Volume 1 Final

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessRecommendations:Similar research work should be done on similar set of sports to validate the results. The study also helps the physical educationists and coaches understanding the knowledge and performance of the Sprinters. REFERENCES 1. Prof. Rajesh Kumar(2020) Effect of Plyometric and Circuit Training On Selected Physical Variables among Sprinters of Hyderabad District of Telangana State, IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IOSR-JSPE) e-ISSN: 2347-6737, p-ISSN: 2347-6745, Volume 7, Issue 2, (Mar –Apr 2020), PP 55-57 www.iosrjournals.org 2. Dr. Ch. Ravi Kumar (2021) Effect of plyometric exercises for development of speed among sprinters of Khammam district, International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 2021; 8(4): 288-289 3. Wagner, G., The 100-Meter Dash: Theory and Experiment, The Physics Teacher, 1998, 36, 144-146.4. Mero, A., Kuitunen, S., Harland, M., Kyrolainen, H. and Komi, P.V., Effects of Muscle-Tendon Length andJoint Moment and Power During Sprint Starts, Journal of Sports Sciences, 2006, 24(20), 165-174.5. 5. Henry, F.M., Force-Time Characteristics of the Sprint Start, Research Quarterly, 1952, 23(3), 301-317.6. Harland, M.J. and Steele, J.R., Biomechanics of the Sprint Start, Sports Medicine, 1997, 23(1), 11-2

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1181A STUDY ON THE PREVENTION OF ADHD AND ENHANCING THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN THROUGH YOGASANA AND MEDITATIONBandi Renuka, Research scholar, Dr BAM University, Chh.Sambhajinagar, (Aurangabad) MSProf. Dr. Shafioddin S. Shaik Research guide, NKSPT ASC College, Badnapur, DistJalna, MSABSTRACT: This study helps to determine the prevention of ADHD and the improvement of academic achievement through the practice of MeditationandYogasana. The experiment was conducted on the students of ZillaParishad High School, Kamanpur,Peddapally, Telangana. The students were randomly selected into two equal age groups, aged between 11 and 17 years. The first group was named ―the experimental group‖ (A-25) and second was ―the control group‖ (B-25). After the FA – I (formative assessment test) of the school students of 6th and 10thclass, Yogasana and Meditation.The practice was given in the morning for 30 minutes to ‗the experimental group‘ for twelve weeks, while the controlled group did not receive any meditation practice during this time. A significant different was found in the mean scores; the experimental group had mean score 72.0124 (SD18.886) while the controlled group had a mean score 71.7272(SD17.787) respectively. The mean different was 1.22 and the value for the t-test was 0.856. After F.A-2 (post-test) of prevention of ADHD and improvement of Academic achievements, the mean score of the experimental group was 70.0324 (17.782) and the controlled group was 68.2321 (15.124) respectively. A significant difference was achieved. Therefore, the experimental study suggests that, daily Yogasana and Meditation practice helps to prevent and improve Academic achievements of school students. Keywords: ADHD, Asana, Meditation, Inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity. Introduction: ADHD, also called attention-deficit hyperactive disorder, is a behavior disorder, usually first diagnosed in childhood. It is characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and, in some cases, hyperactivity. These symptoms usually may occur together; although one may occur without the others. What is ADHD? ADHD is a very common neurodevelopment disorder, often first diagnosed in childhood. In fact, the average age of ADHD diagnosis is seven years old. Children with ADHD may find it more challenging to pay attention, as the disorder affects brain development and activity. SYMPTOMS OF ADHD:  Inattention  Hyperactivity  Impulsivity Signs of inattention Of Children with ADHD may:  appear not to pay attention in class  appear not to listen  have difficulty following instructions  have difficulty finishing schoolwork  have difficulty getting organized  avoid tasks that require focus, such as homework  lose or forget items

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellness become easily distracted Hyperactivity and impulsivity: Children with ADHD may be hyperactive and impulsively from a young age.  having difficulty remaining in their seat  appearing to be constantly in motion  running or climbing on things when it is not appropriate or allowed  interrupting their teacher  talking excessively  having difficulty playing quietly  intruding on other children‘s games or interrupting them when speaking  Finding it hard to wait their turn. Common Signs and Symptoms of ADHD in Children: ADHD symptoms arise from differences in the brain.What is the treatment? There are several treatment options for people with ADHD. Yogasana, Therapy, and medication, and lifestyle changes can all help a person to manage their condition and cope with symptoms. Doctors often recommend a combination of all three. Yogasana and Meditation for ADHD People have performed Yogasanaandmeditation and mindfulness for thousands of years to help them in various ways, including improving focus and self-control, managing stress, and supporting brain health. However, studies present mixed results regarding the effectiveness of Yogasana and meditation and mindfulness for managing ADHD. What type of meditation is best for ADHD? Well, there's no one-size-fits-all answer, but many with ADHD find solace in mindfulness meditation. It emphasizes staying present and focusing on the here and now. Training the mind this way can enhance attention span and regulate impulses, which are often challenging for those with ADHD. Give it a shot and see if it resonates with you! IS IT GOOD FOR THE CHILDREN?

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1183Absolutely! But the trick is to keep it fun and engaging. You can't expect a child to sit silently for half an hour, right? Short, interactive Yogasana and meditation sessions using stories or visualization can be super effective. It not only helps kids with ADHD to manage their symptoms but also introduces them to mindfulness, a valuable life skill. Benefits of Yogasana and meditation for ADHD Yogasana and Mindfulness and meditation tend to go together well. People could think of meditation as the cause or a practice and mindfulness as the effect or result. Essentially, meditation is one element that can lead to better mindfulness. People have performedYogasana and meditation and mindfulness for thousands of years to help them in various ways, including improving focus and self-control, managing stress, and supporting brain health. However, studies present mixed results regarding the effectiveness of Yogasana and meditation and mindfulness for managing ADHD. However, the authors of a 2018 systematic review could not draw definite conclusions about the usefulness of meditation-based interventions, specifically for children with ADHD. This was because of the low quality of the study designs. Therefore, better quality studies are necessary to assess meditation effects on ADHD symptoms. Authors of another 2018 study came to a similar conclusion due to a lack of randomized, controlled clinical trials, differences in study designs, and potential for bias. Statement of the problem:This study evaluates the prevention of ADHD and Enhancing academic achievement through Meditation of school children of ZillaParishad High school, Kamanpur, Peddapally District of Telangana. METHODOLOGY: After review of many research literatures, the study was found the very few researches were conducted, but the area of prevention of ADHD and Enhancing academic achievement through Yogasana and Meditation of school children is ignored.Methods of research: The present study, prevention of ADHD and Enhancing academic achievement throughYogasana and Meditation was done on school children of ZillaParishad High SchoolKamanpur, Peddapally District, Telangana state.Boy students were used for this Experimental method. The training schedule was designed to the experimental group to practice different types of Meditations training for 30 Minutes every day in the morning from 9.30 to 10 am, Six days in a week, up to twelve weeks, except Sunday. Sampling design: The sample for this study was done on 40 boy students from ZillaParishad High School, kamanpur, Peddapally District, Telangana. The age group taken was 11 to 17 Years and divided into two equal groups called as control group and experimental group, each group had 20 students.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessSample of Yogasana and Meditation Training: Sl. NoCategory of the subjectsCategory of sample Age group of sample( Girls)Number of subjects(Girls) A Control GroupADHD students of ZPHS, Kamanpur, Peddapalli11-17years 20 B Experimental GroupADHD students of ZPHS,Kamanpur, Peddapalli11-17ears 20Total 40 Forty school students (N- 40) from ZillaParishad high school kamanpur were randomly selected and divided into two equal groups. The experimental group A-20 and the control group B-20 for the experiment. After the F.A-1 examination, the meditation practice was given in morning 30 minutes to the experimental group for twelve weeks. During this time control group was not given meditation practice. Experimental and control groups were not controlled for their activity. The marks of the F.A-1 and F.A-2 examinations were considered as pre and post-test data for the investigation of academic achievement of the students. Methods of data collection: Data Collection Procedure: As explained earlier the sample of the study conducted on the Zillaparishad high school students, who participated in Yogasana and Meditation training. The sample was taken from (i) control group did not give Yogasanaand Meditation training and (ii) Experimental group, who have given Yogasana and Meditation training for 12 weeks on ZillaParishad high school Kamapur Girlsstudents of Telangana state. Schedule of the Training: The training schedule is designed to the experimental group to practice of Yogasanaand Meditation training 30 Minutes every day in the morning, six days a week up to twelve weeks except on Sunday. The Asana training time was scheduled between 9.15A.M to 9.45A.M. Types Meditation Training: Mindfulness, Visualization, Body scan, focused, Sound bath, Mantra, Zen, Loving kindness …etc Meditation training given to the school students.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1185STATISTICAL PROCEDUR: As per the research design the collected data was analyzed by employing standard statistical techniques used. Further the result have been interpreted and discussed logically to conclude. Number, Mean, Standard Deviation, mean deference and‗t‘ value of academic achievement of the student. Groups N Mean Standard DeviationMean deference‗t‘Pre-test (F.A-1) of the students.Control group25 72.0124 18.886 1.22 Experimental 0.856group25 71.7272 16.787Post-test (F.A-2) of the students.Control group25 70.0324 17.782 2.03 Experimental 1.029group25 68.2321 15.124 It is seen from table- Pre test of this study evaluates the prevention of ADHD and improvement of academic achievement throughYogasana and Meditation of school children of ZillaParishad high school, Kamanpur, Peddapally District student of Telangana. The mean score of control and experimental groups were 72.0124 and 71.7272 respectively. Whereas, the mean difference was 1.22 and the values of t-test was .0856 which were not significant. It reflects that the mean score pre test of prevention of ADHD and Academic achievement of control group and experimental group do not differ significantly. This result indicates that the pre-test means of Yogasana and meditation training group and control group in test were more or less similar. The post-test of this study evaluates the prevention of ADHD throughYogasanaand Meditation of school children and Academic achievement, the mean scores of control and experimental group were 70.0324 and 68.2321 respectively. The mean difference is 16.124, and‗t‘ value of post-test was 1.029, which was significant. It reflects that the mean score of post-test of the prevention of ADHD through Yogasana and Meditation of school children and Academic achievement of control group and experimental group differed significantly. DISCUSSION: The pre-test (F.A-1) and post-test (F.A-2) of this study evaluates the prevention of ADHD and enhancing of academic achievement through Yogasana and Meditation of school children. The mean and that‘ value of pre-test (F.A-1) were not significant. It reflects that the mean score of pre-test of academic achievement of control group and experimental group of school students were no significant difference. The Post-test (F.A-2) of the prevention of ADHD and Academic achievement through Yogasna and Meditation of school children of mean and‗t‘ value was significant. It reflects the mean score of post-test of ADHD of control group and experimental group differ significantly. The result reveals that, the subject of experimental group (meditation practices group) could show higher score in the prevention of ADHD and enhancing of academic achievement, as measured by test than the control group. The gain in prevention of ADHD and enhancing academic achievement has increased significantly in experimental group as compared to control group. TheYogasanaand meditation practices were significant effect to increase the overall level of prevention of ADHD and enhancing academic achievement of school student. ―There was significant difference in mean

