Pesy
Quarterly International
Journal of Physical Education Sports Management and Yogic Sciences
ISSN 2231 – 1394 VOL. 7, NO.4 October – December 2017
Peer Reviewed, Referred and with impact factor
Papers written in English/Hindi
Editor in Chief
Ruby Sharma
Sudhir Surya Yoga College & Research Centre
C-84, LIG Flats, Ashok Vihar Phase IV, Delhi 110052
Ph: 08733934440, 08733934430,9868910376, 9990803459
Email: [email protected]
www.mrdsect.org
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About the Journal
Pesy is a referred International, Quarterly and Bi lingual Journal of Physical
Education, Sports Management and Yogic Sciences. It promotes interdisciplinary perspective
to discuss issues of National and International Significance. Its regular features include
research book editorial correspondence. All the Research papers are subject to a double –
blind referring process and are published on the recommendations of referees and discretion
of the editor. As far as the Research papers are concerned, the views or statements expressed
in the Research papers are solely of the author and the editor is not responsible for the same.
PURPOSES
1. Cooperation in the exchange of information about Physical education, sports
Management and Yogic Science Culture worldwide
2. Development of both the physical and mental aspects of Physical Education, Sports
Management and Yoga.
3. Balance of advanced theories and common practices.
AIMS
1. To provide a medium for the exchange of information and an opportunity for
cooperation and development among various countries worldwide.
2. To promote the study of both and physical and mental aspect of physical education,
sports management and yogic sciences by using the advances in scientific research
results.
3. To establish a common foundation of theory based on the positive differences of
various backgrounds.
4. To develop interest in the significant study of various researchers.
Printed and Published by Mrs. Ruby Sharma on behalf of Master Rameshwar Dutt Sharma
Educational and Charitable Trust, C-84, LIG Flats, Ashok Vihar Phase IV, Delhi 110052.
ii
Editorial Board
Patron Co-Patron
Prof. Dr. R. Thirumalaisamy Prof. Jatin Soni
Emeritus Professor, First Vice Chancellor,
Department of Physical Education, Swarnim Gujrat Sports University,
Alagappa University, TN Gandhi Nagar, Gujrat
Former (Founder) First Vice Chancellor,
TNPESU, Chennai, TamilNadu, India
Editor in Chief
Mrs. Ruby Sharma
Advisory Board Referee’s Board
Dr. Chia Hua Kuo (Taiwan) Dr. Jatin Soni (India)
Catarina Isabel N. G. Abrantes (Portugal) Prof. M Chandra Kumar (India)
Dr. Essam Eldin Shaaban A. H (Egypt) Dr.(Mrs) A. Shenbagavalli (India)
Dr. Yousra Al-Sinani (Oman) Dr. Kaukab Azeem (Saudi Arab)
Dr. Rakesh Gupta (India) Dr. D. Maniazhagu (India)
Dr. Dilip T. Jaiswal (India)
Dr. Inder Mohan Datta (India)
Dr. Nagendra Sharma (India)
Dr. J. K. Thakur (India)
All correspondence related to the Journal should be addressed to:-
Mrs. Ruby Sharma (Editor in Chief)
Master Rameshwar Dutt Sharma Educational and Charitable Trust,
C-84, LIG Flats, Ashok Vihar Phase IV, Delhi 110052,
Ph: 011-47061258, 08733934440, 09868910376,
Website:www.mrdsect.org
Email: [email protected]
iii
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Ruby Sharma (Editor), PESY, C/o Master Rameshwar Dutt Sharma Educational and
Charitable Trust, , C-84, LIG Flats, Ashok Vihar Phase IV, Delhi 110052.
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CONTENTS
S. No. TOPIC Page No.
1. EFFECTS OF ISOLATED AND COMBINED EFFECTS OF 1.5
AEROBIC DANCING AND RESISTANCE TRAINING ON LOW
DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN OF TYPE-2 DIABETIC PATIENTS
Dr. D. Maniazhagu
2. COMPARISON OF SPORT COMPETITION ANXIETY OF 6-10
UNIVERSITY CRICKET(WOMEN) PLAYERS
Lt (Dr) Harjit Kaur
3. AN INTEGRATED APPROACH OF YOGASANA IN 11-13
SURVICAL PAIN
Dr. Sakure Girish Madhaorao
4. NEUROMUSCULAR ADAPTATIONS TO PHYSICAL 14-15
ACTIVITY
S. Malar, Dr. D. Maniazhagu
5. INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT RESISTANCE TRAINING 16-19
PROTOCOLS ON RESTING PULSE RATE OF COLLEGE MEN
STUDENT
Dr. Sudhir Kumar Sharma
6. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED BIOCHEMICAL 20-22
VARIABLES BETWEEN UNIVERSITY AND NON
UNIVERSITY MEN PLAYERS OF VARIOUS DISCIPLINES
Dr. Jitendra Kumar Thakur
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Editorial
It is matter of great pleasure to present, October – December 2017 fourth issue of the
Seventh Volume of PESY to all its contributors and researchers in the field of physical
education, sports management and yogic sciences, not only from all the corners of the
country, but internationally also which have shown a great interest in starting this
international research journal.
In this issue all the six research papers are very well prepared and presented by the
Professors, Researchers and Scholars under their Supervisors and Mentors.
We are thankful to our readers and contributors for motivating and subscribing the
journal regularly. The constant efforts of the editorial board and referees board members and
cooperation helped in release of Pesy papers written in English issue on time.
After the editorial board scrutinizes & agrees to the research papers standard then
only it is included in the volume. It is a request to all the contributors and members that it
would be highly appreciable if we receive the original & updated work.
It has been observed that many –a- time the papers not intensely checked before
sending to the journal. It is a request to one and all that the papers should be thoroughly
checked as per the guidelines given for the authors before sending.
We are thankful to one and all for their support for the Journal.
Ruby Sharma
Editor in Chief
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EFFECTS OF ISOLATED AND COMBINED EFFECTS OF AEROBIC
DANCING AND RESISTANCE TRAINING ON LOW DENSITY
LIPOPROTEIN OF TYPE-2 DIABETIC PATIENTS
Dr. D. MANIAZHAGU, UGC-Research Awardee ,Assistant Professor, Department of
Physical Education and Health Sciences , Alagappa University, Karaikudi, TamilNadu
ABSTRACT
The purpose of study was to find out the effects of isolated and combined effects of
aerobic dancing and resistance training on low density lipoprotein of type-2 diabetic patients.
To achieve the purpose of the study, 60 type 2 diabetic patients from Karaikudi town,
Sivaganga District, TamilNadu were selected as subject at random. The study was formulated
as pre and post test random group design, in which sixty subject were divided into four equal
groups. The experimental group-1 (n=15, AD) underwent aerobic dancing the experimental
group-2 (n=15, RT) underwent resistance training – 3 (n=15, AD+RT) underwent combined
training of aerobic dancing and resistance training (COM-T) and group-4 (n=15, CG) served
as a control group did not undergo any training. In this study, three training programme were
adopted as independent variable, i.e., aerobic dancing, resistance training and combined
training. The low density lipoprotein was chosen as dependent variable. It was tested by
blood analysis and recorded in mg/dL. The selected three treatment groups were performed
twelve weeks, as per the stipulated training program. The level of low density lipoprotein was
tested before and after the training period. The collected pre and post data was critically
analyzed with apt statistical tool of analysis of co-variance, for observed the significant
adjusted post-test mean difference of three groups. The Scheffe’s post hoc test was used to
find out pair-wise comparisons between groups. To test the hypothesis 0.05 of significant was
fixed. The results of the present study proved that the three training interventions have
produced significant alteration on low density lipoprotein.
