Journal of Library Technology and Innovation

PUBLICATION AND PRODUCTION OF INFORMATION MATERIALS LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY &INNOVATION JOURNAL OF

LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION @PUBLISHED 2024 COLLEGE OF COMPUTING, INFORMATICS AND MATHEMATICS UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PUNCAK PREDANA CAMPUS ISBN: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED , STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM , OR TRANSMITTED , ELECTRONIC , MECHANICAL , PHOTOCOPYING RECORDING OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE PRIOR PERMISSION OF COLLEGE OF COMPUTING, INFORMATICS AND MATHEMATICS UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PUNCAK PERDANA CAMPUS E-ISBN: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED . NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPORODUCED , STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM , OR TRANSMITTED , ELECTRONIC , MECHANICAL , PHOTOCOPYING RECORDING OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF COLLEGE OF COMPUTING, INFORMATICS AND MATHEMATICS UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PUNCAK PERDANA CAMPUS PERPUSTAKAAN NEGARA MALAYSIA: CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION / DESIGNED BY MOHAMMAD AMMAR RYZWAL BIN FRANKIE RIZAL, MUGAMAD IKHMAL BIN AZMAN, AHMAD ARIFF IZZTAUFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN, NUR NITISYA BINTI HALIM, NURIN ADANI BINTI AHMAD SYUKRI, AISHAH FATEHA BINTI AHMAD, NURUL ATHIRAH BINTI ABDULLAH, NUR DINI BINTI ROSLAN LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION / EDITED BY *SEE CONTRIBUTOR’S PAGE UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) CAWANGAN SELANGOR KAMPUS PUNCAK PERDANA, JALAN PULAU ANGSA AU20/A, 40150 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY:

A HISTORICAL TIMELINE: 01 EVOLUTION OF LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY 1-7 LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION CONTENTS ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY IN 02 LIBRARIES: CREATING INCLUSIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR THE DISABLED 9-13 INTERNET OF THINGS 03 (IOT) 15-20 CLOUD COMPUTING 04 SOLUTIONS FOR LIBRARY SERVICES AND STORAGE 21-26 05 WHY TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION IN LIBRARY IS IMPORTANT : WAYS TO OPERATE LIBRARY ELECTRONICALLY 27-34 06 HOW TO ENHANCE SECURITY IN THE LIBRARY 35-40 BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY LIBRARIES 41-47 07 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO BE APPLIED IN LIBRARIES 49-55 08 09 VIRTUAL & AUGMENTED REALITY 57-64

LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION 10 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN LIBRARIES 65-70 11 TRANSFORMING LIBRARIES : INNOVATIONS IN TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNITY SERVICES 71-77 BENEFITS OF INNOVATION IN TECHNOLOGY TO LIBRARY 79-82 12 USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE LIBRARY SERVICES: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES 83-88 13 IMPACT OF ENHANCING TECHNOLOGIES IN LIBRARIES 89-95 14 THE DOWNSIDE OF TECHNOLOGY IN LIBRARIES 97-103 15 HOW DIGITAL INNOVATIONS TRANSFORM LIBRARIES INTO INFORMATION HUBS 105-109 16

NUR FARRA LISA BINTI NOR HASMIZI CHIEFS Editor-in-Chief MADAM NURBASYIRAH BINTI RASLIN DESIGNERS MUHAMAD IKHMAL BIN AZMAN Deputy Chief Editor NUR FARHANAH BINTI MOHD RASDI Chief Editor NURUL ASYIQIN BINTI MOHD ABD NASIR LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION NUR AISYAH YUMNI BINTI AZNAN PHOTOGRAPHER MOHAMMAD AMMAR RYZWAL BIN FRANKIE RIZAL NURIN ADANI BINTI AHMAD SYUKRI AISHAH FATEHA BINTI AHMAD AHMAD ARIFF IZZTAUFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN NURUL ATHIRAH BINTI ABDULLAH NUR NITISYA BINTI HALIM NUR DINI BINTI ROSLAN MARKETINGTEAM NURUL NADHIRAH BINTI J.NIZAN INTAN SURAYA BINTI YAHAYA NUR ALLYSHAMIRA BINTI MOHD SALLEH NUR RAUDHAH BINTI MOHD REZAL DIYYA SYAHIRA BINTI NORAZAMHURI

CHIEFEDITOR’SNOTE In an era where knowledge is but a click away, the convergence of technology and libraries has redefined the very essence of learning and research. As we usher in a new age of digital innovation, it is imperative for students, educators, and researchers alike to stay on a level of the rapid advancements transforming our library landscapes. Our exploration delves into the myriad ways in which technology is not just enhancing but revolutionizing the library experience. From a simple printing press to the integration of artificial intelligence in search algorithms, we are witnessing a renaissance in information accessibility and management. As we navigate this digital odyssey, let us remember that at the heart of these technological marvels is the enduring mission of libraries: to illuminate the path of knowledge for all. The future library must be as accessible, welcoming, and empowering as we have always imagined it can be, thus it is our responsibility to keep working hard to grasp and take advantage of these innovations. Happy reading! Chief Editor Asyiqin Nasir

PREFACE Libraries have long been the cornerstone of knowledge and information dissemination, evolving from ancient scroll repositories to modern-day digital hubs. As technology continues to advance at an unprecedented pace, libraries have not only adopted but also innovated to integrate these advancements into their services. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how technological innovations have transformed libraries over the centuries, highlighting key milestones and the resultant impact on library services. From the invention of the printing press in the 15th century to the emergence of artificial intelligence and augmented reality in the 21st century, libraries have continually adapted to meet the changing needs of their users. This article delves into the historical timeline of these technological integrations, exploring the development of systems such as the Dewey Decimal Classification, the advent of computerization, and the rise of digital libraries. It underscores the importance of creating inclusive environments, particularly for disabled individuals, through the implementation of assistive technologies. In addition to historical advancements, this study also examines contemporary issues such as cloud computing, blockchain technology, and the increasing role of virtual and augmented reality in library settings. These innovations are not without challenges; the article discusses the digital divide and the need for balancing traditional and modern services to ensure equitable access to information. By analyzing the transformative impact of these technologies, the articles highlights how libraries have evolved into dynamic centers of learning and collaboration. It emphasizes the critical role of libraries in fostering lifelong learning and providing equitable access to knowledge in the digital age. Through this exploration, we aim to appreciate the remarkable journey of libraries and the invaluable contributions they continue to make to society.

