE OF INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM-BASED ATYA PATYA GAME PRACTICES ON SELECTED SPORT- SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OFADOLESCENT SCHOOL BOYSDOI NO: 10.5958/2278-795X.2025.00024.3Cincy B Christopher, PhD Scholar and Intern Research Fellow, Vidya Bharati Uchcha Shiksha Sansthan (VBUSS) Collaboration with Indian Knowledge system Division, (IKS) Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu.Dr. D. Maniazhagu, Professor, Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.INTRODUCTION:Physical fitness is an essential part of human well-being and plays an important role in the overall development of individuals, particularly during adolescence. It reflects a person’s ability to carry out daily activities effectively and efficiently without excessive tiredness. (Clarke, 1976) Adolescence is a critical period for the development of physical fitness due to rapid physical, physiological, and neuromuscular changes. Indian Knowledge (IKS)-based traditional physical activities, such as Atya Patya, kho-kho, and Mallakhamb, provide a culturally rooted framework for promoting holistic development among adolescent schoolboys. Proper physical activity during this stage enhances muscular and skeletal growth, improves cardiovascular efficiency, and develops motor abilities. Regular participation in physical activity also positively influences psychological well-being, self-esteem, and social interaction among adolescents (Gallahue & Ozmun, 2006).School boys who regularly engaged in traditional games demonstrated significant improvements in agility, muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility compared to non-participants. These improvements suggest that indigenous games can be effectively integrated into school physical education programs to enhance overall physical development.( Sahu 2017)NEP Mandates physical education as acore subject, allocating bagless days for IKS games that develop agility, endurance and team work during boys’ growth in the age of 11-18. For adolescent boys facing sedentary risks and academic pressure, IKS activates boost motor skill, focus, and motivation. NEP 2020integartes Indian Knowledge system (IKS-) based physical activates like Atya Patya, Kho-Kho, Yoga and Mallakhamb to benefit adolescent boys by embedding these traditions into school curricula, addressing obesity, low fitness and mental stress through culturally engaging play (Sharma, K., & Yadav, S,2025)
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.42INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM–BASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY:Indian Knowledge System (IKS)–based physical activities, such as Atya Patya, Kho-Kho, Mallakhamb, yoga, and Kushti, offer profound benefits by promoting holistic development of body, mind, and spirit through ancient Vedic, Ayurvedic, and epic-rooted practices that emphasize agility, endurance, strength, flexibility, and mental resilience without modern equipment. These activities enhance cardiovascular health, muscle tone, balance, and coordination via dynamic movements like trench sprints and pole gymnastics, reducing obesity risks and improving motor fitness in adolescents, as yoga's asanas and pranayama boost lung capacity and joint mobility. (Rathi, P., & Chaudhary, D 2025)IKS practices foster stress reduction, focus, emotional intelligence, and teamwork through breath control and ethical discipline, countering mental health issues like anxiety while building cultural pride and community cohesion in line with NEP 2020.ATYA PATYA:Atya Patya, a traditional Indian tag game embedded in the Indian Knowledge System, is played on a rectangular field with a central 27-meter trench and nine perpendicular 7-meter trenches, involving two teams of nine players alternating as assailants and defenders over four 7-minute innings with 5-minute breaks. Assailants sprint in batches across trenches to score points equal to the furthest trench reached (e.g., five trenches yield 5 points), earning a \"Lona\" bonus of 18 points for crossing all nine and returning, while defenders tag from within trenches without stepping out, using tactics like \"rings\" and \"grenadiers\" for strategic plays.(Gouda, R. S. M., Shrinivasa, S., & Virupaksha,N. D.2018). This equipment-free game, rooted in Maharashtrian and Tamil rural customs and formalized by the Atya Patya Federation of India, builds agility, speed, anaerobic power, coordination, and teamwork, making it ideal fort adolescent school boys under NEP 2020's promotion of indigenous physical activitiesBENEFITS OF ATYA PATYA GAME PRACTICES:Atya Patya provides significant benefits as a traditional Indian tag game, particularly for adolescent school boys, by enhancing physical fitness components like agility, speed, balance, coordination, and anaerobic power through its trench-crossing sprints and dodging mechanics.Physical Enhancements: Players develop superior balance and coordination compared to Kho-Kho participants, with explosive movements building cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, and reaction time to combat obesity and sedentary lifestyles effectively.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.43Mental and Social Gains: The game cultivates willpower, strategic thinking, teamwork, and resilience, reducing stress while promoting cultural pride and motivation in a fun, equipment-free format ideal for school settings.BENEFITS OF ATYA PATYA GAME PRACTICES ON SELECTED SPORT- SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE:Atya Patya Game Practices on speed:Atya Patya game practices improve speed through targeted drills mimicking its trench-crossing sprints, emphasizing explosive acceleration over 7-meter distances and rapid recovery for repeated assailant runs in high-pressure innings. Regular play improves reaction time and recovery between runs, countering sedentary declines while boosting cardiovascular efficiency; studies confirm measurable gains in 30m sprint times and agility-speed indices post-trainingAtya Patya Game Practices on Agility:Atya Patya game practices yield significant benefits on agility for adolescent school boys by demanding rapid directional changes, precise footwork, and reactive dodges within narrow trenches, The trench-crossing mechanics hone change-of-direction speed and body control through feints like \"kundi\" encirclements, improving coordination and balance as players maintain low centres while evading tags, leading to superior agility test scores.Atya Patya Game Practices on Balance:Defenders cultivate static and dynamic balance by lunging from fixed trench positions without stepping out,while assailants improve proprioception via low-center sprints and feints across uneven surfaces, outperforming KhoKho players in balance tests per fitness studies.Atya Patya Game Practices on Power:Atya Patya game practices enhance power through explosive trenchcrossing sprints and defensive lunges, Defenders gain upper-body and core power from precise tagging lunges without foot faults, improving overall athletic power transfer to sports like kabaddi, reducing injury risks through balanced force developmentAtya Patya Game Practices on Coordination:Atya Patya game practices significantly improve coordination for adolescent school boys by requiring synchronized footwork, precise dodging, and hand-eye timing during trench sprints and tag evasions, eye-foot synchronization through rapid directional feints like \"kundi\" encirclements while maintaining
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.44speed, while defenders hone arm-leg coupling via accurate lunges from fixed positions, enhancing overall motor control essential for sports.Atya Patya Game Practices on Reaction Time:Assailants sharpen visual-motor reactions by anticipating defender reaches during \"kundi\" feints and batch runs, while defenders build auditoryvisual cues for precise tagging without foot faults, Atya Patya game practices enhance reaction time for adolescent school boys through high-stakes tag evasions and rapid defensive responses in narrow trenches, demanding split-second decisions during explosive sprints and lunges.Improved reaction time boosts overall agility, reduces errors under pressure, and supports cognitive processing, countering sedentary delays while aiding sports transfer and injury prevention in dynamic playCONCLUSION:Atya Patya, as an Indian Knowledge System-based physical activity, effectively enhances key sports fitness components like speed, agility, balance, power, coordination, and reaction time among adolescent school boys through its dynamic trench-crossing and tagging mechanics.REFERENCE 1. Sharma, K., & Yadav, S. (2025). \"Impact of National Education Policy 2020 on Physical Education and Sports: A Comprehensive Review.\" Recent Trends in Sports, 2(1), 14-18. Discusses NEP's core status for PE with IKS for holistic boy development2. Rathi, P., & Chaudhary, D. (2025). \"Yoga as a Holistic Approach in Indian Knowledge System.\" International Journal of Yoga, Physiotherapy and Physical Education, 10(3), 7-8. Covers wellbeing benefits aligned with IKS.3. Clarke, H. H. (1976). Application of Measurement to Health and Physical Education. Prentice Hall4. Sahu, S. (2017). Traditional Indian games and their contribution to physical fitness among school children. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 4(2), 45–48.5. Kumar, R., & Kumar, S. (2019). Impact of indigenous games on motor fitness and agility of school boys. International Journal of Sports Sciences and Fitness, 5(1), 22–26.6. Ministry of Education, Government of India. (2020). Indian Knowledge Systems: Framework for school education. New Delhi: IKS Division.7. Gouda, R. S. M., Shrinivasa, S., & Virupaksha, N. D. (2018). Fitness and psychological variables of Atya-Patya and Kho-Kho players. International Journal of Yogic, Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 3(1), 373–375.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.45e-source:1. https://www.education.gov.in/en/nep/iks(retrieved)2. https://kheloindia.gov.in/ - Traditional Games of India – Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports (Khelo India)(retrieved)3. https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf ( retrieved)4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atya_patya( retrieved)5. https://bharatiyakhel.in/-75 traditional Indian games under the IKS initiative and NEP(retrieved)