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnessgain score of prevention of ADHD and enhancing Academic achievement, as measured by assessment, between control and experimental groups. CONCLUSION: Yogasana and Meditation is an effective tool for people with prevention of ADHD and enhancement of academic achievement of school children. Combining Meditation enhancing with other mindfulness practices, such as Asana, meditation can help trusted Source individuals focus and improve their attention.While research trusted Source on meditation and its application to ADHD is promising, it is not a replacement for therapy, Yogasana and medication. Therefore, a person should always contact a doctor if they are experiencing side effects from stimulants. This experimental study suggests that, daily practiceYogasana and Meditation helps to prevention of ADHD and enhancing academic achievements of the school students. RFERENCE: 1. BonadonnaR.Meditation‘s Impact on Chronic Illness. Holistic Nursing Practice. 2003; 17 (6):309-319.2. Feuerstein, Georg. ―Yong and Meditation ― Moksha journal. Issur 1. 2006. 3. University of Wisconsin-Madson (2008-March 27). Compassion Meditatin Changes The Brain. Science Daily. 4. Asian journal of Physical Education & Computer Science in Sports. 5. Khanna GL, Majumdar P. Malik V, Mandal M. Physiological demand of different positional players in women hockey match. NadlInst Sports ScientificJ 1995; 18:5-14. 6. Ghosh AK, Goswami A, Majumdar P, Mathur DN. Heart rate and blood lactate response in field hockey players. IndJMedRes 1991; 94:351-6.7. Reilly T, Borrie A. Physiology applied to field hockey. Sports Med 1992; 14:10-26.8. Mokha R, Sidhu LS, Kaur G, Singh J. Effect of training on weight and certain physiological parameters of Indian female hockey players with respect to their field position. Jf Sports Med Phys Fit 1990; 30:377--81. 9. Malhotra MS, Ghosh AK, Khanna GL. Physical and physiological stresses of playing hockey on grassy and Astroturf fields. Society for National Institutes ofSports Journal 1983; 6: 13-20.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1187EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTINUOUS TRAINING ON CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE OF WRESTLERS SANDEEP DHANBAHADUR DHAMI, Physical Education Teacher, Ram Ratna Vidya Mandir Uttan Bhayandar, Mumbai- 401106, Maharashtra, IndiaABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of continuous training on the cardiovascular endurance of wrestlers. Forty male wrestlers of age group 18-20 years from Khopoli Nagarpalika Vyamshala were selected as subjects and randomly divided into two equal groups of twenty each. Group I underwent a structured continuous training programme, whereas Group II served as the control group and continued with their regular physical activities without any special training intervention. The continuous training programme was conducted for a period of eight weeks, three days per week. The programme consisted of steady-paced jogging, cycling, and wrestlingspecific continuous movements, with training duration progressively increased from 20 to 45 minutes. The programme was designed to enhance aerobic endurance, stamina, and recovery capacity, which are essential for optimal wrestling performance. Cardiovascular endurance was selected as the criterion variable and was assessed using Cooper‘s 12-minute run and walk test. Both groups were tested before the commencement of the training programme and immediately after its completion. The results revealed a significant improvement in cardiovascular endurance in the continuous training group compared to the control group. The obtained F-value of 8.513 was found to be statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The findings of the study confirmed that eight weeks of continuous training led to a significant enhancement in cardiovascular endurance among wrestlers. Keywords: Continuous Training, Cardiovascular Endurance, Wrestlers INTRODUCTION Wrestling is a physically demanding combat sport that requires a high level of strength, power, agility, flexibility, and endurance. Among these fitness components, cardiovascular endurance plays a vital role in maintaining performance throughout the duration of a bout and enabling faster recovery between successive bouts. A wrestler with superior cardiovascular endurance can sustain high-intensity efforts for longer periods and resist fatigue more effectively. Continuous training is one of the most commonly used methods for developing cardiovascular endurance. In this method, exercise is performed continuously for a prolonged duration without rest. The intensity of exercise remains low to moderate, allowing athletes to sustain activity for an extended time period. Activities such as jogging, cycling, swimming, and cross-country running are typical examples of continuous training. During continuous training, the heart rate generally remains between 140 and 160 beats per minute, which enhances aerobic capacity and improves the efficiency of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Considering the importance of cardiovascular endurance in wrestling, the present study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of an eight-week continuous training programme on the cardiovascular endurance of wrestlers.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessOBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY  To compare the adjusted mean scores of cardiovascular endurance of the experimental group and the control group of wrestlers by taking pre-cardiovascular endurance as a covariate. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY The following is the hypothesis: H₀₁: There is no significant difference in the adjusted mean scores of cardiovascular endurance between the experimental group and the control group of wrestlers by taking precardiovascular endurance as a covariate. DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 1. The study was delimited to an eight-week continuous training programme. 2. The study was confined to male wrestlers of Khopoli Nagarpalika Akhada. 3. The study was limited to the motor fitness component of cardiovascular endurance only. 4. The study was delimited only for age group between 18 to 20 years. METHODOLOGY Selection of Sample Purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of subjects. Forty male wrestlers age between 18 to 20 years were selected from Khopoli Nagarpalika Vyamshala. The subjects were randomly divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). Selection of Variables  Independent Variable: Continuous Training Programme  Dependent Variable: Cardiovascular Endurance Selection of Test Cardiovascular endurance was measured using Cooper‟s 12-Minute Run and Walk Test, which is a reliable and valid test for assessing aerobic endurance. Training Programme The experimental group underwent a continuous training programme for three days per week for eight weeks. Each training session included steady-paced jogging, cycling, and wrestling-specific continuous movements. The duration of training gradually increased from 20 minutes to 45 minutes over the training period. The control group did not participate in any special training programme and continued with their regular physical activities. Statistical Procedure Descriptive statistics were used to process the data. One-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to compare the post-test scores of both groups by taking pre-test scores as a covariate. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS ON MOTOR FITNESS COMPONENTS TREATMENT WISE COMPARISON OF ADJUSTED MEAN SCORES OF CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE. The objective was to compare adjusted mean scores of Cardiovascular endurance of Wrestlers of Khopoli belonging to Continuous Training Group, and Control Group by taking

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1189Pre Cardiovascular Endurance as Covariate. The data were analysed with the help of One Way ANCOVA and results are given in Table below. TABLE 1 Summary of One Way ANCOVA of Cardio Vascular Endurance by taking Pre Cardiovascular Endurance as Covariate Source of Variance SourceofVariancedf SSy.x MSSy.x Fy.x RemarkGroup 1 16767.94 16768.94 8.513 p<0.05Error 37 72876.40 1969.632Total 39From Table 1 it can be seen that the acclimated F- value is 8.513 which is significant at 0.05 position with df = 1/39 when Pre-Cardiovascular Endurance was taken as covariate. It shows that acclimated mean scores of Cardiovascular Endurance of Experimental Group and Control Group differ significantly when Pre Cardiovascular Endurance was taken as covariate. therefore, the Null hypothesis that there's no significant difference in acclimated mean scores of Cardiovascular Endurance of Experimental Group and Control Group by taking Pre Cardiovascular Endurance as covariate is rejected. Further the acclimated mean scores of Cardiovascular Endurance of Experimental Group is 1065 which is significantly advanced than that of Control Group where acclimated mean scores of Cardiovascular Endurance is 1024. It may, thus, be said that Continuous Training Experimental Group was set up to be effective in perfecting Cardiovascular Endurance of Wrestlers than that of Control Group where Pre Cardiovascular Endurance was taken as covariate. The result is presented graphically in Figure 1. FIGURE 1 Treatment wise Comparison of Adjusted Mean Scores of Cardio Vascular Endurance CONCLUSIONS 1. There was a significant difference between the continuous training group and the control group with regard to cardiovascular endurance. 2. Eight weeks of continuous training resulted in a significant improvement in cardiovascular endurance among wrestlers. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Experimental ControlCVE 1065 102410001010102010301040105010601070MeterAdjusted Mean Scores of Cardiovascular Endurance

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellness1. Future studies may include female wrestlers to generalize the findings. 2. Research can be conducted using longer training durations (12–16 weeks) to observe long-term effects. 3. Comparative studies may be undertaken between continuous, interval, and fartlek training methods. 4. Additional physiological variables such as VO₂ max, recovery rate, and lactate threshold may be included. REFERENCES 1. Holmberg, H. C., & Lindinger, S. J. (2015). Physiology of Cross-Country Ski Racing. Wiley-Blackwell. 2. Mackenzie, B. (2010). The Complete Companion to Running: How to Be a Champion from 9 to 90. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. 3. Babu, M. S., & Kumar, P. P. S. P. (2014). Effect of continuous, fartlek and interval training on speed and coordination among male soccer players. International Journal of Physical Education, 1(1), 33–41.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1191EFFECT OF THORACIC MOBILITY EXERCISES ON UPPER LIMB FUNCTION IN BADMINTON PLAYERS Dr. Shailja Mehta (PT) – Assistant Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, SVKM’s NMIMS University, Vile Parle, Mumbai. Dr Dhara Salvia (PT)- Physiotherapist, Department of Physiotherapy and Sports Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation Centre, Nanavati Super Specialty Hospital, Vile Parle, Mumbai. Introduction: Badminton is a dynamic and fast-paced racquet sport, where players use lightweight racquets to propel a shuttlecock back and forth over a net. A kinetic chain movement, which is a succession of harmonic movements involving different body segments, is necessary for an optimal smash performance. (1) In order to establish a stable centre of mass and gravity during the preparation phase, the body must be in a balanced stance by opening both legs shoulder width apart, bending both knees slightly, and stretching both arms. (2) Energy from the legs and trunk must be transferred to the upper limb and racquet in order to perform badminton strokes. There is already evidence that training lower limb, core and upper limb has a positive impact on the performance of badminton players. Hence this study aims to see the effect of thoracic mobility exercises on thoracic range of motion and its impact on the upper limb function of badminton players. Objective:  To assess the effect of thoracic mobility exercises on thoracic range of motion To assess the effect of thoracic mobility exercises on overhead smash velocity  To assess the effect of thoracic mobility exercises on upper limb power To assess the effect of thoracic mobility exercises on vital capacityHypothesis of the study  H01: There is no significant difference in mean score of range of motion where PreROM is taken as covariate H02: There is no significant difference in mean score of overhead smash velocity where Pre-Overhead Smash Velocityis taken as covariate H03: There is no significant difference in mean score of upper limb power where Preupper limb poweris taken as covariate H04: There is no significant difference in mean score of lung function where Pre- lung functionis taken as covariateMethodology: Design of the study: The study was conducted by adopting interventional study design. Study type was single arm. The subjects were given thoracic mobility exercises for 4 weeks, thrice in a week. Selection of population and sample: A convenience sampling method was used, sample of thirty (n=30) participants were selected from balkanji bari santacruz west and Andheri sports complex with inclusion criteria as participants were trained for competitive level of badminton (minimum 3 hours a week) between 13 – 19 years of age, for both the genders. Participants with any existing spine or upper extremity pathologies. • History of trauma within past 12 weeks limiting their participation in training • Any existing cardiovascular, neurological or musculoskeletal conditions were excluded. Research design: (Interventional single arm study design), The design of the interventional study had been planned in three phases, viz

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessPhase I: Baseline Assessment: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee prior to the commencement of the study. Eligible participants were recruited, and informed consent was obtained. Baseline (pre-test) assessments were conducted using the following outcome measures: range of motion (ROM), upper limb power test, overhead smash test, and lung function. Phase II: Intervention: Participants underwent a thoracic mobility exercise program for a duration of four weeks, performed three times daily. The intervention protocol was standardized for all participants. Phase III: Post-Intervention Assessment and Analysis: At the end of the intervention period, participants were reassessed using the same outcome measures. Pre- and post-intervention data were recorded and statistically analyzed to evaluate the effect of the intervention. SELECTION OF VARIABLES: Dependent Variables: Thoracic ROMOverhead Smash velocity Upper limb powerLung Function Independent Variables: Specific training programmed was Thoracic mobility exercise was started with warm up protocol Sr. no Exercises Reps/Time SetsWarm up exercises1 Seated thoracic flexion-extesnion 10 reps 12 Child‘s pose with Rotations 30 sec hold 33 Cat Camel 10 reps 1Thoracic Mobility exercises (Week 1 and 2)1 Kneeling thoracic spine extension (Prayer stretch)30 sec hold 32 Wall angels 10 13 Wand rotations 10 (each side) 14 Alternate toe taps 10 (each side) 15 Thoracic extension on foam roller 10 16 Modified bird dog 10 (each side) 17 Quadruped thoracic flexion and rotation10 (each side) 18 Side lying thoracic rotation 10 (each side) 19 Side lying thoracic windmill 10 (each side) 1Thoracic mobility exercises (week 3-4)1 Half Kneeling thoracic rotation 10 (each side) 12 Half kneeling thoracic windmill 10 (each side) 13 Wand rotations in half kneeling 10 (each side) 14 Thread the needle 10 (each side) 15 Squat with extension and rotation 10 (each side_ 16 Prone wall angels 10 17 Camel‘s pose 30 sec hold 38 Chakrasana 30 sec hold 39 World‘s Greatest Stretch 30 sec hold 3

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1193For home programme, the following exercises were given to be performed by participants at home on the days training was not there. The following criterion measure were included to record the reading of test items: Sr. No. Variables Test1 Thoracic ROM Bubble Inclinometer2 Overhead Smash velocity Radar Gun3 Upper limb power Single Arm Medicine Ball Throw4 Vital Capacity Incentive SpirometerResult and discussion: Statistical procedure used: All the results were recorded and analysed by using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software version 29. The result was concluded to be statistically significant with P<0.05, paired t test was used to compare within the group. Demographic data Age (in years) 15.30 + 1.70Years of experience 2.28 +1.02Male : Female 21;9Graph 1: Difference in mean score of thoracic range of motion where Pre-ROM is taken as covariateGraph 2: Difference in mean score of thoracic range of motion where Pre-ROM is taken as covariate 16.878.6324.2314.87051015202530Thoracic Flexion Thoracic ExtensionDegreesTHORACIC FLEXION AND EXTENSION ROMPre Post33.23 35.2343.07 43.6701020304050Thoracic Rotation Right Thoracic Rotation LeftDegreesTHORACIC ROTATION ROMPre Post

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessThe thoracic mobility exercises gradually improved the thoracic range of motion through repetitive movements and stretches as shown in graph 1 and 2 with p<0.005. Jongmin Seo et al. (3) suggested that the static stretching exercise lengthened the muscle fibres thus increasing the range of motion as well as maintaining the position, which enhanced the muscle‘s ability to stretch and recoil, i.e., the muscle‘s ability to elongate followed by a reflexive contraction. Moreover, thoracic mobility in functional positions further contributed to the increased range of motion of the thoracic spine. Graph 3: Difference in mean score of overhead smash velocity where Pre-Overhead Smash Velocityis taken as covariate. Overhead Smash Velocity was assessed using Bushnell Radar Gun. As seen in graph 3, post intervention values showed significant clinical and statistical change as compared to pre values, with p value <0.005. Thoracic mobility exercises increased the thoracic range of motion which allowed the participants to rotate their upper trunk more efficiently for transferring power from the legs through the core into the arm and racquet since, shoulder rotation is an integral part of the backswing phase of smash. Thus, it can be concluded that thoracic mobility played a key role in improving in the extension and rotational movements, which are an integral part of the kinetic chain for generating a powerful badminton smash frequently. Graph 4: Difference in mean score of upper limb power where pre-upper limb poweris taken as covariate. 35.565.43010203040506070PRE POSTMPHOVERHEAD SMASH VELOCITYPRE POST239.33273.9050100150200250300PRE POSTINCHESSINGLE ARM MEDICINE BALL THROWPRE POST