CHAPTER BY NUR FARHANAH BINTI MOHD RASDI & NURUL ASYIQIN BINTI MOHD NASIR A HISTORICAL TIMELINE: EVOLUTION OF LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY 01

BY: NUR FARHANAH BINTI MOHD RASDI & NURUL ASYIQIN BINTI MOHD ABD NASIR A HISTORICAL TIMELINE: EVOLUTION OF LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY Libraries have adopted technology to deliver their services more efficiently. It is widely known by scholars, researchers, students, and all library users that today's technologies make tasks much easier compared to the past. This assignment helps us understand the advancements in technology and teaches us to appreciate the efforts taken to evolve libraries into what they are today. The purpose of this article is to examine the timeline of how technology has evolved and integrated with library services over time. The article provides information from the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, the start of the Dewey Decimal Classification and Library Catalogue Card system in the 19th century, the advent of computerization and online catalogs in the 20th century, the integration of the internet and digital libraries, to the 21st century's open access repositories and the use of artificial intelligence and augmented reality in libraries. The content of this article was gathered from multiple papers written by scholars dedicated to their fields of study. Keywords: Library, Digital Library, Microfilms, Dewey Decimal Classification, Library Catalogue Card, Open Access Repositories, E-Book. In this digital age, people seek information for their personal use. As academics, we visit libraries to fulfill study-related requirements. A library is a building or room containing collections of books, periodicals, and sometimes films and recorded music, available for use or borrowing by the public or members of an institution. Libraries are repositories of books and information sources, making it easier for individuals to access them for various purposes. Libraries are not only helpful but also economical. They have been early adopters of technology, with every modern institution relying on technology to make their information accessible. Previously, most libraries used cataloging tools to reference and record their collections. These tools made it easier for anyone needing information for assignments or other purposes. A library's collection can include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents, microforms, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, e-books, audiobooks, databases, table games, video games, and other formats. 2 Abstract Introduction

libraries. With the advent of the printing press, scientists, philosophers, politicians, and religious officials could quickly replicate their ideas and make them available to the broader community. Although the development of libraries is intended to benefit people, it does not mean users no longer need to visit physical libraries for materials, as sometimes physical resources are still necessary. One of the latest technological advancements in libraries is the "Digital Library." According to Cleveland (1998), digital libraries are extensions of traditional libraries, encompassing both digital and physical materials. They transcend individual library boundaries, adapt traditional processes for digital media, and aim to provide a unified view of all information. Digital libraries serve specific, dispersed communities and require the combined expertise of librarians and computer scientists. This summary incorporates insights from Arms (1995), Graham (1995a), Chepesuik (1997), and Lynch and Garcia-Molina (1995). In the early 15th century, Johannes Gutenberg developed a machine for printing paper. The first book he printed was the Bible, using a movable type of press. This printing press was based on a traditional screw press, like today's drill press. It utilized individually cast letters and symbols arranged to create the desired text. The movable type of system allowed for the rapid creation of text pages using pre-made letters and symbols, bypassing the slow and labour-intensive block printing method. The news of this revolutionary technology quickly spread leading towns and cities across Europe to establish their own printing presses. This democratized access to knowledge and laid the groundwork for modern Fast forward to the 19th century, Melvil Dewey introduced the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system to address the growing complexity and disorganization of library materials. As libraries expanded, retrieving specific items became increasingly difficult, prompting Dewey to create a standardized system for organizing library collections. First published in 1876 using the OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., the DDC system made it easier for users to find resources in the library. According to OCLC (2003), libraries in over 135 countries employ the DDC to sort and provide access to their collections. During the late 19th century, there was also a significant improvement in how libraries managed their collections with the introduction of library catalog cards. These cards transformed the way librarians kept track of books and other materials. Instead of searching through countless shelves, the card catalog system offered a systematic and organized method for locating resources. This new system greatly enhanced the user experience by making it much easier to find and access the needed materials, improving overall retrieval efficiency in libraries. 3 I. Background of Library II. 5th Century: Gutenberg Printing Press (1440) III. 19th Century: Dewey Decimal Classification (1876) and Library Catalogue Cards (1870s)

Entering the 20th century, microfilm was invented and used to store archival materials due to the ever-growing volume of records, which caused storage shortages (Whitney, 2024). According to the Science Museum Group, John Benjamin Dancer, known as “The Father of Microphotography,” was a prominent scientific instrument maker during this period due to his invention of high-quality microscopes. He produced his first microphotographs, which later became a means of copying documents in the early 20th century. Fragile documents such as books, papers, and other materials could be archived on rolls of plastic film, though a microfilm reader was required to access the records (DaPaul Library, 2023). The exact year of computerization and the introduction of online catalogs in libraries varies across reports. According to Kilgour (1970), computerization initially began in engineering libraries in the mid1960s. This technology was initially restricted to limited users and was not accessible to other institutions or the public. After years of reports, improvements, and upgrades, computerization began to be adopted by other institutional libraries. The first form of online catalogs appeared a decade later, as users became more accustomed to computerized systems. Henriette D. Avram, who launched the first automated cataloging system, Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC), in 1966, faced multiple rejections before its advantages in efficient retrieval and the importance of information evaluation were recognized (Diao, 2018). The advent of the Internet in the late 1990s began to revolutionize how libraries operate. Innovators like Vannevar Bush and J. C. R. Licklider pushed forward ideas to enhance automated library systems, with computers providing robust support to accommodate many users simultaneously (Candela et al.,2011). Licklider, known as a pioneer of the Internet, envisioned linking his ideas with libraries, thus initiating research and development of digital libraries in the 1990s. Despite extensive research, there is no exact definition of a digital library, as it is likely too early to establish a permanent definition, and rapid technological advances continue to alter the way digital libraries are used (Seadle & Greifeneder, 2007). However, according to recent studies, digital libraries can be simply defined by their original intended purpose: a collection of digital materials accessible anytime and anywhere, as long as the user has an internet-connected device (Ashikuzzaman, 2023). 4 IV. 20th Century: Microfilm (1920s), Computerization and Online Catalogs (1970s1980s) V. 1990s: Internet and Digital Libraries

