Pesy
Quarterly International
Journal of Physical Education Sports Management and Yogic Sciences
ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol. 12 No 1, Jan. - March 2022
Peer Reviewed, Referred and with SJ Impact Factor 7.551
Yoga Karmeshu Koshlam
Editor in Chief
Dr. Sudhir Kumar Sharma
Pesy
Quarterly International Journal of Physical Education Sports
Management and Yogic Sciences
ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394, VOL. 12, NO. 1, Jan - March 2022
Peer Reviewed, Referred and with SJ Impact Factor 7.551
Papers written in English/Hindi
Editor in Chief
Dr. Sudhir Kumar Sharma
Sudhir Surya Yoga College & Research Centre
C-84, LIG Flats, Ashok Vihar Phase IV, Delhi 110052 Ph:
08733934440, 9868910376, 9990803459
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.mrdsect.online
About the Journal
Pesy is a referred International, Quarterly and Bi lingual
Journal of Physical Education, Sports Management and Yogic
Sciences. It promotes interdisciplinary perspective to discuss
issues of National and International Significance. Its regular
features include research book editorial correspondence. All the
Research papers are subject to a double – blind referring process
and are published on the recommendations of referees and
discretion of the editor. As far as the Research papers are
concerned, the views or statements expressed in the Research
papers are solely of the author and the editor is not responsible for
the same.
PURPOSES
1. Cooperation in the exchange of information about Physical
education, sports Management and Yogic Science Culture
worldwide
2. Development of both the physical and mental aspects of
Physical Education, Sports Management and Yoga.
3. Balance of advanced theories and common practices.
AIMS
1. To provide a medium for the exchange of information and an
opportunity for cooperation and development among various
countries worldwide.
2. To promote the study of both and physical and mental aspect
of physical education, sports management and yogic sciences
by using the advances in scientific research results.
3. To establish a common foundation of theory based on the
positive differences of various backgrounds.
4. To develop interest in the significant study of various
researchers.
Printed and Published by Mrs. Ruby Sharma on behalf of Master
Rameshwar Dutt Sharma Educational and Charitable Trust, C-84,
LIG Flats, Ashok Vihar Phase IV, Delhi 110052.
ii
Editorial Board
Patron
Prof. Dr. R. Thirumalaisamy
Emeritus Professor, Department of Physical Education,
Alagappa University, TN
Former (Founder) First Vice Chancellor, TNPESU, Chennai, TamilNadu, India
Mobile No. 9443326547, Email Id: [email protected]
Editor in Chief
Dr. Sudhir Kumar Sharma
Editor
Mrs. Ruby Sharma
Advisory Board Referee’s Board
Dr. Chia Hua Kuo (Taiwan) Prof. M Chandra Kumar(India)
Email:[email protected] E-Mail:[email protected]
Ph: +886-2-28718288 ext.5802 Mo: 9449040903
Catarina Isabel N. G. Abrantes (Portugal) Dr. A. Shenbagavalli (India)
Email: [email protected], Ph: 259350890 Email Id: [email protected]
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Email id: [email protected]
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Mobile No.: 9818330804
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Email: [email protected]
Mo: 9412038902
Dr. J. K. Thakur (India)
Mo: 9421710105
Email: [email protected]
https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijpesmys&type=eboard
All correspondence related to the Journal should be addressed to:-
Mrs. Ruby Sharma (Editor)
Master Rameshwar Dutt Sharma Educational and Charitable Trust,
C-84, LIG Flats, Ashok Vihar Phase IV, Delhi 110052,
Ph: 08733934440, 09990803469, Website: www.mrdsect.online, Email: [email protected]
iii
GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS
Procedure
Communication
PESY welcomes articles of interest representing original work,
analytical papers and papers based on review of extensive literature on Physical
Education, Sports Management and Yogic Sciences for publication in it. All
communications should be addressed to the Mrs. Ruby Sharma (Editor),
PESY, C/o Master Rameshwar Dutt Sharma Educational and Charitable Trust, C-
84, LIG Flats, Ashok Vihar Phase IV, Delhi 110052.
Declaration
Each article should be accompanied with a declaration by all the authors
that I/They are the authors of the article in the order in which listed; and the article
is original, has not been published and has not been submitted for publication
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It is the author’s responsibility to obtain permission in writing for the
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The length of the full paper must be 8-10 single spaced (Books typed) pages.
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in Hindi language should be typed in Krutidev 40, 12pt. size in adobe PageMaker
(Book Styled).
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and email Id. One hard copy along with the CD should be sent.
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The criteria used for acceptance of articles are contemporary relevance,
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iv
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1. The author should follow the APA style in to. The reference list at the
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v
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vi
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vii
CONTENTS
S. Page
No. TOPIC No.
1. AN ARTICLE ON GENETICS AND HEREDITY IN RELATION TO 1-8
SPORTS PERFORMANCE
Dr. Rajesh Panchal, Virender Singh Jaggi
2. EFFECT OF AEROBIC TRAINING COMBINED WITH ASANA 9-14
PRACTICES ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE OF
HANDBALL PLAYERS
Dr. M. KALAISELVI,
3. COMPARISON ON INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT BETWEEN MALE 15-20
AND FEMALE STUDENTS BELONGS TO KASHMIR DIVISION
Manzoor Ahmad Bhat, Sheeraz Ahmad Rather
4. A STUDY ON IMPACT OF TAMIL NADU PREMIER LEAGUE 21-27
BEFORE AND AFTER IN TAMIL NADU
K. Mahesh, Dr. D. PrasannaBalaji
5. EFFECTS OF YOGIC EXERCISES ON SELECTED 28-34
PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF SPORTSPERSONS
Harsh Vardhan Goswami, Khyati Goswami
6. EFFECT OF AEROBIC TRAINING ON SELECTED PHYSICAL 35-42
VARIABLES OF DEAF AND DUMB CHILDREN
G. Prabakaran, Dr. R. Annadurai
7. EFFECTS OF VARIED PACKAGES OF ACCELERATION 43-47
SPRINTING ON SPEED, LEG EXPLOSIVE POWER AND
PERFORMANCE OF 100MTS RUNNING OF SECONDARY
SCHOOL BOYS
Sandeep Kumar, Dr. Gajendra Singh Chouhan
8. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MENTAL HEALTH AND 48-57
EMOTIONAL MATURITY AMONG BADMINTON AND TENNIS
PLAYERS
Gurmeet Singh, Surender Singh, Anisha Negi, Abhishek
Mohindra, Mandeep, Jasveer Kaur
9. EFFECT OF RESISITANCE TRAINING ON THE PHYSICAL 58-66
FITNESS COMPONENTS OF HANDBALL PLAYERS
Ajay Kumar, Dr. Hitesh Chandra Raval
10. A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF CIRCUIT TRAINING AND THE 67-71
FORCE OF SWISSBALL TRAINING ON STUDENTS
Thakor Sanjaykumar V., Dr. Dharmendra K. Dhanula
11. jktLFkku ds xzkeh.k vkfnoklh o xSj vkfnoklh ,FkyhV~l esa n`<+rk dk Lrj 72-76
ix
Editorial
It is matter of great pleasure to inform, that PESY has
successfully published 11 Volumes with overwhelming support of
its contributors and I am feeling proud to present, January – March
2022 first issue of the twelfth Volume of PESY to all its
contributors and researchers in the field of physical education,
sports management and yogic sciences, not only from all the
corners of the country, but internationally also which have shown
a great interest in starting this international research journal.
In this issue all the research papers are very well prepared
and presented by the Professors, Researchers and Scholars under
their Supervisors and Mentors.
We are thankful to our readers and contributors for
motivating and subscribing the journal regularly. The constant
efforts of the editorial board and referees board members and
cooperation helped in release of Pesy papers written in English
issue on time.
After the editorial board scrutinizes & agrees to the
research papers standard then only it is included in the volume. It is
a request to all the contributors and members that it would be highly
appreciable if we receive the original & updated work. It has been
observed that many – a - time the papers not intensely checked
before sending to the journal. It is a request to one and all that the
papers should be thoroughly checked as per the guidelines given for
the authors before sending.
