2017-05-24 International recognition of Kosovo - Wikipedia
International recognition of Kosovo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Since its declaration of independence from Serbia (enacted on 17 February 2008),[1][2] international recognition of Kosovo has been mixed, and the international
community continues to be divided on the issue.
As of 27 February 2017, the Republic of Kosovo has received 115 diplomatic recognitions as an independent state. Notably, 111 out of 193 (57.5%) United
Nations (UN) member states, 23 out of 28 (82%) European Union (EU) member states, 24 out of 28 (86%) NATO member states, and 36 out of 57 (63%)
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states have recognised Kosovo. The Government of Serbia does not recognise it as a sovereign state, but has
begun to normalise relations with the Government of Kosovo in accordance with the Brussels Agreement.
Contents
1 Background
2 Serbia's reaction
3 Positions taken by sovereign entities
3.1 Entities that recognise Kosovo as an independent state
3.1.1 United Nations member states
3.2 Entities that do not recognise Kosovo as an independent state
3.2.1 United Nations member states
3.2.2 Other states and entities
4 Positions taken by intergovernmental organisations
5 Positions taken by other actors
5.1 Autonomous regions and secessionist movements
5.2 International non-governmental organisations
6 See also
7 References
Background
A number of states expressed concern over the unilateral character of Kosovo's declaration, or explicitly announced that they would not recognise an independent
Kosovo. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) remains divided on this issue: of its five members with veto power, three (the United States, the United
Kingdom, and France) have recognised the declaration of independence, while the People's Republic of China has expressed concern, urging the continuation of
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the previous negotiation framework. Russia has rejected the declaration and considers it illegal.[3] On 15 May 2008, Russia, China, and India released a joint
statement calling for new negotiations between Belgrade and Pristina.[4]
Although EU member states individually decide whether to recognise Kosovo, by consensus the EU has commissioned the European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) to ensure peace and continued external oversight. Due to the dispute in the UNSC, the reconfiguration of the United Nations Interim
Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and partial handover to the EULEX mission met with difficulties. In spite of Russian and Serbian protests, the UN
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon proceeded with the reconfiguration plan. On 15 July 2008, he stated: "In the light of the fact that the Security Council is unable to
provide guidance, I have instructed my Special Representative to move forward with the reconfiguration of UNMIK ... in order to adapt UNMIK to a changed
reality." According to the Secretary-General, the "United Nations has maintained a position of strict neutrality on the question of Kosovo's status".[5] On 26
November 2008, the UNSC gave the green light to the deployment of the EULEX mission in Kosovo. The EU mission is to assume police, justice, and customs
duties from the UN, while operating under the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 (UNSCR 1244) that first placed Kosovo under UN administration
in 1999.[6]
As of late July 2008, UNMIK no longer provides the citizens of Kosovo with travel documents, while their ability to travel using the new Kosovan passport does
not coincide with diplomatic recognition: for example Greece, Romania, and Slovakia accept Kosovo-issued documents for identity purposes, despite not officially
recognising its independence. The three neighbouring states that recognise Kosovo—Albania, Montenegro, and Macedonia—all accept the Kosovan passport,
which Serbia refuses.[7]
A United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution adopted on 8 October 2008 backed Formal recognition of Kosovo by UN member states over time
the request of Serbia to seek an International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's
declaration of independence.[8] On 22 July 2010, the ICJ ruled that the declaration of
independence of Kosovo "did not violate any applicable rule of international law", because its
authors, who were "representatives of the people of Kosovo", were not bound by the
Constitutional Framework (promulgated by UNMIK) or by UNSCR 1244 that is addressed
only to United Nations Member States and organs of the United Nations.[9][10]
Serbia's reaction
Due to Serbian claims that Kosovo is part of its sovereign territory, its initial reactions included Year
recalling ambassadors from countries that recognised Kosovo for several months, indicting
Kosovar leaders on charges of high treason, and litigating the case at the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Serbia also expelled ambassadors from countries that
recognised Kosovo after the UNGA vote adopting Serbia's initiative to seek an ICJ advisory opinion.[11]
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In December 2012, as a result of European Union mediated negotiations on Kosovo's status, Serbian Prime Minister Ivica Dačić agreed to appoint a liaison officer
to Kosovo.[12] In March 2013, Dačić said that while his government would never recognise Kosovo's independence, "lies were told that Kosovo is ours" and that
Serbia needed to define its "real borders".[13]
In April 2013, Kosovo and Serbia reached an agreement to normalise relations, and thereby allow both nations to eventually join the European Union. Under the
terms of the agreement, "Belgrade acknowledged that the government in Pristina exercises administrative authority over the territory of Kosovo – and that it is
prepared to deal with Pristina as a legitimate governing authority."[14]
On 17 June 2013 Kosovo and Serbia exchanged liaison officers.[15]
Positions taken by sovereign entities
Entities that recognise Kosovo as an independent state
Map of states that have recognised Kosovo's independence 3/62
Kosovo
States that recognise Kosovo as independent
States that do not recognise Kosovo as independent.
United Nations member states
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Country[16] Date of recognition
1 Afghanistan[17] 18 February 2008
2 Costa Rica[18] 18 February 2008[19]
3 Albania[20] 18 February 2008[21]
4 France[22] 18 February 2008
5 Senegal[23][24] 18 February 2008
6 Turkey[25] 18 February 2008
7 United Kingdom[26] 18 February 2008
8 United States[27] 18 February 2008
9 Australia[28] 19 February 2008
10 Latvia[29] 20 February 2008
11 Germany[30] 20 February 2008
12 Estonia[31] 21 February 2008
13 Italy[32] 21 February 2008
14 Denmark[33] 21 February 2008
15 Luxembourg[34] 21 February 2008
16 Peru[35] 22 February 2008
17 Belgium[36] 24 February 2008
18 Poland[37] 26 February 2008
19 Switzerland[38] 27 February 2008
20 Austria[39] 28 February 2008
21 Ireland[40] 29 February 2008
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Country[16] Date of recognition
22 Sweden[41] 4 March 2008
23 Netherlands[42] 4 March 2008
24 Iceland[43] 5 March 2008
25 Slovenia[44] 5 March 2008
26 Finland[45] 7 March 2008
27 Japan[46] 18 March 2008
28 Canada[47] 18 March 2008
29 Monaco[48] 19 March 2008
30 Hungary[49] 19 March 2008
31 Croatia[50] 19 March 2008
32 Bulgaria[51] 20 March 2008
33 Liechtenstein[52] 25 March 2008
34 Republic of Korea[53] 28 March 2008
35 Norway[54] 28 March 2008
36 Marshall Islands[55] 17 April 2008
37 Burkina Faso[56][57] 23 April 2008
38 Nauru[58] 23 April 2008
39 Lithuania[59] 6 May 2008
40 San Marino[60] 12 May 2008
41 Czech Republic[61] 21 May 2008
42 Liberia[62] 30 May 2008
43 Sierra Leone[63][64] 11 June 2008
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Country[16] Date of recognition
44 Colombia[65] 4 August 2008
45 Belize[66] 7 August 2008
46 Malta[67] 22 August 2008
47 Samoa[68][69] 15 September 2008
48 Portugal[70] 7 October 2008
49 Montenegro[71] 9 October 2008
50 Macedonia[72] 9 October 2008
51 United Arab Emirates[73] 14 October 2008
52 Malaysia[74][75] 30 October 2008
53 Micronesia[76][77] 5 December 2008
54 Panama[78][79] 16 January 2009
55 Maldives[80] 19 February 2009
56 Palau[81] 6 March 2009
57 Gambia[82] 7 April 2009
58 Saudi Arabia[83] 20 April 2009
59 Comoros[84][85] 14 May 2009
60 Bahrain[86] 19 May 2009
61 Jordan[87] 7 July 2009
62 Dominican Republic[88][89] 10 July 2009
63 New Zealand[90] 9 November 2009
64 Malawi[91] 14 December 2009
65 Mauritania[92] 12 January 2010
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Country[16] Date of recognition
66 Swaziland[93][94] 12 April 2010
67 Vanuatu[95] 28 April 2010
68 Djibouti[96] 8 May 2010
69 Somalia[97] 19 May 2010
70 Honduras[98] 3 September 2010
71 Kiribati[99][100] 21 October 2010
72 Tuvalu[101] 18 November 2010
73 Qatar[102] 7 January 2011
74 Guinea-Bissau[103][104] 10 January 2011
75 Oman[105][106] 4 February 2011
76 Andorra[107] 8 June 2011
77 Central African Republic[108][109] 22 July 2011
78 Guinea[110][111] 12 August 2011
79 Niger[110][112] 15 August 2011
80 Benin[113] 18 August 2011
81 Saint Lucia[114] 19 August 2011
82 Gabon[115][116] 15 September 2011
83 Ivory Coast[117][118] 16 September 2011
84 Kuwait[119] 11 October 2011
85 Ghana[120][121] 23 January 2012
86 Haiti[122] 10 February 2012
87 Brunei[123] 25 April 2012
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Country[16] Date of recognition
88 Chad[124] 1 June 2012
89 Timor-Leste[125][126] 20 September 2012
90 Papua New Guinea[127][128][129] 3 October 2012
91 Burundi[130] 16 October 2012
92 Fiji[131][132] 19 November 2012
93 Saint Kitts and Nevis[133] 28 November 2012
94 Dominica[134] 11 December 2012
95 Pakistan[135][136] 24 December 2012
96 Guyana[137][138] 16 March 2013
97 Tanzania[139] 29 May 2013
98 Yemen[140][141] 11 June 2013
99 Egypt[142] 26 June 2013
100 El Salvador[143][144][145] 29 June 2013
101 Thailand[146][147] 24 September 2013
102 Grenada[148][149] 25 September 2013
103 Libya[150][151] 25 September 2013
104 Tonga[152] 15 January 2014
105 Lesotho[153][154] 11 February 2014
106 Togo[155][156] 11 July 2014
107 Solomon Islands[157][158] 13 August 2014
108 Antigua and Barbuda[159] 20 May 2015
109 Suriname[160] 8 July 2016
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Country[16] Date of recognition
110 Singapore[161][162] 1 December 2016
111 Bangladesh[163][164] 27 February 2017
Other states and entities
State or Entity Date of recognition
Republic of China (Taiwan)[165][166] 19 February 2008
Sovereign Military Order of Malta[167] 1 June 2009
Cook Islands[168] 18 May 2015
Niue[169] 23 June 2015
Entities that do not recognise Kosovo as an independent state
Diplomatic recognition is an explicit, official, unilateral act in the foreign policy of states in regards to another party. Not having issued such a statement does not
necessarily mean the state has objections to the existence, independence, sovereignty or government of the other party. Some states, by custom or policy, do not
extend formal recognitions, on the grounds that a vote for membership in the UN or another organisation whose membership is limited to states is itself an act of
recognition.