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.46PLASTIC, CHEAP AND VERSATILE: REFUSE, REDUCE, REUSE, REPLACE, AND RECYCLE AS THE MOTTO OF THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2030 IN AHMEDABAD — A COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS WITH THE OLYMPIC MOVEMENTDOI NO: 10.5958/2278-795X.2025.00025.XDr. Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Associate Professor & Former Head, Department of Physical Education, Swarnim Gujarat Sports University, Desar, Vadodara, Gujarat, IndiaDr. Jyoti Sharma, Assistant Professor, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Law University, Sonepat, Haryana, IndiaABSTRACT:This analytical paper explores the sociological implications of integrating sustainable waste management principles — Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Replace, and Recycle — into large-scale international sporting events. Drawing on case studies from the Olympic Games and projecting forward to the 2030 Commonwealth Games proposed in Ahmedabad, India, the research highlights how sports mega-events can influence public attitudes, policy frameworks, and social behavior towards sustainability. The study argues that the Commonwealth Games 2030 could become a landmark event in promoting environmental citizenship and eco-social responsibility in India.Keywords: Sustainability, Sociology of Sport, Plastic Recycling, Commonwealth Games 2030, Olympic LegacyINTRODUCTION:Plastic has emerged as both a symbol of modern convenience and a marker of environmental degradation. While its versatility has transformed industries, its misuse has led to alarming global ecological consequences. In the context of major sporting events — notably the Olympics — sustainability has gradually evolved into a core component of event planning and execution. The Commonwealth Games 2030, proposed to be hosted in Ahmedabad, India, presents a crucial opportunity to merge sporting excellence with ecological innovation. This study seeks to examine the sociological impact of such integration by comparing sustainability-driven social transformation observed at past Olympic Games with the potential outcomes for India’s forthcoming Commonwealth Games.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.47LITERATURE REVIEW:The intersection of sports, sustainability, and social change has been explored extensively across disciplines. Scholars such as Toohey (2008) and Cashman (2011) emphasize the Olympics’ capacity to drive social values and urban regeneration. Studies from the London 2012, Tokyo 2020, and Paris 2024 Olympic Games reveal that sustainability messaging — particularly concerning plastic reduction — reshapes public environmental consciousness. Comparative studies of the Commonwealth Games (e.g., Gold Coast 2018, Birmingham 2022) further indicate that green initiatives can leave lasting civic legacies when embedded in local governance and education systems. However, there remains limited scholarship on how such ecological frameworks can be localized within developing economies such as India.METHODOLOGY:The research adopts a comparative analytical methodology, synthesizing findings from Olympic sustainability reports, environmental sociology studies, and urban policy documents. Data is drawn from secondary sources, including United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) publications, IOC sustainability frameworks, and academic journals indexed in Scopus and Web of Science. The analysis also incorporates scenario-based projections for Ahmedabad 2030, informed by policy documents from India’s Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, NITI Aayog, and Swachh Bharat Mission. This methodological triangulation allows for a holistic understanding of social change mechanisms influenced by sustainability practices in sports.DISCUSSION:The Olympic Games have repeatedly demonstrated how sustainability can redefine social behavior. For example, Tokyo 2020’s medal production from recycled electronics and Paris 2024’s carbon-neutral infrastructure initiatives set benchmarks for eco-social transformation. These measures not only reduced environmental footprints but also reinforced a collective consciousness around sustainability. Applying these insights to Ahmedabad 2030 suggests that a focused ‘5R’ (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Replace, Recycle) model could yield significant sociological dividends. Integrating the 5Rs within the event’s operational framework — from athlete accommodations to public engagement — can cultivate a generation of environmentally literate citizens.Sociologically, such initiatives could foster community participation, elevate ecological values, and influence long-term civic identity formation. Media narratives around eco-friendly Commonwealth Games could strengthen the perception of India as a responsible global actor while generating bottom-up en-
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.48vironmental movements. Furthermore, embedding sustainability into sports education and law — especially through collaborations between universities and state authorities — may institutionalize green behavior among youth and sports professionals.POLICY IMPLICATIONS:This study recommends that the Government of India, in collaboration with sports federations and local authorities, establish a multi-tiered sustainability task force for the Commonwealth Games 2030. Drawing from Olympic models, policies should prioritize single-use plastic bans, renewable energy use in venues, sustainable mobility, and public education campaigns. Furthermore, integrating 5R values into event marketing, merchandising, and athlete training can align public enthusiasm with ecological accountability. Post-event legacy programs should ensure continuity through school curricula, public art projects, and digital engagement platforms.CONCLUSION:The vision for the Commonwealth Games 2030 in Ahmedabad must transcend athletic achievement to embody a transformative societal movement. By embracing the 5R philosophy as its central motto, the Games could position India at the forefront of sustainable sports innovation. Comparative analysis with Olympic precedents underscores that sociological impact is maximized when environmental strategies are integrated with education, governance, and cultural identity. Ultimately, the Games could serve as a living laboratory for reimagining urban sustainability and collective responsibility in the 21st century.REFERENCES:1. Cashman, R. (2011). The Bitter-Sweet Awakening: The Legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Walla Walla Press.2. Toohey, K. (2008). The Olympic Games and the Environment. Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 128(3), 117–124.3. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2020). Sports for Climate Action Framework.4. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2021). IOC Sustainability Strategy.5. NITI Aayog. (2023). Sustainable Development Goals India Index Report.6. Government of India. (2024). Swachh Bharat Mission Urban Annual Report.