We are thankful to one and all for their support for the
Journal.
Dr. Sudhir Kumar Sharma
Editor in Chief
x
AN ARTICLE ON GENETICS AND HEREDITY IN
RELATION TO SPORTS PERFORMANCE
Dr. Rajesh Panchal, Head, Department of Physical Education &
Sports Sciences, G.D. Goenka Public School, Sec. 22 Rohini New
Delhi.
Virender Singh Jaggi, Associate Professor, Department of Physical
Education & Sports Sciences, Shyam Lal college University of Delhi.
ABSTRACT:
This article is all about the genetics and heredity in relation
to athletic performance. Through this article trying to know, can
athletic success be inherited? or it is the only result of hard work and
training. To reach the conclusion of this question, many variables like
muscular strength, height, length of arms and limbs, speed and
endurance and their effect on genes. Genes and genotype also have
been studied through various articles and research papers. The
production of genotype and the functioning in body. Many national
and international players whose children are also playing at
international level in same or different sports. But there are some
sports persons who don’t have any sports background even they are
legendry sports person.
INTRODUCTION:
It has been said that champions are born not made. What are
those qualities that they inherit by birth? Do genes have some
significance in once sporting ability? Whether genes determine the
level of performance and success in sports. If yes then what is the role
of training a person does and skills learns through hard work. can’t a
person be champion without champion genes. This seems to tell that
champions are born and, if a player doesn’t have the champion gene,
can never be truly successful, no matter how hard training a player
does. In other words, one must be wasting time practicing in its
favourite sport if the concerned parents are not champion itself. There
are so many examples in the field of sports, the children of legendry
players are also the great player in same or in different games. Sunil
Gavaskar and Rohan Gavaskar both are the international cricketer,
Milkha Singh is an athlete (runner) and his son Jeev Milkha Singh is
a Golfer. Mohammad Ali and his daughter Laila Ali both are the
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.12, No.1
legendry Boxers, Gracie family Scores of family members,
spanning four generations in competitive martial arts. Here it can
be seen many examples where children have champion genes so they
are also champion in the same or in different game. But there is a long
list of such legendry players, who don’t have any sports background
in their family but even have performed so well at National and
International sports events for example Kapil Dev, Michel Jorden,
Sachin Tendulkar, Liam Stewart is the son of singer-songwriter Rod
Stewart and New Zealand model Rachel Hunter, M.S. Dhoni etc.
these are the examples of non-champion genes. It creates curiosity to
know whether Heredity and genetics have some significance in the
development of athletic performance. (Spors Star-father day-
famous father- son-daughte, 2020)
IMPORTANCE OF GENETICS AND HEREDITY:
To know the importance of genes and heredity, it is more
important to know what genetics is. Genetics one of the advanced
sciences deals with the origin of similarities and differences between
parents and Children. It is concerned with the nature of these
similarities and differences their source and how they develop. In
short, genetics is the study of the inheritance of developmental
potentialities (genes) and how they come into existence.
Actually, the term "genetics" was used by Bateson (1906)
and the word genetics was derived from the Greek word "gen"
meaning "to grow into." Therefore, genetics maybe defined as the
science of "coming into being" or existence. Humans applied
knowledge of genetics in pre-history with the domestication and
breeding of plants and animals. In modern research, genetics provides
important tools for the investigation of the function of a particular
gene, e.g., analysis of genetic interactions. Genes determine our
potential for developing many of the structural and functional
characteristics important in determining sport performance. A gene is
the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up
of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called
proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA
bases to more than 2 million bases. Thus, some characteristics, like
height, are strongly influenced by genes. Whereas others, like
abdominal girth, are less affected by the genes and are more likely to
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PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.12, No.1
be influenced by the environment. For other characteristics, though,
diet, training, and other environmental factors play a huge role in how
your genetic potential is expressed. For example, you may have the
genetic potential for a low body weight, but eating too much and
exercising too little can overcome that genetic message and cause you
to become obese. (Bateson, 1906)
STUDY OF GENES (GENOTYPE):
The study of genes reveals that genes which are completely
responsible for athletic performance are known as ACTN3 and ACE.
As far as ACTN3 is concerned, these genes are responsible for fiber
type and making muscle and also linked with strength and endurance.
Gene ACTN3 provide instruction for making protein called alpha (α)-
actinin3 which is found in fast twitch muscle fiber type. These muscle
fiber increase the component speed of an athlete. The other variant in
this gene is called 577X help in produce an abnormal sort (α)-actinin-
3 which is broken down quickly. few people have this variant in both
copies of the gene, which is referred as 57XX. The Individual have
this genotype have complete absence of (α)-actiin-3 which is
responsible for reduction of fast twitch fibers and increase the
proportion of slow twitch fibers that increase the endurance level of
an athlete. Some studies have found that the 577XX genotype is more
common among high-performing endurance athletes (for example,
cyclists and long-distance runners) than in the general population,
while other studies have not supported these findings. (Eynon N.,
Ruiz J R, Femia P , 2012), (Alverge, 2000)
The other genotype which known as 57RR is associated with
the high formation of fast twitch fibers which is responsible for the
high speed and strength for example short distance runners like 100
Mt, 200 Mt, 400 Mt, 110 Hurdles and 4x100 Mt relay.
Second factor that is ACE provide instruction for making
protein called Angiotensin converting enzyme, the function of this
genotype to convert hormones in to Angiotensin-I to another form
called Angiotensin-II, which help in controlling blood pressure and
kidney functioning. Angiotensin- I present in blood stream and
convert in Angiotensin-II which narrows our blood vessels to increase
the blood pressure and also help in smooth functioning of kidney by
reducing the flood level in body which also a reason of the relaxes the
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PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.12, No.1
blood vessel and reduces the blood pressure. (Ma F, Yang Y. Li X.,
2013), (Scott RA, Morgan C, Wilson RH, 2005)
Another variation in ACE genes called ACE I/D
polymorphism. A person usually can have two copies of a version
called D allele, it is also known as DD pattern and another version is
I allele also known as II pattern or a human being can have one copy
of each version which is called ID pattern. DD is related with higher
proportion of fast twitch fiber and speed. Thus, we can see how these
genotypes control the physiology of blood stream, blood pressure and
kidney function which play a significant role in sports performance
of an athlete. (Chiu L-L, Chen T-W, Hsieh SS, Hsieh L-L, 2012),
(Right B, Hurbert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, , 1990)
There are many factors which significantly affect the athlete
performance and determined whether he/she can be a champion-
1) Many of your structural, functional, and performance
characteristics before training.
2) Proper training, rest, and nutrition.
3) The speed and extent to which these characteristics adapt to
training.
4) Your mastery of tactics and techniques in your sport.
Definitely the genetical factors significantly determined the athletic
performance and success. But the genetical phenomena is too
complex even there are interactions among different genes, and there
are interactions between genes and the environment. Here is a table
which shows the physical and physiological characteristics and their
effects on genes at different level for example, different
characteristics has large, moderate or small effect on genes.
S.NO CHARACTERISTICS EFFECT ON
GENES
1 Height, length of Arms Large
2 Waist Girth Small to
moderate
3 Muscle size Large
4 Muscle composition (slow & fast Large
muscle fiber)
5 Mitochondria / gram of muscle Small
6 Hearth size Large
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7 Lung size and volume Large
8 Resting Heart rate Large
9 Blood pressure Moderate
10 Air flow in lungs Moderate
11 Muscle strength Large
12 Muscular endurance Moderate to
large
13 Movement speed Moderate
14 Balance Small
15 Flexibility of Joints Large
16 Reaction Time Small to
moderate
17 Accuracy of movement Small to
moderate
18 Aerobic Endurance Moderate to
large
19 Anaerobic Power Moderate
There are so many examples in the field of sports where the genetic
effect can be seen in children of sports person who have also became
the great players at the International level either in the same game or
in different game. For example, Leander pace the tennis player who
has played and won medal at olympic games his father wase pace
used to play Hockey and was the member of Indian hockey team in
1972 Olympic games that won Bronze medal. One more family who
is dedicated to game tennis is Ramanathan Krishnan and his son
Ramesh Krishnan both have lifted Grand slam title. Jeev Milkha
Singh is an International golf player whilst his father Milkha Singh
was a runner. Ms. P.V. Sindhu is a Badminton player who won the
silver medal in Olympic games and also in world championship and
her father P.V. Ramanna and her mother both were Volleyball player.