United Nations member states
A·B·C·E·G·I·J·K·L·M·N·P·R·S·T·U·V·Z
A
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Country Position
Algeria In March 2008, Mourad Medelci, Algerian Foreign Minister, stated that while Algeria sympathised with all Muslim countries, it believed that
international laws had to be adhered to.[170] A year later, Medelci reaffirmed the Algerian position of Kosovo being an integral part of
Serbia.[171]
In May 2009, the Ambassador of Algeria to Serbia, Abdelkader Mesdoua stated that Algeria would reconsider the issue of Kosovo if Serbia
changed its own position.[172]
Angola On 23 June 2008, Angolan president José Eduardo dos Santos sent a message to his Serbian counterpart, Boris Tadić, regarding Kosovo's
declaration of independence. It reiterated the solidarity of dos Santos and Angola to Serbia in regard to the preservation of its sovereignty and
integrity.[173]
Argentina In February 2008, Argentine Foreign Minister, Jorge Taiana said "if we were to recognize Kosovo, which has declared its independence
unilaterally, without an agreement with Serbia, we would set a dangerous precedent that would seriously threaten our chances of a political
settlement in the case of the Falkland Islands". He said that president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner would not give any official statement on the
issue, reiterating that there would be no recognition of Kosovo.[174] Argentina will not recognise also because it "supports the principle of
territorial integrity". Additionally, he stressed that the 1999 UNSCR 1244 called for the mutual agreement of all parties to solve the dispute.[175]
In a 2 December 2009 hearing at the ICJ, the Argentine delegation said that Kosovo's declaration of independence "breaches an obligation to
respect the territorial integrity of Serbia, the obligation of peaceful settlement of disputes and principle of non-intervention. The resolution has no
legal basis in the principle of self-determination," and that it "did not, and could not, abolish Serbia's sovereignty over Kosovo".[176][177]
Armenia On 12 March 2008, Armenian president Serzh Sargsyan stated that Armenia's possible recognition of Kosovo's independence would not strain
Armenia–Russia relations, but also noted that "Kosovo recognition issue needs serious discussion ... Armenia has always been an adherent to the
right of nations to self-determination and in this aspect we welcome Kosovo's independence."[178] On 3 September 2008 Sargsyan stated: "Today
one is wondering from time to time why Armenia is not recognizing the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The answer is simple: for
the same reason that it did not recognize Kosovo's independence. Having the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Armenia can not recognize another
entity in the same situation as long as it has not recognized the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic". A nation's right to self-determination "takes
times", requiring the understanding of "all interested parties". Accordingly, Armenia is trying to "convince" Azerbaijan to accept the loss of
Karabakh, stated the president.[178][179] In November 2008, whilst commenting on Russia's recognition of Georgia's breakaway regions,
Sargsyan said "In case with Kosovo the right of nations to self-determination was applied. However, Russia's similar step was given a hostile
reception".[180]
At a meeting in May 2009 with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni, the representative of Armenia to the UN, Armen Martirosyan
reportedly promised that the request for recognition would be forwarded to his government.[181] On a July 2009 state visit to Armenia, Serbian
president Boris Tadić discussed the issues of Kosovo and Nagorno-Karabakh with Sargsyan. The two leaders agreed that regional conflicts must
be resolved without the use of force and only by peaceful means in keeping with international law.[182] Tadić also met with Armenian prime
minister Tigran Sargsyan where the same issues were discussed. The Kosovo and Nagorno-Karabakh issues can only be solved through
negotiations and "any imposed solutions are absolutely unacceptable and we fully agree on that," Tadić said afterwards.[183]
On 4 April 2011 Sargsyan said that Armenia would not recognise the independence of Kosovo against Serbia's interests.[184]
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Azerbaijan In February 2008, a spokesman of the Foreign Ministry of Azerbaijan, Khazar Ibrahim, said "We view this illegal act as being in contradiction
with international law. Proceeding from this, Azerbaijan's position is clear: it does not recognise [Kosovo's] independence".[185] Azerbaijan has
also withdrawn peacekeepers from Kosovo. Zahid Oruj, a member of the parliamentary committee on defence and security, explained it by
saying "Owing to the change of situation in Kosovo, the Azeri peacekeeping battalion performing its mission within the Turkish contingent will
be withdrawn. Azerbaijan acts in compliance with the country's political stance".[186] At the summit of the OIC on 10 March 2008, Azerbaijan
opposed adoption of the document, proposed by Turkey, that would lend support to Kosovo's declaration of independence.[187] On 19 June 2008,
during the meeting of OIC, Azerbaijan was among countries that opposed the recognition of Kosovo as an independent country.[188]
In a 3 December 2009 hearing at the ICJ, the Azerbaijani delegation said that entities that declare secession while violating the internal laws of
the state can not be considered to be states, and that a fait accompli may not be accepted – power is not the right, and the force is not the law.[189]
At a meeting with Serbian president Boris Tadić in Baku in May 2010, President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev said that Serbia and Azerbaijan
mutually help each other in the international arena and that his country provides strong support for the territorial integrity of Serbia. He stated
that the unilaterally proclaimed independence of Kosovo is an illegal move and called on all UN member states to respect international law.[190]
B
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Country Position
Bahamas
Barbados At a meeting on 18 June 2009 with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni, the representative of the Bahamas to the UN, Paulette Bethel
reportedly said that she would forward the request for recognition to her government.[191]
Belarus In April 2010, Bahamian Foreign Minister Brent Symonette said, "We have considered and continue to consider the situation on the ground on
both sides and maintain a status of awaiting the outcome of negotiations between Kosovo and its neighbouring countries before committing
Bhutan support to either of the two countries".[192]
Bolivia On 26 September 2012, the Bahamian Foreign Minister, Frederick A. Mitchell, said that his state has sympathy for the independence of Kosovo,
Bosnia and that the Bahamas will support the state of Kosovo.[193]
At a meeting in January 2009 with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni, Barbados' general consul assigned to Vienna, Kurt Mach,
promised to inform his government about Kosovo's achievements, and that he would encourage his country to consider recognising Kosovo.[194]
In February 2008, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko wrote in a letter to Serbian President Boris Tadić that "Belarus expresses its
solidarity with the Serbians' intention to defend their sovereignty and territorial integrity".[195] The National Assembly of Belarus had issued a
statement condemning the declaration of independence and encouraged all nations to call the move "illegal" under international law.[196][197]
The Foreign Ministry of Belarus published a statement saying "that the settlement of the Kosovo and Metochia [sic] status should progress under
international law, based on UN Security Council resolution 1244 (of 1999) which is a fundamental document for the Kosovo settlement
certifying the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Serbia, and based on the key provisions of the UN Charter and Helsinki
Final Act, with the essential role of the UN Security Council bearing a predominant responsibility for safeguarding international peace and
security".[198]
In a 3 December 2009 hearing at the ICJ, the Belarusian delegation said that secession by international law was allowed only in former colonies,
or in cases where the minority population was oppressed for a long period of time and was denied the participation in government, however the
situation in Kosovo has not met these criteria traditionally interpreted as the right for "external" self-determination. The internal law of Serbia as
well as UNSC resolutions are satisfactory for the "internal" self-determination of the Albanian population.[189]
In May 2012 the Belarusian ambassador to Serbia, Uladzimir Chushaw, said that Belarus will never recognise the independence of Kosovo. He
was quoted as saying, "The Kosovo wounds are hurting us very much."[199]
At a meeting on 28 May 2009 with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni, the representative of Bhutan to the UN, Lhatu Wangchuk,
reportedly said that he had conveyed Kosovo's request for recognition to his government on 3 February, and he is awaiting the decision of his
government.[200]
On 19 September 2012, Wangchuk said that his country is deliberating the issue of Kosovo.[201]
In February 2008, Bolivian president Evo Morales refused to recognise Kosovo's independence and compared Kosovo separatists to the leaders
of four eastern Bolivian states who have demanded greater autonomy from the federal government.[202]
In a 4 December 2009 hearing at the ICJ, the Bolivian delegation said that Kosovo is an integral part of Serbia and that the Republic of Kosovo
does not exist. A unilateral declaration of independence cannot change the international regime established by the UNSC resolution, or decide
the outcome of negotiations.[203]
Bosnia and Herzegovina's reaction to Kosovo's independence has been mixed. Bosniak and Croat members of the Presidency want to recognise
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and it, but Serb members refuse.
Herzegovina
Botswana In a September 2010 meeting between the Foreign Ministers of Kosovo and Botswana, Skënder Hyseni and Phandu Skelemani, Mr. Skelemani
said that the ICJ had given "a clear decision", and said that he would soon formally present a position for recognition to his government.[204] In
October 2010, Skelemani said that Botswana has not yet made a decision on recognition of Kosovo pending the ruling of the EU, and that
Kosovo had promised support in the establishment of a medical school in return for its recognition.[205]
In March 2011, Skelemani said that Botswana still has to advise itself properly in order to come up with an informed decision on the issue. He
said that the matter of Kosovo has been before the ICJ and therefore it requires a close look as it involves law.[206] In September 2013, Botswana
Foreign Minister Phandu TC Skelemani, promised the recognition of Kosovo stating that it was now only a matter of procedure before it
happens.[207]
In September 2014, Skelemani said that his country values as positive the developments in Kosovo, which pave the way to the possibility for
reviewing of recognition by his country.[208]
Brazil Brazil has not recognised the independence of Kosovo, stating that it believes that agreement should be reached under the auspices of the UN
and the legal framework of UNSCR 1244.
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Country Position
On 6 October 2008, the Europe Department Director at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Cambodia, Kao
Samreth, stressed that Cambodia does not wish to encourage secession in any country and therefore does not support the independence of
Kosovo. Kao drew parallels to independence claims for South Ossetia and stated that Cambodia would not encourage tension within a country by
supporting independence claims.[209]
Cambodia In February 2009, Secretary of State at Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Cambodia, Ouch Borith, reiterated an earlier
Cambodian Ministry of Foreign Affairs statement that Kosovo is a sensitive issue which they are studying carefully. Borith questioned, "if
Kosovo is recognized, what about South Ossetia?"[210] On 2 April 2009, the Director of the Department of International Organizations at
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Cambodia, Tuy Ri, stated that Cambodia had no plans to file a brief (either
supportive of Serbia or Kosovo) in the ICJ case.[211]
In January 2011, the General Secretary of Cameroon's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ferdinand Ngoh Ngoh, reportedly said that his government
cannot deny that Kosovo's independence is irreversible, but that it would have to be careful on how to proceed in order not to create a situation
that would damage Cameroon's interests and position in the world.[212]
Cameroon In November 2011, in a meeting with First Deputy Prime Minister of Kosovo, Behgjet Pacolli, Cameroon's prime minister, Philémon Yang,
reportedly said that the recognition of Kosovo was underway.[213]
In a 15 November 2012 meeting with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Enver Hoxhaj, the Minister Delegate of Cameroon's Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, Adoum Gargoum, said that his country has no political or legal reasons not to recognise Kosovo's independence, expressing the
sympathy of his people for the people of Kosovo.[214]
Cape At a meeting in May 2009 with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni, the representative of Cape Verde to the UN, Antonio Pedro
Verde Monteiro Lima, reportedly said that the decision on recognition of Kosovo is only "a matter of time" and that "Cape Verde knows very well the
price of freedom".[181]
In December 2010, Cape Verde's National Director of Political Affairs and Cooperation, José Luis Rocha, said that his country will wait until
there is consensus at the UNSC before considering its position.[215]
In February 2013, the Prime Minister of Cape Verde, José Maria Neves promised that his country would soon recognise the state of Kosovo.[216]
Chile In a 27 February 2008 press release, the Foreign Ministry of Chile called on the parties concerned to achieve, by peaceable means, through
dialogue and adherence to the international law, a solution that respects the principles and purposes of the UN Charter. Chile will continue to
analyse the discussions that have taken and are taking place, both in the UNSC, and in the Council of Ministers of the EU.[217]
China China is strongly supportive of the principles of State sovereignty and territorial integrity. It supports Serbia's position on Kosovo.