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1195The upper limb power was assessed using single arm medicine ball throw. As seen in Graph 4, there was significant increase in values of single arm medicine ball throw post intervention with p value <0.005. Increased thoracic range of motion allowed the players to generate more force and power by lengthening the muscles and allowing for a longer lever arm, resulting in a more powerful movement. Nitin Kumar Indora (4) concluded that positive correlation for upper limb explosive power with smash velocity. Graph 5: Difference in mean score of Vital Capacity where Pre- Vital Capacityis taken as covariate.Graph 6: Difference in mean score of lung function where Pre-lung function is taken as covariate 103012000200400600800100012001400PRE POSTCC/SVITAL CAPACITYPRE POST1.4371.9071.351.9932.4071.83300.511.522.53AXILLARY NIPPLE XIPHYSTERNUMINCHESCHEST EXPANSIONPRE POST

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessLung Function: The lung function was assessed using spirometer for vital capacity and chest expansion at axillary, nipple and xiphisternum level. Graph 5 and 6 showed significant improvement in post values of vital capacity and chest expansion post intervention with p value <0.005 respectively. The exercises incorporated in the programme worked on the mobility of the thoracic spinal segments where rib cage mobility was increased. The diaphragm, the primary muscle of ventilation, also has attachments on the ribs and vertebral bodies hence better mobility and alignment of the thoracic spine provided for optimal positioning and function of the diaphragm, and thus influenced its ability to contract efficiently and generate adequate airflow and improved the respiratory function. by Ju- Hyeon Jung et al, (5) giving thoracic region self-mobilization showed significant improvement in chest expansion and pulmonary functions.A good lung capacity ensures players ability to hit frequent smashes with optimal power and accuracy during the game which lasts for an average span of 25 – 110 minutes. Conclusion: The badminton players showed clinical and statistically significant improvement, therefore, incorporating thoracic mobility exercises in the training regime would thereby help in improving performance of the badminton players.Future Recommendation: Further study can be done to assess the effects of thoracic mobility exercises in rehabilitation of shoulder injuries in badminton players and other overhead sports. References: 1. Rusdiana, Agus. (2021). Kinetic Analysis of overhead standing smash in badminton. Gelanggang Olahraga Journal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga (JPJO): 6. 81-88. 10.17509/jpjo.v6il.32577. 2. Edmondston SJ, Waller R, Vallin P. Thoracic spine extension mobility in young adults: influence of subject position and spinal curvature. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2011 Apr 41(4):266-73, doi:10,2519/jospt.2011.3456. Epub 2011 Feb 18. PMID: 21335925. 3. Seo J, Song C, Shin D. A Single-center study comparing the effects of thoracic spine manipulation vs mobility exercises in 26 office workers with chronic neck pain: A randomized controlled clinical study, Med Sci Monit. 2022 July, doi: 10.12659/MSM.937316 4. Indora, Nitin & Anand, Pooja & Chettri, Sudesh & Kumar, Vioin (2022). Correlation of upper limb explosive power with smash velocity and performance in badminton players: Cross sectional study. Journal of Clinical and diagnostic research. 16.10.7860/JCDR/2022/53088.16381. 5. Jung JH, Moon DC. The effect of thoracic region self-mobilization on chest expansion and pulmonary function. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Sep; 27(9): 2779-81. Doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.2779, Epub 2015 Sep 30. PMID: 26504292, PMCID:PMC4616093

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1197YOGA, SPIRITUALITY AND GLOBAL WELL-BEING Sharad D Shingote, Yoga Councilor and Motivational Speaker, S P Pune University Email: [email protected] Aim and Objectives: To present the concept of ‗ANTARMUKHTATA‘ for their teaching influence in yoga to attain spirituality & global well-being. Introduction: 1. For most human beings life is dominated by the struggle/ hard work to fulfil day to day basic needs. 2. There is a very little span of time to think about yog, spirituality and well-being. 3. If our life span is considered as 100%, then 80% to 90% people have priority for survival, is a quite natural phenomena e.g. hungriness, nakedness, shelter less etc. 4. The basic essential needs for survival is food, clothing & shelter. 5. Very less people are interested in spirituality and wellness they have needed for it. 6. In theory of the ―Human Motivation‖ (Hierarchy of Needs) by Abraham Maslow, a psychological theory represent five key human needs to achieve spirituality and wellbeing are: a. Physiological b. Security c. Social d. Esteem e. Self-actualization 7. Most people jumped out for their obsession for improving the standard of living i.e. going after object of senses (dissatisfaction, competition, covert, overt violence) 8. But some try to improve their standard of life i.e. sensitivity, serenity, social help, compassion and love through Yoga, spirituality and well-being (beautiful verse yog vasistha) 9. In the perception of the external world it is filled with Object, the sense reduces them to five Tanmantras- objects e.g. Five windows, of Janaendriyas as (Cognitive sense organ) Five karmendriyas as (Organ of action ), Behind this is, function of mind. 10. It is recommended that our life with all perceptions/ tanmantras is in tune with yoga and spiritual practice, we consciously seek ―ANTARMUKHATA‖-The Light within ,all our practices will more effective. Methods: Descriptive Study through reference of an Ancient literature ie: Srimadbhagvadgita, kathopanisad, Yog vasistha, devi Mahatmayam ,Pantanjal Yoga Sutra etc.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessDiscussion: 1. For most of us Survival is priority. e.g. for hunger → Bread (Bread is more important than rose flower). Homeless → Roof (Roof is more important than religion). Nakedness → Cloth ( Cloth is more important than the poetry of kalidas 2. Abraham Maslow (1943) → Psychological theory ― The theory of Human Motivation ‖ = 5 key human needs • Physiological → Food, Water, Shelter & Warmth • Security → Safety, Employment & Assets • Esteem → Self Worth, Accomplishment, confidence • Social → Family, Friendship, Intimacy, belonging • Self-actualization → inner fulfilment 3. But very few people try to improve their standard of life that of sensitivity, serenity, social help, compassion & love. There is a very beautiful verse in Yog Vasistha || 6.15.14|| (A tortoise dwelling in a hole on the rocky shores of ocean extend its head & legs once played by the wave. Immediately it retracts into hole withdrawing all organs) → Samsara: This is story of a man, his birth = Act of sticking out his head; death = It‘s withdrawal. → Viveka: Development of consciousness, help him assessing life and its purpose. 4. Paramahansa Sri Ramkrishna → Mother provides her child with toys to play, child gets involved with them so that she is ‗free‘ to do daily work. But when child feels ‗need of mother‘, it throws away toys & cries loudly. → Similarly, the attraction for the object of senses are the toys for most of us, we have got empowered by the luster of the world. But when need arrives in us, we become seekers. 5. Panca Tanmantras = Five perceptions/ subtle elements that are object of five senses → Terms come from Sanskrit • Panca → five • Tan → Subtle • Matra → elements →Panca Tanmantras •Gandha (Smell) •Rasa (Taste) •Rupa (Form) •Sparsa (Touch) •Sabda (Sound) → Five Cognitive Sense Organs •Ghrana (Nose) •Rasana (Tongue) •Caksu (Eyes) • Trak (Skin) •Srotra (Ear) → Karmendriyas Organs •The Feet (Pada) → Move •The Hands (Panj) → Grasp/Hold •The Rectum (Payu) → Eliminates • The Genitals (Upastha) → Procreate •The Mouth (Vak) →Speaks

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-11996. Spirituality→ We develop capacity to turn our gaze inward/ Chaksuh – By turning gaze inward is not turning eyes inward but turning attention inwards. Yoga & Spirituality makes this capacity mandatory. All practice, all techniques- guiding seeker to learn & master inward gaze. Once we turn our attention inwards, the less ‗familiar world‘ opens itself to us. 7. ANTARMUKHATA→ But life could not be divided into secular spiritual dimensions because outer actions have direct relationship with mind. So, it is recommended in our life, all perception & transaction tune with spiritual practice & consciously seek ―Antarmukhtata- the light within‖, all our practices will be more effective. From Spiritual Ancient literature we get hints to achieve Antarmukhtata which is composition of nature consciousness. Three components for existence ie:•Matter •Energy •Most Important- ‗Prana‘ Life energy. 8. SHRIMADBHAGVADGITA describes existence a. Prakriti – Matter b. Purusa – Spirit (pleasure/pain, production of body) Most of us undergo different stages of life 1. Infancy2. Childhood 3. Adolescence 4. Youth 5. Middle Age 6. Old Age – are subject to constant change. → Whenever there is transaction of senses with their, the effect are always temporary. →LORD KRISHNA explains this fact in Srimadbhagvadgita ―O son of Kunti, the contact between senses with their objects bring sensations of heat and cold, pleasure and pain, they are temporary & fleeting. →Science Explains → Sensations heat & cold = Physical. feeling of pleasure & pain = responses of mind (So these contact are only bio-electrical impulses released by brain.) 9. Through ‗Antarmukhtata‘ we try to recognize ‗Inner presence‘ as Human Life is governed by Sraddha & Viveka. 1. Sraddha → Faith, Belief, Trust. 2. Viveka → Seperation, Analysis, Discrimination. Example: We know someone to be good or bad. This sparks ―Iccha‖ → desire to get attracted to good & to avoid bad. →pure Viveka – Sraddha becomes trust in oneself and existence. 10. For GLOBAL WELLBEING the basic human pursuit is ―HAPPINESS‖ at all levels i.e. physiological/safety/love/belonging/esteem/Ultimate aim SELF RELISATION. → Kind of happiness a. Nityam→ Permanent (without break) b. Purnam→ Whole (complete) c. Sarvatmakam→ It should be in everything/everyone. d. Swatahsiddham→ Available without much (no effort) e. Aparoksam→ Direct happiness (without medium) → Life is a combination of karma-action of hand, Iccha-will, Bhavana-Emotion(heart),

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellness Buddhi (head). → Lord Krishna hints through ―Srimadbhagvadgita‖ One can use yoga & spirituality for their combinations for ―self-realization‖e.g. Youth→ Inspired to engage in activity → relate to society,Experience spiritual divine within,help reconstruction of society (help broaden hearts/purify minds) 11. Discipline of Yoga → we see an object-small/large. It is obvious, the object ‗seen‘ is different from subjectThe Seer → eyes are the parts of the body is true of all sense phenomenon. → the perceiver, can never be perceived- object of smell/taste/sight/touch/sound. → Antakarna- Inner instrument senses whichever external object of the mind/intellect/ego work together 12. Srimadbhagvadgita describes order of ―Gross to Subtle‖ after method for ―Antarmukhtata‖. → The senses are subtler than the body. But, subtler than the senses is the mind. Subtler than the mind is Intellect. Subtler than the intellect is ―I‖- principle- the self. 13. If one is addicted to a particular object, like food, we try to control it by fasting/denying that particular sense → the shloka suggests, that we employ the mind either by diverting the attention through ―manas‖ more effectively through understanding Viveka. → What is self? (Self is the entity behind all perception/thought.action/discrimination/none of these- e.g. deepsleep) 14. Adi Sankaracharya puts it simply → The form is seen and the eye that seer, eye is the seen and mind is seer. → All mental modification are the seen, Saksi- the witness, is ever the witness alone and never the witnessed. 15. Twelth century Saiva Saint Lingamma from karntaka, in her Spiritual poem ―Like a lamp on the threshold, one who sees the external is the same as the one who sees the internal‖―One who says he knows, is the same as one who says he does not remember‖―One who says he saw, is the same as the one who says he cannot see‖16. In ―Sankara Bhagvadpada‖ it shows us the method of ―Vicara‖→ What empowers you to perceive the sun during the day, lamp during the night? → With how do you experience the world when there is no light? → By whose power do you behold the mind and intellect, with your eyes closed? → Everywhere & everyone when it is the supreme light of ―I AM‖ that lights up the existence. Example: when we enter our house after spending some time in bright sunlight, we are unable to see anything and there is darkness. But after a while, the eyes start seeing whe they get used to the internal light. When we close our eyes and try to shift our attention within there is darkness. But after sometime we become aware of the breaths/thoughts/not mind. We see activity of mind. The light when illuminated these objects is the ―self-luminous presence within‖.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-120117. Vedanta teaches us the use of reason/viveka, self-observer determines and analyses results in ―Antarmukhtata‖ the light within. → We develop taking the help of this light within & Trace that ―I‖ (Saksi- Chit- Ananda= source of perceptual (Bliss/wisdom/existence) which is always within us. 18. ―Vicara‖ is a process of non-involved/ non- judgemental observation of the activity at both objective as well as subject Dimensions. → As described by various ―Upanishads‖ – ―I-ness‖ as their root cause & its manifestations. → The method taught by ―Maharshi Sri Ramana‖ → most direct effective. The method is ―self-enquiry‖ so revolutionary for one who has achieved ―Antarmukhtata‖ suggested selfsear or ―who am I‖ to seek origin of Ahamvrithi, the ―I-thought‖→ In the interior of heartcare ―Brahaman‖ alone shines in the forms of ―Atman‖, ―I‖ enter into heart with questioning mind/ diving deep within/through control breath & abide in the ―ATMAN‖. 19. After identifying and merging with the self, one continues all activities as usual. → ―Shrimadbhagvadgita‖ describes the attitude of such person The Yukta → One who has merged with self, knowing the reality of things (even known seeing/hearing/touching/smelling/eating/going/sleeping/breathing/speaking. Perform actions of execution, opened/closed eyes) Thoughts of ―I‖ does nothing, but witnessed the senses interacting with their respective objects.‖ – It gives a technique of leading a yogic life → Make two rooms in the temple of mind. → In the external room, play the roles of the world. → In the inner room, enjoy alone in silence. Conclusion: 1. For most of us, survival is primary but few try to improve the standard of life i.e. sensitivity/serenity/social help/compassion and love. 2. The theory of human motivation represent 5 key human needs: •Physiological •Security •Social •Esteem •self-actualization 3. The attraction for the objects of senses are the toys for most of us, we get empowered by the Luster of the world. 4. Spirituality develop the capacity to turn our gaze inward meaning turning attention inwards. 5. In tune with our spiritual practice we consciously seek ―Antarmukhtata- the light within‖through spiritual ancient literature =. 6. Whenever there is transaction of the senses with their objects, the effect are always temporary. 7. The basic human pursuit is happiness in self-actualization as lord Krishna hints through Srimadbhagvadgita methods for self-realization.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellness8. The method of self-enquiry i.e. self-search ―who am I‖ is so revolutionary who has achieved ―Antarmukhtata‖9. For global well-being ―Being‖ is infinite & Antarmukhtata is that inner light which makes us realise our infiniteness. Keywords: Self-realization, Viveka, External world, Spirituality, Antarmukhtata, ―IPrinciple‖, Vikara, Sutra of Yoga, The Yukta (‗I‘)