Some more examples where the children have played for country in
the same game of parents, the first name in this category is legend
Hockey player Major Dhyan Chand who won three Gold medals in
Olympic games and his son Ashok Kumar also won the gold medal
in 1980 Olympic games. Sunil Gavaskar and his son Rohan Gavaskar
have represented India in cricket, Vijay Manjrekar and his son Sanjay
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Manjrekar also played world cup for India in cricket another father
and son in cricket was Mansoor Ali khan Pataudi and his father
Iftikhar Ali khan Pataudi. The Biggest example in cricket is Lala
Amarnath and his three son who have represented India in various
tournament.one of them was Mohinder Amarnath who was the player
of tournament in world cup 1983. These examples show that if a
person has champions genes there are huge possibilities to become
champion sports and game. (Spors Star-father day- famous father-
son-daughte, 2020)
CONCLUSION:
It has been proved that ACTN3 and ACE are the genes
which are significantly affect the athletic performance. As it has been
observed that alpha-actinin-3 plays significant role in producing
protein called Angiotensin-1 and 2 which are responsible in
controlling the blood stream, blood pressure and kidney functioning.
These are the physiological variables that affect the fitness level of a
person. As far as sports person and their children are concerned, there
are so many examples in the field of sports where the children of
International level player have also played in Olympic games or
world championship, which shows that having champions genes
definitely create a champion or winner in sports. On the other hand,
there are so many examples where legendry players who don’t have
any sports background even, they have played at international level
sports competition and won medals. Michal Jordan has said that
champions are made not born can be accepted as the exception of
genetic effect on sports and athletic performance. Keeping in mind
the above discussion, it can be concluded that significance of genes
can’t be avoided in relation to sports performance and genes are
hugely responsible for the excellence in sports. Genes and heredity
play an important role in development of sports skills and fitness
level. But it is not absolutely correct and universally accepted fact,
because non-sports background people have proved that only
champion genes are not responsible for making champions but inner
desire, will power, hard work, training and dreams make real
champions. At last in can be stated that both the factors are equally
important for the athletic success.
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REFERENCES
1. Alverge Ruth (2000) Genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin
system and athletic performance. European Journal of applied
Physiology. Vol. 82 pages 117-120
2. Bateson William Henry (1906) “Materials for the study of
variation”, Third International Conference on Plant
Hybridization in London.
3. Chiu L-L, Chen T-W, Hsieh SS, Hsieh L-L. ACE I/D, ACTN3
R577X, PPARD T294C and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser
polymorphisms and physical fitness in Taiwanese late adolescent
girls. J Physiol Sci. 2012 Jan 14;62(2):115–21.
4. Eynon N, Ruiz JR, Femia P, et al. The ACTN3 R577X
Polymorphism across Three Groups of Elite Male European
Athletes. In: Garatachea N, editor. PLoS ONE. 8. Vol. 7. 2012.
Aug 16, p. e43132. This study adds further support to the
association of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism with elite
athletic performance, with the XX genotype more frequently
observed in elite endurance athletes and least frequently
observed in power athletes.
5. https://sportstar.thehindu.com/photo/fathers-day-famous-father-
son-duos-father-daughter-duous-paes-amarrnath-dhyan-chand-
pv-sindhu gavaskar/article31878912.ece/photo/1/
6. Ma F, Yang Y, Li X, et al. The Association of Sport Performance
with ACE and ACTN3 Genetic Polymorphisms: A Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis. In: Gonzalez GE, editor. PLoS
ONE. 1. Vol. 8. 2013. Jan 24, p. e54685. This meta-analysis
summarizes the associations between sports performance and
ACTN3 R577X or ACE I/D genotype; the results support an
association for the ACTN3 R allele and the ACE II genotype for
power and endurance performance, respectively.
7. Moran CN, Yang N, Bailey MES, et al. Association analysis of
the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and complex quantitative
body composition and performance phenotypes in adolescent
Greeks. Eur J Hum Genet. 2006 Oct 11;15(1):88–93.
8. Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc- Gelas F, et al. (1990) An
insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting
enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme
levels. Journal of Clinical Investigation. Oct;86(4):1343–6.
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9. Scott RA, Moran C, Wilson RH, et al. No association between
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene variation and
endurance athlete status in Kenyans. Comp Biochem Physiol,
Part A Mol Integr Physiol. 2005 Jun;141(2):169–75.
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EFFECT OF AEROBIC TRAINING COMBINED WITH
ASANA PRACTICES ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY
ENDURANCE OF HANDBALL PLAYERS
DR. M. Kalaiselvi, Assistant Professor, Department of Physical
Education and Health Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi
ABSTRACT:
The purpose of the study to evaluate the “Effect of aerobic
training Combind with asana practices on cardio respiratory
endurance of Hand ball players”. To achieve the purpose of the study,
forty five school boys in the age group of 14 to 17 were selected as
subject at random, from Govt. Higher Secondary School,
Paramakkudi, Tamilnadu. The study was formulated as pre and post
test random group design, in which forty five school boys were
divided into three equal groups. The experimental group-1 (n=15)
underwent aerobic training. The experimental group-2 (n=15)
underwent aerobic training combined with asana practice, Group 3
served as control group (n=15) did not undergo any specific training.
The cardio respiratory endurance was chosen as a criterion variable
and it was tested by cooper 12 min/run or walk test the performance
was recorded in meters .The selected subjects were performed 6 week
training in a week 3 alternative days .The pre and post test data were
analysed with one way analysis of covariance .The level of
significance was fixed at 0.05 level.
Keywords: Asana, Aerobic training, Cardio respiratory Endurance,
ANCOVA.
INTRODUCTION:
HANDBALL: Hand ball is now played on every habitable continent
on this planet. It is estimated that about 7 million players are
registered with a club. Many of the European clubs are professional
and some have players who are worth hundreds of thousands of
dollars. Professional clubs in Asia (in South Korea, China and Japan)
are becoming established and are considered as very competitive on
the international stage. Africa, Americas and Oceania (our region)
mainly comprise of amateur clubs but are very enthusiastic. Handball
(also known as team handball, European handball or Olympic
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handball) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each
(six out court players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands
with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team. A standard
match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that
scores the most goals wins.
AEROBIC EXERCISE: Aerobic exercise is any physical activity
that makes you sweat, causes you to breathe harder, and gets your
heart beating faster than at rest. It strengthens your heart and lungs
and trains your cardiovascular system to manage and deliver oxygen
more quickly and efficiently throughout your body. Aerobic exercise
uses your large muscle groups, is rhythmic in nature, and can be
maintained continuously for at least 10 minutes. Cardiovascular
system is made up of your heart and blood vessels e.g., arteries, veins,
and capillaries that transports blood throughout the
body. Aerobic refers to how your body uses oxygen to sufficiently
meet energy demands during exercise.
ASANAS: An asana was a body posture, originally sitting
for meditation, and later in hatha yoga and modern yoga, including
reclining, standing, inverted, twisting, or balancing as well as seated
poses. The 5th century BC Yoga Sutras of Patanjali defines "asana"
as "to be seated in a position that is steady but relaxed". Patanjali
mentions the ability to sit for extended periods as one of the eight
limbs of his system. Asanas were claimed to provide both spiritual
and physical benefits in medieval hatha yoga texts. More recently,
they have been claimed to improve flexibility, strength, and balance;
to reduce stress and conditions related to it;
METHODOLOGY:
The experimental group-1 (n=15) underwent aerobic training.
the experimental group-2 (n=15) underwent aerobic training
combined with asana practice, group 3 served as control group (n=15)
did not undergo any specific training. The pre and post test data were
analyzed with one way analysis of covariance .The level of
significance was fixed at 0.05 level.