On 10 February 2009, the Head of the International Organizations Directorate at the Congolese Foreign Ministry, Alice Kimpembe Bamba, said
Democratic that her government had no plans to recognise Kosovo at the moment, adding that her government was closely following developments on
Republic of the Kosovo at the UN.[218] In November 2009, it was reported that the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Joseph Kabila had said
Congo
that his country will not recognise the independence of Kosovo for as long as he lives.[219]
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Country Position
Georgia The Foreign Minister of Georgia, David Bakradze, said on 18 February 2008 that Tbilisi would not recognise Kosovo's independence, adding: "I
think everyone in Georgia, regardless of political orientation, is unanimous on this".[248][249][250] On 29 March 2008 the prime minister, Lado
Gurgenidze, gave a recorded interview in Estonia, in which he clearly said in English that as Georgia's friends have recognised Kosovo, it is only
natural that eventually Georgia will do likewise. The printed publication of the interview elicited demands by the opposition to impeach him, and
the government spokesman stated that the prime minister was misinterpreted, after which the Estonian paper Postimees, which conducted and
printed the interview, released the audio to the world.[251] On 9 May 2008 President of Georgia, Mikheil Saakashvili, said "We are saying loud
and clear that we have never planned to recognize Kosovo. Nor do we plan to do so in the future. The way out of the situation that has been
chosen is not the best one. The Serbs should have been given more time for negotiations. The solution for Kosovo was a hasty one".[252]
Greece Greece does not recognise the independence of Kosovo, but has supported its membership in several international organisations.
In March 2008, the Guatemalan Foreign Minister, Haroldo Rodas, had said that he had objected to the recognition of Kosovo in deference to
Russian concerns. However, the government was still considering recognising Kosovo.[253]
Guatemala At a meeting on 26 March 2009 with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni, the Ambassador of Guatemala to the UN, Gert Rosenthal, said
that his country's government is carefully studying the developments in Kosovo, and the ongoing preparations to present a case to the ICJ. He
also said that Guatemala is working with others in Latin America to reach a decision.[254]
In April 2014, Guatemalan President Otto Pérez Molina said that his country would consider recognising Kosovo.[255]
I
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Country Position
India India has consistently refused to recognise the independence of Kosovo.
Indonesia Indonesia's reaction to Kosovo's independence has been mixed.
On 13 March 2008, Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said that Iran, after considering the region's issues and conditions, had not
recognised the independence of Kosovo.[256] In early March 2008, Gholamreza Ansari, Ambassador of Iran to Russia, said that "this question
has very important aspects. Frankly speaking, the United Nations divided one of its members into two parts, though Article 1244 confirms the
territorial integrity of Serbia. This is a very strange event. We think that some countries try to weaken international organizations. Presently, Iran
is studying the question of Kosovo's future. Iran ... expresses its concern over the weakening of international organizations".[257]
In April 2012 during a visit in Belgrade Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Ramin Mehmanparast said that Iran will adhere to its decision not to
Iran recognise independence of Kosovo. Tehran on this issue is very clear and Iran is thereby giving its support to stability and safety in the region,
Mehmanparast said. Mehmanparast added that Iran supported the Belgrade-Pristina dialogue as it believes that the international law can channel
the burning issues in the best manner possible.[258] In a 5 August 2012 interview, the Ambassador of Iran to Albania, Ali Amouei, said that he
believes the sustainable way out of the Kosovo issue is talks with Serbia, and that Iran will not hesitate to officially recognise Kosovo once it has
concluded that it would serve to establish peace and stability in the Balkans and the realisation of the legitimate rights of Muslims in
Kosovo.[259]
In February 2013, Amouei said that if the OIC concludes unanimously that recognising Kosovo helps peace and stability in the region, Iran will
not avoid the recognition. He said that Iran's good relations with Serbia and Russia do not affect their position on Kosovo.[260]
Iraq At a meeting on 28 May 2009 with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni, the representative of Iraq to the UN, Hamid Al Bayati,
reportedly said that Kosovo deserves to be recognised by other states and that Iraq's decision to recognise will come at a suitable time.[261] At a
meeting in September 2009 with Hyseni, Iraqi Foreign Minister, Hoshyar Zebari, said that Kosovo's request for recognition was being studied
closely. He said that he would forward the request to his Government, and that "we understand the right of peoples to self-determination".[262]
On 18 February 2010, following a meeting with Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Maliki, Serbian Foreign Minister Vuk Jeremić said that Serbia
strongly supports Iraq's territorial integrity just as Iraq supports Serbia.[263] In May 2010, Ali al-Baldawi, a representative of the Islamic
Supreme Council of Iraq, reportedly said that relations would be established with Kosovo once his party, which won the latest elections, forms a
new government.[264] On 6 August 2010, following a meeting with prime minister al-Maliki, the Serbian Defence Minister Dragan Šutanovac
said that Iraq did not recognise the independence of Kosovo and added that Iraq had supported the sovereignty and territorial integrity of
Serbia.[265]
In March 2011, Kosovo's prime minister Hashim Thaçi met with the Iraqi vice-president Tariq al-Hashimi, who promised that Iraq would
consider the recognition of Kosovo in the immediate future to open the way for the promotion of good relations between the two countries.[266]
In October 2011 Iraq's ambassador to Belgrade, Falah Abdulsada, said that Iraq supports international law and international mechanisms, and has
not changed its position of non-recognition of Kosovo.[267]
In September 2012, Iraqi president, Jalal Talabani, said that he appreciated the interest of the Republic of Kosovo in creating friendship with his
country, and he invited Kosovo's deputy prime minister, Behgjet Pacolli, to make an official visit to Iraq in order to discuss in more depth further
steps to create inter-state relations.[268] In November 2012, Zebari expressed his country's support for an independent Kosovo, and appreciated
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Israel the progress achieved in Kosovo after the declaration of independence. He also said that Iraqi authorities follow the developments in Kosovo
with great care.[269]
"We haven't decided when we're going to decide, and instead will monitor events and consider the issue," an unnamed Israeli Foreign Ministry
official was quoted by the Jerusalem Post in February 2008.[270] Israel will not recognise Kosovo's independence at this time, in part because of
the possibility of Palestinians using recognition of Kosovo to justify their own unilateral declaration of independence.[271] According to The
Jewish Chronicle, Foreign Ministry officials and politicians are privately voicing a general sympathy towards the Kosovar cause, however Israel
still won't recognise Kosovo.[272] Knesset representative Ruhama Avraham said that "at present the government of Israel has made decision not
to join the group of countries which recognised the independence of Kosovo". She also said that Israel considers the situation "very
disturbing".[273]
On 28 April 2009, Arthur Koll, the Israeli ambassador to Serbia, said it had been more than a year since Kosovo unilaterally declared
independence, and that Israel had no intention of recognising that independence and that "Israel is asked from time to time how solid this
decision is, but the fact is that Israel's position has not changed throughout this time. The Serbian people and government should appreciate
Israel's position, which also demonstrates the friendship between the two states".[274][275] On 16 September 2009, Israeli foreign minister
Avigdor Lieberman said that Israel is "monitoring the situation between Serbia and Kosovo" and that Israel hopes for "a really comprehensive
and peaceful solution" which would be established through negotiations between Belgrade and Pristina. Lieberman said that his country would
be able to withstand the pressure made on it to recognise Kosovo because Israel has "been under pressure since 1948 on many issues and we
know how to deal with any pressure".[276] "Israeli officials have confirmed that Israel will remain firm in its stand [on Kosovo]," Serbian Interior
Minister Ivica Dačić said during a visit to Israel in late October 2009.[277]
In June 2011, Lieberman said that Kosovo's independence is a "sensitive issue" and that Israel may recognise Kosovo after other countries like
Greece and Spain accept it.[278]
On 3 August 2012, during the opening of Israeli Embassy in Tirana, Lieberman, when asked about Kosovo, said that his country is in a delicate
situation.[279] In August 2012, Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister, Danny Ayalon, stated that Israel was considering recognising Kosovo, with a
decision expected as soon as the following year.[280] In December 2012, the Israeli Ambassador to Albania, David Cohen, said that Israel has not
recognised Kosovo yet, but it is working on this issue and that although it does not have known trade relations with Kosovo, it does give visa
facilitation for Kosovars.[281]
J
Country Position
Jamaica
The Jamaican Government in 2009 refused a request from the United States to recognise Kosovo. On 23 July 2009 the Under Secretary for
Multilateral Affairs at the Jamaican Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade, Ambassador Vilma McNish, indicated that she expected no
change in the Government of Jamaica's decision not to extend formal diplomatic recognition to Kosovo.[282][283]
Following April 2010 meetings with Jamaican officials, Serbian Foreign Minister Vuk Jeremić stated that Serbia can count on Jamaica's
continued support in the preservation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity.[284]
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K
Country Position
Kazakhstan
In February 2008, a Kazakh foreign ministry spokesperson said that Kazakhstan opposes Kosovo's unilateral proclamation of independence.