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1203QUANTIFYING PROPULSION CONTRIBUTIONS OF ARM ACTION AND KICKING ACROSS DIFFERENT SWIMMING STYLES Shraddha Dwivedi (Assistant professor), Dr. Yogesh Nirmal (Professor), Nikhil Kumar Sinha (Research Scholar), Arun Bhagat (Research Scholar), Degree College of Physical Education, Amravati (MH) Abstract This study quantifies the propulsion contributions of arm action and kicking across four competitive swimming strokes: butterfly, breaststroke, backstroke, and front crawl. Using 60 state-level swimmers aged 14–18, propulsion was isolated for upper body, lower body, and full stroke conditions during 50m high-intensity swims. Results reveal stroke-specific propulsion patterns: kicking predominates in butterfly (approximately 70%) and breaststroke (around 76%), while arm action dominates front crawl (77%) and backstroke (67%). Correlation and regression analyses highlight the critical role of leg kicking in butterfly and breaststroke propulsion, whereas arm strokes are the main propulsive source in front crawl and backstroke, with lower limb actions contributing to stabilization and body alignment. These findings emphasize the importance of integrated, stroke-specific training targeting both upper and lower limbs to optimize swimming performance and efficiency.Key words: Swimming propulsion, Arm action contribution, Leg kicking contribution, Butterfly stroke, Breaststroke, Backstroke, Front crawl (freestyle).Introduction Swimming propulsion arises from the interaction between limb movements and water, where forward motion results from drag-based and lift-based forces generated by the arms and legs (Xu et al., 2025). In the lift–drag framework, propulsion magnitude depends on limb velocity relative to water, effective surface area, and hydrodynamic coefficients, while unsteady vortex dynamics also contribute through momentum transfer in the wake (Li et al., 2017). Two main hypotheses describe human swimming propulsion: the lift–drag propulsion mechanism, in which limbs act like hydrofoils producing lift and drag components, and the vortex-energy mechanism, in which shed vortices transfer backward momentum and create forward impulse. Contemporary biomechanical studies using particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics have shown strong relationships between vortex size, circulation, and the forward impulse generated by arm strokes and leg actions (Ware et al., 2016). Propulsion in front crawl and other strokes is dominated by the upper limbs, with classic estimates indicating that arm actions can account for up to about 90% of swim velocity in front crawl under certain conditions, leaving roughly 10% to the legs (Morouço et al., 2015). However, tethered-swimming experiments with national-level youth swimmers have reported arm contributions of approximately 70% and leg contributions of about 30% to force production during 30-second maximal front crawl, highlighting a substantial role for leg kicking in short, high-intensity efforts(Keller et al., 2024). Leg kicking influences performance not only by directly generating propulsion but also by stabilizing body position, contributing to lift, and improving stroke length and arm stroke efficiency, particularly when using a six-beat kick pattern in front crawl(Keller et al., 2024). Arm stroke force capacity and the ability to maintain propulsive force throughout the pull and push phases are strongly associated with higher swimming velocities and with optimal combinations of stroke rate and stroke length in competitive swimmers (Ribeiro et al., 2014). In Freestyle (front crawl) propulsion is mainly arm-driven, while the flutter kick contributes a smaller but meaningful share to propulsion, body alignment, and stroke length enhancement (Nakashima, 2007). Backstroke mirrors front crawl in a supine position, using alternating arm actions and a back flutter kick, but generally

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnesspresents slightly lower top speeds than freestyle due to differences in body orientation, drag profile, and propulsive effectiveness (Gourgoulis et al., 2013; H. M. Toussaint et al., 2002). Breaststroke relies on sequential, symmetric arm and leg actions, with a pull–breathe–kick–glide pattern that inherently produces higher intra-cyclic velocity fluctuations and lower overall propelling efficiency than front crawl and backstroke (H. Toussaint & Truijens, 2005). Butterfly uses synchronous arm strokes combined with a dolphin kick, and although the arms are generally considered the primary source of propulsion, leg action contributes importantly to impulse generation and velocity maintenance between arm pulls (H. Toussaint & Truijens, 2005).Quantifying the separate propulsion contributions of arm action and kicking is necessary to clarify how each segment supports performance across strokes, intensities, and race distances, given that traditional estimates may oversimplify stroke- and context-specific roles (Cohen et al., 2017; Schultz, 2002). Methods This study employed a quantitative, experimental research design to quantify the propulsion contributions of arm action and kicking across four competitive swimming strokes: butterfly, breaststroke, backstroke, and front crawl. The study utilized 60 state-level swimmers aged 14-18 from Amravati (15 per stroke) selected via purposive sampling to assess upper body, lower body, and full propulsion in butterfly, breaststroke, backstroke and front crawl over 50m high-intensity swims, starting with an underwater push from the pool wall and timed in seconds. Tests isolated upper body propulsion using a pull buoy between thighs and ankle bands to restrict kicking; lower body propulsion by holding arms straight or with a pull buoy in hands; and full strokes without restrictions, with data collected across six days following standardized warm-ups and showers for consistency. Variables included butterfly, breaststroke, back stroke and front crawl upper, lower body propulsion and total stroke times, demonstrated and explained to subjects beforehand. Analysis employed descriptive statistics, Pearson's product-moment correlation for relationships, and multiple regression to evaluate upper/lower body contributions, with significance at p<0.05. Result and Discussion Table1: Descriptive Statisticsofall 4 strokes of swimming, Kick, and their Arm action timing N Range Mean Std. Deviation Skewness KurtosisButterfly (Sec) 15 14.37 44.940 4.905 -.289 -1.001Butterfly kick(Sec) 15 15.85 54.617 4.902 -.215 -.916Butterfly arm (Sec) 15 20.45 63.706 6.163 -.069 -.804Breaststroke 15 19.82 48.862 4.681 -.081 1.384Breastkick 15 38.49 66.226 10.789 1.641 2.099Breastarm 15 35.39 79.098 9.717 -.037 .137Front 15 14.03 59.178 5.236 -.048 -1.886Front crawlKick(Sec) 15 13.35 46.454 3.793 -.305 -.416Front crawlArm 15 12.99 37.866 3.153 .940 2.309Backstroke 15 28.43 68.307 9.7300 -.342 -1.420Backstroke Kick 15 13.85 60.404 4.3859 .285 -1.221Backstroke Arm 15 18.93 47.421 5.1149 .807 .676

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1205Figure1: Graphical representation of variation in mean value of all four strokes, their kicks and arm action timings. Table 2: Correlation Matrixofall 4 strokes of swimming, Kick, and their Arm action. Strokes and their variations Pearson CorrelationSig. (1-tailed)ButterflyButterfly-Butterfly kick .515 .025*Butterfly-Butterfly Arm .268 .167@Butterfly kick-Butterfly Arm .777 .000*Breaststroke Breaststroke- Breastkick .021 .471Breaststroke- Breastarm .369 .088Breastkick- Breastarm .439 .051FrontCrawl FrontCrawl- FrontCrawl Kick .189 .250@FrontCrawl- FrontCrawlArm .251 .183@FrontCrawl Kick- FrontCrawlArm .583 .011*Backstroke Backstroke- Backstroke Kick -.021 .471Backstroke- Backstroke Arm .369 .088Table 3: Multiple Regression Analysis Predicting Strokes Performance StrokesModelUnstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t SigCorrelationsB Std.ErrorBeta ZeroorderPartialButterflyButterfly 19.536 13.538 1.443@ .175Butterfly kick .773 .381 .773 2.028@ .065 .515 .505Butterfly arm -.264 .303 -.332 -.871@ .401 .268 -.244BreaststrokeBreaststroke 15.334 7.699 1.992@ .070Breastkick .354 .068 .817 5.236*.000 .800 .834Breastarm .127 .075 .264 1.693@ .116 .212 .439Front crawlFront crawl 41.609 19.967 2.084@ .059Front crawlKick.088 .474 .064 .186@ .855 .189 .054Front crawlarm .356 .570 .214 .623* .545 .251 .17701020304050607080Butterfly Breast stroke Front Crawl Back strokeTiming ( Sec)

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessBackstrokeBackstroke 56.362 36.343 1.551@ .147Backstrokekick .501 .646 .226 .776@ .453 .021 .219Backstrokearm .891 .554 .468 1.607@ .134 .369 .421In the case of the Butterfly stroke, a moderate and statistically significant positive correlation was found between Butterfly stroke and Butterfly kick, while the relationship between Butterflystroke and Butterfly arm was weak and non-significant. These results suggest that effective kicking may contribute more to propulsion and overall stroke efficiency in Butterfly swimming than arm movement. Forinstance, the intracyclicanalysis of Butterfly swimming using inertial measurement units (IMUs) found that the dolphin kick plays a central role in maintaining propulsion during both the underwater and surface phases.Thisis because the kick creates a continuous wave-like motion that minimizes resistive gliding phases and enhances stroke efficiency by sustaining momentum between arm recovery phases. Additionally, studies on kinematic coordination in Butterfly swimming emphasize that effective leg movements transmit force caudally through adjacent body segments, producinga\"whip-like\"actionthatmaximizespropulsive efficiency (Strzala et al., 2017). These biomechanical principles align with the study‘s regression findings, which show that kicking contributes approximately 70% top ropulsion while arms account for only 30%. This suggests that optimizing kicking technique is crucial for improving Butterfly stroke performance. The findings of this study, which highlight the dominant role of the breaststroke kick in propulsion and performance, are well supported by existing scientific literature. Research has consistently shown that the breaststroke kick generates the majority of propulsive force during the stroke cycle. For example, Counsilman and Counsilman (2002) emphasized that the breaststroke kick contributessignificantlytoforwardpropulsionduetoitsuniquewhiplikemotion, which effectively pushes water backward and propels the swimmer forward. Similarly, Toussaint et al. (2006) demonstrated through biomechanical analysis that the lower limbs produce approximately 70-80% of the total propulsion in breaststroke, aligning closely with the 76% contribution found in this study. The strong partial and zero-order correlations observed in the current research further confirm the critical influence of the kick on performance, reinforcing the importance of lower body strength and technique in breaststroke swimming. IntheFrontCrawlstroke,therewas amoderate and statistically significant correlation between the kick and arm components, indicating a level of coordination between upper and lower body movements. However, the regression analysis showed that neither component significantly predicted overall stroke performance, suggesting that isolated limb strength or propulsion may not fully determine swimming efficiency. This is consistent with the findings of Toussaintand Beek (1992), who emphasized that while propulsion is critical, factors like technique, body position, and coordination also play vital roles in swimming performance. Furthermore, Deschodt, Arsac, and Rouard (1999) highlighted that the arm stroke contributes significantly more (up to 85%) to total propulsion in front crawl swimming compared to thelegkick,whichsupportstheconclusionthatupperbodyplaysadominantrole,though effective coordination with lower body still enhances overall performance. In terms of contribution, the Front Crawl Kick accounted for approximately 23%, while the Front CrawlArm contributed about 77% to overall performance. These values indicate that the arm plays a relatively larger role in propulsion compared to the kick.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1207In the case of Backstroke, the present study showed weak and statistically nonsignificant relationships between the arm and leg components and overall stroke performance. Althoughthearmscontributedapproximately 67%andthelegsaround33% to total propulsion, neither reached statistical significance. These findings align with the research of Cappaert, Pease, and Troup (1995), who reported that in Backstroke swimming, arm propulsion dominates overall performance, but proper coordination with leg movement is still essential for maintaining balance, streamlining, and efficiency.This highlights that upperbody strengthplaysamorecrucialroleinpropulsion,whereaslower body movement primarily supports body alignment and rhythm.Overall, the study suggests that while limb coordination is important, swimming performance is best enhanced through integrated, full-body training rather than focusing solely on upper or lower body strength. Figure-1 Graphical representation of arms action & Kicking contribution in Butterfly stroke and backstroke propulsion. Figure-2Graphical representation of arms action & Kicking contribution in Breaststroke and front crawl propulsion. Conclusion This study reveals stroke-specific propulsion dynamics in competitive swimming: kicking dominates butterfly (70%) and breaststroke (76%), while arms lead in front crawl 0.332,30%0.773,70%Butterfly stroke Propulsion ContributionButterfly KickButterfly Arm 0.226, [PERCENTAGE][VALUE],67%Backstroke propulsion ContributionBack stroke kickBack stroke arm[VALUE],76%[VALUE], 24%Breaststroke Propulsion ContributionBreast stroke KickBreast stroke arm[VALUE], 23%[VALUE], 77%Front crawl propulsion ContributionFront crawl KickFront crawl Arm