Key Words: 1. Aerobic dancing 2. Resistance training 3. Ancova 4. Low density lipoprotein
5) Blood analysis
INTRODUCTION
There is a global diabetes epidemic. Over 180 million people worldwide have
diabetes, and the World Health Organization (2008b) predicts that by 2030 this number is
likely to more than double. At least 65% of people with diabetes mellitus die from some form
of heart or blood vessel disease (American Heart Association 2008a). Also, diabetes is among
the leading causes of kidney failure; 10% to 20% of people with diabetes die of kidney
failure(World Health Organization 2008b).Over 48 million adults in Europe and 17 million
adults in the United States have diabetes, and the prevalence is increasing (American Heart
Association 2008a; British Heart Foundation Health Promotion Research Group
2005).Diabetes, the most common endocrine disorder, affects multiple organs and body
functions, causing serious health complications, such as renal failure, heart disease, nerve
damage, stroke, and blindness. The body cannot control the level of circulating blood glucose
because of either insufficient insulin production or inadequate response by organs to
circulating levels of insulin, the major hormone controlling the body's glucose homeostasis.
Some of the most characteristic symptoms associated with the onset of diabetes include
frequent urination, excessive thirst, and fatigue. Diabetes is diagnosed when the level of
glucose in the blood is greater than 7.0 mmol/L (fasting). Three major types of diabetes have
been defined: type 1 or insulin -dependent diabetes mellitus, type 2 or non-insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus, and gestational diabetes. In this study an attempt is made to find out the
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effects of isolated and combined effects of aerobic dancing and resistance training on
triglyceride level of type-2 diabetic patients.
METHODOLOGY
The study was formulated as pre and post test random group design, in which sixty
subject were divided into four equal groups. The experimental group-1 (n=15, AD)
underwent aerobic dancing the experimental group-2 (n=15, RT) underwent
resistance training – 3 (n=15, AD+RT) underwent combined training of aerobic dancing and
resistance training (COM-T) and group-4 (n=15, CG) served as a control group did not
undergo any training. In this study, three training programme were adopted as independent
variable, i.e., aerobic dancing, resistance training and combined training. The low density
lipoprotein was chosen as dependent variable. . It was tested by blood analysis and recorded
in mg/dL. The selected three treatment groups were performed twelve weeks, as per the
stipulated training program. The condition of low density lipoprotein was tested before and
after the training period. The collected pre and post data was critically analyzed with apt
statistical tool of analysis of co-variance, for observed the significant adjusted post-test mean
difference of three groups. The Scheffe’s post hoc test was used to find out pair-wise
comparisons between groups. The patients were involved with their respective training for a
period of twelve weeks.
TABLE I
THE RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON LOW DENSITY
LIPOPROTEIN OF DIFFERENT GROUPS
(Score in mg/dL)
Group
Grou Grou Group
Test Conditions p 1 p 2 3 4 SV SS Df MS ‘F’
AD RT (AT+RT CG Ratio
)
140.1 140.0
Mean B
Pre test 3 7 140.20 140.07 0.13 3 0.07 0.05
S.D. 1.41 1.03 0.86 1.30 W 76.80 56 1.37
125.0 131.0 3766.0 1255.3
Post Mean B 250.95
test 7 7 120.07 141.33 5 3 5 *
S.D. 2.76 2.58 1.94 1.40 W 280.13 56 5.00
Adjuste B 3793.2 1264.4 463.32
d post Mean 125.0 131.1 8 3 3 *
test 7 5 119.98 141.33 W 150.10 55 2.73
* Significant at .05 level of confidence. The required table value for test the significance was
2.77 and 2.77 with the df of 3 and 56, 2 and 55
The pre test mean and standard deviation on low density lipoprotein scores G1, G2
G3 and G4 were 140.13+ 1.41, 140.07+1.03, 140.20+ 0.86 and 140.07+ 1.30 respectively.
The obtained pre test F value of 0.05 was lesser than the required table F value 2.77. Hence
the pre test means value of aerobic dancing; resistance training, combined training and
control group on low density lipoprotein on before start of the respective treatments were
found to be insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 3 and 56.
Thus this analysis confirmed that the random assignment of subjects into four groups were
successful.
The post test mean and standard deviation on low density lipoprotein of G1, G2 G3
and G4 were 125.07+2.76, 131.07+2.58, 120.07+1.94 and 141.33+1.40 respectively. The
obtained post test F value of 250.95 was higher than the required table F value of 2.77. Hence
the post test means value of aerobic dancing; resistance training, combined training and
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control group on low density lipoprotein on after the treatments were found to be significant
at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 3 and 56. The results proved that the
selected three training interventions namely aerobic dancing; resistance training and
combined training were produced significant improvement among the treatment group.
The adjusted post test means on low density lipoprotein scores of G1, G2 G3 and G4
were 125.07, 131.15, 119.98 and 141.33 respectively. The obtained adjusted post test F value
of 463.32 was higher than the required table F value of 2.77. Hence adjusted post test means
value of aerobic dancing; resistance training, combined training and control group on low
density lipoprotein were found to be significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of
freedom 3 and 55.The results confirm that the selected three training interventions namely
aerobic dancing; resistance training, and combined training on low density lipoprotein were
significantly improved.
TABLE II
THE RESULTS OF SCHEFFE’S POST HOC TEST MEAN DIFFERENCES
ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN AMONG THREE GROUPS
(Scores in mg/dL)
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Mean Confidence
AD RT AD+RT C G Differences Interval Value
125.07 131.15 - - 6.09* 2.13
125.07 - 119.98 - 5.09* 2.13
125.07 - - 141.33 16.27* 2.13
- 131.15 119.98 - 11.17* 2.13
- 131.15 - 141.33 10.18* 2.13
- - 119.98 141.33 21.35* 2.13
* Significant at .05 level of confidence.
The table II shows the paired mean differences of aerobic dancing; resistance training,
combined training and control group on low density lipoprotein. The paired wise
comparisons results as follows.
First comparison: Group 1 and Group 2: The pair wise mean difference of group 1 and
group 2 values 6.09 was higher than the confidential interval value of 2.13. Hence the first
comparison was significant. The results of this comparison clearly proved that both training
have produced significantly different effect on low density lipoprotein.
Second comparison: Group 1 and Group 3: The pair wise mean difference of group 1 and
group 3 values 5.09 was higher than the confidential interval value of 2.13.Hence the second
comparison was significant. The results of this comparison clearly proved that both training
have produced significantly different effect on low density lipoprotein.