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RESULTS:
TABLE -1
THE RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON
CARDIO RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE OF DIFFERENT
GROUPS
(Units in meters)
Sig
Control Source of Sum of Mean
G1 G2 df F
Group Variance Squares Square
Pre Test 6373 5944 5900 BG 2.049 2 1.024 0.099
Mean 2.445
SD 0.54833 0.6797 0.7030 WG 17.598 42 0.419
Post Test 6271 6740 5900 BG 5.316 2 2.658 0.000
Mean 9.245
SD 0.3379 0.50398 0.70305 WG 12.075 42 0.287
0.000
Adjusted BG 5.436 2 2.718 10.504
Post Test 6185 6777 5950
Mean WG 10.609 41 0.259
* Significant at 0.05 level,
*Table value for df(2, 41) at 0.05 level = 3.23
Result on Cardio respiratory Endurance
The above Table-1 shows that the pre-test mean values on
cardio respiratory endurance of Aerobic Training group, Combined
with Asana Practice and Control group are 6.3733+0.54833,
5.9447+0.6797, 5.900+ 0.7030 respectively. The obtained F ratio
2.445 for pre-test was lesser than the table value of 3.22 for degrees of
freedom 2 and 42 required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence
on cardio respiratory endurance.
The posttest mean values on speed of Aerobic Training
group, Combined with Asana Practice and Control group are
6.271+0.3379, 6.740+0.50398, 5.900+ 0.70305 respectively. The
obtained ‘F’ ratio of 9.245 for post-test scores was higher than the
table value of 3.22 for degree of freedom 2 and 42 required for
significance at 0.05 level of confidence on cardio respiratory
endurance. The adjusted post-test means on speed of Aerobic
Training group, Combined with Asana Practice and Control group are
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6.185, 6.777 and 5.950 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio of 10.504
for adjusted post-test scores was higher than the table value of 3.23
for degrees of freedom 2 and 41 required for significance at 0.05 level
of confidence on cardio respiratory endurance. The results of the
study indicate that there are significant differences among the
adjusted posttest means of Aerobic Training group, Combined with
Asana Practice and Control group in cardio respiratory endurance
performance. Figure-2.1
TABLE – 2
SCHEFFE’S TEST FOR THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
ADJUSTED POST-TEST MEAN ON CARDIO
RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE
Control Mean difference
G1 G2 CI value
Group
6185 6777 --- 0.592 0.47
6185 --- 5950 0.235 0.47
--- 6777 5950 0.827 0.47
Table – 2 shows that the adjusted post-test mean difference in speed
between of Aerobic Training group, Combined with Asana Practice
and Control group in cardio respiratory endurance.
Aerobic Training group, Combined with Asana Practice and
Control group, jogging program group pranayama practice and
control group are 0.592 , 0.235, 0.827 respectively. The values are
greater than the confidence interval value 0.47, which is significant at
0.05 level of confidence. It may be concluded from the results of the
study that Aerobic Training group, Combined with Asana Practice
and control group is found to be a better tool to improve the cardio
respiratory endurance than the other groups.
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FIGURE – 2.1
THE ADJUSTED POST TEST MEAN VALUES OF
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS ON CARDIO
RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE
7 Adjusted post test
6.5
6
5.5
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
CONCLUSION:
Based on the results of the present study the following
conclusions have been
1. It was concluded that the Aerobic training program will have
significant effect on selected physical, Health variables of
handball players.
2. It was concluded that the Aerobic training with Asana
practice will have significant effects on selected physical,
Health variables of handball players.
REFERENCE
1. Baker D.A comparison of running speed and quickness between
elite professional and young rugby league players. Strength Cond
Coach 7: 3–7, 1999.
2. Baker DG, Newton RU. Comparison of lower body strength,
power, acceleration, speed, agility, and sprint momentum to
describe and compare playing rank among professional rugby
league players. J Strength Cond Res 22: 153–158, 2008.
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3. Buchheit M, Spencer M, Ahmaidi S. Reliability, usefulness, and
validity of a repeated sprint and jump ability test. Int J Sports
Physiol Perform 5: 3–17, 2010.
4. Lockie RG, Murphy AJ, Schultz AB, Knight TJ, Janse de Jonge
XAK. The effects of different speed training protocols on sprint
acceleration kinematics and muscle strength and power in field
sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 26: 1539–1550, 2012.
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COMPARISON ON INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT
BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS
BELONGS TO KASHMIR DIVISION
Manzoor Ahmad Bhat, Research Scholar, Department of Physical
Education, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Kota Bilaspur, (C.G)-INDIA
Sheeraz Ahmad Rather, Research Scholar, Department of Physical
Education, Shri Venkateshwara University Gajraula, (UP)-INDIA.
ABSTRACT:
Intelligence involves the ability to think, solve problems,
analyze situations, and understand social values, customs, and norms.
Intelligence is a general mental capability that involves the ability to
reason, plan, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and
learn. Intellectual ability involves comprehension; understanding,
and learning from experience. The study aimed to compare the
Intelligence Quotient between Male and Female Students Belongs
to Kashmir Division. A total 200 male and female subjects were
selected for this study 100 male and 100 female students were
selected. The Subjects were selected by using simple random
sampling. Only students within the age group of 15-20 years were
taken for the study. To analyze Intelligence Quotient between Male
and Female Students. The data pertaining to Intelligence Quotient of
male and female students were collected through S. K pal and K. S
Mishra used for the collection of data among Male and Female
Students Belongs To Kashmir Division .The analysis of data was
done by using statistical technique’s’- test for finding the significance
difference and the level of significance was set at 0.05 level (p<0.05.
Keywords: Intelligence Quotient, Students, Kashmir.
INTRODUCTION:
Intelligence Quotient:
Intelligence involves the ability to think, solve problems, analyze
situations, and understand social values, customs, and norms.
Intelligence is a general mental capability that involves the ability to
reason, plan, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and
learn. Intellectual ability involves comprehension, understanding, and
learning from experience (Armstrong, 1994). An intelligence quotient
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(IQ) is a score derived from one of several standardized tests designed
to assess human intelligence. The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by
the psychologist William Stern for the German term Intelligence
quotient, his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests he
advocated in a 1912 book. When current IQ tests are developed, the
median raw score of the ming sample is defined as IQ 100 and scores
each standard deviation (SD) up or down are defined as 15 IQ points
greater or less, although this was not always so historically. By this
definition, approximately two-thirds of the population scores between
IQ 85 and IQ 115, and about 5 percent of the population scores above
125.
Types of IQ Tests:
Since Goddard’s controversial Binet tests, psychologists
have worked to develop numerous other tests. Most are intended for
elementary school-aged children, but some may be used for adults.
The most common types of IQ tests are:
a. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
b. Universal Nonverbal Intelligence
c. Differential Ability Scales
d. Peabody Individual Achievement Test
e. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test
f. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
g. Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Disabilities.
PROCEDURE AND METHODOLOGY:
A total two hundred male and female subjects were selected
for this study 100 male and 100 female students were selected. The
Subjects were selected by using purposive random sampling. Only
players within the age group of 15-20 years were taken for the study.
Equipments Used For Collection of Data:
The following tests or equipments were used, Intelligence
quotient, The data pertaining to Intelligence Quotient of male and
female students was collected through S. K pal and K. S Mishra was
used for the collection of data it contain 40 items used for the
collection of data among Male and Female Students Belongs To
Kashmir Division. The analysis of data was done by using statistical
technique ‘t’- test for finding the significance difference.
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Table No.-1
Comparison of Intelligence Quotient between Male and Female
Students Belongs To Kashmir Division
Group Mean S.D. M.D. D.F. S.E O.T. T.T.
Female
students 9 14 8 198 3.11 2.799 1.96
Male
students 17 8
Graph-1
Graphical Representation of Mean Difference of Intelligence
Quotient of male students and female students of Kashmir.
17
20
15
10 9 Intelligence
5 Quotient of
0 Femal Students
RECOMMENDATIONS:
Reading, writing, speaking and conversing can be practiced
more which will improve intelligence.