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.49EFFECTS OF AEROBIC TRAINING AND JUMP ROPE TRAINING ON MUSCULAR ENDURANCE (UPPER BODY) OF OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN DOI NO: 10.5958/2278-795X.2025.00026.6R. Ranjith Kumar, PhD. Scholar Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu Urvashi Tiwari, PhD. Scholar Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu Cincy B Christopher, PhD. Scholar Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu Dr. D. Maniazhagu, Professor, Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu ABSTRACT:The purpose of study was to find out the effects of aerobic training and jump rope training on muscular endurance (upper body) of overweight children. To achieve the purpose of the study, thirty overweight school boys from different classes who studied at different school in and around, Karaikudi, Tamil Naduwere selected as subject at random. Their age group range between 11 to 15 years. The study was formulated as pre and posttest random group design, in which thirty subject were divided into three equal groups. The experimental group-1 (n=10, AT) underwent aerobic training, the experimental group-2 (n=10, JRF) underwent jump rope training and group 3 served as control group (n=10, CG) did not undergo any specific training. In this study, two training programme were adopted as independent variable, i.e., aerobic training and jump rope training. The muscular endurance (upper body) was selected as dependent variable and it tested by push-ups; the performance of the boys was recorded in numbers. The selected two treatment group’s namely aerobic training and jumprope training were performed five days days in a week for the period of six weeks, as per the stipulated training program. The muscular endurance (upper body) was tested before and after the training period. The collected pre and post data was critically analyzed with apt statistical tool of one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), for observed the significant adjusted post-test mean difference of three groups with respect to muscular endurance (upper body). The Scheffe’s post hoc test was used to find out pair-wise comparisons between groups. To test the hypothesis 0.05 level of significant was fixed in this study. Keywords:1) Aerobic Training, 2) Jump rope training, 3) Muscular Endurance (upper body), 4) Numbers, 5) Ancova
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.410INTRODUCTION:Aerobic metabolism plays a vital role in human performance and is basic to all sports, if for no other reason than recovery. Metabolically, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are the main pathways in energy production. Aerobic metabolism produces far more ATP energy than anaerobic metabolism and uses fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Many sports involve interactions between the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic systems and thus require appropriate training. (Dudley, G.A.,and R. Djamil, 1985, Hickson,R.C, 1980) Today, rope jumping is often featured prominently as part sports training and fitness programs because it has proven itself as a valuable technique that provides a wide range of benefits and competitive advantages. Sports training benefits include increased speed, power, agility and explosiveness. Fitness benefits included weight loss, increased cardiovascular and anaerobic conditioning, and improved balance and coordination. When done properly, jump rope training can lead to dramatic improvement in sports performance. (Lee, 2010) Obese children and adolescents tend to become obese adults. According to Mossberg (1989), 80% of the obese adolescents lead to cases of adult obesity; although the childhood obesity does not contribute with over than 1/3 of the adult obesity (Braddon et.al.,1986), the adult obese individuals who presented obesity in the childhood tend to be classified as having worse obesity than those who became obese when adults.METHODS AND TOOLS:The study was formulated as pre and posttest random group design, in which thirty subject were divided into three equal groups. The experimental group-1 (n=10, AT) underwent circuit training, the experimental group-2 (n=10, JRF) underwent circuit training combined with asana practice and group 3 served as control group (n=10, CG) did not undergo any specific training. In this study, two training programme were adopted as independent variable, i.e., Aerobic training and Jump rope training. The selected two treatment group’s namely Aerobic training and Jump rope training were performed five days in a week for the period of six weeks, as per the stipulated training program.ADMINISTRATION OF TRAINING PROGRAMMES:The training intervention group undergone their respective training as per the below schedule under the supervision of the researcher who provided motivation, advice and encouragement to the students. Each day the training schedule was conducted only in the evening session that lasted for sixty minutes. Prior to and after every training session subject of experimental group had the ten minutes of warm-up and ten minutes of warm down exercise involving jogging, mobility and stretching exercise.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.411CARDIO RESPIRATORY TRAINING ZONE:The optimum cardio respiratory zone is found between the 70 and 85 percent training intensities. However, individuals that have been physically inactive or are in the poor or fair cardio respiratory fitness categories should use 60 % intensity during the first few weeks of the exercise programme (Heyward 2002).As far as this study the intensity was fixed 30% to 40% of target heart rate.ESTIMATION OF MAXIMAL HEART RATE:The subjects training heart rate were measured through the maximal heat method invented by Karvonen formula, i.e., (MHR-AGE)TRAINING APPROACHES FOR EXPERIMENTAL GROUP 1-(AT) AEROBIC TRAININGWeeks Intensity Distance Set Recovery In-Between Sets1-2 WEEKS 30% (THR100bpm)1 km 2 -3-4 WEEKS 35% (THR110bpm)1.5 km 2 5 min.5-6 WEEKS 40% (THR120bpm)2 km 2 -The duration of the training in the first instance was 1 to2 weeks; with 30% intensity and distance covered being one kms.The duration of the next was three to four weeks. The distance covered was 1.5 Kms and the intensity was 35%.Finally it was five to six weeks duration. The distance covered was one to one and half Kms and the intensity recorded was 40%. TRAINING SCHEDULE FOR EXPERIMENTAL GROUP II (JUMP ROPE DRILLS):Week 1 and 2During the period the subjects performed the selected skipping drills. Totally 3 sets was given. They advised to perform only forty seconds of each drills. The 1 minute duration was allowed in between exercise. The 5 minutes was allowed to take rest in-between the set.Week 3 and 4During the period the subjects performed the selected skipping drills. Totally 3 sets was given. They advised to perform only fifty seconds of each drills. The 5 minutes was allowed to take rest in-between the set.Week 5 and 6During the period the subjects performed the selected skipping drills. Totally 3 sets was given. They advised to perform only sixty seconds of each drills. The 5 minutes was allowed to take rest in-between the set.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.4121-2 –weeksRepetition Sets Rec- in betweenrepetitionRec- inbetween setsHigh stepAlternate –foot stepForward straddleThe bounce stepBell jumpForward shuffle Each 40 sec 3 1 min 5 minBack ward shuffleHalf twistFull twistX foot crossArm side swingArm crossover3-4 –weeksActivity Repetition Sets Rec- in betweenrepetitionRec- inbetween setsHigh stepAlternate –foot stepForward straddleThe bounce stepBell jumpForward shuffle Each 50 sec 3 1 min 3 minBack ward shuffleHalf twistFull twistX foot crossArm side swingArm crossover5-6 –weeksActivity Repetition Sets Rec- in betweenrepetitionRec- inbetween setsHigh stepAlternate –foot stepForward straddleThe bounce stepBell jump
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.413Forward shuffle Each 60 sec 3 1 min 3 minBack ward shuffleHalf twistFull twistX foot crossArm side swingArm crossoverRESULTS:TABLE -ITHE RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON MUSCULAR ENDURANCE IN TERMS OF UPPER BODY OF DIFFERENT GROUPS (Scores in Numbers)Test ConditionsGroup 1ATGroup 2JRFGroup 3CGSV SS Df MS ‘F’ RatioPre test Mean 11.20 10.90 11.10 B 0.467 2 0.23 0.29 S.D. 0.60 0.94 0.94 W 21.400 27 0.79Post test Mean 12.00 14.00 9.00 B 126.667 2 63.33 94.52* S.D. 0.77 0.77 0.77 W 18.000 27 0.67Adjusted post test Mean 11.98 14.02 9.00 B 127.006 2 63.50 93.38 W 17.579 26 0.68* Significant at .05 level of confidence. The required tables value for test the significance was 3.35 and 3.37with the df of 2 and 27, 2 and 26.RESULTS OF MUSCULAR ENDURANCE IN TERMS OF UPPER BODY:The pretest mean and standard deviation on muscular endurance in terms of upper body scores G1, G2 and G3 were 11.20+0.60, 10.90+0.94 and 11.10+0.94 respectively. The obtained pretest F value of 0.29 was lesser than the required table F value 3.35. Hence the pretest means value of Aerobic training and Jump rope training group and control group on muscular endurance in terms of upper body before start of the respective treatments were found to be insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 2 and 27. Thus this analysis confirmed that the random assignment of subjects into three groups were successful. The posttest mean and standard deviation on muscular endurance in terms of upper body of G1, G2 and G3 were 12.00+0.77, 14.00+0.77 and 9.00+0.77 respectively. The obtained posttest F value of 94.52* was higher than the required table F value of 3.35. Hence the posttest means value of circuit training and circuit training combined with asana practice on muscular endur-