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellness(77%) and backstroke (67%), with coordination crucial across all. Optimizing full-body coordination thus enhances overall swimming efficiency. Recommendations Future research should include swimmers of varying competitive levels and ages to explore how propulsion contributions differ with experience and maturity. Incorporating detailed kinematic and kinetic analyses, such as motion capture and force measurements, would enhance understanding of limb coordination and technique efficiency. References 1. Cappaert, J. M., Pease, D. L., & Troup, J. P. (1995). Three-dimensional analysis of the men's 100-meter backstroke during the 1992 Olympic Games. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 11(2), 180–190. 2. Cohen, R. C. Z., Pease, D. L., Mason, B. R., & Cleary, P. W. (2017). Forces during front crawl swimming at different stroke rates. Sports Engineering, 21(1), 63–73. 3. Counsilman,J.,&Counsilman,B.(2002).TheScienceofSwimming.HumanKinetics.Toussaint, H. M., Beek, P. J., & de Groot, G. (2006). Biomechanics of swimming. In D. J. Snow & J. M. Snow (Eds.), Swimming Science V (pp. 45–58). Meyer & Meyer Sport. 4. Deschodt, V. J., Arsac, L. M., & Rouard, A. H. (1999). Relative contribution of arms and legs in humans to propulsion in 25‑m sprint front‑crawl swimming. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 80(3), 192–199. 5. Gourgoulis, V., Boli, A., Aggeloussis, N., Toubekis, A., Antoniou, P., Kasimatis, P., Vezos, N., Michalopoulou, M., Kambas, A., & Mavromatis, G. (2013). The effect of leg kick on sprint front crawl swimming. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(3), 278–289. 6. Keller, S., Olstad, B. H., & Wahl, P. (2024). Lower and upper extremity contributions to propulsion and resistance during semi-tethered load-velocity profiling in front crawl swimming. Journal of Sports Sciences, 42(3), 215–221. 7. Li, N., Liu, H., & Su, Y. (2017). Numerical study on the hydrodynamics of thunniform bio-inspired swimming under self-propulsion. PLOS ONE, 12(3), e0174740. 8. Morais, J. E., Barbosa, T. M., Neiva, H. P., & Marinho, D. A. (2022). Understanding the role of propulsion in the prediction of front‑crawl swimming velocity. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 869403. 9. Morouço, P. G., Campos, M. H., Garrido, N. D., Silva, A. J., Marinho, D. A., & Marques, M. C. (2015). Relative contribution of arms and legs in 30 s fully tethered front crawl swimming. Journal of Human Kinetics, 49, 157–165. 10. Nakashima, M. (2007). Mechanical Study of Standard Six Beat Front Crawl Swimming by Using Swimming Human Simulation Model. Journal of Fluid Science and Technology, 2(1), 290–301. 11. Ribeiro, J., Figueiredo, P., Sousa, A., Vilas-Boas, J. P., Pelarigo, J., Fernandes, R. F., Toussaint, H. M., & Monteiro, J. (2014). VO₂ kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body extreme swimming intensity. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(5), 1117–1124. 12. Schultz, W. W. (2002). Power Requirements of Swimming: Do New Methods Resolve Old Questions? Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42(5), 1018–1025.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-120913. Shahbazi, M., Vorontsov, A., & Rouboa, A. (2009). Determination of arm and leg contribution to the butterfly technique in elite swimmers. In Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI (pp. 52–54). Konstanz: University of Konstanz. 14. Sobrino, J. M., Llana, S., & Pérez, P. (2017). Evaluation of arm‑to‑leg coordination in freestyle swimming. European Journal of Human Movement, 39, 12–25.15. Sortwell, A. D., Barnes, C. A., & White, C. (2011). Relationship between stroking parameters and leg kick quantity in 100 m front crawl swim. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 6(2), 267–276.16. Strzała, M., Stanula, A., Krężałek, P., Ostrowski, A., Kaca, M., & Głąb, G. (2017). Butterfly Sprint SwimmingTechnique,AnalysisofSomaticandSpatialTemporalCoordinationVariables.Journalofhuman kinetics, 60, 51–62.17. Takagi, H., & Wilson, B. (2004). Invited lectures: Biomechanics of swimming propulsion. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto, 4(2), 15–28. 18. Toussaint, H. M., & Beek, P. J. (1992). Biomechanics of competitive front crawl swimming. Sports Medicine, 13(1), 8–24. 19. Toussaint, H. M., Beek, W. J., & Van Den Berg, C. (2002). ―Pumped-up propulsion‖during front crawl swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(2), 314–319. 20. Toussaint, H., & Truijens, M. (2005). Biomechanical aspects of peak performance in human swimming. Animal Biology, 55(1), 17–40. 21. Ware, C., Trites, A. W., Rosen, D. A. S., & Potvin, J. (2016). Averaged Propulsive Body Acceleration (APBA) Can Be Calculated from Biologging Tags That Incorporate Gyroscopes and Accelerometers to Estimate Swimming Speed, Hydrodynamic Drag and Energy Expenditure for Steller Sea Lions. PLoS ONE, 11(6), e0157326. 22. Xie, W. (2024). A brief discussion on the mechanical principles in swimming. Advances in Engineering Innovation, 7(4), 233–245. 23. Xu, T., Huang, Q., Pan, G., Luo, Y., & Hou, Z. (2025). Hydrodynamics of jet-flapping combinatorial propulsion in a squid-like swimmer: A study on different coordination modes. Physics of Fluids, 37(6). 24. Yanai, T., & Psycharakis, S. (2017). Pacing the phasing of leg and arm movements in breaststroke swimming. PLoS ONE, 12(10), e0187504.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessCOMPARISON OF SPEED AMONG KABADDI AND KHO KHO GIRLS PLAYERS OF RANGA REDDY DISTRICT Gone Shravani, Ph.D Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Email:[email protected] Abstract: The Purpose of the study is to find out Speed among School Girls kabaddi and kho-kho School Girls Players of Ranga Reddy District between the age group of 14 to 16 Years. 25 Kabaddi School Girls and 25 Kho Kho School Girls those who are studying in different schools of Ranga Reddy District were taken for the study. 30 M Run Test used for the study. The Mean Values of Kabaddi Players is 5.870 and Kho Kho Players mean values is 5.231.Based on mean values, Kho-Kho players were performing better than Kabaddi players.Key Words: Speed, Kabaddi, Kho Kho etc. Introduction: Kabaddi is a contact team sport played between two teams of seven players. The objective of the game is for a single player on offense, referred to as a \"raider\", to run into the opposing team's half of the court, touch out as many of their players and return to their own half of the court, all without being tackled by the defenders in 30 seconds. Points are scored for each player tagged by the raider, while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the raider. Players are taken out of the game if they are touched or tackled, but are brought back in for each point scored by their team from a tag or a tackle. Research consistently shows Kho-Kho players generally possess superior speed (faster sprint times, quicker direction changes) compared to Kabaddi players, due to Kho-Kho's constant chasing and rapid, short-burst movements, though some studies find negligible difference or even faster Kabaddi players in specific sprint tests, highlighting that while KhoKho demands pure speed/agility, Kabaddi needs speed with strength and endurance. Anitha, Prof. V. Satyanarayana (2023)The goal of the current investigation is that a critical study on comparison of Speed among kabaddi and kho-kho women in North Telangana region. In the north telangana region, 100 female Inter Collegiate kabaddi and khokho players between the ages of 18 and 25 were chosen. Only women who played for their respective college teams and had at least a year of previous Kabaddi and Kho-Kho experience were considered as subjects. The study's design was based on a straight tforward random sampling. N-100 female players of kabaddi and kho-kho in the North Telangana region, ages 18 to 25, provided the samples. The participants were split into two groups.The data was collected and compare from 50 Kabaddi and 50 Kho-kho women players of north Telangana region. 30 M Test were used to determine the Speed. It was determined that women who play kabaddi and kho-kho in north Telangana had significantly different average speeds. Based on mean values, Kho-Kho players were performing better than Kabaddi players Buddhadev Kandar and Debabrata Sarkar (2022) Studied to find out the level of physical fitness among Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players of Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur. To achieve the purpose, 40 players were randomly selected from Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (20 players from Kabaddi and 20 players from Kho-Kho). To measure the physical fitness level of Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players selected test battery of AAHPER youth fitness test was used. The findings of the present study directs that the variables of speed, endurance and flexibility are found significant difference among Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players and it was also found that in agility there was no significant among Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players. The data was statistically analyzed by applying ‗t‘ test. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05. Further on conclusion it was found that the Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players were significantly differ on the variable such as speed, endurance and

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1211flexibility. However, it was found that Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players shows no significant difference on the variable of agilityKho game. Methodology: The Purpose of the study is to find out Speed among School Girls kabaddi and kho-kho School Girls Players of Ranga Reddy District between the age group of 14 to 16 Years. 25 Kabaddi School Girls and 25 Kho Kho School Girls those who are studying in different schools of Ranga Reddy District were taken for the study. 30 M Run Test used for the study. Results and Discussion: Table 1 Showing The Mean Values In Speed Among Kabaddi And Kho – Kho Girls Players of Ranga Reddy District in 30 M Run Group No. of subjects MeanKabaddi 25 5.870Kho Kho 25 5.231Total 50The Mean Values of Kabaddi Players is 5.870 and Kho Kho Players mean values is 5.231.Based on mean values, Kho-Kho players were performing better than Kabaddi players. Conclusions: From the analysis of the data, the following conclusion were drawn.Kho Kho girls Players are having better speed compare to Kabaddi Players. Recommendations: This type of Study is useful to Coaches and Physical Education teachers for enhancing the Performance among kabaddi and Kho Kho Players. References: 1. Buddhadev Kandar And Debabrata Sarkar (2022) A Comparative Study On Physical Fitness Among University Level Kabaddi And Kho-Kho Players, International Journal Of Multi Disciplinary Educational Research, Issn:2277-7881; Impact Factor :7.816(2022); Ic Value:5.16; Isi Value:2.286, March 2022 2. Anitha, Prof. V. Satyanarayana (2023)Comparison of Speed among Kabaddi and Kho Kho Women Players of North Telangana Region © 2023, IRJEdT Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | August-2023

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessPSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AND COMPETITION-RELATED ANXIETY IN UNIVERSITY RACKET SPORT ATHLETESMr. Suhotro Roy, Research Scholar, R.B.S. College, Dr. BRA University Agra Dr. Mithilesh Kumar Singh, Assistant Professor RBS College Agra, Dr. BRA University Agra ABSTRACT Psychological resilience plays a central role in an athlete‘s ability to adjust to the pressures of competition, particularly in sports where rapid decision-making, emotional steadiness, and refined motor skills are essential for success. This paper examines how psychological resilience influences competition-related anxiety among university-level badminton and table tennis players, who often navigate academic expectations alongside the demands of sport participation. Drawing on contemporary literature in sports psychology, the review highlights that resilient athletes typically perceive competitive stress as a manageable and motivating challenge rather than a threat, which helps reduce dysfunctional worry, fear of failure, and excessive physiological arousal. The thematic analysis further indicates that university athletes frequently experience heightened anxiety due to fluctuating training environments, inconsistent psychological support systems, and the pressures associated with major inter-university tournaments. The paper argues that developing resilience through structured mental skills training—such as emotional regulation strategies, goal-setting practices, and mindfulness-based methods—can significantly enhance athletes‘ ability to cope with stress and maintain composure during competition. Ultimately, psychological resilience emerges as a foundational element that supports performance stability, emotional balance, and long-term development within the Indian university sports context. Keywords: Psychological resilience, competition-related anxiety, university athletes, badminton, table tennis, sports psychology, India. INTRODUCTION Athletes competing in universities often find themselves navigating between academic responsibilities, institutional commitments, and the psychological demands of competitive sport. In racket sports such as badminton and table tennis, the influence of an athlete‘s psychological state is particularly striking because performance hinges on precision, attentional control, and the ability to remain emotionally composed during fast-paced exchanges. Among the many psychological variables that shape athletic performance, resilience and competition-related anxiety stand out for their impact on how athletes respond to stress and uncertainty. Resilience, often referred to as psychological toughness or adaptive capacity, represents an athlete‘s skill in maintaining stability and purposeful focus despite setbacks or pressure. On the other hand, competition-related anxiety encompasses both cognitive components—like worry, fear of failure, and overthinking—and somatic aspects such as increased heart rate or muscle tension. When unmanaged, anxiety can disrupt timing, coordination, and concentration, all of which are crucial in racket sports. Understanding how resilience influences anxiety is particularly relevant within the Indian university setting. Athletes preparing for tournaments such as the West Zone or All India Inter-University Championships frequently encounter conditions that intensify anxiety: limited psychological support systems, frequent travel, inconsistent sporting infrastructure, and academic assessments coinciding with tournament schedules. These realities make psychological resilience not only desirable but essential. This thematic paper aims to capture