Both Male and Female students can involve themselves in
playing number and logic games and sequencing activities
that would develop intelligence.
Involving visual perception of the environment, the ability
to create and manipulate mental images, playing, dancing,
active sports, listening to music will enhance one's
intelligence.
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Understanding how to communicate with other people
through cooperative games, group projects and discussions
can help.
State board schools can make the students create new things,
implement prayer and meditation in their classrooms which
can help the students to develop their intelligence.
CONCLUSION:
Within the limitations of the study and from statistical
analysis the following conclusion was drawn.
Considering the diversity of some districts of Kashmir
division and the varying differences of the population, the meaningful
generalizations on measuring intelligence is not very easy, but it
would be very helpful for the students in aspects like providing skill
training, suggests careers according to differences in their potential
and provide remedial for children/students who require them. Since
the responsibility lies with the schools to help in the overall
development of the students such study would be a guideline for the
teachers, parents and the students. The students would have a clear
picture of his/her strengths and weakness, and can focus on what
strengths they need to focus on to select an appropriate career.
Children may enter school with limited ambition and with little
desire, to benefit from the opportunities that are presented to them.
All children should have the opportunity to succeed regardless of
gender, ethnicity, social background, or any other factors that may
potentially affect their progress. However, ultimately they need to be
stimulated and a desire for learning and achievement need to be
inculcated, that will help to eliminate the exclusion and
disengagement that characterizes the feelings of many towards our
Education System. The children and young people of this country are
its future and we owe it to them to provide the support that will unlock
their potential.
With the limitations of the study and from the statistical
analysis of the collected data it is concluded that there is found
significant difference in IQ between Boys And Girls Of Secondary
Schools . Hence the researcher’s hypothesis is accepted.
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REFERENCES:
1. George Jennifer M., “Emotions and Leadership” The Role Of
Emotional Intelligence, Volume: 53, No. 8, 2000.
2. Gill Dann, “Understanding Emotion Intelligence In A Weak”,
British Library Publication, London 1st Edition, 2001.
3. K.R Scherer, “What are emotions? And how can they be
measured” Social Science Information, 2005.
4. Lakhan Ram, “Intelligence quotient is associated with epilepsy
in children with intellectual disability in India”. Journal of
Neurosciences in Rural Practice, Volume: 4, Issue: 4, 2013.
5. Najaf Mostaf, “Association Between Finger Patterns of Digit II
and Intelligence Quotient Level in Adolescents” Iranian Journal
of Pediatrics, volume: 19, issue: 3.
6. M Daramola et. al., “The comparison of intelligence quotients
of atopic and nonatopic children in Ibadan, Nigeria” Indian
Journal of Dermatology, volume: 55, issue: 3, 2010.
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A STUDY ON IMPACT OF TAMIL NADU PREMIER
LEAGUE BEFORE AND AFTER IN TAMIL NADU
K. Mahesh, Ph.D. Research scholar Department of Physical
Education & Sports Sciences (Affiliated to Bharathidasan
University), National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil
Nadu
Dr. D. PrasannaBalaji, Head & Director of Research, Department
Of Physical Education & Sports Sciences (Affiliated to Bharathidasan
University,) National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli. Tamil
Nadu
ABSTRACT:
This paper aims to research all the subsequent factors
associated with the Tamil Nadu Premier League and to find out the
impact of these consequent factors; whether they are having a positive
impact or negative impact. The attempt is being made to suggest
replication of strategies from the already well-established Leagues of
sports World so that some of the critical factors leading Tamil nadu
Premier League towards bane can be dealt with awareness and save
the League from becoming a history. The findings of the study could
be taken into reflection to overcome the negativity of the League and
create it a real success in the future as well. So far as the popularity
of the game is concerned, it provides a favorable platform for the
researchers to analyze tamil nadu Premier League and come out with
best possible results for the upliftment of the game.
Keywords: Tamil nadu Premier League, Bane, Boon, Twenty20,
Franchisee, League. Cricket
INTRODUCTION:
Cricket is a universal game which millions of people are
attracted to it is a bat and ball game in which every delivery is counted
to be a win or a loss. In cricket counting, the over's deliveries are the
crucial moments that determine the winner and losers.[1] The work
of an umpire in cricket is a challenging task of counting and
estimating the overs, wickets, or boundaries. Even a little
miscalculation or difference may lead to a disaster of the game. In
some cases, the deliveries are disapproved by umpires and declared
as no-ball by mistake. The consequence of a miscalculation of 'no-
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ball’ in a cricket game leads to an extra delivery and run Tamil Nadu
Premier League was started Tamil Nadu Cricket Association (TNCA)
in 2016 , .it's vie throughout Gregorian calendar month July and
August of every year by eight teams representing eight districts in
Tamil Nadu. Only cricketers registered in Tamil Nadu are qualified
for the competition. [2] It was founded by N Srinivasn, member of
BCCI (Board of Control for Cricket in India), scheduled over April
and may of every year to curtail ICL (Indian Cricket League), which
was not recognized by BCCI. It was believed that this tournament, a
bit of a copy cat of the IPL, which was getting find the famous around
the Tamilnadu State. TNPL is a franchise is based professional
Cricket League, all the participating teams owned by different
franchisees are named after various Tamilnadu cities, the team
formation is done through competitive building for a collection for
local Tamilnadu player, participating players represented their
respective franchises and are paid by the team owners TNCA call for
bidders for the eight franchise rights. A total of 17 bidders entire in
the bidding play a part The base rate set for each franchise was 1.25
core (US$180,000) for a period of 10 years.
One of the main aim of TNCA behind the launch of Tamil
Nadu Premier League is to improve the capacities of Tamil Nadu
domestic players and provide the much competitive and better
platform as compared to Tamil Nadu domestic circle of cricket it was
worth to note that besides this another major cause for its launch was
create a profitable Cricket League the adopted the marketing
Practices Indian Premier League Tamil Nadu Premier League most
popular League in Tamil Nadu it serves as a great source of
entertainment[4] to the Tamil Nadu people.
METHODOLOGY:
Aim
The study was objective to find out the outcomes of TNPL,
whether it shows positively or negatively towards the game of cricket,
on players on economy and to the associated fields. The fundamental
aim of the study is to come out with the finding that will describe
viability of the league and highlighted the Strategies and policies
which can work wonders for the success of the league
Procedure
This is an exploratory study of Tamil Nadu Premier League.
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The available information by means of document and contents serve
as the data collection method .The data has been received from
available information about many TNPL seasons, previous studies
and media report associated with TNPL players talking into
consideration the nature and area of enquiry, the study has been
presented in a descriptive narrative style. in order to clarify the study
and come out with the best possible results, the information available
about all the Aspect associated with Tamil Nadu Premier League have
been consulted. a brief review of The strategies used in tnpl has been
conducted so has to point out if correction need to be done to make
the league a success.
Literature Review:
I discussed about a new dimension for the Cricketing World,
i was highlighted the initial phase of TNPL and the team formation
in which players were assigned to various teams by means of
auction.[3] i discuss with a R Sathish asserted the final bidding
Prices, Cricketing attributes of players and to relevant information I
measured the technical efficiency of various teams participating in
Tamil Nadu Premier League. TNPL has emerged as a great success
and encourage new talent and development basis infrastructure has
been called, However Coates with the fact that professional League
helps the community and cricket development or a city to increase
revenue. [5]
I talk about the very high popularity of Tamil Nadu
Premier League with more than 6 cores TV audiences and a brand
valuation of more than Rs 225 core. I praised the tnpl business model
for integrating many complex factors like entertainment, glamour,
marketing, pricing and the hard hitting Cricket. Moreover, he
conducted a detailed analysis of 10 key issues that threaten the
viability of TNPL strategy, revenue model and sustainability of
TNPL. TNPL has established a benchmark of Cricket marketing in
the whole Cricket In Tamil Nadu .TNPL is the most fashionable and
entertainment Sports League in Tamil Nadu .TNPL provides a ideal
platform to spread the cricket game and unearth talent''tamilnadu
upcoming young talent play boys together.[7]
Discourse about have tried their hand in figuring out the
different aspects associated with the Tamil Nadu Premier League. I
tried to highlight its impact on the national economy, i make an effort
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to Analyses the strategies used in TNPL, and some others discussed
its popularity by means of the viewership involved and its brand
valuation, while some others tried to appraise its impact on the game
of Cricket. Though my researcher has tried to discuss outcome of
TNPL – its impact on youngsters, opportunities created for uncapped
players and its contribution towards national economy.