Third comparison: Group 1 and Group 4: The pair wise mean difference of group 1 and
group 4 values 16.27 was higher than the confidential interval value of 2.13. Hence the third
comparison was significant. The results of this comparison clearly proved that aerobic
training have produced significantly different effect on low density lipoprotein than the
control group.
Fourth comparison: Group 2 and Group 3: The pair wise mean difference of group 2 and
group 3 values 11.17 was higher than the confidential interval value of 2.13. Hence the fourth
comparison was significant. The results of this comparison clearly proved that both training
have produced significantly different effect on low density lipoprotein.
Fifth comparison: Group 2 and Group 4: The pair wise mean difference of group 2 and
group 4 values 10.18 was higher than the confidential interval value of 2.13. Hence the fifth
comparison was significant. The results of this comparison clearly proved that resistance
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training have produced significantly different effect on low density lipoprotein than the
control group.
Sixth comparison: Group 3 and Group 4: The pair wise mean difference of group 3 and
group 4 values 21.35 was higher than the confidential interval value of 2.13. Hence the sixth
comparison was significant. The results of this comparison clearly proved that combined
training have produced significant different effect on low density lipoprotein than the control
group.
DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS
The therapeutic benefits of regular exercise in the treatment of type 2 diabetes have
long been recognized. As early as 1919, there were reports of exercise lowering blood
glucose concentrations in diabetic patients and improving glucose tolerance. In the 1935
edition of The Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus by Joslin and colleagues, exercise was
recommended in the everyday treatment of diabetes." From the epidemiological studies
discussed in the previous sections, clear that regular moderate-intensity exercise can be an
important part of a regimen to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes. Regular physical activity
potentiates the effects of diet and oral antihyperglycemic therapy examine (e.g.,metformin
and sulfonylureas) to lower glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity in obese people
type 2 diabetes. Many health benefits that regular physical activity provides in the prevention
of chronic metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, may be attributable to the
overlapping actions of individual exercise sessions and long-term adaptations to exercise
training. As mentioned elsewhere, acute exercise produces major effects on whole-body
glucose disposal and skeletal muscle glucose uptake and metabolism. However, the elevated
insulin-stimulated glucose disposal rates, responsible for the improved insulin sensitivity,
tend to disappear after about 5 to 7 days of inactivity. Hence, the effects of exercise training
in increasing insulin action are transient and require a regular and constant practice of
physical activity. In addition to improving glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, exercise
training has other beneficial effects, such as improving cardiovascular fitness, lowering blood
pressure, improving blood lipid profiles, promoting weight loss, reducing abdominal and
intra-abdominal fat (a major risk factor for insulin resistance), and promoting a sense of well-
being, all of which are known to be associated with diabetes. Therefore, regular physical
activity improves morbidity and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes. Multiple factors
may modulate the response to exercise training in subjects with diabetes, such as the degree
of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, the frequency and intensity of exercise, the
adherence to diet, and weight loss. Insulin sensitivity and the rate of glucose disposal are
related to cardio respiratory fitness even in older persons. The additional potential beneficial
effects of exercise training to lower cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes may
reduce the risk of macro vascular or atherosclerotic complications typical of diabetes.
The present research has been useful to confirm of the finding of earliest study on this
subject. The major findings of earlier study are given here for comparison with the present
findings.
Poirier P, Catellier C, Tremblay A, Nadeau A ( 1996) conducted a study on “Role
of body fat loss in the exercise-induced improvement of the plasma lipid profile in non-
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In their study they found beneficial changes in body fat
mass, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol/ high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
ratio triglyceride (TG) levels.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study indicate that the selected three training interventions namely
aerobic training, resistance training and combined training would produce significant
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alteration on low density lipoprotein to the type 2 diabetic patients. However the combined
training had influenced greater development of low density lipoprotein.
Further aerobic training has produced the significant development in the nature of low
density lipoprotein, than the resistance training.
The least development was observed in the resistance training on low density
lipoprotein than the control group. No development was observed in low density lipoprotein
on control group.
REFERENCES
1. American Heart Association.2008a. Diabettetes mellitus-Statistics. Statistical fact
sheet-risk factors 2008 update.
2. British heart foundation Health Promotion Research Group.2005.Europien
cardiovascular disease statistics,2005 edition.
3. Poirier P, Catellier C, Tremblay A, Nadeau A.,(November 1996), “Role of body fat loss
in the exercise-induced improvement of the plasma lipid profile in non-insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus”, Metabolism. 1996 Nov;45(11):1383-7.profiles of
diabetes patients with dyslipidemia”, Indian Heart Journal vol:65.no.2,127-31.
4. World Health Organisation.2008b.Diabetes.Fact sheet no.312
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COMPARISON OF SPORT COMPETITION ANXIETY OF UNIVERSITY
CRICKET (WOMEN) PLAYERS
Lt (Dr.) Harjit Kaur, Assistant Director, Department of Physical Education, The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda, Baroda, Gujarat
ABSTRACT
Cricket is a popular sport in India and Gujarat is a legendary place for it.A large
number of players take up professional cricket but there is a limitation of scope for all the
budding professionals. Cricket was chosen for research due to the localinterest in the game.
Any competition is known to result in anxiety of various levels prior to and during the
competition. Level of competition anxiety amongst players was taken up for study to find out
if it was team specific. For the purpose of study, four teams participating in the All India
Inter-University Cricket (Women) Tournament were selected at random. The players were
approached a day prior to the competition. The Sport Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT)was
administered and the response obtained from the teams. The collected data was compiled and
the scores were used for statistical analysis.
Key Words: Competition, anxiety, SCAT, competition anxiety, team, data, cricket,sport,
player, study
INTRODUCTION
Anxiety is a psychological phenomenon. Individuals experience different levels of
anxiety under similar situations. Anxiety may be a result of the uncertainty of the outcome of
a competition, fear of failure, or merely the doubt of not reaching the desired or set target.
Since anxiety is an internal state, the levels exhibited by individuals vary. Moreover, requisite
training to overcome anxiety or to convert the negative impacts to positive outcomes may be
learned by the players. A range of psychometric tests or sport anxiety questionnaireshave
been used by sports psychologists to understand and measure this condition. Marten (1990)
developed anxiety traits (A-trait) questionnaires that were tailored specially to sport known
as the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). Marten (1990) recognised that any measure
of sport anxiety must take into consideration; cognitive anxiety (negative thoughts, worry)
and somatic anxiety (physiological response). This paper tries to explore the anxiety level of
players prior to the competitions for women cricket players participating in the All India
Inter-University Cricket (Women) Tournament.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
(i) To study the competition anxiety levels of players of four teams chosen at random
from the All India Inter-University Cricket (Women) Tournament
(ii) To measure the SCAT scores of the players
(iii) To compare the SCAT scores of different team players
(iv) To study the effect of region on the competition anxiety.
HYPOTHESIS
There is no difference in the means of the competition anxiety scores of players
representing different teams.