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1213how resilience functions as a buffer against anxiety and how it can be strengthened through informed training practices. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To examine the concept of psychological resilience in the context of competitive racket sports. 2. To analyze the nature of competition-related anxiety among university athletes. 3. To explore how resilience influences athletes‘ emotional and cognitive responses to competition. 4. To discuss implications for coaching and training in Indian university sports. 5. To propose recommendations for enhancing resilience in badminton and table tennis players. METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN OF THE STUDY This paper follows a thematic review design, which synthesizes existing research instead of collecting primary data. Literature published in the last two decades was reviewed using Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Indian sports science journals. Themes were identified by grouping findings related to psychological resilience, anxiety, and racket sport performance. Sources were selected based on relevance to university athletes and racket sports. The review incorporated theoretical models, empirical studies, and conceptual frameworks from sports psychology. No statistical analysis was conducted; instead, emphasis was placed on interpreting recurring themes and connecting them to university-level badminton and table tennis contexts. RESULTS (THEMATIC FINDINGS)Resilience as a Foundation for Stable Performance: Across multiple studies, resilience consistently emerged as a key factor that enables athletes to perform steadily even under demanding circumstances. Resilient athletes tend to stay composed, regain focus quickly after errors, and maintain confidence even when matches become unpredictable. These qualities allow them to adapt effectively during rapid tactical exchanges that characterize badminton and table tennis. Nature of Competition-Related Anxiety in Racket Sports: Racket sport athletes frequently report anxiety tied to fear of underperformance, opponent reputation, or the significance of the match. Cognitive anxiety often leads to hesitations or rushed decisions, while somatic anxiety disrupts timing and fine motor control. University athletes, in particular, experience heightened anxiety when balancing sports with academic expectations. Relationship Between Resilience and Anxiety: Thematic evidence suggests a clear pattern: athletes with stronger resilience generally exhibit lower levels of debilitating anxiety. Instead of perceiving pressure as a threat, they view it as an inherent part of sport. Resilience helps athletes regulate emotional reactions, reinterpret physiological arousal in a positive way, and maintain problem-solving focus during competition. Influence of Indian University Environment: In India, the competitive landscape at the university level involves intense match schedules, institutional expectations, and limited access to sports psychologists. Training conditions vary widely between institutions, often

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnessamplifying stress. However, cultural practices such as yoga, meditation, and reflective discipline naturally support resilience building and are frequently adopted by athletes. DISCUSSION The findings of this review underscore the importance of psychological resilience as a necessary attribute for athletes competing in dynamic sports environments. In badminton and table tennis, the rapid transitions between offensive and defensive play demand constant mental engagement. Athletes who possess strong resilience demonstrate the ability to remain outwardly calm and inwardly focused despite moment-to-moment fluctuations in match momentum. The relationship between resilience and anxiety is best understood through the lens of stress-appraisal theories, which propose that the meaning an athlete assigns to a stressor determines their emotional response. Resilient athletes tend to appraise competition as a stimulating challenge. This mental framing reduces the intensity of cognitive anxiety and fosters a sense of control—both vital in preventing performance breakdowns. Less resilient athletes, however, often interpret pressure as a threat, leading to higher anxiety and compromised decision-making. Within Indian universities, resilience is shaped not only by sport-related experiences but by institutional culture. Many university players train in environments with uneven access to high-quality facilities, coaching, and psychological support. The necessity to cope with such limitations inadvertently strengthens psychological toughness for some athletes, while raising anxiety for others who feel underprepared or unsupported. Gender also influences the resilience–anxiety dynamic. Female athletes frequently encounter anxiety stemming from social expectations or limited exposure to competitive scenarios. However, studies show that when provided with structured psychological training, female athletes develop resilience at comparable rates to their male counterparts. The discussion suggests that resilience is not a fixed trait but a dynamic skill that can be cultivated. Training programs that strengthen emotional regulation, goal-setting habits, and reflective practices hold significant promise for university racket sport athletes. CONCLUSION This thematic review concludes that psychological resilience plays a crucial role in shaping how university-level badminton and table tennis players experience and respond to competitive anxiety. Athletes with stronger resilience display greater composure, confidence, and adaptability, enabling them to cope effectively with the pressures of tournament play. Given the academic and environmental stressors present in Indian university sports, strengthening resilience becomes essential for supporting athlete development. Institutions that integrate mental conditioning into routine training can help athletes manage anxiety more efficiently and achieve more consistent performance. FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Introduce structured mental skills training focusing on emotional regulation and confidence building. 2. Integrate yoga and mindfulness practices into sports training to reduce somatic anxiety. 3. Provide workshops for coaches on identifying signs of competitive anxiety and promoting resilience. 4. Increase competitive exposure through internal tournaments to help normalize stress. 5. Establish peer-support systems where senior athletes mentor younger players. 6. Collaborate with psychologists to develop long-term resilience development programs.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1215DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A TEACHER –MADE QUESTIONNAIRE TO MEASURE THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS EXERCISE ON MENSTRUAL PAIN AND SYMPTOMS AMONG WOMEN AGED 18- 45 YEARS Poonam Chandulal Dholu, Research Scholar, Department of Phyiscal Education, SPPU Dr. Shobha Pramod Shinde, Director of Physical Education, C.K Goyal College, Pune Dr. Mohit Rajendra Shinde, Physical Training Instructor, College of Agriculture, Dapoli ABSTRACT The present study aimed to develop and validate a teacher- made questionnaire designed to assess the effect of physical fitness exercise on menstrual pain and associated symptoms among women aged 18-45 years. The questionnaire included items on personal information, physical and mental menstrual symptoms, medication practices, life style, and daily routine obstacles during the menstrual cycle. A 5-point likert rating scale was employed for the majority of the items. Content validity was established through expert review. The experts reviewed all items for relevance, clarity, and appropriateness to the study objectives and indicating high content validity of the instrument. The reliability was assessed using a pilot study with the test- retest method. The consistency of responses over time was analyzed using Cronbach‘s alpha coefficient value of α = 0.977, indicating an excellent level of reliability. The findings indicated that the developed questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool for measuring menstrual pain and related exercise influences on menstrual health. Keywords: Physical fitness exercise, menstrual pain and symptomsIntroduction: Menstruation is a natural and cyclical biological process that has been recognized and documented since ancient times. Historically, menstruation has been interpreted in diverse ways across cultures, often surrounded by myths, taboos, and social restrictions. Early medical writing from ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Ayurvedic traditions attempted to explain menstruation in terms of bodily balance and reproductive health (Buckley & Gottlieb, 1988; Kissling, 2006). Despite its biological significance, menstruation was frequently viewed as a source of impurity or weakness, influencing how menstrual discomfort was perceived and managed for centuries. Menstrual pain and associated symptoms, collectively referred to as dysmenorrhoea, are among the most common gynaecological concerns experienced by individuals of reproductive age (Harel, 2006). Symptoms such as lower abdominal pain, back pain, fatigue, headaches, nausea, and emotional disturbances can substantially affect daily functioning, academic performance, and overall quality of life (Iacovides et al, 2015). Traditionally, menstrual pain was often endured in silence or managed through cultural remedies, with limited scientific understanding of its physiological causes. In recent years, physical exercise has emerged as a promising non- pharmacological approach to managing menstrual pain and related symptoms. Regular physical activity is believed to reduce menstrual discomfort by improving blood circulation, promoting endorphin release, reducing stress, and modulating prostaglandin activity (Daley, 2008; Armour et al.2019). Consequently, there is a growing interest in examining the effect of physical exercise on menstrual pain and symptoms as a safe, accessible, and cost –effective strategy for improving menstrual health and overall well- being. However, the accurate measurement of such pain and symptoms requires a standardized, culturally appropriate, and reliable tool.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessThe present study focuses on the development of a teacher- made questionnaire specifically designed to evaluate menstrual pain and symptoms in relation to physical fitness exercise practices among women aged 18-45 years. Literature Review: Previous study on tool development to measuring menstrual pain and symptoms: Menstruation impact scale development by Cigdem Gun Kakasci et al. (2022), the result shows that menstrual impact Scale (MIS) was a short, practical, and easy to apply scale, and it has been earned a valid and reliable measurement tool to specifically measure the impact of menstruation in women‘s life. Chihiro Takenoshita et al. (2025) they study, Development and validation of a premenstrual symptom screening tool for working women in relation to absenteeism. Their results showed that the women had experienced PMS with four domain including Somatic symptoms, Psychological symptoms, Lack of work efficiency, and abdominal symptoms, and a moderately reliable and valid new scale for PMS for working women was developed with efficacy for screening for work absenteeism. Shilpa Umarji et al. (2024) they study the Construction and validation of self-reporting menstrual disorder screening questionnaire for Indian population and results shows the questionnaire developed, and content validated and can be used as a self-reporting screening tool to detect menstrual abnormalities in the Indian population. Armour et al., (2024) a network meta – analysis of randomized controlled trails demonstrated that all exercise modalities were effective in reducing menstrual pain, with relaxation and yoga- based exercise showing particularly strong outcomes and high adherence rates.Kannan et al., (2025) in addition to pain reduction, exercise interventions have been associated with improvements in secondary symptoms such as fatigue, sleep disturbances, emotional well-being, and overall quality of life among individuals experiencing dysmenorrhoea. Iacovides et al., (2015) observational studies further suggest that higher habitual physical activity levels are associated with a reduced prevalence of severe menstrual pain and core menstrual symptoms, although variations in study design and measurement tools limit direct comparison across studies.Objectives of the Study:1. To develop a comprehensive questionnaire for measuring menstrual pain and symptoms among women aged 18-45 years. 2. To assess the content validity of the questionnaire through expert evaluation. 3. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire using the test- retest method. 4. To establish the suitability of the tool for future research on the physical fitness and menstrual health. Method and Participants: To study the effect of physical fitness exercise on menstrual pain and symptoms among women aged 18-45 years, a total of 75 women was divided in 3 groups like group- A ( 18-25 years), group- B (25-35 years), group- C (35-45 years) were selected as a sample with the help of purposive sampling technique. Development of the Questionnaire: The questionnaire was developed based on literature review, common menstrual health indicators, and researcher expertise. It consisted of five major sections: 1. Personal Information – age, occupation, exercise habits, menstrual history, etc. 2. Menstrual Symptoms (Physical) – cramps, back pain, fatigue, nausea, headache, bloating, constipation etc. 3. Menstrual Symptoms (Mental/Emotional) – irritability, mood swings, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, etc. 4. Medication Practices – use of painkillers, home remedies, frequency of use, effectiveness.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-12175. Lifestyle and Daily Routine Obstacles – sleep quality, diet, physical activity, work/study disturbances during menstruation. This questionnaire were constructed using a 5 –point Likert Scale ranging from ― Strongly Disagree‖ to ―Strongly Agree‖ or ― Never‖ to ―A lot‖, depending on the nature of the question. Content Validity: Content validity means how well a test or questionnaire includes all the important parts of what it is supposed to measure. To ensure content validity, the initial draft of the questionnaire was reviewed by subject experts in the fields of Physical education and Gynaecology. Experts assessed the clarity, relevance, and appropriateness of each item. Modifications were made based on their suggestions, and ensuring the tool accurately captured menstrual pain and symptoms. High content validity reflects that the questionnaire items adequately represent the construct of menstrual pain and symptoms and are appropriate for the target population. Pilot Study and Reliability A Pilot study was conducted with a small sample of participants within the target age group. The reliability of the teacher made questionnaire was established using test- retest method. The questionnaire was administered twice to the same group of participants on two different days. The consistency of responses over time was analyzed using Cronbach‟s alpha coefficient.Table: 1 Test –Retest Reliability of the Teacher- Made Questionnaire The analysis yielded a Cronbach‘s alpha value of α=0.977, indicating an excellent level of reliability. This result suggests that the questionnaire demonstrates adequate internal consistency and stability, and it is suitable for use in assessing the effect of physical fitness exercise on menstrual pain intensity. Results: The teacher- made questionnaire developed to assess the effect of physical fitness exercise on menstrual pain and symptoms demonstrated strong measurement properties. Content validity was established through expert evaluation by a panel of subject specialists in physical education and Gynaecology. The experts reviewed all items for relevance, clarity, simplicity, and appropriateness to the study objectives. Based on their feedback, minor modifications were made, and all items were retained, indicating high content validity of the instrument. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined using internal consistency analysis. Cronbach‘s alpha coefficient for the finalized questionnaire was found to be α = 0.977, indicating excellent level of reliability for teacher-made tool. This value suggests that the questionnaire demonstrates adequate internal consistency and stability to measure the construct of menstrual pain and symptoms in response to effect of physical fitness exercise. Overall, the result confirms that the developed questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the effect of physical fitness exercise on menstrual pain and symptoms among women aged 18-45 years. Discussion: The developed questionnaire successfully integrates both physical and mental aspects of menstrual symptoms, as well as factors related to lifestyle and daily Reliability Method Cronbach‟s alpha (α) Interpretation Test - Retest 0.977 Excellent Reliability