In my point of view, this field is yet to be evaluated in a
significant manner. So far as the popularity of the game is concerned,
this field is of great interest and provides a favorable platform for me
to analyze Tamil Nadu Premier League and come out with an
optimum model of strategies and policies for the up liftmen of the
game and the League.
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION:
On analyses of this study, many issues have been identified
critical factors which form be the base for calling TNPL has an impact
of before and after
The factors are
Impact on the cricket game
The platform for emerging talent
Improvement of facilities
Entertainment
Impact on Tamil Nadu domestic circle of cricket
Turn over for franchises
Quality of the stadiums
Improvement of players Economical status
TNPL served as a brilliant platform where experience meets
experience. Domestic Cricket players and national players, have
improved the playing quality of these players dramatically. TNPL
provides a great platform for the amateur and newbies to share a
dressing room and net sessions with the elite players so that they can
hone their skills at a very early stage of their Cricketing careers.
TNPL emerging talent platform and there and create a
chance for themselves to be included in their National square in recent
inclusion of players like.
BEFORE OF TNPL:-
TNPL has been a achievement it has promise to nurture and
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encourage sell younger capabilities to build up into future superstars
of the country. TNPL served as a brilliant platform where
inexperience meets experience. Not only the get the chance to learn
from the greats of the game. TNPL provides a great platform for the
amateurs and new bies to share dressing rooms and net sessions with
the selected players, so that they can whet their skills at a very early
period of their Cricketing careers.
Due to TNPL, excellence of the stadiums in the Tamil Nadu
has also improved as the matches need a well maintained stadium.
TNPL provides this emerging talent a great platform where
they can show their capabilities and create a chance for themselves to
be included in their respective National squads. The recent inclusion
of players likes Ravichandran Ashwin, Dinesh Karthik, Vijay
Shankar and, Murali Vijay in the Indian Squad exemplifies it in a
better manner. In the past, players like also highlighted Washington
Sundar, Thangarasu Natarajan their capabilities in TNPL and got the
attention of their National Selectors and in conclusion resulted in their
inclusion in National Teams.
All players registered by Tamil Nadu Cricket Association or
its District Association are eligible to register to play for the Tamil
Nadu Premier League. Eight Participating teams in TNPL require a
minimum of 150 Cricketers. If each player is to have a back-up, that
200 Cricketers of Tamil Nadu are to be considered for a single tnpl
season. Where from such reserves will come? Before the TNPL, the
injury concerns were often a worrying factor for the Cricket board, as
so many proper replacements were not available. Now the TNPL is
coming out with such a huge and rich reserve of talent and providing
the selectors with a ready pool of talented Cricketers. Isn't this a
boon?
In today's aspirational World of gleam, one is not able to
meet out the basic needs. So the majority of the people face emotional
un-stability because of lack of content. Same is the difficulty faced by
many Cricketers who are psychologically miserable having concerns
about their future. Can such a Cricketer give his best to the game in
such a condition? tnpl is providing the players a sufficient amount of
money to achieve satisfaction, content and secure their future. Isn’t
this a boon?
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BEHIND THE TNPL
Cricket is a gentleman’s game. As TNPL is indulging into a
lot of controversies regarding match fixing, gambling, etc.
The moral part is getting thinner and thus producing a
serious threat on the ethical values associated with the game.
Team administration itself is indulged in match fixing and
spot fixing issues and this is a serious question on the moral
values.
These controversies and allegations are also leading towards
the disinterest of viewers as they no longer take it as fun. The
foreign tourists which are the main charm of the event too
show concerns about the morality of the League and in turn
resulting in a decrease in Viewership.
The mingling of the players from different Places in a single
franchisee in tnpl makes them vulnerable at the National
level as they know each other’s game very well.
If the creation of tnpl by TNCA lays its foundation on
improvement of domestic Cricket, then how come it possible
that its establishment lies on the grave of TNPL.
One of the main concerns is that college & school going
students get distracted especially during the examination
session.
The longest and toughest format of the game, the five-day
Test cricket, has been on a turn down ever since the T20
format started.
CONCLUSION:
TNPL has given IPL and India many star players and has
witnessed emerging young talent like other events, TNPL has its pros
and cons. It has really shifted the paradigm of Cricketing Tamil Nadu
to new heights. TNPL provides a brilliant platform for youngsters
where they can catch the eye of selectors for their inclusion in their
respective IPL and National squads. TNPL, because of its huge
fanfare and higher brand value is surely one of the mega events in the
Tamil Nadu of sports. It acts as a great promoter of cultural heritage
of Tamil Nadu to the India and World. TNPL serves as a source of
entertainment for millions throughout the World. It is surely a billion
dollar baby. TNPL is providing the players a fair amount of money
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with which they can fulfill all their needs & secure future. Moreover
the franchisees are also earning huge profits from the League. TNPL
also contributes a significant amount towards GDP of Tamil Nadu.
TNPL being such a great success should always review its
strategies & policies for the viability of this League. One of the main
concerns is to curtail spot fixing issues, controversies, allegations and
gambling. The management needs to take harsh steps towards the
culprits beforehand; otherwise TNPL will sooner be a history,
It is worth to praise that the management of Tamil Nadu
Premier League used an efficient business model, integrating so many
complex factors like entertainment, glamour, and marketing, pricing,
and hard hitting Cricket to make TNPL one of the India most
successful professional sports Leagues. Likewise, the management
needs to consult expert personnel to review its policies time and again
to keep its business plan working efficiently. Besides this, while
framing out the fixture for the tnpl , the examination session of the
students should always be taken into consideration, so that the two
may not coincide with each other.
After all, Cricket has always been a gentleman’s game. So
tnpl should also stick to the basic principles and let the game to be
played with real sportsman spirit. TNPL should act as a brand
ambassador for passing on the perfect message of universal
brotherhood and friendship, which Is the prime motto of a sport.
Keeping apart all the qualitative effect of tnpl on Cricket, one must
confess that TNPL is a great source of amusement for millions of
Cricket lovers and presents a very exciting form of Cricket.
REFERENCES:
1. IPL: Boon or Bane to Cricket? www.Carerride.com
Retrieved on 15 June, 2016 from
http://www.careerride.com/view. aspx?id=24128.
2. TNPL; a boon or a bane for young aspiring cricketers?
https://www.sportskeeda.comb /cricket/tnpl-a-boon-or
bane-to-young-aspiring-cricketers. Modified 12 Jul 2019
3. David Parker, Phil Burns and Harish Natarajan (2008),
Player valuations in Indian premier League, Frontier
Economics /October 2008.
4. Shashi Kadapa, How sustainable is the strategy of the
Indian Premier League –IPL? A critical review of `10 key
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PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.12, No.1
issues that impact the IPL strategy, International Journal
of Scientific and Research Publications (USRP),3(12),
December 2013, 1-11.
5. D Coates and Humphreys B. R, Professional sports
facilities, Franchisee and Urban Economic Development,
Public Finance and management, 3(3), 2003, 335-357.
6. Meenakshi Rao, The Pioneer-Sunday 08 May, 2016
www.dailypoineer.com Retrieved on 30 June, 2016 from
http://www.dailypoineer.com/print.php?printFOR=storyd
etail&story-urlkey=ipl-business-unusual§ion-url-
key=sunday-edition.