RESEARCH (ALTERNATIVE) HYPOTHESIS
There will be a significant difference in the competition anxiety levels of the players
representing at least one university team
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METHODOLOGY
For the purpose of study, four teams from different regions of University Cricket
(Women) players were selected at random. Since the data pertains to the team players, the
numbers of subjects were limited to the team. The players were approached a day prior to the
competition to administer the “Competition Anxiety test”.
The SCAT (according to Martens, 1990) – is an analysis of Competition
anxiety; a test measuring the tendency of an athlete to experience anxiety when competing in
a sport. It is used to measure competitive trait anxiety. Test scoring is based on 10 questions
that ask individuals how they feel when competing in sports and games. Each item is
answered on a three-point scale (often, sometimes, hardly ever) and a summary score ranging
from 10 (low competitive trait anxiety) to 30 (high competitive trait anxiety) is computed for
each respondent. SCAT score is obtained based on the guide for the test.
To examine the hypothesis study, descriptive statistics such as mean, standard
deviation, variation and comparative statistics – one –way ANOVA were used.
The data was analysed using the Microsoft Data Analysis package of Anova-one-way.
DATA COLLECTION – INTER-UNIVERSITY CRICKET (WOMEN)
COMPETITION
Researcher has personally contacted the respective teams chosen as subjects of study.
Sport competition anxiety test (SCAT)questionnaire was used for collection of response of
players.
16 players were chosen at random from each team. A total of 64 players were
administered the SCAT questionnaire. Consent, along with demographic information was
obtained from each subject player before administering the questionnaire.
The players were briefed regarding the purpose of the study and where required
explained the questions where they had doubts due to language. No assistance, however, was
directed towards any specific response. The data was restricted to the players only. The data
was collected separately from the teams ensuring that there was no sharing of response by the
players from different teams.The SCAT questionnaire was administered and the response
obtained from the teams. The data was compiled. Scores were obtained using the reference
keys. The results were used for statistical analysis.
DATA ANALYSIS
The basic statistical parameters of arithmetic mean, standard deviation (SD),
maximum and minimum values and variance were processed. Differences between the groups
for assessing the anxiety levels amongst cricket players was determined using one-way
ANOVA statistics. Using Univariate test (ANOVA) the dependent variable was found to be
significantly different (among the four professional group of players) at 63 degree of
freedom. The data interpretation for the SCAT is appended below for the two groups
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Single Factor – Summary of data
Groups Count Sum Average St Dev Variance
A 16 304 19 2.97 8.8
B 16 316 19.75 3.13 9.8
C 16 340 21.25 3.97 15.8
D 16 269 16.8125 2.93 8.56
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ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 163.9219 3 54.6406 5.0873 0.0033 2.7581
Within Groups 644.4375 60 10.7406
Total 808.3594 63
SCAT Scores
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A B C D
FINDINGS
The anxiety levels varied from a SCAT score of 14 to 23 for group A, 16 to 24 for
group B, 14 to 28 for group C and 14 to 22 for group D.
The average score (Arithmetic mean - X) for group A was 19.00, 19.75 for group B,
21.25 for group C and it was 16.81 for group D. The overall average was 19.20.
The standard deviation for group A was 2.97, for group B 3.13, for group C 3.97 and
for group D it was 2.93.
The Variance for group A was 8.8, for group B 9.8, for group C 15.8 and for group it
was D 8.56.
The scatter and the mean scores indicate that the anxiety levels are marginally higher
for group C and are least for group D.
F ratio worked out was5.087 and p value was 0.0033; whereas the table critical ratio
at 5% significance was2.758. Since the worked out F value washigher than the critical value,
this indicates that the difference was significant. The null hypothesis is, therefore rejected.
The one-way ANOVA test showed that there was significant effect on the different
professional group of players by the dependent variable of competition anxiety. The four
groups differed in their perception towards competition anxiety.
DISCUSSION
Anxiety affects an individual that may be observed as the behavioral response. This in
turn may impact the outcome of the situation. The effect can be positive or supportive or just
the opposite; negative or restrictive. This is true for sports as well, especially during
competitions. Positive impact of anxiety for a player could translate into greater motivation,
involvement, persistence, concentration, mobilization of available forces and capabilities to
optimally put to use the capacities and abilities as skills during the competitions. On the other
hand, the negative impact of anxiety may lead to reduced concentration, motivation and use
of capabilities and capacities by the individual. For a team, this negativity may further lead to
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mistrust and suspicion resulting in a reduced performance affecting the outcome of the
competitions. Since anxiety is an internal aspect related to feelings experienced by the
individual, anxiety impacts the emotions.
Since the anxiety levels prevailing in the past are not available, only the state of
anxiety of four teams from different universities, prior to the competition, was taken up for
study where the other conditions and parameters were similar for the groups. As per the test,
maximum range of scores was from 10 to 30 (Minimum to maximum).
The differences, though appear to be significant for the study, but do not clearly
distinguish them to be region specific.The group strength, chance and other factors,
individual and environmental, cannot be ruled out.
CONCLUSION
Anxiety impacts individuals in routine life and people at all ages experience it. Sport
is not the only situation in which anxiety is experienced. During competitions, cause of
anxiety that varies due to a number of factors. One can train to handle anxiety. Anxiety
decreases when uncertainty and ignorance of an event is reduced (Payne & Isacs- 2002).
Children who feel competent are less threatened and obtain better results in competitions
(Payne & Isacs - 2002).The study dealt with the competition anxiety levels of four different
groups under similar environment of competition.A significant difference was found between
the players of four teams. A collective response for the variations in team anxiety levels can
be attributed to local aspects. However, relating anxiety of competition as a factor of regional
upbringing, needs further validation. More study needs to be carried out to verify the impact
of region on the anxiety levels of players during competitions.
REFERENCES
1. Davis, J.E., Cox, R. H. (2002). Interpreting Direction of Anxiety Within Hanin’s
Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
2. GALLWEY, W. (2000) The Inner Game of Work. New York: Random House
3. GRASSO, A.T. (1999). The Relationship Of Competitive State Anxiety And Athletic
Performance In High School Cricket Players. Master Thesis. Sprienfield College
4. HANIN, Y. L. (1997) Emotions and athletic performance: individual zones of optimal
functioning. European Year Book of sports psychology, 1
5. HARDY, L. and FRAZER, J. (1987) The Inverted U Hypothesis: A catastrophe for
sport psychology? British Association of Sports Science, monograph no. 1, NCF
6. KAMALESH, M. S. (1986). Methodology of research in physical education and
sports, Metropolitan Book Company Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India
7. KARAGEORGHIS, C. (2007) Competition anxiety needn't get you down. Peak
Performance
8. KOTHARI, C. R. (2006) Research Methodology, Methods and techniques; New Age
International Publication, New Delhi, India
9. MACKENZIE, B. (2001) Sport Competition Anxiety Test [WWW] Available from:
https://www.brianmac.co.uk/scat.htm [Accessed 17/3/2017]
10. MARTENS, R. et al. (1990) Competitive Anxiety in Sport. Leeds: Human Kinetics
11. MARTENS, R. et al. (1990) The Development of the Competitive State Anxiety
Inventory-2 Human Kinetics
12. RUSSEL, W.D., COX, R. H. (2002). Construct Validity of the Anxiety Rating Scale -
2 with Youth Wrestlers. Athletic Insight The Online Journal of Sport Psychology.
st
13. SINGH, HARDYAL (1984) Science of sports training, 1 Edition, Patiala, NSNIS
14. SPIELBERGER, C. D. (1966) Anxiety and behaviour. Academic Press, New York
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15. Weinberg, R.S., Gould, D. (1995). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology.