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnessfunctioning. The use of a Likert scale to assessment of menstrual pain and symptoms among women was established. High content validity reflects that the questionnaire items adequately represent the construct of menstrual pain and symptoms and are appropriate for the target population. Expert validation ensured that the items were relevant, comprehensive, and aligned with the objectives of measuring changes related to physical fitness exercise. The reliability of questionnaire by using internal consistency analysis indicating excellent reliability for teacher- made tool. This ensures that subsequent studies examining the impact of physical exercise on menstrual health can rely on the tool for accurate and consistent data. Conclusion: The study concluded that the teacher- made questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing menstrual pain and symptoms among women aged 18-45 years. It effectively captures physical, mental, and lifestyle- related dimensions of menstrual health. The process of expert validation and test- retest reliability confirmed that the questionnaire is appropriate for use in future research exploring the effects of physical fitness exercises on menstrual pain and overall well- being. References 1. Armour, M., Parry, K., Manohar, N., Holmes, K., Ferfolja, T., Curry, C., & Smith, C. A. (2019). The prevalence and academic impact of dysmenorrhoea in 21,573 young women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Women‘s Health, 28(8),1161-1171. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7615 2. Buckley, T., & Gottlieb, A. (1988). Blood magic: The anthropology of menstruation. University of California Press. 3. Daley, A. J. (2008). Exercise and primary dysmenorrhoea: A comprehensive and critical review of the literature. Sports Medicine, 38(8), 695- 670. 4. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838080-00004 5. Harel, Z. (2006). Dysmenorrhoea in adolescent and young adults: Etiology and management. Journal of Pediatric and Adolscent Gynecology, 19(6), 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2006.09.001 6. Iacovides,S., Avidon, I., & Baker, F. C. (2015). What know about primary dysmenorrhoea today: A critical review. Human Reproductive Update, 21(6), 762-778. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv039 7. Kissling, E. A. (2006). Capitalizing on the curse: The business of menstruation. Lynne Rienner publishers. 8. Cigdem Gun Kakasci, Dilek Coskuner Potur Menstruation Impact Scale Development, Med Records 2022;4(3):454-619. Chihiro Takenoshita et al.Development and validation of a premenstrual symptom screening tool for working women in relation to absenteeism BMC Womens Health. 2025 Nov 7; 25:546. 10. Shilpa Umarji et al. Construction and validation of self-reporting menstrual disorder screening questionnaire for Indian population. Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research. 11(2):216-221, 2024.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-121911. Armour, M., Parry, K. A., Manohar, N., Holmes, K., Curry, C., & Smith, C. A. (2024). Exercise for dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sports Medicine- Open, 10(1),18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40978-024-00718-4 12. Kannan,P., Chapple, C. M., Miller, D., & Shanthakumari, N. (2025). Effect of structured exercise on pain, sleep and quality of life in women with primary dysmenorrhea. BMC Women’s Health, 25, 112.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-025-03940-813. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE publications.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessCHOLESTEROL LDL AND HDL: REEVALUATING THE GOOD AND BAD PARADIGM Pushpak Pradiprao Khonde, Assistant Professor, Degree College of Physical Education, Amravati, Maharashtra, India Abstract For decades, cholesterol has been central to cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention strategies, leading to the widespread classification of lipoproteins into ―good cholesterol‖(HDL) and ―bad cholesterol‖ (LDL). While this dichotomous framework has been deeply embedded in academic literature, clinical practice, and public health communication, emerging scientific evidence suggests that it oversimplifies lipid physiology and misrepresents cardiovascular risk. Cholesterol is an essential biological molecule, and LDL and HDL function as transport lipoproteins rather than inherently harmful or protective entities. This narrative review critically examines contemporary evidence demonstrating that elevated LDL cholesterol alone is neither a necessary nor sufficient cause of CVD. Instead, pathological outcomes are strongly associated with oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and lipoprotein particle characteristics. Evidence indicates that LDL becomes atherogenic primarily after oxidative modification in an inflammatory metabolic environment, while HDL confers protection only when functionally effective. The findings further highlight that metabolically healthy individuals, including athletes, may exhibit elevated LDL without increased cardiovascular risk, underscoring the limitations of cholesterol-centric screening. This study advocates a paradigm shift away from fear-based cholesterol labeling toward a context-dependent, metabolically informed interpretation of lipid markers. Such an approach has important implications for sports science, clinical medicine, and public health education, promoting more accurate risk assessment, reducing unnecessary anxiety and overmedication, and emphasizing lifestyle-centered metabolic health strategies. Keywords: Cholesterol; Low-Density Lipoprotein; High-Density Lipoprotein; Oxidized LDL; Metabolic Health; Insulin Resistance; Cardiovascular Disease; Sports Physiology; Public Health Communication Introduction For more than half a century, cholesterol has been positioned at the center of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention strategies, leading to the widespread classification of lipoproteins into ―good cholesterol‖ (high-density lipoprotein, HDL) and ―bad cholesterol‖(low-density lipoprotein, LDL). This simplified framework has been embedded deeply within academic textbooks, clinical guidelines, and public health messaging. However, accumulating scientific evidence suggests that this dichotomy does not adequately represent the complexity of lipid physiology or the true mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. Cholesterol itself is an indispensable biological molecule required for cell membrane stability, steroid hormone synthesis, bile acid formation, vitamin D production, and neuronal function (Feingold, 2021). LDL and HDL are not cholesterol subtypes but transport lipoproteins responsible for delivering and recycling cholesterol within the body. Recent metabolic research has demonstrated that elevated LDL cholesterol alone is neither a necessary nor sufficient cause of cardiovascular disease (Ravnskov et al., 2016). Instead, pathological outcomes are strongly associated with oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and lipoprotein particle characteristics. As emphasized by

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1221Paul Mason, LDL becomes clinically harmful only when it undergoes oxidative modification in an inflammatory vascular environment, transforming into oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), which triggers immune activation and plaque formation (Mason, 2022). Similarly, HDL concentration has failed to consistently predict cardiovascular protection, as pharmacological elevation of HDL has not resulted in reduced cardiovascular events (Keene et al., 2014). These findings necessitate a paradigm shift away from fear-based cholesterol labeling toward a context-dependent, metabolically informed interpretation of lipid markers. This research holds strong relevance for sports science and exercise physiology journals, as competitive athletes and physically active populations often present with elevated LDL cholesterol despite excellent insulin sensitivity, low inflammation, and superior metabolic health. Conventional cholesterol-centric screening methods may therefore misclassify healthy athletes as being at cardiovascular risk, leading to unnecessary anxiety, dietary restriction, or pharmacological intervention. By emphasizing insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, glucose load, and training-related metabolic adaptations, the manuscript provides a physiology-based framework for lipid interpretation that is more appropriate for athletic populations. Journals such as Journal of Sports Sciences, International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, and Sports Medicine represent suitable outlets, as the study contributes to performance-focused health assessment, discourages fear-based lipid labeling, and supports evidence-based decision-making that prioritizes metabolic context over isolated cholesterol values. Objectives of the Study The objective of this study is to critically reassess the conventional classification of cholesterol into ―good‖ and ―bad‖ categories by examining contemporary evidence on cholesterol physiology, LDL and HDL functionality, and cardiovascular risk. Specifically, the study aims to evaluate whether cholesterol, LDL, and HDL are inherently harmful or beneficial, to analyze the conditions under which LDL becomes atherogenic, and to highlight the role of oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance in cardiovascular pathology. The study further seeks to provide scientific justification for discontinuing the term ―bad cholesterol‖ in academic literature and to promote a metabolically grounded framework for lipid interpretation in future research and clinical practice. Methodology The study employed narrative review and evidence-based analytical research design, integrating mechanistic physiology, epidemiological evidence, and expert clinical interpretations to critically reassess conventional lipid theory. Data were gathered from peerreviewed journals in cardiology, endocrinology, and metabolic medicine, along with systematic reviews and meta-analyses focusing on LDL particle size and oxidation, public health guidelines issued by international health organizations, and expert lectures and scientific presentations, including the metabolic analyses of Dr. Paul Mason. The analytical framework emphasized the physiological functions of lipoproteins, the specific metabolic and inflammatory conditions under which LDL becomes atherogenic, clinical outcomes in which elevated LDL does not correspond with increased cardiovascular disease risk, and the scientific and communicative limitations of fear-based cholesterol terminology.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessTraditional vs. Contemporary Interpretation of Cholesterol Parameter Traditional Model Contemporary Evidence-Based ModelLDL cholesterol Inherently ―bad‖ Context-dependent, often benignHDL cholesterol Always ―good‖ Protective only when functionalCause of CVD High LDL levels Oxidation, inflammation, insulin resistanceRisk assessment Total/LDL cholesterolTG:HDL ratio, inflammation, particle sizeTreatment focus LDL reduction Metabolic health optimizationFactors that Convert LDL into Atherogenic LDL Factor MechanismOxidative stress Convert native LDL to ox-LDLInsulin resistance Promotes small, dense LDL particlesChronic inflammation Enhances endothelial damageHyperglycemia Increases LDL glycation and oxidationSmoking & pollution Elevates free radical loadResults The findings of this review indicate that cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cannot be universally classified as harmful or protective. Elevated LDL cholesterol was not consistently associated with increased cardiovascular risk in metabolically healthy individuals, while oxidized LDL demonstrated a strong association with atherosclerotic processes (Ravnskov et al., 2016; Mason, 2022). HDL levels alone were found to be unreliable predictors of cardiovascular protection, with HDL functionality being more clinically relevant than concentration (Keene et al., 2014). Furthermore, markers of metabolic dysfunctions such as insulin resistance, elevated triglycerides, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stresswhich showed stronger correlations with cardiovascular risk than LDL levels alone. These results collectively support the conclusion that lipid markers must be interpreted within a broader metabolic and inflammatory context. Discussion The persistent labeling of LDL as ―bad cholesterol‖ reflects an outdated and reductionist interpretation of cardiovascular risk that fails to account for the biological