As libraries gained more users, especially researchers, innovations within libraries began to progress significantly. In the early 2000s, the creation of open access and institutional repositories attracted more scholars to libraries. According to Xie et al. (2016), open access repositories are online databases containing fulltext documents that users can access freely and instantly, while institutional repositories are databases limited to the institution’s own authors and managed by research institutions. Open access repositories have become one of the most popular mediums for researchers to complete their work, providing opportunities for researchers to communicate and engage with each other’s research (Clobridge, 2010). Regarding mobile technology, e-books emerged in the late 1990s and were initially sold on specific handheld devices. These devices evolved with mobile technology in the 21st century. Ebooks were not well-known when first developed due to the dominance of the publishing industry and users' preference for physical books over ereading devices. In 2007, Amazon revolutionized the e-book market by launching the Kindle. This e-reading device was more comfortable, lightweight, and easy to carry around anywhere (Erik, 2021). Today, e-books can be used on smartphones, tablets, and many other devices if they are connected to the internet. Since 2020, artificial intelligence has emerged as one of the most advanced technologies ever created. Its rapid evolution has led to its integration as a commonplace aspect of daily life. Essentially, artificial intelligence (AI) refers to engineered systems of human-defined algorithms designed to provide recommendations or decision-making capabilities. AI has found extensive applications in library services (International Standardization Organization, n.d.). Tasks such as technical services including categorization and cataloging, referencing, and information services are among those performed by AI. Additionally, AI can contribute to security measures and collaborate with librarians to offer optimal services to users (Jha, 2023). Augmented reality (AR) has also been utilized in libraries, particularly to deliver interactive and engaging information experiences to users (Hahn, 2012). Its advanced capabilities make it suitable for both in-library engagement and real-world interactions outside the library premises. For instance, AR has been utilized for locating book stacks, user facial recognition, and guiding new users throughout the library (Gul & Bano, 2019). 5 VII. 2020s: Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Reality VI. 21st Century: Open Access and Institutional Repositories (2000s) and Mobile Technology and E-books (2010s)

In summary, libraries have evolved over time alongside technological advancements. In the 5th Century, Johannes Gutenberg's printing press revolutionized the reproduction of materials such as books. Following this, in the 19th Century, Melvil Dewey introduced a system to organize library materials, streamlining access for users. Advancing into the 20th Century brought innovations like microfilm and computers, further enhancing accessibility. The emergence of the internet in the 1990s brought about significant changes in the realm of digital libraries. Moreover, in the 21st Century, open access repositories and ebooks gained popularity, while in the 2020s, artificial intelligence and enhanced reality are revolutionizing library services. Throughout these transitions, libraries have continuously adapted to ensure convenient access to information for people. As libraries continue to evolve, the world will adapt to new technologies to better serve users and enhance the overall library experience. 6 Conclusion

Ashikuzzaman, M. (2023, December 18). What is digital library? Library & Information Science Education Network. https://www.lisedunetwork.com/what-is-digital-library/ Candela, L., Castelli, D., & Pagano, P. (2011). History, evolution, and impact of digital libraries. EPublishing and Digital Libraries, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-031-0.ch001 Cleveland, G. (1998). Digital Libraries: Definitions, Issues And Challenges. International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. http://www.ifla.org/udt/op/ Clobridge, A. (2010). Open access. Building a Digital Repository Program with Limited Resources, 157-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-84334-596-1.50008-0 DePaul Library. (2023, March 6). What is microfilm and how do I use it? - Frequently asked questions. https://answers.library.depaul.edu/faq/161831 Diao, J. (2018). Evolution of western library catalogs: The rising expectations of users. International Journal of Librarianship, 3(1), 78. https://doi.org/10.23974/ijol.2018.vol3.1.69 Erik, H. (2021, November 24). Thoughts on the history and future of the eBooks industry. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/thoughts-history-future-ebooks-industry-erik-hentell Gul, S., & Bano, S. (2019). Smart libraries: An emerging and innovative technological habitat of 21st century. The Electronic Library, 37(5), 764-783. https://doi.org/10.1108/el-02-2019-0052 Hahn, J. (2012). Mobile augmented reality applications for library services. New Library World, 113(9/10), 429-438. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074801211273902 International Standardization Organization. (n.d.). What is AI? All you need to know about artificial intelligence. ISO. https://www.iso.org/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai Jha, S. K. (2023). Application of artificial intelligence in libraries and information centers services: Prospects and challenges. Library Hi Tech News, 40(7), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1108/lhtn-06-2023- 0102 Kilgour, F. G. (1970). History of library computerization. Information Technology and Libraries, 3(3), 218-229. https://doi.org/10.6017/ital.v3i3.5256 Science Museum Group. (n.d.). John Benjamin dancer. Science Museum Group Collection. https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/ap19036/dancer-john-benjamin Seadle, M., & Greifeneder, E. (2007). Defining a digital library. Library Hi Tech, 25(2), 169-173. https://doi.org/10.1108/07378830710754938 Whitney, W. (2024, January 16). The history of microfilm. BMI Imaging - Document Management Company. https://bmiimaging.com/blog/microfilm/history-of-microfilm/ Xie, I., & Matusiak, K. K. (2016). Introduction to digital libraries. Discover Digital Libraries, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417112-1.00001-6 7 References

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CHAPTER BY DIYYA SYAHIRA BINTI NORAZAMHURI & NUR UMI NADIRAH BINTI ROSMAN ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY IN LIBRARIES: CREATING INCLUSIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR THE DISABLED 02

ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY IN LIBRARIES: Since technology has been advancing nowadays, libraries have also taken the initiative to provide the best facilities and services using technology and innovations for all of the library users. With that being said, the library should also consider the minority groups, which are the disabled people's needs and provide special services for them in order to have an inclusive environment in the library. The impact of providing special services for the disabled will not only create an inclusive environment but also allow people with disabilities to use educational resources and obtain information easily. The findings of multiple research on this issue have proven that assistive technology and innovations that were being applied to the many libraries will help a lot in supporting disabled people in the library. Keywords: Assistive Technologies (ATs), Disabilities, Inclusive Environment, Library CREATING INCLUSIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR THE DISABLED Libraries in general were meant to be a place where everyone regardless of background came and accessed the services and facilities in the library. By that, libraries should promote an inclusive environment so that everyone will feel welcome. In creating an inclusive environment, libraries must first consider the minority group and in this article's context, people with disabilities. According to the research article Building Inclusive Communities: teens with disabilities in libraries written by Reene Grassi, people with disabilities feel a barrier which stops them from going to the library. There are 5 barriers stated in the article, of which the first is a different life, inadequate transportation, requiring special support, anxiety and fear and the library's inflexible procedures or policies. Hence, to break this barrier, libraries must consider providing services and facilities that can be used easily by people with disabilities and giving them good experience in the library. 10 Abstract Introduction