Human Kinetics. Champaign, Illinois.
16. YERKES and DODSON (1908) The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of
habit formation. Journal of Neurological Psychology
17. http://believeperform.com/performance/anxiety-within-sport/
18. http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100524939
19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety
20. https://www.brianmac.co.uk/companx.htm
21. https://www.brianmac.co.uk/scat.htm
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AN INTEGRATED APPROACH OF YOGASANA IN SURVICAL PAIN
Dr. Sakure Girish Madhaorao, Assistant Professor in Physical Education, Rajiv Gandhi
Mahavidyalaya, Mul Road Chandrapur Maharashtra
ABSTRACT
The study was designed to find out “An Integrated Approach of Yoga and Prayanama
in Survical Pain”. For this study 300 men patients suffering from Survical pain of Chandrapur
district of Maharashtra State were selected as subjects at random from various Yogic Centres,
Naturopathy Clinics, Massage Centres, Acupressure clinics and Allopathic clinics were
identified and selected randomly and their age was 18 to 65 years. They were divided into
three groups namely Yoga group, Prayanama group and Control group. The first and second
groups had undergone treatments through Yogasana and Prayanama respectively for six
weeks. The Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale was used as tool to measure the
Survical pain and the score was recorded in the points. It is concluded from the findings of
this study that all types of training groups relieves Survical pain.
Key Words: Yoga, Prayanama, Survical Pain
INTRODUCTION
The International Paris Task Force on Survical pain confirmed that the apparently
contradictory results can be partially explained by lack of uniformity in the measurements of
physical activity and by the wide range of populations studied (e.g., athletes and non-
athletes). Recognizing evidence for different effects of occupational and non-occupational
activities on SP, the task force recommended the use of measurements that differentiate
between three types of activity: activities of daily living, occupational activities, and
recreational and sport-related activities, because these may not be associated with SP in the
same way. Following the task force recommendations, and because of the paucity of
information regarding physical activity in a general population and methodological flaws in
most previous studies in this area, we chose to investigate Yoga, Prayanama among all adults
of a defined community (non-athletes) and their relation to SP prevalence and severity.
METHODOLOGY
The investigator employed random sampling method. 300 men patients suffering from
Survical pain of Chandrapur district of Maharashtra State were selected as subjects at random
from various Yogic Centres, Naturopathy Clinics, Massage Centres, Acu-pressure clinics and
Allopathic clinics were selected randomly and their age was 18 to 65 years. They were
divided into three groups namely Yoga group, Prayanama group and Control group. The first
and second groups undergone treatments through Yogasana (Ten specific Asanas) and
Prayanama (Five specific Prayanama) respectively for six weeks. The pre and post-test were
taken for all the subjects before and after the treatment respectively. The Copenhagen Neck
Functional Disability Scale was used as tool to measure the Survical pain and the score was
recorded in the points.
RESULTS
The following tables illustrate the statistical results of the An Integrated
approach of Yogasana and Pranayama in Survical pain.
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TABLE – I
COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF PRE-TEST,
POST-TEST AND ADJUSTED POST-TEST ON SURVICAL PAIN OF
THREE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS
(Scores in Points)
Test Ex Ex Ex Source Sum of Degree Mean Obtained
I II III of Squares of Squares F-value
Variance freedom
Pre-test 24.38 24.70 24.72 Between 7.280 2 3.640 1.538
Mean
Within 702.720 297 2.366
Post-test 15.75 17.75 24.42 Between 4121.927 2 2060.963 902.998
Mean
Within 677.860 297 2.282
Adjusted 15.76 17.42 24.41 Between 4079.775 2 2039.888 897.258
Post-test
Within 672.947 296 2.273
F(2, 297) =3.04 and F (2, 296 ) =.3.04 * Significant
Table I shows the analysed data on Survical Pain
The pre-test means of Survical Pain were 24.38 for Yogasana group,
24.70 for Pranayama group and 24.72 for Control group. As the obtained F-ratio
1.538 was lesser than the table F-ratio 3.04, the pre test was insignificant at 0.05
level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 2 and 297.
The post-test means were 15.75 for Yogasana group, 17.75 for
Pranayama group and 24.42 for control group. As the obtained F-ratio 902.998
was greater than the table F-ratio 3.04, the post-test was significant at 0.05
level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 2 and 297.
The adjusted post-test means were 15.76 for Yogasana group, 17.42 for
Pranayama group and 24.41 for Control group. As the obtained F-ratio 897.258
was greater than the table F-ratio 3.04, the post-test was significant at 0.05 level
of confidence for the degrees of freedom 2 and 296.
Scheffe’s post hoc test was therefore resorted to find out the
significance of ordered adjusted final mean differences among the groups
Table I (A).
The Table I (A) shows the Scheffe’s post-hoc test results. The ordered
adjusted final mean differences for Survical Pain of experimental groups I, II
and III were tested for significance against Scheffe’s post – hoc F-ratio.
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TABLE - I (A)
ADJUSTED FINAL MEAN DIFFERENCE ON SURVICAL PAIN TEST
OF THREE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS IN ANALYSIS OF
COVARIANCE AND SCHEFFE’S POST – HOC TEST
Ex – I Ex – II Ex – III M.D. CI
15.76 17.42 - 1.66 0.59
15.76 - 24.41 8.65 0.59
- 17.42 24.41 6.99 0.59
* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence
The mean difference between experimental group I and II, I and III, II
and III, were 1.66, 8.65 and 6.99 respectively. The mean difference 1.66, 8.65
and 6.99 were seen to be greater than the confident interval value of 0.59.
Hence the above comparisons were significant.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE MEANS OF THE PRE
TEST, POST TEST AND ADJUSTED POST TEST OF SURVICAL PAIN
OF THREE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS
30
25
20
Pre Test
15
Post Test
10
Adjusted Post test
5
0
Yogasana Prayanama Control
Figure 1
CONCLUSIONS
Within the limitation of the present study, the following conclusions were drawn: It
was concluded from the findings of the study that the level of relief in Survical
Pain is increased significantly due to six week training of Yogasana group and
Pranayama group.
REFERENCES
1. Barry M, Jenner JR. Pain in neck, shoulder and back. Br Med J. 310,183-186 (1995).
2. Bell (1983) Championship Thinking, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall,
Inc, P.50.
3. Bucker and Lewellyn. (1984) Psychology of Coaching: Theory and Application, New
Jersey; Prentice Hall.
4. Clelland, (1971) The Effect of Resultant Achievement Motivation on the Efficiency
of Motor Performance, New York, Van Nostrand Perinhold Company, P.35.