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.414ance in terms of upper body were found to be significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 2 and 27. The results proved that the selected two training interventions namely Aerobic training and Jump rope training were produced significant improve rather than the control group of the sample populations. The adjusted posttest means on muscular endurance in terms of upper body scores of G1, G2 and G3 were 11.98, 14.02 and 9.00 respectively. The obtained adjusted posttest F value of 93.38 was higher than the required table F value of 3.37. Hence the adjusted posttest means value of Aerobic training and Jump ropes training on muscular endurance in terms of upper body were found to be significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 2 and 26. The results confirm that the selected two training interventions namely Aerobic training and Jump rope training on muscular endurance in terms of upper bodywere produced significant difference among the groups. In order to find out the superiority effects among the treatment and control groups the Seheffe’s post hoc test were administered. The outcomes of the same are presented in the table I.TABLE - I THE RESULTS OF SCHEFFE’S POST HOC TEST MEAN DIFFERENCES ON MUSCULAR ENDURANCE IN TERMS OF UPPER BODY AMONG THREE GROUPS(Scores in Numbers)Group 1CTGroup 2CT-APGroup 3C G Mean Differences Confidence Interval Value11.98 14.02 2.04* 0.2111.98 9.00 2.99* 0.2114.02 9.00 5.03* 0.21* Significant at .05 level of confidence.RESULT OF SCHEFFE’S POST HOC TEST ON MUSCULAR ENDURANCE IN TERMS OF UPPER BODY:Table I shows the paired mean differences of circuit training and circuit training combined with asana practice and control group on muscular endurance in terms of upper body. The paired wise comparisons results as follows. First comparison: Group 1 and Group 2: The pair wise mean difference of group 1 and group 2 values 2.04 was lesser than the confidential interval value of 0.21. Hence the first comparison was insignificant. The results of this comparison clearly proved that both training have produced significantly different improvement on muscular endurance in terms of upper body. Second comparison: Group 1 and Group 3: The pair wise mean difference of group 1 and group 3 values 2.99 was higher than the confidential interval value of 0.21. Hence the second comparison was significant. The results of this comparison clearly proved that
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.415Scores in CountsAerobic training have produced greater improvements on muscular endurance in terms of upper body, than the control group. Third comparison: Group 2 and Group 3: The pair wise mean difference of group 2 and group 3 values 5.03 was higher than the confidential interval value of 0.21. Hence the third comparison was significant. The results of this comparison clearly proved that jump rope training have produced greater improvements on muscular endurance in terms of upper body, than the control group. The adjusted posttest means deference of experimental and control group value graphically represented in the figure 1.FIGURE-1THE ADJUSTED POST TEST MEAN VALUES OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS ON MUSCULAR ENDURANCE IN THE TERM OF UPPER BODY Scores in NumbAerobic training (AT)Jump rope training combined with asana practice (JRF) Control groupDISCUSSION ON FINDINGS:The Aerobic training and Jump rope training have produced significant improvement on muscular endurance (upper body) greater than control group of overweight children responses to the effects of six weeks training interventions.Muscular endurance (upper body): After analyzing the statistical end results the researcher found that the selected training groups have significantly improved the ability of muscular endurance in terms of upper body from the base line to post interventions. The pre to post intervention was present as follows. The Aerobic training group from pre (11.20+0.60), to post (12.00+0.77) and Jump rope 11.9814.0290246810121416AT JRF CGAdjusted Post test meanATJRFCG
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.416training group from pre (10.90+0.94) to post (14.00+0.77) have significantly changed the pre to post results. The present study demonstrates an increase in muscular endurance in terms of upper body of 0.008% and 0.031% for Aerobic training and Jump rope training respectively. The result of this study prove that the ability of muscular endurance in terms of upper body increased significantly over the six weeks training period for Aerobic training and Jump rope training when comparing with control group. However, the Jump rope training would produce better improvement than the other training namely aerobic training group. Further the aerobic training also produces better improvement on muscular endurance in the term of upper body that the control group. The control group did not show any significant changes on muscular endurance in terms of upper body. Marterer et al. (2023), they reported that upper-body endurance training (UBET) significantly increased VO2peak in the trained arms by 16.4% on average across interventions lasting about seven weeks. Additionally, some studies observed positive transfer effects to untrained legs, with a 9.3% increase in VO2peak, highlighting cross-transfer benefits of upper-body training. Valent et al. (2007), they highlighted generally low methodological quality across 25 studies, limiting meta-analysis due to a lack of randomized controlled trials. However, in higher-quality studies, training led to substantial improvements in VO2peak (17.6%) and peak power output (26.1%), indicating meaningful performance gains despite study limitations. Lu et al. (2014), they analyzed 16 studies involving 426 participants and found fair to good internal validity, though external validity and statistical power were limited. Most interventions ranging from exercise therapy to robotic and electrical stimulation led to improvements in muscle strength, upper limb function, and daily living activities. Thomas D Turner et.al (2018), their research indicates that short-term upper body HIIT significantly improved upper body anaerobic power and also enhanced maximal exercise capacity in untrained lower limbs. These adaptations, though mechanistically unclear, suggest upper body HIIT as a valuable training strategy for improving overall performance in multi-format sports like cricket. Vandbakk K.et.al (2017), they discovered that the strength intervention group (SIG) improved absolute VO2max in diagonal skiing and 1RM strength significantly more than the control group. Despite similar gains in double poling peak oxygen uptake for both groups, no changes were seen in oxygen cost or skiing kinematics, suggesting strength gains did not alter technique. Maniazhagu Dharuman et.al (2021), they identified that the level of significance was 0.05. After the six weeks training interventions the experimental groups improved the capacity of upper body muscular endurance. The best improvement was noticed in battle rope training. S. Lourdu Raj, D. Maniazhagu (2022), the results of this study indicate that both training interventions circuit training combined with speed-agility-quickness
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.417drills and with jump rope drills significantly improved upper body muscular endurance over six weeks. The two methods produced similar effects, suggesting either can be effectively used to enhance upper body endurance performance. Mc Millan D.W, et.al (2019), they observed that the acute effects of different forms of exercise on fasting and postprandial responses in chronic SCI male patients. Measures of glucose clearance, insulin sensitivity, lipid and inflammatory biomarker concentrations will be assessed and changes in whole-body substrate oxidation estimated from expired gases. Lai YJ, et.al (2014), their findings suggest that patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) in Taiwan have a 33% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those without SCIs, with older age, male sex, comorbidities, and complete thoracic injuries further increasing this risk. These findings highlight the need for targeted diabetes prevention and management strategies within the aging SCI population. Chuang CH et.al (2018), they identified that individuals with spinal cord injuries (majority men, average age ~53) had significantly higher hazard risks for developing psychiatric disorders, influenced by SCI level, age, hypertension, and COPD. These results underscore the strong, independent association between SCI and psychiatric conditions, emphasizing the need for integrated mental health care in this population. ChaikhotDhissanuvach et.al (2020), their studies suggest that the combined RT and arm-cranking HIIT improved fitness. However, it seems that this training did not result in improvements in propulsion efficiency and push characteristics. Additional wheelchair skill training may be needed to fully benefit from this advantage in daily life propulsion. Natalie Marterer et.al (2023), they revealed that the upper-body endurance training (UBET) significantly increased VO2peak in trained arms by 16.4% across interventions lasting around seven weeks. Additionally, some studies showed transfer effects to untrained legs, with a 9.3% increase in VO2peak, indicating cross-limb cardiovascular adaptations. Hettinga F.J et.al (2016), their studies suggest that training at 65% HRR led to significant improvements in hand cycling performance peak VO2 (+18.1%), peak power output (+31.9%), and peak heart rate (+4.0%). However, these gains did not transfer to leg cycling, indicating the adaptations were specific to the trained upper-body modality. Price M, Bottoms L, Hill M, Eston R (2022), the results of this study show consistently lower MFO and Fatmax during upper body exercise in young, healthy, recreationally active male participants compared to lower body exercise. Although inter-individual variation was greater for MFO and Fatmax during upper body exercise, these data have important applications for weight loss strategies in healthy male populations and those unable to use their legs or where upper body exercise may be the only available exercise mode. Paulo Gentil et.al (2007), their studies have been found that performing pre-exhaustion exercise is no more effective in increasing the activation of the pre fatigued muscles during the multi-joint exercise. Also, independent of the