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EFFECTS OF YOGIC EXERCISES ON SELECTED
PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF SPORTSPERSONS
Harsh Vardhan Goswami, Associate Professor, M. M. H. College,
Ghaziabad (U.P.) India
Khyati Goswami, Research Scholar, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University,
Sagar (M.P.) India
ABSTRACT:
The purpose of the present study was to find out the effect
of yogic exercises on selected psychological variables of
sportsperson. For the purpose of the study, 40 Sportspersons (20 Boys
and 20 Girls) were selected randomly as sample during the academic
year 2020-21 from Akal College of Physical Education, Mastuana
Sahib, Sangrur, Punjab, India. The age group of the subjects ranged
from 18-25 years. To access the effect of yogic exercises on
sportspersons four weeks of yogic exercise training were given.
During this period the samples were allowed to participate in any
other training. Measurement was taken at the beginning (pre-test) and
at the end of the training period, after four weeks (post-test), the data
was collected for all the variables. The criterion measures adopted for
the study measuring the psychological variables are given below:
Anxiety was measured by questionnaire; & this questionnaire was
developed by A. K. P. Sinha and L. N. K. Sinha. Stress was measured
by questionnaire; and this questionnaire was developed by Dr. Vijaya
Lakshmi and Dr. Shruti Narain. In order to know the efficacious
difference of yogic exercises between the pre-test and post-test of
sports person’s anxiety and stress; the Mean, Standard Deviation &
paired ‘t’-test (0.05 level) was employed as statistical technique. The
result of the study has been found that yogic exercises are
significantly efficacious and have undeniable effects on
psychological variable i.e., anxiety and stress in relation to
sportspersons.
Keywords: Sportspersons, Yogic Exercises, Psychological
Variables, Anxiety, Stress etc.
INTRODUCTION:
Sports is considered as a psycho-physical endeavor. It means
that it is not only the physical qualities, but the psychological
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attributes and a number of social characteristics which are important
for success in competitive sports. Psychological variables have
contributed in the enhancement of sports performance of the
sportsperson; as the role of psychology in sports can never be over-
emphasized. Psychology helps to understand the athletic behavior of
the players and also to bring the desirable changes among them.
But, when there is no balance between desire, need and the
availability of money sportsperson feels dissatisfied. Out of
dissatisfaction, frustration and rejection - stress, anxiety etc. is
produced when there is a negative interaction between the self-
projection and the surrounding environment. The self-projection is
influenced by sportsperson’s craving, desires, likes, dislikes,
altitudes, ambitions, beliefs, negative emotions, hope and failures.
Even their activities, behavior, performance and life style get affected
due to these factors.
Sudden mental irritation or frequently changing moods,
lethargy and mental dissatisfaction are the first signs of disturbed
mind. Under such conditions digestive system is greatly affected. It
is known that the continuous stressful situation leads to sympathetic
over activity suggested by the raised levels of adrenaline or nor
adrenaline. This cause spams of the coronary arteries and an increase
on cortisol level causing formation of blockage in the arteries
speedily. Thus, the stress & anxiety which are actually the normal
defensive mechanism of the body to protect sportsperson in danger
situations, now becomes harmful and create physiological imbalances
in body.
When the things most important to sportsperson – such as
motivation, encouragement and approval – are made contingent on
playing well, they are likely to experience great stress. Research
shows that the fear of failure and athlete’s concern about not
performing well may be the main sources of anxiety and stress in
sport. Sportsperson worries that they will fail, that they will not be
able to live up to the demands of competition. Athlete can feel
competitive stress or anxiety before, during and after competitions.
Yogic exercise is a science of humanity. It helps in health
promotion prevention of diseases in addition to its exercise value in
various human aliments. It should be practiced into classical form.
Where there is a health, there is happiness. Here the meaning of
happiness is not the pleasure out of fulfillment of the desire but the
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jubilant feeling all the time that is free from fears, tensions, stress and
anxiety etc.
MATERIAL & METHODS:
For the purpose of the study, 40 Sportspersons (20 Boys and
20 Girls) were selected randomly as sample during the academic year
2020-21 from Akal College of Physical Education, Mastuana Sahib,
Sangrur, Punjab, India. The age group of the subjects ranged from 18-
25 years. To access the effect of yogic exercises on sportspersons four
weeks of yogic exercise training were given. During this period the
samples were allowed to participate in any other training.
Measurement was taken at the beginning (pre-test) and at the end of
the training period, after four weeks (post-test), the data was collected
for all the variables.
Practice Schedule
S. YOGIC NAME DURATION
NO. PRACTICE
1. Asana Tadasana 20min.
Vrikshasana
Vajraasana
Ardh
Matsyendraasana
Paschimottanasana
Ushtraasana
Bhujangasana
Halasana
Sukhasana
Padamasana
2. Pranayama Anulom-Vilom 20min.
Ujjai Pranayama
Sheetli Pranayama
Bhramri Pranayama
3. Meditation Om Recitation 10min.
4. Relaxation Yoga Nidra 10 min.
CRITERION MEASURES:
The criterion measures adopted for the study measuring the
psychological variables are given below:
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PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.12, No.1
1. Anxiety was measured by questionnaire; & this
questionnaire was developed by A. K. P. Sinha and L. N. K.
Sinha.
2. Stress was measured by questionnaire; and this
questionnaire was developed by Dr. Vijaya Lakshmi and Dr.
Shruti Narain.
ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION:
The data collected on 40 sample in order to know the
efficacious difference of yogic exercises between the pre-test and
post-test of sports person’s anxiety and stress; the Mean, Standard
Deviation & paired ‘t’-test (0.05 level) was employed as statistical
technique. Therefore, the separate tables and graphs have been
presented for each variable as follows:
TABLE NO. 1
Showing Mean, SD of selected Psychological Variable i.e.,
Anxiety of Sports Persons
Variable Pre-Test Post-Test MD ‘t’ Value
Mean SD Mean SD
Anxiety 39.65 9.71 28.05 6.23 11.6 4.07*
‘t’ (0.05) = 1.68
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FIGURE NO. 1
From table no.1 show that the anxiety in pre-test was (Mean
= 39.65 and SD = 9.71) whereas in case of post-test (Mean = 28.05
SD = 6.23). The‘t’ value is 4.07, which is greater than the tabulated
value. Hence, it can be stated that there is significant difference in
pre-test and post-test of anxiety at 0.05 level as well as 0.01 level.
Therefore, we can affirm that the change in anxiety have been shown
after the four weeks of yogic training.
Anxiety
39.65
40 28.05
30
20 9.71 6.23
10
0
Mean
SD
Pre-Test Post-Test
TABLE NO. 2
Showing Mean, SD of selected Psychological Variable i.e., Stress
of Sports Person
Variable Pre-Test Post-Test MD ‘t’ Value
Mean SD Mean SD
Stress 12.80 2.14 5.63 1.20 7.17 2.02*
‘t’ (0.05) = 1.68
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FIGURE NO. 2
Table no.2 demonstrates that the stress in pre-test (Mean =
12.80 and SD = 2.14) while in post-test (Mean = 5.63 and SD = 1.20).
The ‘t’ value is 2.02, which is greater than the tabulated value. For
that reason, it can be stated that there is significant difference in pre-
test and post-test of overall stress. Accordingly, it can be asserted that
the changes in stress are tracked down after the four weeks of yogic
training.
Stress
15 12.8
10
5.63
5 2.14
1.2
0
Pre-Test Post-Test
Mean SD
CONCLUSION:
Within the limitations of the present study, the conclusions
obtained from different tests to know the effect of yogic exercises on
the selected psychological variables of sports person reveals certain
factor after statistical analysis with Mean, Standard Deviation and
paired ‘t’-test.
1. There is highly significant difference has been observed
between pre-test and post-test of anxiety of sportspersons.
2. There is significant difference was found in pre-test and
post-test of stress of sportspersons.
Therefore, Yogic exercise are significantly efficacious and have
undeniable effects on psychological variable i.e., anxiety and stress
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PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.12, No.1
in relation to sportspersons.
REFERENCES:
1. Ajay Pal (2019) Effect of Selected Yogic Exercises on anxiety of
Inter Collegiate Male Basketball Player. International Journal of
Physiology, Nutrition& Physical Education, ISSN 2456-0057.