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NEUROMUSCULAR ADAPTATIONS TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
S. Malar, (UGC-NET-JRF), Research Scholar (Full time), Department of Physical
Education and Health sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi
Dr. D. Maniazhagu, Research Supervisor& Assistant Professor, Department of Physical
Education and Health sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi
INTRODUCTION
Physical activity has a major impact on health. Some effects are well established; as a
major component of energy expenditure, physical activity has a great influence on energy
balance and body composition. It is also recognised that physical activity is a major
independent modifiable risk factor which has a protective effect on cardiovascular disease
(CVD), stroke, type 2 diabetes, colon and breast cancers, and is also associated with other
important health outcomes such as mental health, injuries and falls. Physical inactivity
remains a public health problem in many areas of the world (L. Miles, 2007). Through
physical activity, people learn to move, learn about them and about physical activity.
Exercise is a subcategory of physical activity and can be defined as planned, structured and
repetitive physical activity.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Physical activity is defined as ‘bodily movement that is produced by the contraction
of skeletal muscle and that substantially increases energy expenditure. (US Department of
Health and Human Services 1996)
Regular physical activity helps improve health in people of all ages. Aim to do at least
30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on most, if not all, days of the week.
Physical activity means exercise such as:
• Walking
• Gardening
• Playing Sports
• Walking Up Stairs
• Water Aerobics
• Dancing
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the site of communication between motor nerve
axons and muscle fibres. It is composed of four specialised cell types: motor neurons,
Schwann cells, muscle fibres and the recently discovered kranocytes. The function of the
NMJ is to transmit signals from the motor neuron to the skeletal muscle fibre quickly and
reliably, to ensure precise control of skeletal muscle contraction and therefore voluntary
movement. (Hong, 2011)
NEUROMUSCULAR ADAPTATIONS
Due to the effect of physical activity following neuromuscular adaptations takes
place.
As skeletal muscles become larger, stronger and more efficient.
Connective tendons adapt to meet increased demands.
Muscles increase their ability to store glycogen and Myoglobin
Muscles increase their oxidative capacity.
Achieved by increase in number of mitochondria in muscle cells.
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Increased ATP and increase in quantity of enzymes involved in respiration
storage of glycogen and triglycerides.
Muscles increase ability to use triglycerides as an energy store.
Neural structures and pathways show changes as result of long term exercise
training.
Hypertrophy
Increase in number of mitochondria
Transient Hypertrophy- Due to increased blood flow to the muscles during
exercise
CONCLUSION
Increasing physical activity is a societal, not just an individual problem. Therefore it
demands a population-based, multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary, and culturally relevant
approach. Physical inactivity (lack of physical activity) has been identified as the fourth
leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths globally). Moreover, physical inactivity
is estimated to be the main cause for approximately 21–25% of breast and colon cancers,
27% of diabetes and approximately 30% of ischemic heart disease burden. While doing
physical activity enormous health benefits are occurring. The above neuromuscular
adaptations were takes place due to physical activity. These adaptations help to free from
disease and physically well being.
REFERENCES
1. Hong, Ivan HK, and Etherington, Sarah J (Feb 2011) Neuromuscular Junction. In:
eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi:
10.1002/9780470015902.a0023202]
2. L. Miles, “Physical activity and health” Journal compilation © 2007 British Nutrition
Foundation Nutrition Bulletin, P.No: 317
3. US Department of Health and Human Services (1996) Physical Activity and Health.
A report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Health and Human Services,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA.
4. https://prezi.com/bpkltptv97pp/long-term-adaptations-to-exercise-cardiovascular-and-
neuromuscular/
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INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT RESISTANCE TRAINING PROTOCOLS
ON RESTING PULSE RATE OF COLLEGE MEN STUDENTS
Dr. Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education,
Swarnim Gujarat Sports University, Sector 15, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382016
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to find out the influence of different Resistance
Training Protocols on Resting Pulse Rate of college men students, One hundred twenty male
college students from Government Commerce College, Gandhinagar were selected as
subjects at random and their age was between Eighteen to Twenty Two years.
The selected subjects were randomly divided into three equal groups of forty each
(n=40). Group I and II were treated as Experimental Group and Group-III was considered as
Control Group. All the subjects were given basic Strength Training Exercises without Weight
and with minimal Weight for three weeks prior to pre-test and training in order to get initial
adaptation for undergoing Resistance Training during their training period. Initial tests were
taken for all the subjects on Resting Pulse Rate. It was concluded from the results of the study
that there was significant difference in the pre-test and post-test of the three Experimental
Groups. It was also concluded from the study that there was significant difference in the
adjusted post-test means.
Keyword: Resting Pulse Rate
INTRODUCTION:
Training is a planned and systematic process progressively given for a long duration
in which individuals are graded. Training aims at moulding the human’s Psychological and
Physiological functions in order to meet demanding task.
Physiological Variables may be defined as the scales that measure the function of
human systems. In human being a variety of Physiological Functions such as Resting Pulse
Rate, Breath Holding Time, Vital Capacity and VO2 Max show distinct changes in the course
of training, with the values falling to their lowest during rest. This phenomenon is accepted
only in sports field. These changes in physiological functions have been found to be
associated with changes in performance.
Blood stream carries the main forms of fat called cholesterol and triglycerides. These
fats are lipids come partly from food, partly from the body’s own production in the liver. Fats
are not water soluble and hence cannot travel through the blood easily. With the help of
lipoproteins, digested fat from the liver is carried to various parts of the body by the blood
vessels. The cholesterol returns to the liver and repeats its job.
The lipoproteins are packages of cholesterol placed in liver. Lipoproteins are made
from Lipids and Proteins. There are mainly four kinds of Lipoprotein Packages namely
Chylomicrons, Very Low Density of Lipoproteins (VLDL), Low Density of Lipoproteins
(LDL), High Density of Lipoproteins (HDL), High Density of Lipoproteins has more
Protein content. (Sri Lakshmi, 2005).
METHODOLOGY:
To find out the influence of different Resistance Training Protocols on Resting Pulse
Rate of college men students, One hundred twenty male college students from Government
Commerce College, Gandhinagar were selected as subjects at random and their age was
between Eighteen to Twenty Two years.
The selected subjects were randomly divided into three equal groups of forty each
(n=40). Group I and II were treated as Experimental Group and Group-III was considered as
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Control Group. All the subjects were given basic Strength Training Exercises without Weight
and with minimal Weight for three weeks prior to pre-test and training in order to get initial
adaptation for undergoing Resistance Training during their Training period. Initial tests were
taken for all the subjects on Resting Pulse Rate. All the two experimental groups were given
training for a period of sixteen weeks. For the first twelve weeks the subjects were trained for
three non-consecutive days per week and for the next four weeks the subjects were trained on
alternate days.
Experimental Group I was given resistance training with low intensity and high
volume. Experimental Group II performed resistance training with medium intensity and low
volume. Experimental Group III served as Control Group. The subjects were tested on
selected Criterion Variables prior and immediately after the sixteen weeks of training
programme as pre and post-tests respectively. The collected data were analyzed statistically
by using ANCOVA.