Innovation of Assistive Technology Services in Libraries for The Disabled There are many types of disabilities, the ones that can be seen and the ones that can not be seen. Hence, considering assistive technologies is not an easy task. Nevertheless, libraries and librarians still make the effort to give their users a maximum experience and accept everyone regardless of background, to the library. In the research article ‘Assistive support through technologies for persons with disabilities in libraries’, written by Abhay Chaurasia and Ajay Pratap Singh, the authors have pointed out number of ATs that are available in libraries. One of the ATs stated in the article for the visually impaired is ‘Talking Typing Teacher’ which is software that developed digital human speech that speaks the displayed detail on the screen to the user. Nevertheless, while it is true that there are many innovations in physical disabilities, libraries are still in search of the right services and facilities for developmental disabilities. Nevertheless, there is much research that gives numerous suggestions to provide for them just like in the article ‘Academic libraries and autism spectrum disorder: What do we know?’ written by Gerard Shea and Sebastian Derry that suggests providing a quiet space for them. Assistive Technology (AT) services have completely changed the landscape of accessibility in libraries with many tools and resources to improve the reading and research experiences of users with disabilities. Hence, the development of assistive technology services in libraries has significantly improved the daily functioning of people with disabilities by enabling them to interact with educational resources, obtain information, and engage in community activities on an equal basis with their peers without disabilities. The elimination of obstacles to information access for people with disabilities is one of the most significant outcomes of AT services in libraries. Patrons who have physical disabilities or blindness can independently access print and digital resources, including books, articles, and online databases, with the use of screen readers, text-to-speech software, magnification tools, and other input devices. With more information available to them, disabled people can develop intellectually and seek lifelong learning. It provides them the confidence to pursue their educational and professional objectives. Additionally, AT services at libraries help disabled users engage with the community and participate in social activities. Libraries provide hubs for disabled people to interact with others, take part in cultural and recreational events, and receive necessary services by offering accessible technologies and welcoming environments. Furthermore, libraries frequently conduct assistive technology-focused workshops, seminars, and support groups that enable users to acquire and use up new skills, exchange stories, and create a network of people who are there to help them. The Impact of Assistive Technology Services in Libraries for The Disabled As for today's modern libraries, much research on assistive technology for the disabled has been made which shows that many libraries are aware of this issue. On the other hand, it is known that modern libraries nowadays provide many services and facilities using high-end technology that could ultimately help users increase their experience in using library services and facilities. This is also applied to the assistive technology that supports people with disabilities in libraries. The innovation of ATs for the disabled does not stop here. There are a lot more and all of them are some of the many initiatives of the library effort in order to give accessible information to everyone as well as create an environment where everyone can feel accepted and on the same level. 11

Recommendation to Create a Better Inclusive Environment in Libraries Despite this, AT services in libraries have many advantages, but there are still issues with providing fair access and assistance for all users. Libraries need to keep spending money on providing staff training on assistive technology use and putting best practices for accessibility into effect. Further research and development are required to meet new requirements and technological advancements, guaranteeing that libraries will always be at the forefront of providing innovative services to their disabled users. The integration of assistive technology into libraries has the potential to improve accessibility and inclusivity for users with varying needs. To maintain accessibility and inclusivity for library clients with disabilities, a diverse approach is necessary for improving assistive technology (AT) services. First and foremost, libraries must perform indepth evaluations of their present AT provision, taking into account elements like usability, efficacy, and relevance to users' requirements. If a library's current screen reader software is antiquated and incompatible with contemporary operating systems, it could potentially impede the capacity of users with visual impairments to efficiently access digital resources. Libraries should make it a priority to update and grow their AT collection to embrace the newest technologies and handle new accessibility concerns after the assessment. Purchasing updated screen reader software or specialized gear, like braille displays or adapted keyboards, may be necessary to achieve this. Libraries should also fund staff training initiatives to guarantee that employees are qualified to handle and support clients using assistive technology. For example, to effectively help customers, staff personnel should be trained in configuring screen reader settings or troubleshooting issues with adaptive software. In the article ‘Person first, disability second: Disability Awareness Training in Libraries’ written by Sandra Charles, the author nicely points out the best way to execute staff training on how to handle people with disabilities, which emphasizes focusing on the person first rather than the disability and also how to communicate with them in the correct way. Furthermore, libraries can improve their accessibility activities by developing collaborations with assistive technology professionals and disability advocacy groups, which can offer significant insights and 12

resources. Libraries may keep up with the latest developments in assistive technology (AT) and best practices by working with these organizations. This will help libraries adapt their services to the changing requirements of their clients with disabilities. By working together, libraries can provide inclusive spaces where users of all abilities can easily access and utilize the materials and services offered. Conclusion In attempt to create an inclusive environment in the library, librarians are not the only ones that need to play their part but instead, many parties need to play their role. The government, academic institutions, and all stakeholders must take the initiative to give disabled students the access they require and need. All parties involved can work together to advance and promote the rights of students with disabilities, enabling them to be encouraged and supported as they seek out information. The inclusive environment will not be achievable if patrons are prejudiced towards other people. Nevertheless, the technology and innovation of the library service and facilities have made the modern library a better place for everyone. With this, it is undoubtable that one day the library will achieve an inclusive environment where everyone can use the technology provided without worrying about other people's perspectives towards them. References Abhay Chaurasia & Ajay Pratap Singh. (2022). Assistive support through technologies for persons with disabilities in libraries. Journal of Library & Information Technology, 42(2), 130- 135.https://doi.org/10.14429 /djlit.42.2.17558 Charles, S. (2005). Person first, disability second: Disability awareness training in libraries. Library Review, 54(8), 453-458. https://doiorg.uitm.idm.oclc.org/10.1108/002425305106191 47 Grassi, R. (2018). Building inclusive communities: Teens with disabilities in libraries. Reference Services Review, 46(3), 364-378. https://doi-org.uitm.idm.oclc.org/10.1108/RSR03-2018-0031 Tirapathi, M. & Shukla. (2014). Use of assistive technology in Academic Libraries: A survey. ResearchGate, 26(4), 105-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2013.853329 Shea, G. & Derry, S. (2019). Academic libraries and autism spectrum disorder: What do we know?. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 45(4), 326-331. https://doiorg.uitm.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2019.04.0 07 Tania Farooq & Shazia Manzoor. (2021). Library services for student with disabilities: Barriers and way forward. University of Nebraska. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=12801&context =libphilprac 13