2. Ajmer Singh, Jagdish Bains, Jagtar Singh Gill, Rachhpal Singh
Brar (2012) Essential of Physical Education. Kalyani Publishers,
th
4 Edition.
3. Amit Kauts & Neelam Sharma (2009) Effect of Yoga on
academic performance in relation to stress. International Journal
of Yoga, 2(1): 39-43.
4. Mirza Fahima Beg (2017) Effects of 12 weeks yoga asana
training on selected psychological variables of college going
females. International Journal of Yogic, Human Movement and
Sports Sciences, ISSN 2456-4419, Page No. 112-115.
5. M. L. Gharote (1990) Applied Yoga. Published by
Kaivalyadhama, S. M. Y. M. Samiti.
6. Rachel E. Maddux, Daiva Daukantaite, Una Tellhed (2017) The
Effect of Yoga on Stress & Psychological Health among
employees: An 8 & 16 Week Intervention Study. Anxiety Stress
and Coping, D.O.I: 10.1080/10615806.2017.1405261.
7. Srimat Swami Shivananda Saraswati (1998) Yogic Therapy.
th
Published by Srimat Swami Devananda Saraswati, 8 Edition.
8. Sunil Kumar Yadav (2014) Effect of Pranayama on Sports
Competition Anxiety of Taekwondo Players. International
Educational E-Journal, Volume-III, Issue-III, ISSN 2277-2456.
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EFFECT OF AEROBIC TRAINING ON SELECTED
PHYSICAL VARIABLES OF DEAF AND DUMB
CHILDREN
G. Prabakaran, Ph.D, Research Scholar, Department of Physical
education, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
Dr. R. Annadurai, Associate Professor, Department of Physical
education, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
ABSTRACT:
In order to assess the real facts the investigator made an
attempt to examine the impact of aerobic training on physical fitness
variables of 30 deaf and dumb children were selected from
Coimbatore district. Their aged of the subject ranged from 18 to 30
years. Selected subjects was randomly assigned to two equal groups
(n=15), group I underwent aerobic training (ATG) and group II
acted as control group (CG). The aerobic training was given to the
experimental group for 3days per week for the period of 8 weeks.
The control group did not practice in any training except their
routine work. The following variables were measured with standard
test items: agility, flexibility. Pre and post test was conducted on
separate days with warm up. The agility measured by 4x10meter
shuttle run in seconds, flexibility measured by sit and reach test. To
find out the individual effect ‘t’ test was applied at 0.05level of
significant. Further, the findings confirmed the aerobic training is
suitable protocol to bring out the desirable changes over the agility,
flexibility of deaf and dumb children.
Key word: Agility, flexibility, Aerobic training
INTRODUCTION:
‘Deaf and Dumb’ is the term usually used to describe
persons who, from side to side deafness, are unable to hear the spoken
words of others, and who, consequently, remain dumb. Deafness is
the reason, dumbness the consequence. Thus the term "deaf and
dumb" is a misnomer, for the shortage is single, not two-fold,
although in the result it affects the two organs of hearing and speech.
Among various special populations deaf & dumb is a very common
type of disability seen in our society not in a very negligible quantity.
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Lack of ability to speak or hear accurately and effectively can have a
profound influence on child’s ability to acquire education, and to
express him or her properly. Their condition may perhaps also
affect unfavorably his or her post-school adjustments particularly in
vocational and social aspect of living. Proper assignment of these
children in school situations for successful education achievement is
possible and need is now recognized. It is certainly decided that
physically challenged should have every opportunity to develop
physically, mentally and socially to the highest degree possible,
within their restrictions through the most important media of
movement activity and sports. Contribution in physical activities can
be an excellent means of integrating the physically challenged
students with the society where he or she can achieve some success
and group approval where capacity is the prime consideration. The
inability to here or speak like normal people has great manipulate on
the psychological make-up of these people. Usually, they like to mix-
up with the people of the same group and avoid the normal people.
Thus the personality development of these people become different
from normal children, often they found remaining subdued. This
subdued nature may have a great effect on critical thinking about
something. So a positive approach and special care and attention may
help them to get rid of these difficulties and integrate them with the
major portion of the people. It is needed to take special care and
attention of this population from their childhood to give them ample
opportunity to be self-sufficient in future. That is why various schools
have been established for the special populations in our country
starting from late seventies up to date. It is needed not only to give
them education but also to build a healthy body and mind for them
having the prime necessity of physical education as well to make them
conscious about their physique, health and fitness. Deaf-mute is a
term which was used historically to identify a person who was either
deaf using a sign language otherwise both deaf and could not speak.
The term continues to be second-hand to refer to deaf people who
cannot speak an oral language or have some degree of speaking
ability, but choose not to speak for the reason that of the negative or
unwanted attention atypical voices sometimes attract. Such public
communicate using sign language. Some consider it to be a
derogatory term if used outside its historical context; the preferred
term today is simply "deaf". It is sometimes used to refer to extra
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PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.12, No.1
hearing people in jest, to chide, or to invoke an image of someone
who refuses to employ common sense or who is unreliable. "Deaf and
dumb" is one more significant reference to deaf people. In the
present deaf-mute was used to describe deaf people who used sign
language, but in modern times, the term is frequently viewed as
offensive and inaccurate. From antiquity (as noted in the Code of
Hammurabi) until present times, the terms "deaf-mute" and "deaf and
dumb" were sometimes considered analogous to "stupid" by some
hearing people. The simple independence of "deaf" has been
embraced by the community of signing deaf people since the
foundations of public deaf education in the 18th century and remains
the preferred term of indication or identity for many years. Within the
deaf group of people there are a number of who prefer the term "Deaf"
(upper-case D) to "deaf" (lower-case) as a description of their status
and identity. Classification as a deaf-mute has a exacting importance
in Jewish law. Because historically it was consideration impossible to
teach or communicate with them, deaf-mutes were not moral agents,
and therefore were unable to own real estate, act as witnesses, or be
punished for any crime. However, today when techniques intended
for educating deaf people are known, they are no longer classed as
such. DUMB in the sense “lacking the power of speech” is apparent as
insulting when describing humans (but not animals), probably
because DUMB also means “stupid; dull-witted.” The noun dummy in
the intelligence “person who lacks the power of speech” is also
perceived as insulting, as are the terms deaf-and-dumb, deaf-
mute, and mute. The adjective hard of hearing is acceptable though
not the term of choice, partly because it lacks directness. The
preferred term is deaf, which makes no reference to an inability to
speak or converse; the capitalized Deaf signals membership in this
community.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Participants
In order to address the hypothesis presented herein, we
selected 30 disability person are selected randomly from the
Coimbatore district. The age of the subject will be ranged from 18 to
30 years will be selected as subjects. The subjects were randomly
assigned in to two equal groups namely, Aerobic training group
(ATG) (n=15) and Control group (CG) (n=15). The respective
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PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.12, No.1
training was given to the experimental group the 3 days per weeks
(alternate days) for the training period of eight weeks. The control
group was not given any sort of training except their routine.
Research Design
The evaluated physical parameters were Agility were assessed
by Shuttle run the unit of measurement was in Seconds, Flexibility
were assessed by sit and Reach test in Centimeters. The parameters
were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of aerobic training were
examined. The intensity was increased once in two weeks based on
the variation of the exercises.
TABLE - I
COMPUTATION OF ‘T’ RATIO ON PHYSICAL FITNESS
VARIABLES OF DEAF AND DUMB CHILDREN ON
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
(Scores in numbers)
Std.
Group Test Mean Deviation T ratio
Agility Pre test 76.73 37.74 0.26*
Experimental Post 33.37
Group Pre test 26.13 8.94
test 79.27
Flexibility Post 8.34 0.66*
test 28
*significant level 0.05 level (degree of freedom 2.14, 1 and 14)
Table I reveals the computation of mean, standard deviation
and‘t’ ratio on selected variables namely Agility, Flexibility of
experimental group. The obtained ‘t’ ratio on Agility, Flexibility were
0.26, and 0.66 respectively. The required table value was 2.14 for the
degrees of freedom 1 and 14 at the 0.05 level of significance. Since
the obtained ‘t’ values were greater than the table value it was found
to be statistically significant.
38
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