RESULTS
Table I
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE FOR THE PRE TEST AND POST TEST DATA OF
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP I, EXPERIMENTAL GROUP II AND CONTROLGROUP
ON RESTING PULSERATE
(Scores in Beats/Minute)
Test Exp. Exp. Control Source Sum of Degree Mean Obtained
Group Group Group of Squares of Squares ‘F’ ratio
I II Variance Freedom
Pre-test 83.30 75.32 74.82 B 1809.017 2 904.508
mean 38.836*
S.D. 6.74 4.23 2.53 W 2724.950 117 23.290
Post-test 75.70 73.90 74.65 B 65.40 2 32.70
Mean 3.169*
S.D. 3.02 3.16 3.43 W 1207.10 117 10.317
Adjusted 74.64 74.37 75.22 B 14.559 2 7.279
Post-
Test 0.763
Mean
W 1106.548 116 9.539
*=Significant at 0 .05 level, Table value for df2 and 117 at 0 .05 level = 3.09, Table value
for df 3 and 116 at 0 .05 level = 3.09
Table I shows the analyzed data on Resting Pulse Rate. The pre-test means of Resting
Pulse Rate were 83.30 for Experimental Group I, 75.32 for Experimental Group II and 74.82
for Control group. The obtained “F” ratio of 38.83 was greater than the table F-ratio 3.09.
Hence, the pre-test was significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 2
and 117.
The post-test means of Resting Pulse Rate were 75.70 for Experimental Group I,
73.90 for Experimental Group II and 74.65 for Control group. The obtained “F” ratio of 3.16
was higher than the table F-ratio 3.09. Hence, the post-test was significant at 0.05 level of
confidence for the degrees of freedom 2 and 117.
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s s significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 2 and 116 and Scheffe’s
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.
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Post-hoc Test was not followed.
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THE PRE-TEST, POST-TEST AND ADJUSTED POST TEST MEAN VALUES
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OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP ON RESTING
O
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C o n t r o l Gr o u p
Control Group
72
70
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Pretest
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Adjusted Posttest
Figure I
CONCLUSION
onc
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ons
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Within the limitations of the present study, the following conclusions were drawn::
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udy,
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m
ns
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n:
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o
I
o
a
d
f
h
l
c
e
h
e
d
t
m
y
gs
f
s
1. It was concluded from findings of the study that the pre-test means of
w
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t
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a
f
i
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d
n
t
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2
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.
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s
R R
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2
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l
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e
,
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m
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e
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a
n
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e
g
R
x
5
5
i
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e
t
e
g
l
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3
R
3
Resting Pulse Rate were 83.30 for Experimental Group I, 75.32 for
t
8
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p
p
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8
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gr
n
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n
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o
r
n
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a
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Experimental Group II and 74.82 for Control group. The obtained “F”
a
l
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l
l
i
i
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t
r
n
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o
E E
e
8
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p
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2
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F
F
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.
w
p
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e
H
3
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t
t
o
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c
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t
o
h
g
i
0
f
8
.
s
e
8
a
3
r
3
e
a
ratio of 38.83 was greater than the table FF-ratio 3.09. Hence, the pree-
,
r
t
9
b
h
e
h
a
.
o
n
a
r
a
r
n
e
e
i
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i
e
0
.
h
c
5
c
i
e
f
a
n
s
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a
0
f
o
t
t
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l
test was found significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of
d
o
i
s
o
gr
f
f
e
n
e
o
e
n
l
e
g
d
v
i
e
freedom 2 and 117.
u
t
-
e
h
t
y
d
a
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t
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t
c
o
n
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s
s
a
e
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d
c
f
e
m
r
u
o
l
f
n
I
t
i
g
i
w
d
t
n
2. It was concluded from the findings of the study that the post-test means
t
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a
,
5
a
n
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o
5
I
n
I
,
.
r
e
e
7
7
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R
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0
0
r
a
r
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e
f
f
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7
7
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7
7
p
p
Gr
s
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g
p
m
e
g
m
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9
r
9
e
s
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0
x
x
n
n
e
o o
i
s
3
3
l
r
r
o
r
s
of Resting Pulse Rate were 75.70 for Experimental Group I, 73.90 for
o
f
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u
.
R
R
f
.
f
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e
7
a
o
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p
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6
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t
i
gr
Experimental Group II and 74.65 for Control group. Thhe obtained “F”
Gr
o
n
a
r
t
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t
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o
4
o
f
.
r
m
p
l
.
n
e
I
o
o
H
ratio of 3.16 was greater than the table F-ratio 3.09. Hence, the post-test
e
r
s
a
h
p
o
e
g
t
e
r
c
e
n
t
t
e
,
r
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3
.
9
0
t
.
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n
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l
t
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e
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a
a
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s
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s
d
d
i
e
e
n
n
o
f
f
was found significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of
f
o
o
o
e
e
n
g
g
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e
n
o
i
f
s
s
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r
f
5
l
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e
5
0
0
.
e
0
.
freedom 2 and 117.
t
t
f
m
n
n
e
j
e
h
j
h
t
r
o
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i
r
u
f
f
h
m
s
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f
s
t
o
e
o
s
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t
i
s
t
t
n
u
u
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i
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d
d
t
t
t
t
y
t
y
t
d
p
d
e
d
h
h
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s
o
a
f
a
h
gs
e
g
a
d
o
t
e
f
e
a
t
h
d
h
3. It was concluded from the findings of the study that the adjusted post-
u
R
R
e
e
l
o
o
l
l
a
r
r
n
m
n
p
m
a
i
i
u
e
o
r
e
p
e
a
o
f
e
m
m
f
a
p
e
e
Gr
e
e
4
G
e
e
p
e
R
4
R
s
4
e
n
,
7
4
,
w
n
I
w
n
n
s
s
f
t
x
e
f
7
e
g
t
t
6
6
x
t
test means of Resting Pulse Rate were 74.64 for Experimental Group I,
g
I
r
o
t
o
E
E
.
u
r
u
t
s
s
a
i
i
r
r
P
P
s
.
l
a
.
r
d
d
.
a
r
a
7
.
C
e
e
3
p
t
.
7
3
5
5
o
t
p
C
4
4
a
74.37 for and Experimental Group II and 75.22 for Control Group. The
7 7
t
f
T
T
f
o
o
2
2
r
7
7
h
t
o
.
.
h
r
r
E
Gr
E
l
Gr
x
x
a
r
a
l
n
u
i
u
u
I
f
e
p
n
e
e
p
o
o
r
I
e
f
n
p
n
d
p
d
2
o
n
o
o
m
2
m
o
n
I
G
I
l
n
Gr
u
a
i
n
o
r
l
r
o
w
7
e
e
.
obtained “F” ratio 0.763 was lesser than the table FF-ratio 3.09. Hence
0
h
o
t
a
t
.
3
b
a
r
e
t
i
d
o
s
s
n
e
r
e
e
H
”
“
F
a
n
t
e
c
i
9
i
t
o
0
l
b
6
a
h
a
3
.
a
s
n
r
l
t
18
PESY: Print ISSN 2231-1394, Online ISSN 2278-795X Vol. 7 No 4
the adjusted posttest was found not significant at 0.05 level of
confidence for the degrees of freedom 2 and 116.