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CHAPTER BY INTAN SURAYA BINTI YAHAYA & SITI AMINAH BINTI KALONG INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) 03

INTERNET OF THINGS ABSTRACT The advancement of internet technology, particularly the application of Internet of Things in current libraries, has played an important role towards digital library. This technology, which is an internet-based system, has become one of the most significant inventions in modern library. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present the fundamental role of Internet of Things (IoT) in modern library, which provide to the reader information or systems used in libraries that are more efficient and flexible. All information contained in this article has been referenced through online sources that are related to this topic. Keywords: Internet of Things, digital library, technology, library system, RFID INTAN SURAYA BINTI YAHAYA SITI AMINAH BINTI KALONG another without the need for human involvement. IoT is not merely a flashy addition, but a basic requirement in today's libraries, converting these old-fashioned knowledge banks into vibrant centers of digital creativity. INTRODUCTION The Internet of Things (IoT) is a key component of modern libraries, transforming the way we engage with information and knowledge. The Internet of Things (IoT) is essentially a network of linked gadgets that can exchange data and communicate with one Libraries may improve users' experience by providing personalized services and easy access to resources with IoT technology. Imagine entering a library where bookshelves alert you when they need to be restocked, lighting adapts to provide the best possible reading circumstances, and sensors track which seats are available. Additionally, libraries may acquire useful data on user behavior thanks to IoT, which enable them to customize their service and collections to better meet the changing demands of their patrons. IoT is really about linking people to knowledge in more collections to better meet the changing demands of their patrons. IoT is really about linking people to knowledge in more meaningful and efficient ways than merely connecting things, which makes modern libraries essential hubs for learning and exploration. 16

AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY EXIST 1. RFID and Stickers Sensors Today's libraries are benefiting from new technologies like RFID and sticker sensors. RFID tags allow librarians to maintain inventory control without constantly counting books and other materials. They also facilitate self-checkout of books, saving us the trouble of standing in queue. Additionally, sticker sensors keep things under check by alerting librarians to issues like overcrowding in a room or a temperature problem. Libraries can make sure everything is secure, comfortable, and prepared for us to enjoy reading and studying with the help of these devices. In the library, RFID, sticker sensors, and straps are similar to covert aides. The librarians do not have to look far and wide because the RFID tags discreetly let them know where every book is. What about those sticker sensors? They act as little guardians, keeping an eye on the library and ensuring that everything is just right, including the amount of people in each room and the comfort level of the books. The library is evolving into an even more exciting location to hang out and discover new worlds through books because of these ingenious devices. 2. Auto self-Book Kiosk Do you recall seeing those wonderful selfcheckout book kiosks at the library? Almost like cool book vending machines. Books can be checked out quickly and easily with these autoself-book kiosks. Simply choose the books you want, scan your library card, and you're done. For you to take home and read, the books just pop out. It is all right there at your fingertips; there is no need to stand in line or seek a librarian for assistance. Self-booking autos are similar to personal book helpers. They make it easy for you to find the books you are looking for. Furthermore, you can always pick up a new book to read whenever you feel like it because they are available whenever the library is open. It is so simple to check out books from the library with these fantastic kiosks nearby. 3. Automated Sorting System Ever wonder how libraries manage to keep all those books so neatly arranged? They have an automated sorting method under their sleeve. When customers return books, this cool technique makes it easier for librarians to quickly place the books back where they belong. It is as if you had a whole team of little assistants that are aware of every book's proper place. The way it operates is that a book that is returned is placed in a designated slot where the automated sorting system begins to operate. It reads the barcode or RFID tag on the book using smart technology, and then it moves the book along a conveyor belt to the appropriate location on the shelves. In this manner, the library maintains its extreme organization , and you can quickly locate the books you are seeking for. 17

SIGNIFICANT OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) USAGE IN MODERN LIBRARIES In general, the benefits of IoT technology are that it automatically guides users to the correct book sections or shelves. This makes it easier for users to quickly and accurately access the materials they need. Additionally, IoT devices enhance user safety and protect valuable library collections through the installation of sensors, cameras, and alarms. These can create a positive perception among users when using an IoT-based system. 2. Environmental Sustainability Smart libraries use IoT technology to monitor energy usage levels. The data collected is analyzed to identify areas with significant energy waste. Additionally, systems like RFID enable librarians to detect their resources more effectively. With RFID, they can reduce waste because it prevents them from losing track of existing materials. Moreover, smart libraries practice eco-friendly methods such as finetuning environmental practices. These efforts allow monitoring of air quality and temperature to ensure they are neither too cold nor too hot so that valuable collections can be protected and energy can be saved. DRAWBACKS OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) USAGE IN MODERN LIBRARIES 3. Remote Monitoring Librarians and administrators can access realtime data about the conditions of the library when they are not physically there. This is because remote monitoring is flexible, efficient and has no geographical obstacles. This means they can manage things regardless of locations, troubleshoot, update systems and handle tasks 18 1. Enhanced User Experience remotely. Therefore, even if they are far away or out of station, any work or problems can be solved promptly. 1. High Cost Implementing powerful technology is neither cheap nor easy when developing a smart library. IoT, which includes various advanced systems, requires significant costs for equipment purchases, maintenance, and staff training programs. This issue poses a major obstacle for libraries that lack substantial funding or support from the government to build IoT-based systems. Aside from these direct costs, an additional expense such as labor costs for system installations must be considered.

3. User data and privacy concern The concern regarding the safety of users’ personal data has become a priority for both parties. This is especially true when it involves the internet. Users are increasingly aware of cyberattacks that can occur due to weak connectivity security. In this context, collecting user data is essential when using IoT to monitor and track user activity. However, this action raises concerns for users because they hesitate to share data through IoT. The data might include what books they borrow, how long they stay in the library or even their preferences. Not only that, but users also fear that their information might fall into the wrong hands, particularly third-party participation. Therefore, to achieve loyalty and trust from users, library management must ensure that the systems they build are truly secure in protecting user’s personal and privacy information. As stated by IBM Watson Foundation in Maple (2017), people will only use a technology if they trust the safeguarding of their personal. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the application of Internet of Things (IoT) in modern libraries has played a vital role in the current century. Introduction to internet-based technology has improved library management to be more efficient and flexible. The existence of IoT has become a necessity for all organizations, considering that technology is the main focus in today’s advanced world. Hence, in pursuing the objective of becoming a digital library, libraries must always stay updated with innovations and current technologies. Therefore, IoT has brought many benefits for both users and the library itself, from the perspective of managing user data and collections to ensure safety. 19 2. A limited number of professional staff The rapid advancement of technology, regardless of the sectors such as education, medicine, or information agencies like libraries, has made the Internet of Things (IoT) an essential component today. However, due to its relatively recent introduction and limited adoption, many libraries face challenges related to a small amount of professional staff. This issue arises from a lack of technical skills among staff members in areas such as networking, data analytics, and system management, which hinders the development of digital libraries. Hence, due to the technology changes, the application of IoT in the current system might be time-consuming, and budget considerations must be mastered before it is delivered to users. Consequently, users may not be able to fully enhance their experiences. To address this, libraries must invest in training programs and recruit skilled personnel to bridge the gap.