Kenya Kazakhstan insists the Kosovo issue should be solved peacefully in accordance with UN principles on national sovereignty and territorial
Kyrgyzstan integrity, the spokesperson said.[285] In October 2008, Kazakh Foreign Minister Marat Tazhin said that "the principle of territorial integrity is key
in international law" and that for this reason Kazakhstan did not recognise Kosovo or Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[286] In December 2008,
Kazakh prime minister Karim Masimov stated that "We have an official position. Kazakhstan did not recognise Kosovo and does not recognise
Abkhazia and South Ossetia. We consider that borders are defined and Kazakhstan will not recognise any new states".[287]
At a meeting on 30 July 2008 between Kenyan and Serbian Foreign Ministers, Moses Wetangula and Vuk Jeremić, Wetangula spoke of Kenya's
principled position regarding Kosovo and the territorial integrity of Serbia.[288]
At a meeting on 27 May 2009 with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni, the representative of Kenya to the UN, Zachary Muburi-Muita,
said that "Kosovo deserves a place in the family of nations" and that he will pass the request for recognition to his government. He also said that
a right for self-determination is an undeniable right.[289]
Following a September 2010 meeting with Kenyan politicians, Albanian prime minister Sali Berisha said that Kenya had promised to decide
positively regarding recognition of Kosovo.[290]
In October 2012, Prime Minister of Kenya, Raila Odinga, stated that Kenya was seriously considering recognising Kosovo, and that a decision
would be announced shortly.[291]
In February 2008, a statement issued by Kyrgyz Foreign Ministry states that Kyrgyzstan will not recognise Kosovo's independence and considers
it a dangerous precedent for separatist organisations in the world.[292][293]
L
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Country Position
Laos
On 27 February 2008, the Lao Foreign Ministry issued a statement saying that "The Lao PDR urged all sides to respect the resolution of the UN
Lebanon Security Council No 1244, dated 10 June 1999, recognizing Kosovo as a Serbian province".[294]
At a meeting on 28 May 2009 with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni, the representative of Lebanon to the UN, Nawaf Salam,
reportedly said that Lebanon will continue to support Kosovo and that the government of Lebanon is seeking the moment for recognition.[295] In
a November 2009 meeting between an Albanian delegation led by Deputy Foreign Minister, Edith Harxhi, and Lebanese officials including
prime minister Saad Hariri, the Lebanese side reportedly said that Lebanon would soon recognise Kosovo.[296] However, the Lebanese
ambassador in Belgrade, Cehad Mualem, was later reported as saying that there was no possibility of Lebanon recognising Kosovo in the near
future. He said that Lebanon would wait for the decision of the ICJ.[297]
In a February 2012 meeting with the speaker of Albanian Parliament, Jozefina Topalli, the Lebanese prime minister, Najib Mikati, said that the
issue of Kosovo's recognition is being considered very seriously.[298]
In December 2013, Lebanese Foreign Minister Adnan Mansour promised to consider Kosovo's request for recognition.[299]
M
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Country Position
Madagascar
In September 2012, Madagascar's Permanent Representative to the UN, Zina Andrianarivelo-Razafy, said that he would draft a report on the
Mali recognition of Kosovo and forward it to his government.[300]
In December 2013, Madagascar's Minister of Foreign Affairs stated that he would seriously consider recognising Kosovo.[301]
Mauritius
Mali's president Amadou Toumani Touré was reported in the press in March 2008 as having expressed the Malian stance on Kosovo as follows:
Mexico "International norms must be respected, because their abuse and the violation of territorial integrity could threaten a series of countries with a
Moldova similar problem".[302]
Mongolia In a 21 May 2010 meeting with Serbian prime minister, Mirko Cvetković, Mali's Foreign Minister, Moctar Ouane, said that Serbia can count on
Mali's support in its efforts to preserve its sovereignty and territorial integrity.[303]
In August 2011 meeting with Kosovo's First deputy prime minister Behgjet Pacolli, Touré is reported to have said that recognition of Kosovo
will be seriously considered by Mali.[304]
Following the August 2012 publication of a note verbale recognising Kosovo's independence, purportedly signed by acting President of Mali,
Dioncounda Traoré,[305] state run media in Mali issued a statement in which the Presidency of Mali denied recognising Kosovo and claimed that
the document was a fabrication.[306] Pacolli claimed that the Malian Army, who had recently seized control of the state in a coup d'état due to
dissatisfaction over the governments handling of their own separatist uprising in Azawad, had intervened to reverse the recognition granted by
the civilian president.[307] On Pacolli's return to Mali to seek clarification on the issue, state leaders promised to reconfirm their recognition.[308]
On 8 May 2008, Mauritian Secretary General for Foreign Affairs, Anand Neewoor, stated that the Government of Mauritius would not recognise
Kosovo any time soon because of their concerns that it would have implications for their "fight to regain the Chagos Islands". Neewoor said of a
few African countries that had recognised Kosovo, that they were "only countries without concerns of split away regions".[309] On 28 August
2008, Patrice Cure, head of the Multilateral Division at the Mauritian Foreign Ministry, indicated no willingness by his government to reconsider
its stance on Kosovo, continuing to hold the line connecting Kosovo to Chagos issues.[310]
In June 2009, the Mauritian prime minister, Navin Ramgoolam, had called the US Embassy in Port Louis to say that he had decided that
Mauritius would recognise Kosovo, despite opposition from his foreign ministry.[311]
On 19 February 2008, the Mexican Secretariat of Foreign Affairs issued a statement saying that Mexico is closely paying attention to the
situation as it develops in order to adopt, at an opportune moment, a position on the declaration of independence. The same statement called on
all parties to agree peacefully, through dialogue, on the final status of Kosovo and to reach an agreement on the rights of minorities and the
maintenance of peace and security in the Balkans.[312] Mexican government officials have since then repeatedly underlined that Mexico does not
intend to recognise Kosovo.[313]
Kosovo's declaration creates "deep concerns in the Republic of Moldova," the Moldovan government said in a February 2008 statement.
Moldova will not recognise Kosovo's independence.[314] In December 2013, Moldovan Defence Minister Vitalie Marinuta stated on a visit to
Serbia that Moldova will not recognise Kosovo.[315]
On 8 May 2009, Kosovo's president Fatmir Sejdiu met Nyamaa Enkhbold, the Mongolian Deputy Parliament Speaker, to request recognition of
Kosovo by Mongolia. Mr. Enkhbold reportedly promised to deal with the request once he had returned home.[316]
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Country Position
Paraguay
In February 2008, the Ministry of Foreign Relations of Paraguay published a statement saying that Paraguay took note of the independence
Philippines declaration and was analysing the situation.[341]
In April 2010, it was reported that the Paraguayan president had told Kosovan pilot James Berisha, who was on an awareness-raising journey
around Central and South America, that Paraguay had already recognised Kosovo's independence but had not made this known so as not to
jeopardise their relationship with Russia.[342]
In February 2008, Foreign Affairs Secretary Alberto Romulo said in a statement: "Considering the existing sensibilities in the region, continued
dialogue should be encouraged among all the parties concerned to ensure regional stability". He also said the Philippines is not willing to
recognise Kosovo as an independent nation.[343] On 19 February 2008, Romulo stated that recognition could complicate peace talks with Muslim
separatists in Mindanao. He said that "while the Philippines does not oppose the idea of independence for Kosovo, it would prefer a settlement ...
taking into account the internationally accepted principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity".[344]
In a November 2012 meeting with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Enver Hoxhaj, Foreign Affairs Undersecretary, Rafael E. Seguis, pledged support
for Kosovo, saying that his country has full understanding for the independence of Kosovo and that he would consider the request for
recognition.[345]
R
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Country Position
Romania On 18 February 2008, a joint session of the Parliament of Romania voted not to recognise Kosovo's independence by 357 to 27, with support
from all parties except the UDMR. Also the President and the Prime Minister opposed recognition.[346][347]
Russia In February 2009, Romanian Foreign Minister Cristian Diaconescu said that "Romania does not change its position and will not recognize
Rwanda Kosovo's independence, which contradicts to the norms and principles of the international law" and that the EP resolution on Kosovo is not
binding.[348][349] In September 2009, President Traian Băsescu announced that Romania will partner Serbia in its action at the ICJ and said that
"Territorial partitions are unacceptable, regardless of what explanations [are] put forward to support them."[350]
On 24 September 2010, Romanian prime minister Emil Boc said in an address to the UNGA that while Romania respected the ICJ's opinion on
the legality of Kosovo's independence, it did not examine the key issue which was the legality of the creation of a new state. Romania will
continue not to recognise Kosovo's independence.[351]
In March 2012 a majority of Romanian MEPs, including Elena Băsescu (the president's daughter), voted in favour of a resolution calling on the
EU countries which had not recognised Kosovo to do so.[352] In April 2012, Diaconescu said "As far as we are concerned, we clearly stated our
approach, which has not changed: Romania will not recognize this province because it does not meet all requirements of the international laws to
function as a state. But, certainly, the situation must be analyzed especially through the perspective of the relation Belgrade will establish with
this province".[353]
In April 2013, following a resolution by the European Parliament which urged all EU members states which had not recognised Kosovo to do so,
Romania's Prime Minister Victor Ponta stated that his country must follow the EU's lead.[354][355] In May 2015, Prime Minister Victor Ponta
stated that "In 2008 Romania decided not to recognize Kosovo. However, things have changed since then. Governments have changed and some
new decision on the recognition of Kosovo could be made ... because many things have changed in Kosovo since 2008."[356]
Russia strongly opposed Kosovo's independence, but in 2014 when it recognised the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea,
Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs cited Kosovo's declaration and the ICJ decision as evidence that unilateral declarations of independence are
not inconsistent with international law.[357]
On 11 February 2009, the Director of International Organisations at Rwanda's Foreign Ministry, Ben Rutsinga, said that the African Union had
no unified position on Kosovo independence and that Rwanda would not reach an "individual determination" in advance of such a unified
position.[358] On 18 September 2009, the Rwandan Foreign Minister, Rosemary Museminali, said that some countries would be likely to criticise
a Rwandan recognition of Kosovo, accusing Rwanda of taking that stance in order to lay the basis for a similar breakaway by parts of eastern
Democratic Republic of the Congo. She added that the Government of Kosovo had requested a meeting with her but she had not responded.[359]
S
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Country Position
Saint In February 2008, when asked about Kosovo, the Prime Minister of St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Ralph Gonsalves, said that "if the people of a
Vincent and country want independence, then I think they should have it".[360]
the Grenadines At a meeting in August 2011 with U.S. Representative, Eliot Engel, both St. Vincent & the Grenadines' Prime Minister and Foreign Minister,
Ralph Gonsalves and Louis Straker, took on board the case for recognition of Kosovo and promised to review the issue.[361]
In March 2012, São Tomé and Príncipe's Council of Ministers under then Prime Minister Patrice Trovoada adopted a resolution recognising
Kosovo's independence.[362] In January 2013, President Manuel Pinto da Costa issued a communication stating that the recognition was invalid
São Tomé as he had not been consulted on the decision, as required by the country's Constitution.[363][364][365][366] New Prime Minister Gabriel Costa said
and Príncipe that the process of recognition was an anomalous situation.[367] Kosovo Foreign Minister, Enver Hoxhaj, insisted that the recognition remains
valid.[339] First Deputy Prime Minister of Kosovo Behgjet Pacolli said that he received a note verbale recognising Kosovo from Trovoada and
that it was a closed issue.[368]
In September 2012, the Seychelles' Foreign Minister, Jean-Paul Adam, said that his country is not against Kosovo's independence, and that
Seychelles formal recognition will occur very soon.[369][370]
In September 2014, Adam said that Seychelles will consider the recognition of Kosovo with utmost seriousness.[371]
Slovakia Slovakia has not recognised Kosovo, but has given indications that its stance could change in the future.
South South Africa's reaction to the independence of Kosovo has been mixed.