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.418exercise order (PRE vs. PS), TW is similar when performing exercises for the same muscle group. In summary, if the coach wants to maximize the athlete performance in 1 specific resistance exercise, this exercise should be placed at the beginning of the training session. Curovic et al. (2024) they reviewed 7 studies and found moderate evidence linking greater upper-body (UB) maximal strength to improved repeated sprint ability and faster flying sprints, though results for sprint acceleration were inconsistent. Additionally, strong trunk and core musculature particularly extensors were associated with enhanced change-of-direction performance and drop jump outcomes. Ahmed S. Elmorsy et al. (2007), their research indicates that upper limb (UL) training improved upper limb endurance (UULE time), while lower limb (LL) training enhanced walking distance (6-MWD), with combined training benefiting both measures. Significant improvements in quality of life (SGRQ) and BODE index occurred in all training groups, but pulmonary function remained unchanged across all groups. Fatemeh Jafari et.al (2022), their results showed that TRX resistance exercise increased the muscular endurance of upper and lower torso in female students. Therefore, it is recommended to use this simple, low cost, but effective training method in sport centers, homes and small spaces. Vikestad V, Dalen T (2024), their results is presented as the percentage change of the mean from pre- to post-test. All the studies show an improvement in endurance from pre to post for both interventions, except for the RE group in one study. This review finds small and nonconclusive sequence effects between ER and RE, suggesting that the sequence of concurrent training is not of great importance in relation to endurance performance. Boliang Wang et.al (2023), they found that RT is an effective means for improving LME in middle-aged and older adults. Optimal training characteristics have not been defined by this review, as improvement in LME was unrelated to RT volume or loading intensity. Caution is warranted when interpreting the findings due to heterogeneity and bias present in existing literature. Additional studies are needed with direct comparisons of various training techniques.CONCLUSION:The ability of muscular endurance in terms of upper body increased by 0.008 % and 0.031 % for Aerobic training and Jump rope training respectively. It was similar in Aerobic training and Jump rope training. Further the study has proved that Jump rope training enhanced better muscular endurance and aerobic training also produces better improvement on muscular endurance in the term of upper body that the control group participants. No significant improvements were noticed on control participants on Jump rope training.
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PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.42119. Paulo Gentil, Elke Oliveira, Valdinar De Araujo Rocha Junior, Jake Do CarmoAndMartimBottaro (2007). Effects of Exercise Order on Upper-Body Muscle Activation and Exercise Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2007, 21(4), 1082–108620. Price M, Bottoms L, Hill M, Eston R (2022). \"Maximal Fat Oxidation during Incremental Upper and Lower Body Exercise in Healthy Young Males\" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 15311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19221531121. S. Lourdu Raj, D. Maniazhagu (2022). Effect of Circuit Training Combined with Speed Agility Quickness Drills and Jump Rope Drills on Upper body Muscular Endurance. J Adv Sport Phys Edu, Feb, 2022; 5(2): 24-30. doi: 10.36348/jaspe.2022.v05i02.00322. S. LourduRaj,Malar S, D.Maniazhagu (2023), Effects of throw ball practice combined with neuromuscular drills on upper body muscular endurance, International journal of physical education sports management and yogic science, Vol.13 No: 1:20-28.23. Thomas D Turner, Jeremy Moody, Paul J Byrne, Show all 6 authors, Stephen-Mark Cooper (2018). Effect of upper-body high intensity interval training on exercise performance in professional cricket players. Open Access Journal of Exercise and Sports Medicine 2018, Volume 2, Issue 124. Urvashi Tiwari, Cincy B Christopher, Balajit Singh Sekhon, D. Maniazhagu(2025), Effects of two modes of circuit training on muscular endurance (Lower Body) of Schools Boys, International Journal of Physical Education Sports Management and Yogic Sciences, VOL. 15, No 2, April-June, DOI NO: 10.5958/2278-795X.2025.00007.625. Valent L, Dallmeijer A, Houdijk H, Talsma E, van der Woude L (2007). The effects of upper body exercise on the physical capacity of people with a spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Clin. Rehabil. 2007; 21:315–330. doi: 10.1177/0269215507073385.26. Vandbakk K, Welde B, Kruken AH, Baumgart J, Ettema G, Karlsen T, et al. (2017) Effects of upper-body sprint-interval training on strength and endurance capacities in female cross-country skiers. PLoS ONE 12(2): e0172706. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017270627. Vikestad V, Dalen T (2024). Effect of Strength and Endurance Training Sequence on Endurance Performance. Sports. 2024; 12(8):226. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12080226
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.422THE IMPACT OF THE INDIAN KORFBALL ASSOCIATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS ON YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN KORFBALL ACROSS ASIADOI NO: 10.5958/2278-795X.2025.00027.2Dr. Sandeep Kumar, Assistant Professor, Wainganga College of Physical Education, Sakoli, Maharashtra, India.ABSTRACT:Korfball, a mixed-gender team sport originating from the Netherlands, has gained global attention but remains relatively underdeveloped in Asia compared to traditional sports. The Indian Korfball Association (IKA) has initiated targeted development programs aimed at enhancing youth participation and regional expansion. This study examines the effectiveness of these programs across selected Asian countries, including India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. Using a mixed-methods approach involving surveys of young athletes, interviews with Korfball administrators, and participation data analysis from 2015–2024, the research highlights trends, achievements, and challenges. Findings indicate positive increases in youth engagement, improved skills development, and enhanced international collaboration, but also reveal persistent barriers such as resource constraints and cultural perceptions. The study concludes with recommendations to strengthen institutional support, expand coaching education, and enhance visibility through strategic marketing.INTRODUCTION:Background:Korfball is a co-educational ball sport that emphasizes skill, strategy, teamwork, and gender equality (Van Bottenburg & Salome, 2010). Unlike many mainstream sports, it mandates mixed-gender participation, making it socially and culturally significant in promoting inclusivity (Smith & Collins, 2018). While the sport has established roots in Europe, its growth in Asia has been slower due to limited exposure, infrastructure, and institutional support.Role of Indian Korfball Association (IKA):The Indian Korfball Association (IKA), established in 1979, has been pivotal in promoting Korfball in India and parts of Asia (IKA, 2024). Over the past decade, IKA has launched multiple development programs focused on youth participation, coaching education, school outreach, and regional tournaments. These programs aim to embed Korfball within athletic curricula and build sustainable grassroots structures.Problem Statement:
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.423Despite efforts by IKA, empirical evidence on the impact of its development programs on youth participation across Asia remains limited. Quantitative and qualitative data are needed to assess the effectiveness, identify growth patterns, and uncover challenges hindering wider adoption.Research Objectives:1. Evaluate trends in youth participation in Korfball across selected Asian countries from 2015–2024.2. Assess the role of IKA development programs in influencing these trends.3. Identify barriers and facilitators affecting youth engagement.4. Provide recommendations for enhancing program effectiveness and regional expansion.Significance of the Study:This research contributes to a deeper understanding of sport development dynamics within Asia, particularly for niche sports like Korfball. It also provides practical insights for policymakers, sport federations, and educational institutions seeking to promote inclusive sport participation.METHODOLOGY:Research Design:A mixed-methods approach was adopted to capture quantitative trends and qualitative insights. The design enabled triangulation of data across different sources, enhancing validity and reliability (Creswell & Creswell, 2018).Population and Sample:• Target Population: Youth athletes (aged 12–23) participating in Korfball programs; Korfball administrators and coaches in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia.• Sample Size:o Youth Survey: 450 respondents (90 per country)o Interviews: 25 administrators/coaches (5 per country)o Participation Data: Annual participation records from 2015–2024 provided by national Korfball bodies.Sampling Technique:Purposive sampling was used to select countries where IKA has active programs and partnerships. Within each country, stratified random sampling ensured representation across age, gender, and competitive levels.Data Collection Methods:1. Survey:A structured questionnaire captured demographics, engagement level, motivations, and perceptions regarding Korfball participation.2. Semi-Structured Interviews:
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.424Conducted with Korfball administrators and coaches to explore program implementation strategies, challenges, and observed outcomes.3. Secondary Data:Participation records from national federations and IKA reports were analyzed for trends in registrations, tournaments, and coach certifications.Data Analysis:• Quantitative Data:Analyzed using descriptive statistics and trend analysis in SPSS (version 26).• Qualitative Data:Thematic analysis identified recurring themes and insights from interviews using NVivo software.Ethical Considerations:• Informed consent was obtained from all participants.• Confidentiality and anonymity were ensured.• Permissions were secured from national federations and IKA for data access.RESULTS & DISCUSSION:1. Trends in Youth Participation:Growth Patterns:Data from 2015 to 2024 indicate a steady increase in youth participation across all five countries (see Table 1). India and Nepal showed the most significant growth, whereas Bangladesh and Sri Lanka exhibited moderate increases.• India: From 400 youth participants in 2015 to 2,400 in 2024 (+500%)• Nepal: From 150 to 900 (+500%)• Malaysia: From 300 to 1,200 (+300%)• Bangladesh & Sri Lanka: Growth between 150–450 over the same periodThese trends align with IKA’s intensified grassroots programs implemented post-2017, including school partnerships, district leagues, and annual youth camps (IKA Annual Report, 2023).2. Impact of IKA Development Programs:Coaching Education and Certification:One of IKA’s primary strategies has been to build coaching capacity. Between 2016 and 2024:• Coaching Clinics: 40+ programs conducted across Asia• Certified Coaches: Increased from 10 (2015) to 250 (2024)Interviewees noted that local coaches trained by IKA have significantly improved training quality and youth retention.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.425\"Before IKA’s coaching workshops, we lacked structured sessions. Now our teams train with better drills and strategy.\" (Coach, Nepal)School and University Outreach:IKA partnered with educational institutions to introduce Korfball in physical education curricula.• India:o 120 schools added Korfball to sports offeringso Youth leagues initiated in 10 states• Malaysia & Nepal:o University championships launchedSurvey respondents (68%) reported exposure to Korfball through school programs being the primary reason for their engagement.Regional Tournaments and Competitions:IKA facilitated or co-sponsored regional competitions that provided competitive platforms for youth athletes:• South Asia Korfball Championships (2018, 2021, 2024)• Asia Youth Korfball Festival (biennial)Participation in these events encouraged cross-cultural competition and heightened interest among youth.3. Facilitators and Barriers to Participation:Facilitators:• Inclusive Nature: 75% of survey respondents cited mixed-gender format as motivating.• Community Support: Local clubs and school teachers actively promoted the sport.• Role Models: Presence of national youth champions inspired new participants.Barriers:Despite positive trends, challenges remain:• Resource Constraints: Limited equipment, especially in rural areas.• Awareness Gaps: Korfball remains less visible compared to cricket, football, or badminton.• Cultural Resistance: In some regions, mixed-gender participation was initially unfamiliar. \"Convincing parents that mixed-gender sport is beneficial was a challenge, especially initially in rural districts.\" (Admin, Bangladesh)
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.4264. Comparative Insights Across Countries:• India and Nepal: Strongest impact due to robust IKA presence, consistent funding, and collaborations with educational boards.• Malaysia: Moderate growth; well-organised university leagues but limited school engagement.• Bangladesh & Sri Lanka: Emerging interest; however, lack of long-term support structures hinder sustained participation.CONCLUSION:The Indian Korfball Association’s development programs have positively influenced youth participation in Korfball across Asia. Evidence shows rising participation rates, increased coaching capacity, and expanded outreach in educational institutions. Enhanced competitive opportunities and inclusive sport culture also contributed to engagement.However, progress varies across countries due to resource limitations, awareness gaps, and cultural nuances. To sustain and amplify growth, the following recommendations are proposed:RECOMMENDATIONS:1. Strengthen Institutional Partnershipso Collaborate with governments and education ministries for long-term integration of Korfball in physical education.2. Scale Coaching and Referee Trainingo Expand certification programs using online platforms to reach remote areas.3. Increase Visibilityo Use social media, documentaries, and school festivals to promote Korfball.4. Secure Funding and Sponsorshipo Engage corporate sponsors for equipment, travel support, and youth talent programs.5. Cultural Sensitivity Workshopso Conduct awareness campaigns to normalize mixed-gender sports across diverse communities.Future research could explore longitudinal participant experiences and economic analyses of sport development programs to further illuminate effective sport promotion models.REFERENCES: 1. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.2. Indian Korfball Association (IKA). (2023). Annual report 2023. IKA Publications.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.4273. IKA. (2024). Development programs overview. IKA Official Documents.4. Smith, A., & Collins, P. (2018). Gender inclusion through sport: Case studies in mixed-gender team games. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 10(2), 189–203.5. Van Bottenburg, M., & Salome, L. (2010). Korfball: Rules, techniques, and coaching. Meyer & Meyer Sport.6. Asian Korfball Federation. (2022). Participation statistics report. AKF Publications.7. Sharma, R., & Singh, P. (2021). Korfball’s rise in South Asia: Youth perspectives. Journal of Sport Development, 15(3), 45–60.8. Lee, J., & Tan, C. (2020). Sport diversification and youth engagement in Asia. Asian Journal of Physical Education, 22(4), 78–95.9. World Korfball Federation. (2019). Global development strategy 2019–2028. WKF Publications.10. Khan, M., & Das, R. (2023). Assessing sports participation barriers in South Asia. South Asian Journal of Sport Sciences, 5(1), 11–27.11.Chen, L., & Ahmad, S. (2024). Mixed-gender sports: Cultural adaptation in Asia. Journal of Sport Culture & Society, 12(1), 102–119.12.Rahman, T. (2022). School sport programs and student engagement. International Journal of Educational Sport Studies, 9(2), 33–49.13. Wijesinghe, H., & Perera, K. (2021). Growth of Korfball in Sri Lanka: Challenges and prospects. Ceylon Journal of Sports, 2(1), 22–38.14. Gupta, N. (2024). Coaching education and sport quality development. Journal of Coaching Science, 8(3), 56–71.15. Aziz, F., & Rizvi, S. (2020). Community sport clubs and youth development. Journal of Sport Management, 14(2), 15–31.16. Ahmed, P., & Lee, S. (2023). Youth sport participation trends across Asia. Asian Sports Analytics Journal, 7(3), 90–107.17.Rahman, A. (2024). Digital media strategies for emerging sports. Journal of Sport Marketing, 6(1), 120–136.18. Malik, R., & Hasan, Q. (2022). Resource challenges in grassroots sport. Journal of Sport Development Policy, 10(2), 74–88.19. Kumar, V., & Yadav, S. (2023). Evaluating sport federation partnerships in Asia. International Journal of Sport Governance, 5(4), 210–230.20. Tan, J. (2021). Competitive sport events and youth motivation. Journal of Sport Psychology, 16(2), 145–163.