Igbinovia, M.O. & Okunghae, O. (2021). Internet of Things in contemporary academic libraries: Application and challenges. Library Hi Tech News, 5, 1-5. https://doiorg.uitm.idm.oclc.org/10.1108/LHTN-05-2021-0019 Liang, X. & Chen, Y. (2018). Libraries in Internet of Things (IoT) era. Library Hi Tech, Vol.38 No.1, 79-93. https://doi-org.uitm.idm.oclc.org/10.1108/LHT-11-2017-0233 Liang, X. (2018). Internet of Things and its applications in libraries: A literature review. Library Hi Tech, Vol.38 No.1, 67-77. https://doi-org.uitm.idm.oclc.org/10.1108/LHT-01-20180014 Sarkar, D.T. (2022). Internet of Things (IoT) and library services. Library Hi Tech News, No.9, 18- 22. https://doi-org.uitm.idm.oclc.org/10.1108/LHTN-06-2022-0079 Wojcik, M. (2016). Internet of Things: Potential of libraries. Library Hi Tech, Vol.34 No.2, 404-420. https://doi-org.uitm.idm.oclc.org/ 10.1108/LHT-10-2015-0100 REFERENCES 20

CHAPTER BY NUR RAUDHAH BINTI MOHD REZAL & NUR ALLYSHAMIRA BINTI MOHD SALLEH CLOUD COMPUTING SOLUTIONS FOR LIBRARY SERVICES AND STORAGE 04

Cloud computing solutions for library services and storage constitute one of the topics covered in this study. The practice of offering online access to a vast array of IT resources, including data storage, databases, servers, networking, software, analytics and intelligence, is referred to as cloud computing. It offers quicker innovation, greater resource flexibility, economies of scales and frequently charges only for services utilised. This abstract shows the complexity of cloud computing implementation in libraries, emphasising the need to balance scalability and cost-efficiency with data security, external dependency, and network limits. Keywords: cloud computing, scalability, Cloud storage solutions, Library services Add a subheading Cloud computing offers an extensive range of alternatives for storage and library services, enabling the provision of computer resources instantly through the internet. Data storage, servers, databases, networking, software, and additional resources are included in these services. This technology enables rapid innovation, adaptable resources, and cost efficiencies, enabling customers to pay solely for the services they utilize. Libraries can utilize cloud storage systems to securely store extensive collections of digital assets, such as books, journals, multimedia contents and archive records. This allows users to access this resource effortlessly from different devices and places. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS) are just a few of the many deployment patterns that make cloud computing available. It allows users to access computing resources and store data remotely and instantly over the internet. Through the utilization of cloud storage, library resources can be accessed by users from any location, at any given moments and on any internet connection device. Cloud computing empowers libraries to effortlessly scale their resources in response to fluctuating demand, ensuring they have the necessary processing capabilities and storage capacity to satisfy patrons needed. By utilizing cloud storage, libraries can safeguard their materials from potential risks such as physical damage, theft, or loss. The use of cloudbased solutions not only improves the overall user experience but also allows libraries to prioritize the delivery of novel services and the enhancement of instructional content. 22

Library storage and services hosted in the cloud can reduce expenses in multiple ways. Implementing cloud computing solutions for library services and storage can result in substantial cost savings by obviating the necessity for libraries to make substantial investments in costly hardware infrastructure and maintenance. Libraries can minimize the requirement for costly IT infrastructure, such as servers and storage systems, by implementing cloud-based services, which are both economical to acquire and operate. Libraries can optimise their resource allocation by utilising cloud service, which allow them to use servers, storage device and networking equipment without the need for ownership or maintenance. With this strategy, libraries may be sure they are only paying for the resources they really use. So, libraries have the option to compensate for these services through a subscription arrangement, typically based on a pay-peruse framework. This strategy can yield in substantial long-term cost reductions. In addition, cloud computing providers generally provide cost advantages through economies of scale, enabling libraries to take advantage of reduced expenses per unit because of shared infrastructure and centralised management. Through the utilisation of cloud computing, libraries may allocate their financial resources towards upgrading collections, improving services, and meeting the changing requirements of their patrons, eventually optimising their return on investment. Advantages of Cloud Computing Solutions for Library Services and Storage 1. Cost Saving 2. Security Cloud computing technologies offer substantial benefits in terms of security for library services and storage. Cloud providers employ robust security mechanisms, such as encryption and authentic, to protect sensitive library information. Protecting data stored in the cloud is a top priority for cloud service providers. To do this, they implement robust security measures such as strong encryption, access control and periodic security upgrades. By utilising the knowledge and resources of these providers, libraries can improve the protection of their digital collections and confidential data without the need to handle intricate security procedures on their own. In addition, cloud-based systems have inherent disaster recovery capabilities, guaranteeing that library material is securely backed up and safeguarded in the case of hardware failure, natural catastrophes, or other emergencies. This all-encompassing strategy for security assists libraries in reducing risks, protecting against data breaches, and guaranteeing the confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility of their digital resources. 23