Africa
South In July 2011, Kosovo's First deputy prime minister, Behgjet Pacolli, was invited to attend South Sudan's independence ceremony.[372]
Sudan In September 2012, South Sudan's vice-president, Riek Machar Teny, invited Kosovo's prime minister, Hashim Thaçi, to South Sudan to discuss
building bilateral relations between the two countries.[373] During an October 2012 meeting with Pacolli, South Sudan's president Salva Kiir
Mayardit stated his country's desire to maintain friendly relations with Kosovo. He reiterated the position that South Sudan supports the right of
the citizens of Kosovo to build and consolidate their state.[374] In September 2013 the Foreign Minister of South Sudan, Barnaba Marial
Benjamin, confirmed that the recognition of Kosovo is a matter of time.[207]
In April 2014, Benjamin said that positive news in regards to improving relations with Kosovo should be expected.[243] In September 2014,
Benjamin said that South Sudan is considering with seriousness the recognition of the independence and will follow all the procedures in order to
do so.[375]
Spain Spain is the only major country in Western Europe that has not recognised Kosovo, originally because of objections to the legality of its
unilateral declaration of independence under international law, and also due to concerns about possible implications regarding its own issues with
independence movements in the Basque Country, and Catalonia. Although it has given indications that its stance may change, increasing
political tensions in Catalonia under the Government of Carles Puigdemont makes it unlikely that Spain will soften its current position.
Sri Lanka In February 2008, the Foreign Ministry of Sri Lanka called Kosovo's declaration of independence a violation of the UN Charter and emphasised
its concern that the act "could set an unmanageable precedent in the conduct of international relations, the established global order of sovereign
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Sudan States and could thus pose a grave threat to international peace and security".[376]
Syria In a June 2009 meeting with Serbian president Boris Tadić, Sri Lankan president Mahinda Rajapaksa re-affirmed his country's solidarity with
Serbia and stated that Sri Lanka remained firmly opposed to Kosovo's independence as it threatened the international order. Rajapaksa said that
T there could be no right for countries to be formed by secession, which was in violation of the UN Charter and the principles of national
sovereignty.[377]
In a September 2011 meeting with Kosovo's First deputy prime minister Behgjet Pacolli, Rajapaksa promised that Sri Lanka will continue to
cooperate and expressed his willingness to continue contacts which would lead to the construction of interstate relations in the future.[378] In
February 2013, the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka, D. M. Jayaratne, stated that the recognition of Kosovo by Sri Lanka will be reviewed.[379]
At the summit of the OIC on 10 March 2008, Sudan opposed adoption of the document, proposed by Turkey, that would lend support to
Kosovo's declaration of independence.[187] On 28 August 2008, Sudan's envoy to the UN Abdelmahmood Abdelhaleem stated that his
government remains opposed to the independence of Kosovo and that they will support Serbia's request that the UNGA ask for an advisory
opinion from the ICJ.[380]
In a September 2010 meeting between the Foreign Ministers of Kosovo and Sudan, Skënder Hyseni and Ali Karti, Mr. Karti said that Sudan has
closely followed the decision of the ICJ, and will, sooner or later, support Kosovo.[381]
On 13 May 2009, Syria's ambassador to Serbia, Majed Shadoud, reported that Syrian president Bashar al-Assad told Serbian Foreign Minister
Vuk Jeremić that his country continues to oppose the recognition of the independence of Kosovo. Shadoud quoted al-Assad as saying "Syria
urges a political solution for the situation in the Balkans and the Middle East and is opposed to any kind of divisions in both regions, regardless
of whether religious, ethnic or nationalist reasons are in question".[382]
In April 2012 a Syrian opposition delegation (Syrian National Council) led by Ammar Abdulhamid visited Pristina and promised to recognise
Kosovo immediately if they triumph in Syria.[383]
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Country Position
Tajikistan In February 2008, the Chairman of the International Affairs Committee of the Tajik Assembly of Representatives, Asomudin Saidov, stated that
Tajikistan will not recognise Kosovo's independence as it considers it to be the violation of legal norms and a danger for Europe.[384]
In February 2009, Jamaluddin Ubaidulloev, Second Secretary of the Department of European and North American Affairs at the Foreign
Ministry of Tajikistan, said that the Foreign Ministry could not offer an official position on the recognition of Kosovo because it had received no
decision on the matter from the government. However in past conversations, the Head of the European and North American Affairs at the
Ministry, Khusrav Nosiri, had commented that Tajikistan wished to avoid the question of Kosovo recognition because of perceived parallels with
the question of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[385]
Trinidad On 20 February 2008, Trinidad and Tobago's Foreign Minister Paula Gopee-Scoon took a positive stance and promised the US Ambassador that
and Tobago she would pursue the matter of Kosovo's recognition.[386]
At a meeting on 25 March 2009 with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni, the Ambassador of Trinidad and Tobago to the UN, Maria
Annette Valere, said that her country knows how important the process of international recognition is for Kosovo, and that the government of
Trinidad and Tobago would address the request for recognition in the near future.[387]
Tunisia At a meeting on 28 May 2009 with Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni, the representative of Tunisia to the UN, Jalel Snoussi, reportedly
said that he would inform the Tunisian authorities of Kosovo's request for recognition.[388] In November 2009, the Ambassador of Tunisia to
Serbia, Houria Ferchichi, said that Tunisia supports Serbia's commitment to a peaceful and compromised solution of the Kosovo issue through
the UN, and the efforts of Serbian diplomacy in that direction.[389]
In a September 2010 meeting between the Foreign Ministers of Kosovo and Tunisia, Skënder Hyseni and Kamel Morjane, Mr. Morjane said that
Tunisia will take the opinion of the ICJ very seriously, and will review Kosovo's request for recognition in government.[381]
In an August 2011 meeting with Kosovo's First deputy prime minister, Behgjet Pacolli, the leader of the Ennahda Movement, Rashid al-
Ghannushi, "guaranteed Tunisia would recognize Kosovo if his party won the elections".[390][391] On 29 October 2011, following a meeting with
representatives of Ennahda Movement, Pacolli reported that Tunisia was expected to recognise Kosovo following the forthcoming elections.[392]
At a meeting in October 2012 with Albanian Foreign Minister and Chairman of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, Edmond
Panariti, the Tunisian Foreign Minister, Rafik Abdessalem, said that his government is seriously considering the issue of the recognition of
Kosovo.[393]
In January 2013, Abdessalem stressed that the decision to recognise Kosovo was in the final stages and that it was only a matter of time before
this occurs,[394] while prime minister Hamadi Jebali stated that there were no obstacles to recognition.[395] However, in late February the
Tunisian ambassador to Serbia, Majid Hamlaoui, said that Tunisia would not recognise Kosovo, despite outside pressure for recognition.[396]
In a September 2010 meeting with Albanian prime minister Sali Berisha, Turkmen president Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow said that his country
Turkmenistan would consider the recognition of Kosovo at the right time.[397]
U
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Country Position
Uganda In February 2008, a senior Ugandan official said that the Ugandan government is carefully studying Kosovo's declaration of independence before
it makes a decision to recognise it as a state or not.[285] At a meeting on 26 March 2009 between the Kosovan Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni,
Ukraine and Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ambassador of Uganda to the UN, Mr. Rugunda expressed the need for intensification of contacts between the two
Uruguay countries for the purposes of information and co-operation. He also said that Uganda would in time take the optimal decision for Kosovo.[398]
Uzbekistan In August 2011, Ugandan Foreign Minister Sam Kutesa wrote to Kosovo's Deputy Prime Minister Behgjet Pacolli promising to review the
request for recognition in line with the ICJ decision.[399] In February 2012 Kosovo's MFA announced that Uganda had recognised their
independence, citing a note verbale dated 5 December 2011 from Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni which expressed congratulations "on the
advancement towards your country's independence" and that "we are behind other nations that have recognized the Republic of
Kosovo".[400][401] Serbian Foreign Minister Vuk Jeremić responded that Ugandan State Foreign Minister Henry Oryem Okello had informed him
that the recognition never took place.[402] In January 2013, former Foreign Minister of Kosovo Skënder Hyseni said that the recognitions by
Nigeria and Uganda were "contested, not only by the respective states, but also by the US State Department". Current Foreign Minister, Enver
Hoxhaj, stated that he is certain that the number of recognitions is valid.[339]
In an article posted in June 2014, Kosovo's MFA listed Uganda as a state that had not recognised Kosovo.[403]
Ukraine refuses to recognise the independence of Kosovo.
According to Ultimas Noticias, in March 2008 "Uruguay has not recognised Kosovo's declaration of independence, because doing so would not
be in accordance with its required three pillars of recognition: the principle of territorial integrity of states, achieving a solution through dialogue
and consensus, and recognition by international organisations."[404]
On 27 September 2010, Uruguayan Deputy Foreign Minister Roberto Conde, stated that Uruguay would never recognise the independence of
Kosovo.[405]
In February 2008, the Uzbek government believes that questions of independence should be decided in the UN assembly. As for Kosovo,
Uzbekistan has yet to come up with a final position.[406]
V
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Country Position
In February 2008, Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez announced that Venezuela does not recognise Kosovo's independence on the grounds that
Venezuela it has been achieved through U.S. pressure and criticised a recent political movement calling out for a more autonomous Zulia State.[202][407] On
24 March 2008, Chavez accused Washington of trying to "weaken Russia" by supporting independence for Kosovo. He called Kosovo's prime
minister Hashim Thaçi, a "terrorist" put in power by the U.S. and noted that the former rebel leader's nom de guerre was "The Snake".[408]
Vietnam In February 2008, the Vietnamese UN Ambassador Le Luong Minh "reaffirmed Vietnam policy that the fact that Kosovo's unilateral declaration
of independence is not a correct implementation of the U.N. Security Council Resolution 1244 and that will only complicate the situation in
Kosovo and the Balkan region".[409]
In a 23 February 2011 meeting with Serbian Foreign Minister Vuk Jeremić, Vietnamese deputy prime minister, Pham Gia Khiem, reaffirmed
Vietnam's position of supporting "Kosovo-related issues under the United Nations Security Council's decree to gain comprehensive measures in
terms of respecting national sovereignty and territorial integrity, and assuring the benefits of involved nations".[410] In a 24 November 2011
meeting with Albanian deputy prime minister and Foreign Minister, Edmond Haxhinasto, Vietnam's Foreign Minister, Pham Binh Minh, said
that Vietnam is following the developments in Kosovo, and that Serbia and Kosovo should continue the dialogue to find common ground that
will be acceptable to both parties.[411]
Z
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Country Position
Abkhazia In February 2008 Abkhazian de facto president Sergei Bagapsh, regards "the promotion of Kosovo by the U.S.A. and some European states
towards the declaration of independence as a visible demonstration of the policy of double standards". "Why does not the world community put
Holy See any attention to the violent actions against ethnic minorities living in Kosovo..., the lack of interethnic reconciliation...", Sergey Bagapsh noted.
"We are solidly convinced of the fact that [now] we have got an even wider moral base for the recognition of our independence."[422] On 5
Nagorno- September 2008, the Abkhazian Foreign Minister Sergei Shamba said he was ready to recognise Kosovo's independence, "if Kosovo agrees to
Karabakh recognize our own (Abkhazia) independence, we will certainly recognize them as well".[423][424]
Republic
The reaction of the Holy See has been unclear. Since Kosovo's declaration there has been information suggesting de facto recognition, and
Northern information suggesting that this was not the case.