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.428IMPACT OF THE INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM BASED LAGORI GAME ON SELECTED HEALTH RELATED FITNESS COMPONENTS OF SCHOOL GIRLSDOI NO: 10.5958/2278-795X.2025.00028.9Urvashi Tiwari, Ph.D. Scholar and Intern Research Fellowship, Vidya Bharati Uchcha Shiksha Sansthan (VBUSS), in collaboration with the Indian Knowledge System (IKS) Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.Dr. D. Maniazhagu, Professor, Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:Ancient Indian sports have been an integral component of the Indian Knowledge System (IKS), contributing significantly to the physical, mental, moral, and social development of individuals. Unlike many modern sports that emphasize competition and entertainment, traditional Indian games were rooted in a holistic philosophy of life, integrating physical fitness with mental discipline, ethical conduct, and community values. These indigenous practices evolved during the Vedic and post-Vedic periods and were influenced by allied systems such as Yoga, Ayurveda, and the Gurukul system, which together ensured balanced human development.Traditional sports such as Kalaripayattu, Malla-yuddha, archery, and Chaturanga were not merely recreational activities but functioned as tools for cultivating self-discipline, strategic thinking, combat readiness, and emotional resilience. Ancient Indian scriptures, including the Mahabharata and Ramayana, emphasize the importance of physical training and martial skills, while classical texts such as Kautilya’s Arthashastra highlight the role of physical fitness in governance, leadership, and national security.Physical education in the Gurukul system was inseparable from intellectual training, and Ayurveda played a complementary role by guiding nutrition, exercise regimens, recovery methods, and injury management. Yoga further enhanced these practices by improving flexibility, balance, breath control, concentration, and inner harmony, thereby bridging physical performance and spiritual well-being.In addition to individual benefits, indigenous games fostered social cohesion, cooperation, and cultural continuity. Community-based games such as Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Lagori, and Gilli-Danda promoted teamwork, agility, and strategic decision-making and were integral to festivals and social gatherings.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.429However, the advent of British colonial rule led to the marginalization of indigenous sports in favor of Western games such as cricket and football (Dutt, 2021).In recent decades, renewed interest in traditional sports has emerged. Professional leagues such as the Pro Kabaddi League (2014) and the Ultimate Kho-Kho League (2022), along with global events like the Kho-Kho World Cup (2025), reflect increasing national and international recognition of indigenous games (Sportstar, 2025). This resurgence underscores the need for scientific investigation into the fitness and health benefits of traditional games, particularly among children and adolescents.LAGORI GAME:Lagori, also known as Pitthu or Seven Stones, is a traditional outdoor team game played by striking a stacked pile of stone discs with a ball. After the pile is knocked down, the attacking team attempts to reconstruct the stack while the defending team retrieves the ball and tries to hit the attackers before the stack is rebuilt. The game demands agility, speed, coordination, endurance, teamwork, and quick decision-making.Originating in South India, Lagori is now played across India and in more than 30 countries worldwide. The International Lagori Federation governs the sport internationally by standardizing rules and organizing competitions. The game is also known as Satoliya in several regions, referring to the seven stone discs used in play.INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM–BASED LAGORI GAME:The Indian Knowledge System–based Lagori game refers to the structured, systematic, and culturally grounded application of the traditional Lagori game as a planned physical activity intervention. Rooted in IKS principles, this approach integrates indigenous movement patterns, cooperative play, ethical values, and holistic development. When implemented scientifically and age-appropriately, IKS-based Lagori training enhances health-related fitness components—such as cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition—while simultaneously fostering mental alertness, emotional regulation, social skills, and cultural awareness among school girls.BENEFITS OF LAGORI GAME:Lagori (Seven Stones) offers benefits like improved hand-eye coordination, agility, stamina, and strategic thinking, while fostering teamwork, communication, and social skills. This traditional Indian game enhances concentration, sharpens eyesight, builds confidence, and promotes physical fitness through
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.430running, catching, and throwing, connecting players to heritage in a fun, active way.BENEFITS OF SELECTED HEALTH-RELATED FITNESS COMPONENTS:Lagori Game on Cardiorespiratory Endurance:The Lagori game significantly enhances cardiorespiratory endurance by involving continuous running, chasing, dodging, and rapid recovery movements that elevate heart rate and breathing for sustained periods. Regular participation improves the efficiency of the heart and lungs, increases oxygen uptake and utilization, and enhances stamina while delaying the onset of fatigue. The intermittent high-intensity actions combined with active recovery promote both aerobic and anaerobic endurance, thereby strengthening the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and supporting overall cardiorespiratory health in an engaging and culturally relevant physical activity.Lagori Game on Muscular Strength:The Lagori game contributes to the development of muscular strength by engaging major muscle groups of the upper body, lower body, and core through actions such as throwing, lifting, running, bending, and rapid directional changes. Repeated throwing of the ball enhances arm, shoulder, and grip strength, while movements like sprinting, squatting, and quick recovery strengthen the leg muscles. Continuous bending, twisting, and balancing during gameplay activate core muscles, improving overall muscular strength and functional stability. Regular participation in Lagori therefore promotes balanced muscular development in a natural and enjoyable manner.Lagori Game on Muscular Endurance:The Lagori game enhances muscular endurance by requiring repeated and sustained use of major muscle groups throughout continuous gameplay. Activities such as prolonged running, frequent throwing, bending, squatting, and quick recovery movements demand repeated muscle contractions, which improve the ability of muscles to perform for extended periods without fatigue. The continuous engagement of the arms, legs, and core strengthens resistance to tiredness, increases work capacity, and supports overall functional fitness. Regular participation in Lagori thus effectively develops muscular endurance in an enjoyable and indigenous physical activity setting.Lagori Game on Flexibility: The Lagori game improves flexibility by involving a wide range of dynamic movements such as bending, stretching, twisting, reaching, and quick changes in body position during play. Frequent actions like picking up stones,
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.431throwing the ball, dodging opponents, and sudden directional shifts promote greater joint mobility and muscle elasticity, particularly in the shoulders, hips, spine, and lower limbs. Regular participation helps maintain optimal range of motion, reduces muscular stiffness, and enhances overall movement efficiency, thereby contributing to improved flexibility in a natural and engaging manner.Lagori Game on Body Composition: The Lagori game positively influences body composition by increasing overall physical activity levels through continuous running, chasing, throwing, and rapid recovery movements. These activities raise energy expenditure, which helps reduce excess body fat while supporting the maintenance and development of lean muscle mass. Regular participation enhances metabolic efficiency, prevents sedentary behavior, and promotes a healthier balance between fat mass and fat-free mass. As an enjoyable and indigenous physical activity, Lagori supports healthy body composition, especially among school aged children.Lagori Game on Girls Fitness:The Lagori game plays a significant role in improving the overall fitness of girls by engaging them in continuous, enjoyable, and culturally relevant physical activity. The game enhances cardiorespiratory endurance through sustained running and chasing, muscular strength and endurance through throwing, bending, and rapid recovery movements, and flexibility through frequent stretching, twisting, and directional changes. Regular participation also supports healthy body composition by increasing energy expenditure and reducing sedentary behavior. Additionally, Lagori improves agility, coordination, confidence, and teamwork, making it an effective and inclusive activity for promoting holistic fitness among girls.GIRLS FITNESS ON SELECTED HEALTH-RELATED FITNESS COMPONENTS:Girls Fitness on Cardiorespiratory Endurance:The game of Lagori plays an important role in improving girls’ cardiorespiratory endurance by engaging them in continuous and vigorous physical activity involving running, chasing, dodging, and quick recovery movements. These sustained activities elevate heart rate and breathing for extended periods, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the heart, lungs, and circulatory system. Regular participation in Lagori improves oxygen uptake, increases stamina, delays the onset of fatigue, and supports overall cardiovascular health, making it an effective and enjoyable means of developing cardiorespiratory endurance among girls.