3. Scalability Cloud computing systems provide libraries and notable benefits in terms of scalability, enabling them to efficiently adjust their resources to meet changing demand. Cloud computing offers libraries the ability to effortlessly adjust the scale of their services and storage resources, unlike traditional on-premises infrastructure, which necessitates substantial initial investment and may have restricted capacity. Libraries can adapt their computing resources in response to fluctuations in demand, whether it be a sudden increase during busy periods or a decrease during slower times. This can be done without the need for expensive hardware upgrades or ongoing maintenance. By being flexible, libraries can deploy resources effectively to meet current demands, hence optimising performance and cost-effectiveness. In addition, cloud providers provide a variety of service options, enabling libraries to select the level of scalability that suits their needs, whether it is through automatic scaling capabilities or human modifications. In general, the capacity to scale is a significant benefit of cloud computing for library services and storage. This allows libraries to easily to changing requirements without incurring excessive expenses or wasting resources. 4. Security and Privacy Issue Addressing security and privacy issues is essential when weighing cloud computing alternatives for library services and storage. Important dangers include data breaches, illegal access, and privacy violations when important digital collections and private client data are entrusted to outside cloud service providers. Sensitive library data, for instance, may be made public in the event of a cyberattack on a cloud provider, which could result in legal ramifications and patron distrust. Libraries depend on cloud providers' security policies and practices to guard against these risks and guarantee adherence to pertinent laws and regulations. The requirement of carefully screening cloud service providers and ongoing monitoring of their security procedures is highlighted by the loss of direct control over data management as well as the possibility of insider attacks or misconfigurations. In cloud-based library systems, strong security controls and risk mitigation procedures must be implemented because failing to do so can seriously harm a library's reputation, have legal consequences, and betray patron trust. 24

There are serious dependencies and possible disadvantages for library services and storage when cloud computing solutions are sourced from outside companies. Libraries must give up direct control of important parts of their operations and provide third-party cloud service providers access to their data, infrastructure, and service availability. 5. Reliance on External Organisattions Disadvantages of Cloud Computing Solutions for Library Services and Storage The lack of direct control and responsibility over cloud operations and infrastructure makes worries about data security, privacy, and regulatory compliance much worse. Libraries must carefully assess the advantages and disadvantages of outside collaborations and implement strong governance structures to reduce reliance and guarantee the durability and robustness of their cloud-based projects. The sensitivity to service interruptions, data breaches, and changes in provider policies or performance is increased by this reliance. Moreover, libraries could have trouble preserving data portability, interoperability, and service continuity should they have to change providers or interface with other systems. Insufficient Network Security Insufficient network capacity is a major barrier for libraries putting cloud computing technologies into use. Inadequate bandwidth or unreliable internet connections can block access to cloud-based resources, leading to delays, pauses, or even complete service failures. For instance, a library may find it difficult to accommodate patrons using digital collections or online services during busy hours, which could result in irritation and poorer service quality. Inadequate network infrastructure may also impede data transfers to and from the cloud, which would affect backup, retrieval, and storing procedures. Libraries find it difficult to fully adopt cloud technology since these network imitations make it difficult for users to cooperate, share data, and access resources effectively. To guarantee strong connectivity and smooth cloud platform integration, libraries must therefore give network enhancements and optimizations top priority in order to increase the dependability and efficacy of their digital services. Conclusion In conclusion, cloud computing provides scalability, economy, and flexibility—among other advantages—for library services and storage. Libraries must carefully negotiate the substantial challenges and hazards that accompany these benefits, though. Critical problems that require attention are network constraints, reliance on outside suppliers, and data security and privacy concerns. To secure private data, for example, a cloud-based system needs strong security measures even if it can improve resource sharing and simplify operations. Libraries can use cloud technology to enhance digital resource access, promote collaboration, and maximise services by making investments in robust security measures, creating thorough governance systems, and modernising network infrastructures. Furthermore, constant assessment and modification will be necessary as long as technology develops to guarantee that cloud-based projects satisfy users' needs and further the goal of offering dependable and easily available information services. 25

Advantages Of Cloud Computing Google Cloud (n.d.) Google Cloud.https;/cloud.google.com/learn/advantages-of-cloud-computing. Amazon. (2023). What is Cloud Storage? - Cloud Storage - AWS. Amazon Web Services, Inc. https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/cloud-storage/ Chai, W., Castagna, R., & Lelii, S. (2021, June 9). cloud storage. Storage. https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/cloud-storage Patil, P. (2022, February 9). What Is Cloud Computing? Definition, Benefits, Types, and Trends. Spiceworks Inc. https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/cloud/articles/what-is-cloud-computing/amp/ Singh, V. (2023, June 30). 10 Benefits of Using Cloud Storage. Cloud Academy. https://cloudacademy.com/blog/10-benefits-of-using-cloud-storage/ What Is Cloud Computing? Microsoft Azure. (n.d). https://azure.microsoft.com/enus/resources/cloud-computing-dictionary/what-is-clou d-computing References 26

CHAPTER BY AISHAH FATEHA BINTI AHMAD & NURUL ATHIRAH BINTI ABDULLAH WHY TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION IN LIBRARY IS IMPORTANT : WAYS TO OPERATE LIBRARY ELECTRONICALLY 05

Abstract Libraries are changing from being knowledge repositories to vibrant hubs of innovation and learning in the digital age. Innovation in technology is essential to modernize libraries and user experience, service quality, and operational efficiency. Operating libraries electronically has several benefits, such as user experience, more offerings, cost savings, and the capacity to provide innovative services. In order to empower communities, people must be able to communicate, collaborate, access information, and participate in the digital world. This requires digital literacy. Technological advancements have transformed the access and exchange of knowledge, enabling libraries to operate digitally and eliminate geographical constraints. The importance of global collaboration and resource sharing in library technology has increased, thanks to the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), which promotes global perspectives on document delivery and resource sharing. Keywords: Technology, Innovation, Library, Digital Literacy, Automation Introduction Libraries' function is changing dramatically in the digital age. Libraries have long been thought of as knowledge archives that offer access to books, journals, and other materials. Libraries are becoming dynamic centers of learning and creativity as a result of the introduction of new technologies. For this change to occur, technological innovation is essential. Libraries can improve customer experience, increase service quality, and run more smoothly because of it. Self-service kiosks let customers check out books without the aid of a digital catalog to facilitate resource discovery. Online databases give customers access to a multitude of information from any location. Additionally, libraries are using big data, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and other cutting-edge technologies to offer cutting-edge services. These technological advancements not only improve the library's resources but also allow it to function electronically, expanding its reach beyond geographical limitations. Financing, privacy, and digital literacy concerns are just a few of the difficulties that come with integrating technology. WHY TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION IN LIBRARY IS IMPORTANT : BY AISHAH FATEHA BINTI AHMAD & NURUL ATHIRAH BINTI ABDULLAH 28