Cyprus
In February 2008, Georgiy Petrosyan, Foreign Minister of the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, said that he does not regard the conflict between
Palestine his motherland and Azerbaijan, and the conflict between Kosovo and Serbia as completely similar. He noted that "approaches and solutions,
which have recommended themselves while regulating one problem, can be used when looking for a solution to another one". Petrosyan stated
that "the recognition of independent Kosovo will become an additional factor strengthening the status of [the] Stepanakert government" that he
represents.[425] On 12 March 2008 following Kosovo's declaration of independence, the National Assembly of Nagorno-Karabakh adopted a
statement calling on the world's parliaments to be consistent in their recognition of states established on the basis of the right for self-
determination and not to use double standards. The statement commended the stance of the international community respecting the human and
civil rights of the majority of Kosovo's population.[426]
In December 2011, it was reported that Vasily Atajanyan, the acting foreign minister of Nagorno-Karabakh, had said that Nagorno-Karabakh
would recognise Kosovo if recognition were reciprocated. In response, Enver Hoxhaj, Foreign Minister of Kosovo, said that Kosovo can only
have formal relations with members of the UN.[427]
In February 2008, the President of Northern Cyprus Mehmet Ali Talat welcomed Kosovo's independence, but a presidential spokesman said that
the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was not planning to recognise Kosovo.[428][429][430]
In February 2008, two senior Palestinian officials representing the Mahmoud Abbas West Bank-controlling government, who also are part of the
team negotiating with Israel, disagreed on what the Kosovo events implied for Palestine. Yasser Abed Rabbo said, "If things are not going in the
direction of continuous and serious negotiations, then we should take the step and announce our independence unilaterally. Kosovo is not better
than us. We deserve independence even before Kosovo, and we ask for the backing of the United States and the European Union for our
independence". Saeb Erekat responded that the Palestine Liberation Organization had already declared independence in 1988. "Now we need real
independence, not a declaration," said Erekat, "We need real independence by ending the occupation. We are not Kosovo. We are under Israeli
occupation and for independence we need to acquire independence".[431]
During a July 2009 state visit to Serbia, President of the Palestinian National Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, when discussing both the situations in
the Middle East and Kosovo said, "We are looking for a way to resolve these problems in a peaceful way, by upholding international law. We
cannot impose solutions nor can we accept imposed solutions. That is why we must negotiate".[432][433]
In June 2011, Khraishi Ibrahim, Palestine's representative to the UN in Geneva, stated that Palestine supports Kosovo's integration into the
European and international communities, and supports its independence.[434] In September 2011, during the meeting of Foreign Ministers of the
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Sahrawi Non-Aligned Movement summit in Belgrade, the Palestinian Ambassador to the UN Riyad Mansour said that Palestine was a "typical foreign
Arab occupation which cannot be compared to the issue of Kosovo" as confirmed by international law and the UN.[435][436]
Democratic
Republic The Polisario Front, which governs the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, has stated that the speedy recognition of Kosovo's independence by
many countries shows the double standards of the international community, considering that the Western Sahara issue remains unsolved after
Somaliland three decades.[437]
South In 2010, the President of Somaliland, Ahmed Mahamoud Silanyo, said, "We are heartened by Kosovo and what's happened to Southern Sudan
Ossetia that means it opens the door for us. The principle that countries should remain as they were at the time of independence has changed so why
should it not work for us as well".[438]
Transnistria
In February 2008, the South Ossetian de facto president, Eduard Kokoity, stated that it is not fair to compare this breakaway region with Kosovo
because South Ossetians have far more right to a state of their own than Kosovo Albanians. He said that "Kosovo Albanians got independence
after NATO's aggression on Serbia. Americans and NATO member countries took away Serbia's province. I feel sincerely for the Serb people,"
and that "Serbs had a well-organized state that provided for a normal life for Albanians. For this reason, what Americans have done to the Serbs
is injustice".[439]
Transnistria has no policy towards Kosovo, but the Transnistrian Foreign Ministry has said that "The declaration and recognition of Kosovo are
of fundamental importance, since thereby a new conflict settlement model has been established, based on the priority of people's right to self-
determination. Pridnestrovie [Transnistria] holds that this model should be applicable to all conflicts which have similar political, legal, and
economic bases".[440]
Positions taken by intergovernmental organisations
Intergovernmental organisations do not themselves diplomatically recognise any state; their member states do so individually. However, depending on the
intergovernmental organisation's rules of internal governance and the positions of their member states, they may express positive or negative opinions as to
declarations of independence, or choose to offer or withhold membership to a partially recognised state.
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International Position
organisation
Arab In May 2009, the Secretary General of the Arab League, Amr Moussa, welcomed a request by Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Skënder Hyseni, to
League establish regular communications.[441] At a meeting on 18 June 2009 with Hyseni, the representative of the Arab League to the UN, Yahya A.
Mahmassani, said that the Kosovo issue is being discussed at the Arab League, and that there would be gradual movement towards recognition as
most Arab states are supportive of Kosovo.[191]
Member states (14 / 22)
Algeria • Bahrain † • Comoros † • Djibouti † • Egypt † • Iraq • Jordan † • Kuwait † • Lebanon • Libya † • Mauritania † • Morocco • Oman † • Palestine •
Qatar † • Saudi Arabia † • Somalia † • Sudan • Syria • Tunisia • United Arab Emirates † • Yemen †
† – Have recognised Kosovo.
In August 2010, Albanian Parliament Speaker Jozefina Topalli received a letter from the chairman of the Grenadian Parliament, George J.
McGuire, stating that CARICOM members would soon make a joint decision on the recognition of Kosovo.[442]
On 19 August 2011, it was reported that the CARICOM members had made a joint decision to recognise Kosovo, but that each state would
announce official recognition separately.[443]
Caribbean Member states (10 / 15)
Community
(CARICOM) Antigua and Barbuda † • Bahamas • Barbados • Belize † • Dominica † • Grenada † • Guyana † • Haiti † • Jamaica • Montserrat ‡ • Saint Kitts and Nevis † •
Saint Lucia † • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • Suriname † • Trinidad and Tobago
† – Have recognised Kosovo.
‡ – British Overseas Territory; the UK (which recognises Kosovo) represents its foreign affairs.
Council Kosovo plans to apply for membership in the CoE since it considers that it fulfills the statutory requirements to do so. If Kosovo receives positive
votes from 2/3 of the member countries, it will be admitted to the CoE. Kosovo has already been recognised by 2/3 of the CoE members, thus it
of Europe should be able to join the organisation.[444][445][446]
(CoE) In May 2012, the Chairman of the Committee of Ministers of the CoE, Edmond Haxhinasto, pledged to work for a stronger role for Kosovo
during the Albanian chairmanship of the Council.[447] Haxhinasto added that Kosovo would in the near future be a part of the family of states of
the Council of Europe.[448] However, the Secretary-General of the CoE, Thorbjørn Jagland, commented that membership of Kosovo depends on
the willingness of members.[449]
The Council of Europe Development Bank's Board of Directors voted in favour of Kosovo's membership on 14 June 2013 during their meeting in
Malta.[450]
In June 2014, Kosovo became a member state of the Venice Commission, an advisory body of the Council of Europe.[451]
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Member states (34 / 47)
Albania † • Andorra † • Armenia • Austria † • Azerbaijan • Belgium † • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria † • Croatia † • Cyprus • Czech Republic † •
Denmark † • Estonia † • Finland † • France † • Georgia • Germany † • Greece • Hungary † • Iceland † • Ireland † • Italy † • Latvia † • Liechtenstein † •
Lithuania † • Luxembourg † • Macedonia † • Malta † • Moldova • Monaco † • Montenegro † • Netherlands † • Norway † • Poland † • Portugal † • Romania •
Russia • San Marino † • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia † • Spain • Sweden † • Switzerland † • Turkey † • Ukraine • United Kingdom †
† – Have recognised Kosovo.
European
Bank for A resolution, agreeing to the membership of Kosovo in the EBRD, was approved by its Board of Governors on 16 November 2012, providing
Reconstruction that, by 17 December 2012, it has completed the necessary internal procedures.[452][453] On 8 February 2013, Kosovo's Foreign Minister, Enver
and Hoxhaj, and the President of EBRD, Suma Chakrabarti, signed an agreement on economic cooperation and activities.[454]
Development
(EBRD)
European The EU, like other IGOs, does not possess the legal capacity to diplomatically recognise any state; member states do so individually. The
Union (EU) majority of member states have recognised Kosovo. To articulate a common EU policy of either support or opposition to Kosovo's independence
would require unanimity on the subject from all 28 member states, which does not presently exist. On 18 February 2008, the EU officially stated
that it would "take note" of the resolution of the Kosovo assembly.[455] The EU is sending a EULEX mission to Kosovo, which includes a special
representative and 2,000 police and judicial personnel.[456][457]
Although the European Parliament is not formally vested with the authority to shape the EU's foreign policy, it was seen to be expressing its
acceptance of Kosovan independence when it hosted the Kosovan Assembly in an interparliamentary meeting on 30 May 2008. This was also the
first time Kosovo's flag was officially hoisted at an EU institution.[458][459] On 5 February 2009, the European Parliament adopted a resolution
that encouraged all EU member states to recognise Kosovo. The resolution also welcomed the successful deployment of EULEX across Kosovo,
and rejected the possibility of Kosovo's partition. It was passed with 424 voted in favour, and 133 against. Some Romanian and Communist
representatives called for a new international conference on Kosovo's status or to allow the northern part of the country to join Serbia.[460][461]
On 8 July 2010, the European Parliament adopted a resolution welcoming "the recognition by all Member States of the independence of
Kosovo", and stating that EU Member States should "step up their common approach towards Kosovo". The resolution rejected the possibility of
a partition of Kosovo.[462]
On 29 March 2012, the European Parliament adopted a resolution that urged the five EU member states that had not recognised Kosovo's
independence to do so.[463]
Member states (23 / 28) Candidates (5 / 6)
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Austria † • Belgium † • Bulgaria † • Cyprus • Croatia † • Czech Republic † • Denmark † • Estonia † • Finland † • France † • Germany † • Greece • Hungary †
• Ireland † • Italy † • Latvia † • Lithuania † • Luxembourg † • Malta † • Netherlands † • Poland † • Portugal † • Romania • Slovakia • Slovenia † • Spain •
Sweden † • United Kingdom †
Candidates: Albania † • Iceland † • Macedonia † • Montenegro † • Serbia • Turkey †
Bold – Presiding the Council of the European Union at time of declaration
† – Have recognised Kosovo.