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1223heterogeneity of lipoproteins. LDL particles vary significantly in size, density, and susceptibility to oxidation. Small, dense LDL particles exhibit greater arterial penetration and oxidative vulnerability, particularly in insulin-resistant states, whereas large, buoyant LDL particles demonstrate comparatively low atherogenic potential (Berneis & Krauss, 2002). This distinction explains why individuals with elevated LDL, but favorable metabolic profiles often exhibit low cardiovascular risk. Oxidative modification represents the critical transition point at which LDL becomes pathogenic. Oxidized LDL stimulates endothelial dysfunction, macrophage uptake, foam cell formation, and inflammatory plaque development (Steinberg, 2009). Importantly, oxidative stress is driven not by LDL concentration itself but by metabolic factors such as hyperglycemia, smoking, psychological stress, poor sleep, and chronic inflammation. As noted by Mason (2022), LDL is better understood as a biological responder to vascular injury rather than a primary causal agent. Similarly, the protective reputation of HDL has been undermined by clinical trials demonstrating that pharmacologically increasing HDL levels does not reduce cardiovascular events (Keene et al., 2014). HDL‘s protective role depends on its efficiency in reverse cholesterol transport and anti-inflammatory activity, functions that are impaired in metabolic disease. These findings challenge cholesterol-centric treatment models and support a broader metabolic framework emphasizing insulin sensitivity, inflammatory control, and oxidative balance. Collectively, the evidence suggests that cardiovascular disease is fundamentally a disorder of metabolic dysregulation rather than cholesterol excess. Continued reliance on fearbased cholesterol terminology risks misinforming patients, overmedicalizing healthy individuals, and diverting attention from modifiable lifestyle and metabolic determinants of disease. Conclusion This study concludes that cholesterol, LDL, and HDL are not inherently harmful or beneficial. The widely used terms ―bad cholesterol‖ and ―good cholesterol‖ lack scientific precision and contribute to misunderstanding, fear, and misdirected treatment strategies. LDL becomes clinically relevant only when subjected to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, while HDL offers protection only when metabolically functional. Cardiovascular disease is better understood as a disorder of metabolic dysregulation, not cholesterol excess. Accordingly, this research supports abandoning simplistic cholesterol labeling in favor of a context-dependent, mechanistic interpretation that reflects modern scientific understanding.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessFuture Recommendations Based on the findings of this study, several future recommendations are proposed to advance scientific accuracy and improve clinical and public health outcomes. Academic textbooks and educational materials should discontinue the use of the term ―bad cholesterol,‖ as it lacks scientific precision and contributes to misunderstanding and unnecessary fear. Future research should move beyond isolated LDL concentration and instead focus on LDL particle size, oxidation status, and inflammatory markers to better reflect cardiovascular risk. Clinical risk assessment frameworks should prioritize insulin resistance, triglyceride-to-HDL ratio, and broader metabolic health indicators rather than cholesterol values alone. In addition, public health communication strategies should avoid fear-based cholesterol narratives and instead emphasize lifestyle-centered metabolic education that empowers individuals with accurate, actionable knowledge. Finally, well-designed longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes in metabolically healthy individuals with elevated LDL in order to refine risk stratification and inform evidence-based guidelines. The manuscript is equally applicable to medical and public health journals, where it contributes to the growing critique of LDL-centric cardiovascular risk models and aligns with principles of evidence-based medicine. For clinical audiences, it encourages patient-specific lipid interpretation, highlights the limitations of the ―bad cholesterol‖ narrative, and supports the use of metabolic and inflammatory markers for more accurate risk stratification. Medical journals such as BMJ Open, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, and Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity are appropriate targets. From a public health perspective, the study addresses the harms of fear-based health communication and advocates for scientifically precise language that improves metabolic literacy and reduces misinformation. Journals including Public Health Nutrition, BMC Public Health, and Journal of Health Communication are suitable platforms, as the findings promote lifestyle-centered prevention strategies and recommend discontinuing the term ―bad cholesterol‖ due to its lack of scientific precision and its tendency to generate unnecessary fear among metabolically healthy individuals, athletes, and patients with oxidative LDL-related conditions. References 1. Berneis, K. K., & Krauss, R. M. (2002). Metabolic origins and clinical significance of LDL heterogeneity. Journal of Lipid Research, 43(9), 1363–1379. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R200004-JLR200 2. Feingold, K. R. (2021). Cholesterol metabolism. In Endotext. MDText.com, Inc. 3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395573/ 4. Keene, D., Price, C., Shun-Shin, M. J., & Francis, D. P. (2014). Effect on cardiovascular risk of high-density lipoprotein targeted drug treatments: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including 117,411 patients. BMJ, 349, g4379. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4379 5. Mason, P. (2022). The truth about high cholesterol [Video]. Low Carb Down Under. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdgS3PuSuyg 6. Ravnskov, U., Diamond, D. M., Hama, R., Hamazaki, T., Hammarskjöld, B., Hynes, N., Kendrick, M., Langsjoen, P. H., Malhotra, A., Mascitelli, L., McCully, K. S., Ogushi, Y., Okuyama, H., Rosch, P. J., Schersten, T., Sultan, S., Sundberg, R., & Thavendiranathan, P. (2016). Lack of an association or an inverse association between low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality in the elderly: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 6(6), e010401. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010401

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-12257. Steinberg, D. (2009). The LDL modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: An update. Journal of Lipid Research, 50(Suppl), S376–S381. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R800087-JLR200 8. Siri-Tarino, P. W., Chiu, S., Bergeron, N., & Krauss, R. M. (2015). Saturated fats versus polyunsaturated fats versus carbohydrates for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Annual Review of Nutrition, 35, 517–543. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034449 9. Volek, J. S., & Phinney, S. D. (2012). A new look at carbohydrate-restricted diets: Separating fact from fiction. Nutrition & Metabolism, 9, 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-9-34 10. Hirshowitz B, Brook JG, Kaufman T, Titelman U, Mahler D. 35 eggs per day in the treatment of severe burns. Br J Plast Surg. 1975 Jul;28(3):185-8. doi: 10.1016/0007-1226(75)90127-7. PMID: 1191862. 11. Pietzsch J, Lattke P, Julius U. Oxidation of apolipoprotein B-100 in circulating LDL is related to LDL residence time. In vivo insights from stable-isotope studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Oct;20(10): E63-7. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.20.10. e63. PMID: 11031225.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessANALYSIS OF IMMEDIATE MEMORY AMONG THE STUDENTS OF DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES Deepali (Research Scholar),Nitish Sharma(Research Scholar), Sahil Sharma (Research Scholar), Anita Chimote (Research Scholar), Siekhutho Nyusou (Research Scholar), Dr. Anita Gupta (PhD), Shraddha Dwivedi (Assistant professor),Dr. Suhas Khandwe(Assistant professor), Pushpak P. Khonde (Assistant professor) Degree College of Physical Education, Amravati (MH) ABSTRACTThe present study aimed to analyse the influence of academic discipline on immediate memory performance among college students. Immediate memory, a crucial component of short-term memory, plays an essential role in learning, comprehension, decision-making, and task execution. The study compared auditory immediate memory span among students from three different academic disciplines: Engineering, Physical Education, and Yoga. A total of 150 students (aged 18–21 years) from H.V.P.M. College, Amravati, were randomly selected, with 50 students drawn from each discipline. Immediate memory was assessed using the Span of Immediate Memory Test (Auditory), in which participants were required to recall digit sequences read aloud in the correct order. Descriptive statistics and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were employed to analyse the data, with the level of significance set at 0.05. The results revealed a significant difference in immediate memory among the three groups (F = 8.65, p < 0.05). Physical Education students demonstrated the highest mean immediate memory score (M = 3.90), followed by Engineering students (M = 3.66), while Yoga students showed the lowest mean score (M = 2.68). Post-hoc analysis indicated significant differences between Engineering and Yoga students and between Physical Education and Yoga students, whereas no significant difference was observed between Engineering and Physical Education students. The findings suggest that academic discipline and associated learning environments significantly influence immediate memory performance. Regular physical activity and skill-based training appear to enhance short-term memory capacity. The study concludes that discipline-specific cognitive and physical demands play an important role in shaping immediate memory among college students. Keywords:Immediate Memory,Academic Discipline, Engineering Students, Physical Education Students, Yoga Students, Auditory Memory Span INTRODUCTION Memory is a fundamental cognitive process that enables individuals to encode, store, and retrieve information, playing a vital role in learning, problem-solving, decision-making, and everyday functioning. Cognitive psychologists classify memory into sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968). Among these, shortterm or immediate memory is especially important as it serves as a temporary storage system for information that is actively used. Immediate memory refers to the capacity to hold small amounts of information for a brief duration, usually a few seconds to one minute (Baddeley, 2012). It functions as a dynamic mental workspace rather than a passive store. The Working Memory Model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) explains this system through a central executive that controls attention, along with a phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad that process verbal and visual information. Research indicates that working memory capacity is closely associated with reasoning ability, problem-solving skills, and academic achievement (Conway, Kane, & Engle, 2003).

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1227Although immediate memory and working memory are related, they are conceptually distinct. Immediate memory primarily involves short-term storage, such as remembering information briefly, whereas working memory includes the active manipulation of information during cognitive tasks (Baddeley, 2000). Working memory is a limited-capacity system influenced by attention, rehearsal, and cognitive load. Miller‘s ―magical number seven, plus or minus two‖ (1956) offered an early estimate of memory capacity, while later research suggested a reduced capacity of approximately four items when rehearsal is restricted (Cowan, 2001). Higher working memory capacity has been linked to better academic performance in reading comprehension and problem-solving (Gathercole & Alloway, 2007). Immediate memory also plays an important role in sports and physical performance. Athletes must rapidly process information, recall instructions, and make quick decisions in dynamic environments. Team sports require players to remember strategies and respond under time pressure (Furley &Memmert, 2010). Strong immediate memory supports effective performance in high-pressure situations, while limitations may result in attentional lapses and poor decision-making (Vestberg et al., 2012). Immediate memory also contributes to motor skill acquisition during early learning stages when step-by-step instructions are required (Gupta & McMahon, 2014). Cognitive Load Theory explains how excessive information can overload immediate memory, leading to reduced learning and performance (Sweller, 1988). Cognitive load is categorized into intrinsic, extraneous, and germane load, each influencing how information is processed (Paas, Renkl, &Sweller, 2003). Poor management of cognitive load may result in performance breakdowns under pressure (Beilock& Carr, 2001). The neurobiological basis of immediate memory involves the prefrontal cortex, which supports the maintenance and manipulation of information during short-term tasks (Curtis & D'Esposito, 2003). The hippocampus also contributes, particularly in processing novel information (Ranganath & Blumenfeld, 2005). Neurotransmitters such as dopamine and acetylcholine influence attention and executive functioning, thereby affecting immediate memory efficiency (Goldman-Rakic, 1996; Hasselmo, 2006). Academic discipline significantly influences how immediate memory is developed and used. Engineering students often engage in analytical reasoning tasks that demand working memory resources (Kail, 2000), while arts students emphasize comprehension and semantic processing (Anderson, 2010). Physical education students rely on procedural memory and rapid decision-making, and regular physical activity has been shown to enhance immediate memory performance (Prakash et al., 2012; Hillman, Erickson, & Kramer, 2008). In modern education, understanding discipline-specific differences in immediate memory is essential for developing effective teaching and training strategies that enhance cognitive performance and academic outcomes (Baddeley, 2012; Cowan, 2014; Gupta & McMahon, 2014 METHODOLOGYFor the present study, 150 students aged 18–21 years were selected from HVPM College, with equal representation of 50 students each from the Engineering, Physical Education, and Yoga departments. The subjects were chosen using a random sampling method (fish bowl method) to avoid bias and ensure equal opportunity for selection. The variable selected for the study was immediate memory, which was assessed using the Span of Immediate Memory Test, and the score was calculated using the formula ΣX / N.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessRESULTANDDISCUSSION To determine the significant difference in the selected variable Immediate Memory among the three groups (Engineering, Physical Education, and Yoga), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. The calculated F-ratio was compared with the tabulated Fvalue at the 0.05 level of significance for the required degrees of freedomTable 2 showing the descriptive statistics of the selected subjects. Table-1 Descriptive statistics of immediate memory among Engineering, Physical Education and Yoga Students. Figure 1:- Bar graph showing the comparison of mean scores in immediate memory among Engineering, Physical Education and Yoga students Table-2 Analysis of Variance (One Way ANOVA) of Immediate Memory among Engineering, Physical Education and Yoga Students. Source of Variation Sum of Squares df Sum of Mean F-RatioBetween Groups 46.02 2 23.01 8.65Within Groups 390.23 147 2.65*Significant at 0.05 level tab t0.05(147) = 3.06 GROUP MEAN STANDARDDEVIATIONRANGE SKEWNESS KURTOSISEngineering 3.66 1.22 5 0.624 0.201Physical Education3.90 1.32 6 0.571 0.353Yoga 2.68 0.94 4 0.384 0.18300.511.522.533.54Engineeringphysical education Yoga3.66 [VALUE]02.68 Mean score of immediate memoryAcademic StreamsImmediate Memory

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026, Volume-1229Table-2 shows that the calculated F-ratio (8.65) exceeds the tabulated value (3.06) at the 0.05 level of significance (df = 2,147), indicating a significant difference in immediate memory among Engineering, Physical Education, and Yoga students. TABLE-3 Post Hoc Test for Comparison of Mean Differences in Immediate Memory among Engineering, Physical Education and Yoga Students. Group Compared Mean DifferenceStd.ErrorSig.(p)RemarkEngineering - Physical Education0.24 0.33 0.540 Not SignificantEngineering - Yoga 0.98 0.33 0.012* SignificantPhysical Education - Yoga 1.22 0.33 0.004* SignificantTable-3 shows significant differences in immediate memory between Engineering and Yoga students and between Physical Education and Yoga students, but not between Engineering and Physical Education students. The study found a significant difference in immediate memory among Engineering, Physical Education, and Yoga students. ANOVA results showed Physical Education students had the highest mean scores, followed by Engineering students, while Yoga students scored the lowest. The superior performance of Physical Education students may be attributed to regular physical activity, which enhances cognitive functions, including short-term memory, through improved blood circulation, neuroplasticity, and hippocampal activity (Hillman et al., 2008; Tomporowski, 2003). Engineering students, despite engaging in analytical tasks, may experience cognitive fatigue and reduced physical activity, slightly lowering their scores (Lorist et al., 2005). Yoga students‘ lower scores may reflect limited practical exposure to intensive yoga practices like pranayama and meditation, which are necessary to improve memory (Telles et al., 2012; Hariprasad et al., 2013). These findings suggest that academic discipline, lifestyle, physical activity, and cognitive engagement influence immediate memory, aligning with previous research on environmental and behavioral impacts on cognition (Baddeley, 2012). CONCLUSION  The study found significant differences in immediate memory among students from different academic disciplines.  Physical Education students showed the highest immediate memory performance.  Engineering students ranked second in immediate memory ability.  Yoga students demonstrated the lowest immediate memory scores among the three groups.  These differences suggest that discipline-specific learning environments and training practices influence short-term (immediate) memory.  Overall, academic discipline plays a significant role in shaping immediate memory performance.