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.432Girls Fitness on Muscular Strength:The game of Lagori contributes significantly to the development of muscular strength among girls by engaging major muscle groups through activities such as throwing the ball, lifting and arranging stones, running, bending, and quick directional movements. Repeated throwing actions strengthen the muscles of the arms, shoulders, and grip, while sprinting, squatting, and rapid recovery movements enhance the strength of the lower limb muscles. Continuous involvement of the core during balance, twisting, and stabilizing actions further improves overall muscular strength, thereby promoting functional fitness and physical confidence among girls.Girls Fitness on Muscular Endurance:The game of Lagori effectively enhances muscular endurance among girls by requiring continuous and repetitive use of major muscle groups throughout gameplay. Activities such as sustained running, repeated throwing of the ball, frequent bending and squatting, and quick recovery movements demand prolonged muscle contractions, which improve the ability of muscles to perform for extended periods without fatigue. Regular participation strengthens the endurance capacity of the arms, legs, and core muscles, increases resistance to tiredness, and supports overall functional fitness among girls in an enjoyable and indigenous physical activity setting.Girls Fitness on Flexibility: The game of Lagori improves flexibility among girls by involving a wide range of dynamic movements such as bending, stretching, twisting, reaching, and sudden changes in body position during play. Actions like picking up stones, throwing the ball, dodging opponents, and quick directional movements enhance joint mobility and muscle elasticity, particularly in the shoulders, hips, spine, and lower limbs. Regular participation helps maintain an optimal range of motion, reduces muscular stiffness, and promotes efficient movement patterns, thereby contributing to improved flexibility and overall fitness among girls.Girls Fitness on Body Composition:The game of Lagori positively influences body composition among girls by promoting high levels of physical activity through continuous running, chasing, throwing, and rapid recovery movements. These activities increase energy expenditure, which helps in reducing excess body fat while supporting the maintenance and development of lean muscle mass. Regular participation enhances metabolic efficiency, discourages sedentary behaviour, and contributes to a healthier balance between fat mass and fat-free mass, thereby improving overall body composition and physical fitness among girls.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.433CONCLUSION:Integration of IKS-based Lagori into school physical education programs had a positive impact on health-related fitness components among schoolgirls. The culturally relevant game enhanced cardiovascular endurance, strength, agility, and overall physical literacy. Such traditional games can play a vital role in combating inactivity and promoting lifelong fitness habits among children.REFERENCES:1. Ali Muhaimin, Johansyah Lubis, and Fahmy Fachrezzy (2024). The Impact of Traditional Games on Physical Fitness and Well-being of Literature Review. The Impact of Traditional Games on Physical Fitness and Well-being of Literature Review SEEJPH 2024 Posted: 10-09-20242. Deksha Shetty and Vishwambhar Jadhav (2025). \"The Role of Traditional Indian Sports in Holistic Development through Indian Knowledge System\". International Journal of Novel Trends and Innovation 2025 IJNTI | Volume 3, Issue 4 April 2025 | ISSN: 2984-908X IJNTI.ORG3. Jyoti Dhruw and Hongsha Towarmoi (2025). The Wisdom of Play: Traditional Indian Games. Refereed Journal Volume 3 | Special Issue 3 | October 2025 ISSN: 2583-973X, DOI : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17398621.4. Kumar, S., &Choudhury, P. K. (2021). Conceptualizing Indian knowledge systems: Historical continuities and contemporary relevance. Journal of Educational Philosophy and Theory, 53(7), 42-58.5. Mehta, S. (2013). Indigenous knowledge in Indian educational research: A bibliometric analysis. Research in Education, 89(1), 78-94.6. N.S Sreeji (2025). “Indigenous Sports of India and the Indian Knowledge System: Preserving Tradition and Promoting Professionalism.” International Journal of Sports, Exercise and Physical Education, 2025. DOI:10.33545/26647281.2025.V7.I1B.162. 7. Nagaraddi B Mallanna and Prasanna Kumar Shivasharanappa (2017). A study of senior and sub junior boys and girls Lagori team performances of Karnataka and goa states. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education 2017; 2(2): 142-144, ISSN: 2456-00578. Sreeji NS (2025). Indigenous sports of India and the Indian knowledge system: Preserving tradition and promoting professionalism. Int. J. Sports Exercise Phys. Educ. 2025;7(1):103-106. DOI: 10.33545/26647281.2025.v7.i1b.1629. Subal Chandra Das and Shiuli Debnath (2024). Sustainable development through Ancient Indian practices: Exploring the intersection with physical education and sports, International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education 2024; 9(1): 155-157, ISSN: 2456-0057.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.15, No.43410. YogitaChandel and Deepak Johnson (2025). Contribution of Indian Knowledge System in Multidisciplinary & Current Educational Research. International Journal of Education, Modern Management, Applied Science & Social Science (IJEMMASSS) 28 ISSN :2581-9925, Impact Factor: 7.555, Volume 07, No. 02(II), April- June, 2025, pp. 28-34 DOI:10.62823/IJEMMASSS/7.2(II).7514e- source1. https://www.education.gov.in/en/nep/iks( retrieved)2. https://kheloindia.gov.in/ - Traditional Games of India – Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports (Khelo India) ( retrieved)3. https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf (retrieved)4. https://www.dsource.in/resource/indian-games/outdoor-games/lagori5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_sto
THE INSTITUTE: Sudhir Surya Yoga College & Research Centre is an autonomous organization and fully depended on donations and earning from its sources. Sudhir Surya Yoga College & Research Centre is a focal institute for planning, training, promotion and co-ordination of Physical Education, Sports, Yoga education, training, therapy and research in all its subjects.THE OBJECTIVES OF THE INSTITUTE:To act as a center of excellence in Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga.To develop, promote and propagate the science and art of Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga, andTo provide and promote facilities of training, teaching and research to fulfill the above two objectives.CHARTER OF FUNCTIONS: To undertake and promote, guide and co-ordinate research activities in various aspects of Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga.To standardize the methods and curriculum for Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga education and training.To provide and promote facilities for training in the field of Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga.To promote Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga at national and international level by organizing conferences and workshops and popularizing through media.To compile information and propagate the existing knowledge about Education, Physical Education, Sports and YogaTo develop a database on the knowledge regarding scientific discoveries, institutions involved in Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga research, scientific and their contributions in the field of Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga.To encourage and support facilities for making the benefits of Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga widely available.To co-ordinate and integrate the concepts and activities of various schools of Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga and for that purpose co-ordinate with other institutions.VISION Health, Happiness, Wellness and fitness for all through Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga.MISSION:The institute provides best of teaching, training, education and research facilities to Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga aspirants. The aim of the institute is to promote broadband understanding of Education, Physical Education, Sports and Yoga philosophy.Rs.750