International On 15 July 2008, the IMF issued a statement saying "It has been determined that Kosovo has seceded from Serbia as a new independent state and
Monetary that Serbia is the continuing state," thus acknowledging the separation of Kosovo from Serbia.[464] After their membership was approved in a
Fund (IMF) secret ballot by 108 states,[465] Kosovo signed the IMF's Articles of Agreement on 29 June 2009 to become a full member of the fund.[466][467]
Interpol At a meeting on 19 February 2017 with Kosovo's President, Hashim Thaçi, Secretary General of Interpol, Jürgen Stock, said that Interpol is open
for Kosovo membership.[468]
International At a meeting on 30 March 2012 with Kosovo's Deputy Foreign Minister, Petrit Selimi, Deputy Director of the IOM, Laura Thomson, expressed
Organization readiness to continue advanced discussions with the representatives of Kosovo to further advance the prospects for membership.[469]
for Migration
(IOM)
NATO maintains that its ongoing Kosovo Force mission and mandate remain unchanged and that "NATO reaffirms that KFOR shall remain in
Kosovo on the basis of UNSCR 1244, as agreed by Foreign Ministers in December 2007, unless the UN Security Council decides
otherwise".[470]
Member states (24 / 28) Candidates (2 / 3)
North
Atlantic Treaty Albania † • Belgium † • Bulgaria † • Canada † • Croatia † • Czech Republic † • Denmark † • Estonia † • France † • Germany † • Greece • Hungary † •
Organization Iceland † • Italy † • Latvia † • Lithuania † • Luxembourg † • Netherlands † • Norway † • Poland † • Portugal † • Romania • Slovakia • Slovenia † • Spain •
(NATO)
Turkey † • United Kingdom † • United States †
Candidates: Bosnia and Herzegovina • Macedonia † • Montenegro †
† – Have recognised Kosovo.
Organisation In February 2008, Secretary General of the OIC Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu said "Kosovo has finally declared its independence after a long and
of Islamic determined struggle by its people. As we rejoice this happy result, we declare our solidarity with and support to our brothers and sisters there.
Cooperation The Islamic Umma wishes them success in their new battle awaiting them which is the building of a strong and prosperous a state capable of
(OIC) satisfying of its people".[471] The OIC did not call on its individual member states to extend recognition, as some member states, including
Azerbaijan, Egypt, Indonesia and Sudan, were firmly against any issuance of such a statement.[472]
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Liberation commensurate application of the same solution by the EU in the Kashmir dispute involving India, Pakistan and China. Protesters included EU
Front Parliament members, students and various NGO constituents and representatives.[499]
Mejlis of Mustafa Cemilev, the Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People declared that he supported the right of self-determination for every
the Crimean nation, including Kosovo.[500] He also added that the Crimean Tatars will not start a secession process from Ukraine if their rights are respected.
Tatar People Cemilev stated that he believes the motive for the Kosovars to declare independence was the anti-Albanian situation in Kosovo.[501]
(Crimea)
International non-governmental organisations
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International Position
organisation
European Radio Television of Kosovo (RTK) is not an active member of the EBU and therefore they cannot participate in the Eurovision Song Contest and
Broadcasting sister projects. However, there is a cooperation agreement between RTK and the EBU[502] and they were allowed to participate in the Eurovision
Union (EBU) Young Dancers 2011 competition.
On 30 March 2012 during a meeting in Geneva with Kosovo's Deputy Foreign Minister Petrit Selimi, Ingrid Delterne, Executive Director of the
EBU expressed readiness for Kosovo's membership in the ITU.[469]
International The Olympic Committee of Kosovo became a full member of the International Olympic Committee on 9 December 2014.[503] The Olympic
Olympic Committee of Kosovo has been in existence since 1992.[504] Kosovo was a provisional member of the IOC from 22 October 2014 through 9
Committee December 2014.[505]
(IOC)
Kosovo played their first official match against Haiti in 2014. In April, 2016, Kosovo were voted into UEFA, and on the 13th of May, 2016, at
Fédération the 66th FIFA congress in Mexico City, Kosovo (along with Gibraltar) were voted into the organisation. Only 23 associations voted against
Internationale Kosovo's membership. They took part in their first world cup qualifier in their 1-1 draw with Finland.
de Football
Association
(FIFA)
Unrepresented UNPO issued a statement on 18 February 2008: "for regions in similar conditions, Kosova's independence represents new hope for the future of
Nations and their own potential statehood".[506]
Peoples In the days that followed, several African UNPO members expressed their own individual secession-minded reactions to Kosovo's
Organization independence.[507]
(UNPO)
Norwegian After former President of Finland Martti Ahtisaari received the 2008 Nobel Peace Prize "for his important efforts ... to resolve international
Nobel conflicts",[508] including his work in Kosovo as a UN special envoy, the Norwegian Nobel Committee Secretary, who is also the Director of the
Committee Norwegian Nobel Institute, Geir Lundestad, said that the committee believed "there is no alternative to an independent Kosovo".[509]
Kosovo is not a member of the governing structures for the ISO.
International Independently of its ISO membership status, ISO will also potentially issue a standardised country code for Kosovo. According to rules of
Organization procedure followed by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency based in Geneva, a new ISO 3166-1 code for Kosovo will only be issued once it
for appears in the UN Terminology Bulletin Country Names or in the UN Statistics Division's list of Country and Region Codes for Statistical
Standardization Use.[510] To appear in the terminology bulletin, it must either (a) be admitted into the UN, (b) join a UN Specialised Agency or (c) become a
(ISO) state party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice.[511] Criterion (b) was met when Kosovo joined the International Monetary Fund
and World Bank; a terminology bulletin has yet to be circulated.
Internet ICANN, through its Country Code Names Supporting Organization, is responsible for adding new country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) for
Corporation for use in Internet addressing. Rules of procedure dictate Kosovo must first receive an ISO 3166-1 code (discussed above) before the ccTLD can be
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Assigned introduced; speculation has centred on ".ks" as the likeliest candidate.[512][513]
Names and
Numbers Kosovo officially became the 181st member of the IRU in May 2009.[514]
(ICANN) Kosovo officially became a member of the IBA on 28 May 2009.[515][516]
International
Road and
Transport
Union (IRU)
International
Bar
Association
(IBA)
See also
Foreign relations of Kosovo
List of diplomatic missions in Kosovo
List of diplomatic missions of Kosovo
Membership of Kosovo in international organizations
Membership of Kosovo in international sports federations
International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence
Reactions to the International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence
Kosovo–Serbia relations
Belgrade–Pristina negotiations
List of states with limited recognition
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02-21 the-netherlands-recognises-kosovo.html), Government of the Netherlands, 2008-
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34. Le Luxembourg reconnaît formellement le Kosovo (http://www.gouvernement.lu/ 45. Finland recognised the Republic of Kosovo (http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.
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_presse/actualite/2008/02-fevrier/20-asselborn-kosovo/index.html) 26 February
2008 at the Wayback Machine., Le Gouvernement du Grande-Duché de 46. Statement by Foreign Minister Masahiko Koumura on the Recognition of the
Luxembourg, 2008-02-21 (in French) Republic of Kosovo (http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2008/3/0318.htm
35. Perú decide reconocer independencia de Kósovoe (http://www.rree.gob.pe/portal/ l), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2008-03-18
boletinInf.nsf/mrealdia/C9B70437F80DBAF7052573F700710D15?OpenDocume
nt), Peruvian Ministry of External Relations, 2008-02-22 (in Spanish) 47. Canada-Kosovo Relations (http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/croatia-croatie/bi
36. Koninklijk besluit betreffende de erkenning van de Republiek Kosovo (http://ww lateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_kosovo.aspx?lang=eng), Government of
w.kosovothanksyou.com/files/Belgium_RoyalDecree.pdf), Kosovo Thanks You, Canada, 2010-07-12
2008-02-18 (in Dutch and French)
37. Government has recognised the independence of Kosovo (http://www.premier.go 48. Principata e Monakos njohu Republikën e Kosovës (http://www.president-ksgov.n
v.pl/en/press_centre/news/government_has_recognised_the_,2220/), The et/?page=1,6,972), President of the Republic of Kosovo, 2008-03-19 (in Albanian)
Chancellery of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland, 2008-02-26
38. Bilateral relations between Switzerland and Kosovo (http://www.eda.admin.ch/ed 49. Hungary recognizes Kosovo's Independence (http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum/en/bal/a
a/en/home/reps/eur/vkos/bilkos.html), Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of ctualities/spokesman_statements/Kosovo_recognition_080319.htm) Archived (htt
the Swiss Confederation, 2008-02-27 ps://web.archive.org/web/20080323041624/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum/en/bal/ac
39. Plassnik: "Letter on Kosovo's recognition signed" (http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/fore tualities/spokesman_statements/Kosovo_recognition_080319.htm) 23 March 2008
ign-ministry/news/press-releases/2008/plassnik-letter-on-kosovos-recognition-sig at the Wayback Machine., Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary, 2008-03-19
ned.html), Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs of the Republic
of Austria, 2008-02-28 50. Croatia recognises Kosovo (http://www.vlada.hr/en/naslovnica/novosti_i_najave/2
40. Minister for Foreign Affairs Dermot Ahern TD Announces Ireland's recognition 008/ozujak/hrvatska_priznala_kosovo), Government of the Republic of Croatia,
of the Republic of Kosovo (http://foreignaffairs.gov.ie/home/index.aspx?id=4293 2008-03-19
8) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080305011519/http://foreignaffairs.g
ov.ie/home/index.aspx?id=42938) 5 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine., 51. Sergei Stanishev: Bulgarian Government's decision to recognize the independence
Department of Foreign Affairs, 2008-02-29 of Kosovo is fully complied with the country's national interests and our
41. Sweden recognises the Republic of Kosovo (http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/1035 commitment to the future of the region (http://old.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vi
8/a/99714) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080305191825/http://www.s s/vis.pl?s=001&p=0137&n=575), Council of Ministers of the Republic of
weden.gov.se/sb/d/10358/a/99714) 5 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine., Bulgaria, 2008-03-20
Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2008-03-04
52. Liechtenstein anerkennt den Kosovo (http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-pia-pressem
itteilungen/pressemitteilungen-alt.htm?pmid=108807&lpid=3789&imainpos=158
44), Liechtenstein government, 2008-03-28 (in German)
53. Recognition of the Republic of Kosovo (http://www.mofat.go.kr/webmodule/htsb
oard/template/read/engboardread.jsp?typeID=12&boardid=302&seqno=306110&
c=TITLE&t=&pagenum=1&tableName=TYPE_ENGLISH&pc=undefined&dc=
&wc=&lu=&vu=&iu=&du=), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the
Republic of Korea, 2008-03-28
54. Norway recognises Kosovo as an independent state (http://www.regjeringen.no/e