REFERENCES
1. Uppal, A. K.(2009) Science of Sports Training, New Delhi; Friends Publications
2. Wuest, Deborah and Bucher, Charles A. (2010) Foundations of Physical Education
Exercise Science and Sport, New Delhi; Tata McGraw Hill
3. Singh Hardayal , (1995) Science of Sports Training, New Delhi; D. V. S.
Publications,
4. Kraemer W J et al, (2002) Resistance Training for Health and Performance, Current
Sports Medicine Reports,
5. Sri Lakshmi, B (2005) Dietetics, New Delhi; New Age International (P) Limited
Publishers,
6. Bompa, Tudor O. (1999) Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training
Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers
19
PESY: Print ISSN 2231-1394, Online ISSN 2278-795X Vol. 7 No 4
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED BIOCHEMICAL
VARIABLES BETWEEN UNIVERSITY AND NON UNIVERSITY
MEN PLAYERS OF VARIOUS DISCIPLINES
Dr. Jitendra Kumar Thakur, Director of Physical Education, Rajiv Gandhi
Mahavidyalaya, Sadak Arjuni, Distt Gondiya, Maharashtra.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to compare the selected biochemical variables
namely high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein between University and non-
University men players of various disciplines. To achieve this purpose of the study, thirty
men players who represented various games and sports for Nagpur University during the
year 2016-2017 and thirty men non players who did not represent various games and
sports during 2016-2017 were selected as subjects at random. The age of the subjects
ranged between 18 to 24 years. The following bio chemical variables namely high density
lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein were selected as criterion variables. All the
subjects were tested on selected criterion variables with standardized test items namely
HDL- Cholesterol Precipitating Reagent PEG – PAP Method with qualified lab
technician. The collected data were statistically analysed with the independent ‘t’ test to
find out the significant difference between university and non-university men players of
various disciplines on selected biochemical variables. The .05 level of confidence was
fixed as the level of significance to test the significance, which was considered as an
appropriate. The results of the study revealed that there was no significant difference in
high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein between university and non-
university players of various disciplines.
INTRODUCTION
The scientific research in the fields of physical education and sports is a precious
benefit to athletes, trainers and watches. The physical education scientists have trying to
develop new methods of training and techniques to attain higher level of performance in
games and sports. Though research in physical education and sports is new venture, it
has already reached a new weigh of technical knowledge. Physiological experiments
conducted in recent years have conclusively proved that the performance in any sports
activities depends upon the physical fitness and the body type of the athletes.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) -- This "bad" cholesterol is the form in which
cholesterol is carried into the blood and is the main cause of harmful fatty buildup in
arteries. The higher the LDL cholesterol levels in the blood, the greater the heart disease
-- Total blood LDL is lower than 130 mg/Dl.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) --This "good" cholesterol carries blood
cholesterol back to the liver, where it can be eliminated. HDL helps prevent a cholesterol
buildup in blood vessels. Low HDL levels increase heart disease risk Borderline high
cholesterol -- Total level is between 200 and 239 mg/dL or LDL is 130 to 159 mg/dL
METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this study was to compare the selected biochemical
variables namely high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein between
University and non-University men players of various disciplines. To achieve this
purpose of the study, thirty men university players who represented various games and
sports for Nagpur University during the year 2016-2017 and thirty men non university
20
PESY: Print ISSN 2231-1394, Online ISSN 2278-795X Vol. 7 No 4
players who did not represent various games and sports during 2016-2017 were selected
as subjects at random. The age of the subjects were ranged between 18 to 24 years. The
following bio chemical variables namely high density lipoprotein and low density
lipoprotein were selected as criterion variables. All the subjects were tested on selected
criterion variables with standardized test items namely HDL- Cholesterol Precipitating
Reagent PEG – PAP Method with qualified lab technician. The collected data were
statistically analysed with the independent ‘t’ test to find out the significant difference
between men university and non-university players of various disciplines on selected
biochemical variables. The .05 level of confidence was fixed as the level of significance to
test the significance, which was considered as an appropriate.
ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
The mean, standard deviation and ‘t’ ratio values on high density
lipoprotein of university and non-university players of various disciplines have been
analyzed and presented in Table I.
TABLE I
THE MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION AND ‘t’ RATIO VALUES BETWEEN
UNIVERSITY AND NON UNIVERSITY PLAYERS OF VARIOUS DISCIPLINES
ON HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
Groups Mean Standard Deviation ‘t’ ratio value
University players 53.7 1.34
Non University players 50.8 1.48 0.12
(The table values required for significance at .05 level of confidence with df 58 was
2.002).
The table I shows that the mean values on high density lipoprotein for
university and non-university players of various disciplines were 53.7 and 50.8
respectively. The obtained ‘t’ ratio value on high density lipoprotein 0.12 was lesser than
the table value required for significance with df 58 was 2.002. The results of the study
showed that there was no significant difference between university and non-university
men players of various disciplines on high density lipoprotein.
The mean, standard deviation and ‘t’ ratio values on low density lipoprotein
of university and non-university players of various disciplines have been analyzed and
presented in Table II.
TABLE II
THE MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION AND ‘t’ RATIO VALUES BETWEEN
UNIVERSITY AND NON UNIVERSITY PLAYERS OF VARIOUS DISCIPLINES
ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
Groups Mean Standard Deviation ‘t’ ratio value
University players 104.7 2.57
Non University players 107.6 2.43 1.99
(The table values required for significance at .05 level of confidence with df 58 was
2.002).
The table II shows that the mean values on low density lipoprotein for university
and non-university players of various disciplines were 104.7 and 107.6 respectively. The
obtained ‘t’ ratio value on low density lipoprotein 1.99 was lesser than the table value
required for significance with df 58 was 2.002. The results of the study showed that there
21
PESY: Print ISSN 2231-1394, Online ISSN 2278-795X Vol. 7 No 4
was no significant difference between university and non university men players of
various disciplines on low density lipoprotein.
RESULTS
1. No significant difference were found between university and non-university
men players of various disciplines on high density lipo protein.
2. There was no significant difference between university and non-university men
players of various disciplines on low density lipo protein.
REFERENCES:
1. Arnheim, Damal D. Essential of Athletic Training. Saint Louis: Time
Mirror/Mosby College Publishers, 1987.
2. Charles, A. and William E. Prentice, Fitness for College and Life. Saint Louis:
Mosby College Publishers, 1985.
3. Clarke and Clarke, Application of Measurements to Physical Education. New
Jersy: The Prentice Hall Inc., 1978.
4. Fleishman., Edwin A., The Structure and Measurement of Physical Fitness,
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall Inc., 1964.
5. Friedberg, Ardy. The Facts on File Dictionary of Fitness. Moscow: Brown and
Brown Publishers, 1984.
6. Johnson, Barry L. and Jack K. Nelson, Practical Measurements for Evaluation
in Physical Education. Delhi: The Surject Publications, 1982.
7. Singh, Ajmer. et al., Essential of Physical Education. Delhi: Kalyani
Publications, 2003.
22
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