n/dep/ud/press/News/2008/norway_kosovo.html?id=505130), Norway – Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, 2008-03-28
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo 45/62
2017-05-24 International recognition of Kosovo - Wikipedia
of Tanzania, 2013-06-05 154. Kosovo: Lesotho riconosce indipendenza (http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/it/notizi
e/rubriche/politica/2014/02/11/Kosovo-Lesotho-riconosce-indipendenza-106-mo-
140. Yemen recognizes Kosovo (http://www.sabanews.net/en/news313610.htm), Saba Paese-farlo_10052564.html), 106/mo Paese a farlo, ansa.it, 2014-02-11 (in Italian)
Net, 2013-06-11 155. Togo recognized Kosovo (http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,2381), Ministry of
Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2014-07-02
141. Verbal Note (http://sphotos-a.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-prn1/q71/s720x720/101633
156. Le Togo reconnaît le Kosovo (http://robertdussey.com/le-togo-reconnait-le-kosov
6_374748159293609_1053382903_n.jpg), The official Facebook page of Enver o/), Robert Dussey, 2014-07-22 (in French)
Hoxhaj 157. Solomon Islands recognise Kosovo's Independence (http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page
=2,4,2415&offset=1), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo,
142. وذات دة و ا ا اف ر ر ( ارhttp:// 2014-08-15
www.mfa.gov.eg/Arabic/Ministry/News/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?Source=1d5b02 158. Solomon Islands recognizes Kosovo as independent state (http://www.solomonsta
02-c337-4794-ab10-342893d069e1&newsID=17393f2d-a0db-471c-bd41-1c1d16 rnews.com/news/national/3456-solomon-islands-recognizes-kosovo-as-independe
9b79c2), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Egypt, 2013-06-26 (in Arabic) nt-state), Solomon Star, 2014-08-13
143. El Salvador njeh Kosovën (http://www.telegrafi.com/lajme/el-salvador-njeh-kosov
en-2-33589.html), Telegrafi, 2013-06-29 159. Antigua and Barbuda recognizes the independence of Kosovo (http://www.mfa-k
144. June, month of record recognitions (http://www.mfa-ks.net/repository/docs/17_07 s.net/?page=2,4,2633#.VVzBricViko), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic
_13_121825_20130712-15-KND-MPJ-WEB-01.pdf), Kosovo's New Diplomat, of Kosovo, 2015-05-20
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Kosovo, June/August 2013
145. Arrin nota verbale nga El Salvadori (http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,1906), 160. Surinami njeh Kosovën (Dokument) (http://telegrafi.com/surinami-njeh-kosoven-
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2013-10-04 (in Albanian) dokument/), Telegrafi.com, 2016-07-22
146. Prime Minister Thaçi officially receives Thailand recognition of Kosovo in a
meeting with Thailand Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Surapong Tovichakchaikul (htt 161. Singapore Recognizes Kosovo as an Independent State and Diplomatic Relations
p://www.kryeministri-ks.net/?page=2,9,3792), Prime Minister of Kosovo, 2013- are Established (http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,217,3943), Ministry of Foreign
09-26 Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2016-12-01
147. การ บรองโคโซโวโดยการสถาปนาความ ม น ทางการ ต บโคโซโว (http://w 162. The Government of the Republic of Singapore and the Government of the
Republic of Kosovo have established diplomatic relations with effect from 1
ww.ryt9.com/s/cabt/1742142), าวออนไล RYT9, 2013-09-25 (in Thai) December 2016. (https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/
148. Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure 2014 (http://www.gov.gd/egov/docs/budget pr/2016/201612/press_201612011.html), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Singapore, 2016-12-01
_speech/est_revenue_expenditur_2014.pdf) (PDF), Government of Grenada,
p. 136, "Signed Joint Communiqués with Kuwait, Kosovo, Lithuania, Palestine, 163. Bangladesh Officially Recognizes Kosovo as an Independent State (http://www.dh
New Zealand, establishing diplomatic relations." akatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2017/02/27/bangladesh-officially-reco
149. Prime Minister Thaçi meets the Foreign Minister of Grenada, Nickolas Steele – he gnises-kosovo-independent-state/), Dhaka Tribune, 2017-02-27
officially accepts recognition of Kosovo by Grenada (http://www.kryeministri-ks.
net/?page=2,9,3787), Prime Minister of Kosovo, 2013-09-25 164. Prime Minister Mustafa accepted verbal note of recognition of Kosovo by
150. Today, in New York, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo, Hashim Thaçi Bangladesh (http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/?page=2,9,6604), Prime Minister of
met the Prime Minister of Libya, Ali Zeidan in a private meeting (http://www.krye the Republic of Kosovo, 2016-02-28
ministri-ks.net/?page=2,9,3789), Prime Minister of Kosovo, 2013-09-25
151. Libya officially recognises Kosovo (http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/09/26/libya 165. The Republic of Kosovo officially declared independence on February 17, 2008 (h
-officially-recognises-kosovo/#axzz2gJL6FQHM), Libya Herald, 2013-09-26 ttp://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=0E7B91A8FBEC4A94&s=C12
152. Arrin nota verbale e njohjes nga Mbretëria e Tongës (http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page F515E66C0BA38), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)
=1,4,2227), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2014-01-20 2008-02-21
(in Albanian)
153. Pas njohjes nga Lesoto, Hoxhaj vazhdon lobimin në Afrikë (http://www.mfa-ks.ne 166. 中華民國（台灣）自即日起正式承認科索沃共和國 (http://www.mofa.gov.tw/
t/?page=1,4,2242), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2014- News_Content.aspx?n=5028B03CED127255&s=3C269AA9ACAB4478),
02-11 (in Albanian) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) 2008-02-19 (in Chinese)
167. Deputy Prime Minister Selimi received in a meeting Malta's Order of Templars (ht
tp://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,1000), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic
of Kosova
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo 49/62
2017-05-24 International recognition of Kosovo - Wikipedia
168. "Kosova lidh marrëdhënie diplomatike me Ishujt Cook" (http://koha.net/?id=27&l 20090730035944/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2009&
=58028). KOHA.net. Retrieved 27 November 2015. mm=07&dd=29&nav_id=60797) 30 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine., B92,
2009-07-29
169. Kosova njihet nga Niue (http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,2671), Ministry of 183. Tadic and Sargasjan – full consent on conflict resolution (http://glassrbije.org/E/in
Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo dex.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8033&Itemid=26), Radio Srbija,
2009-07-29 Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110721130132/http://glassrb
170. Medelci : "L'Algérie ne reconnaîtra pas encore le Kosovo" (http://www.lesoirdalg ije.org/E/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8033&Itemid=26) 21
erie.com/articles/2008/03/03/article.php?sid=65238&cid=2), Le Soir d'Algérie, July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
2008-03-03 (in French) 184. Armenia would not recognise the independence of Kosovo (http://en.trend.az/regi
ons/scaucasus/armenia/1856185.html), Trend.az, 2011-04-05
171. Algérie-Serbie : Entretiens Medelci-Vuk Jeremic à Alger (http://www.elmoudjahi 185. Azerbaijan says not recognizing Kosovo independence (http://www.reuters.com/ar
d.com/accueil/cooperation/29583.html), El Moudjahid, 2009-03-21 (in French) ticle/newsMaps/idUSL1856553120080218), Reuters, 2008-02-25
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090326061230/http://www.elmoudjahid. 186. Azerbaijan going to withdraw peacekeepers from Kosovo (http://www.panarmenia
com/accueil/cooperation/29583.html) 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. n.net/eng/world/news/25004/), PanArmenian.net, 2008-02-27
187. Turkey lobbying for stronger Muslim support for Kosovo (http://www.todayszama
172. "Kosovo is about secession, not self-determination" (http://www.b92.net/eng/new n.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=136077&bolum=102) Archived (http
s/politics-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=05&dd=17&nav_id=59212), B92, 2009- s://web.archive.org/web/20111207002940/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/d
05-17 etaylar.do?load=detay&link=136077&bolum=102) 7 December 2011 at the
Wayback Machine., APA, 2008-03-11
173. Angola: Head of State Sends Message to Serbian Counterpart (http://allafrica.co 188. OIC foreign ministers split over Kosovo (http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=50855)
m/stories/200806240413.html), Angola Press Agency, 2008-06-24 Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120209052053/http://en.apa.az/news.ph
p?id=50855) 9 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine., APA, 2008-06-19
174. Argentina rules out recognition (http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.ph 189. Treći dan rasprave o Kosovu (http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/Srbija/3417
p?yyyy=2008&mm=02&dd=29&nav_id=48079) Archived (https://web.archive.or 71/Tre%C4%87i+dan+rasprave+o+Kosovu+), RTS, 2009-12-03 (in Serbian)
g/web/20080915040702/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2 190. Dobra saradnja sa Azerbejdžanom (http://rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/Srbija/6924
008&mm=02&dd=29&nav_id=48079) 15 September 2008 at the Wayback 51/Dobra+saradnja+sa+Azerbejd%C5%BEanom), RTS, 2010-05-13 (in Serbian)
Machine., B92, 2008-02-29 191. A report on meetings held by Minister Hyseni today in New York (http://www.mf
a-ks.net/?page=2,4,138), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo,
175. Por las Malvinas, el Gobierno decidió no reconocer a Kosovo (http://www.clarin.c 2009-06-18
om/diario/2008/02/20/elpais/p-00701.htm), Clarín, 2008-02-20 192. Kosovo NGO to lobby Bahamian government (http://www.tribune242.com/news/
05012010_nkn-kosovo_news_pg3), The Tribune, 2010-05-01
176. ICJ Hears Further Kosovo Arguments (http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/ic 193. Hoxhaj: Bahama t'i bashkohet shteteve që e kanë njohur Kosovën (http://www.mf
j-hears-further-kosovo-arguments), Balkan Insight, 2009-12-02 a-ks.net/?page=1,4,1415), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo,
2012-09-26 (in Albanian)
177. Public hearing continues in Kosovo case (http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-ar 194. Minister Hyseni requests recognition from Barbados (http://www.mfa-ks.net/?pag
ticle.php?yyyy=2009&mm=12&dd=02&nav_id=63443), B92, 2009-12-02 e=2,4,128), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-01-28
195. Belarus supports Serbians' pursuit of territorial integrity (http://law.by/work/EnglP
178. Armenia doesn't view Kosovo as precedent (http://www.panarmenian.net/news/en ortal.nsf/0/7B9B31D05C83F472C22573FD005407DF), National Center of Legal
g/?nid=25331), PanArmenian.net, 2008-03-12 Information of the Republic of Belarus, 2008-02-28 Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20110720071135/http://law.by/work/EnglPortal.nsf/0/7B9B31D05C83
179. Armenia Rules Out Abkhazia, South Ossetia Recognition (http://www.armenialibe F472C22573FD005407DF) 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
rty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/09/E5FDD453-D06C-4C03-B625-2C741767
F725.ASP), Armenialiberty.org, 2008-09-04 Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20081109035814/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/0
9/E5FDD453-D06C-4C03-B625-2C741767F725.ASP) 9 November 2008 at the
Wayback Machine.
180. Armenia can't recognize Abkhazia and South Ossetia before it recognizes
Karabakh (http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=27633), PanArmenian.net,
2008-11-11
181. Paralajmërohen njohje të reja (http://www.telegrafi.com/?id=2&a=4342),
Telegrafi, 2009-05-28 (in Albanian)
182. Tadić ends Armenia visit (http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy
=2009&mm=07&dd=29&nav_id=60797) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo 50/62
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