Technological innovation in libraries has enormous potential benefits, notwithstanding these obstacles. In summary, technological innovation is essential to the modernization of libraries. It guarantees that libraries will always be important community resources by improving user experience as well as library operations. Advantages of Library Innovation Library innovation brings numerous advantages that enhance the value and functionality of libraries. Here are some key benefits to improve access to resources. For example, digital collections innovating with digital collections and e-books expands access to resources, allowing patrons to access materials remotely. Enhanced searchability for implementing advanced search algorithms and metadata tagging makes it easier for users to find the resources they need quickly. Next user engagement and experience for example, interactive platforms to utilizing interactive and user-friendly platforms improves user engagement and satisfaction. Personalized services are tailored recommendations and personalized user accounts enhance the library experience. In addition, for community and educational impact collaborative spaces have innovation in library design that creates spaces for collaboration, learning, and community events, fostering a sense of community and promoting education. For educational programs, libraries can offer innovative educational programs, workshops, and digital literacy training, benefiting the community. Library innovation enhances access, user experience, operational efficiency, community impact, inclusivity, sustainability, collaboration, Digital Literacy Digital literacy is becoming a critical ability for people and communities in the digital age. Understanding how to apply digital technology efficiently, safely, and responsibly goes beyond simply being able to use gadgets and browse the internet. When it comes to community empowerment, digital literacy is very crucial. It makes it possible for people to interact and work together, access information and services, create and share digital material, and engage fully in the digital environment. Furthermore, by helping communities to use technology for social and economic development, digital literacy can be crucial to community empowerment. preservation, funding, and adaptability, ensuring that libraries remain vital and relevant in the digital age. 29

These include the need for continuing assistance and education, privacy and security concerns, and the digital divide. In conclusion, in the era of rapid technological advancement, digital literacy and community empowerment are intimately related. We can enable communities to fully utilize the power of technology and build a more inclusive digital future by advancing digital literacy. Innovation in Technology Innovations in technology have drastically changed how we obtain and share information. Communication, information access, and connectivity have all changed dramatically with the introduction of the internet and information and communication technologies (ICT). Information was mainly restricted by physical barriers in the past. To access books, journals, and other materials, people had to physically visit libraries, which functioned as stores of information. However, the incorporation of digital technologies has allowed libraries and other information centers to function electronically, expanding their reach beyond geographical limitations. Digital resources are essential for the shift of societies towards sustainability, including disruptive technologies like big data, artificial intelligence, and business analytics. For a sustainable digitalized society, reducing digital inequities is essential. Anyone with an internet connection can now access digital resources from anywhere in the world. This has encouraged lifelong learning in addition to making information more accessible. Additionally, because students can now access information through ICT, the frequency of trips made for educational or learning purposes has significantly decreased due to the use of ICT. In order to survive in a variety of geological settings and climates, new technologies and processes had to occur and old ones had to be modified. In summary, technology developments have changed how we learn, communicate, and engage with the outside world by enabling access to knowledge outside geographic borders. Technology promises to further dismantle geographical barriers and build a more informed and connected global community as it develops. Global Collaboration In the current information environment, international collaboration and resource sharing in library technology have significantly grown. The increasing amount of information available and budgetary restrictions in libraries make it important to create systems that facilitate the effective sharing of resources among various organizations and borders. Resource sharing is not a new idea; it has developed from straightforward interlibrary loans to intricate international networks that make use of digital technology. Global perspectives on resource sharing and document delivery have been actively promoted by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). The manifesto places significant emphasis on fortifying the worldwide network of resource sharing in order to enable the wider distribution of information. The influence of digital 30

technology has been one of the main forces behind this progress. It has made it possible for libraries to provide their users with access to a broad array of materials despite geographical constraints. With the backing of several organizational connections and technological infrastructures, libraries are now a part of local, regional, or international services that facilitate the lending and borrowing of materials. The necessity of strong resource sharing mechanisms was further brought to light by the COVID-19 epidemic. Libraries all across the world had to quickly adjust to the new climate, and many of them increased their reliance on remote access and digital resources. This change has highlighted how important international cooperation is to maintaining access to library services in these unprecedented times. The rise of collaborative models in libraries has had a revolutionary impact on information management and resource optimisation. These models have moved the paradigm from isolated operations to networked approaches in which libraries pool resources, expertise, and infrastructure. For example, the HathiTrust digital library, a collaboration between academic and research institutions, is a prime illustration of this trend. By combining their digitised collections, member libraries provide a massive repository of works that are available to a broader audience, maximizing the utility of each institution's holdings. This collaborative effort not only increases resource availability, but it also lowers job duplication and the costs associated with individual library collections. As a result, libraries may better utilize their finances and focus on increasing services that meet the changing demands of their users. Library Automation The way libraries operate has been completely transformed by library automation, which has increased productivity and enhanced user experiences. A major advancement in this transition has been the incorporation of expert systems and artificial intelligence (AI) into library services. Expert systems (ES) and artificial intelligence (AI) can imitate librarian competence, assisting in decision-making and management, according to a thorough assessment of the literature on intelligent systems used in libraries. Technical services like information resource organisation and retrieval have benefited greatly from the use of these technologies. It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of computers in library automation. They provide the framework for organising enormous data sets and simplifying the processes involved in inventory, circulation, and cataloguing. Artificial intelligence (AI) automation has been proposed as a way to enhance library services, such as the ability to identify and update books on shelves. Additionally, the 15th International Survey of Library Automation's perceptions shows a tendency towards contemporary web-based goods and open-source solutions, reflecting library professionals' increasing satisfaction with these systems. This move towards robots and artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled libraries portends a time when libraries serve as dynamic information hubs that are open to everyone with little assistance from humans, rather than only being places to store books. For example, automation of libraries is about building intelligent libraries where users can access information more easily and effectively thanks to technology, freeing up librarians to work on more difficult duties. 31

Challenges The implementation of new innovations in libraries poses a complex array of obstacles that may obstruct advancement and creativity. Among the main problems is accessibility. Libraries must ensure these resources are usable by everyone, including those with disabilities, as they include cutting-edge technologies. In order to provide content that is universally accessible, this calls for cooperation with content producers in addition to the application of assistive technologies. Improving staff and patrons' digital literacy is a major concern as well. The digital scene is changing quickly, and it's critical to stay updated on these developments. To aid patrons and staff in navigating, assessing, and making efficient use of the multitude of digital tools and platforms at their disposal, libraries must offer training and resources. in new technologies. It is a difficult task that calls for strategic planning and advocacy to strike a balance between financial restraints and the requirement to stay up to date with technology. In conclusion, implementing new technology in libraries is necessary to remain relevant in the information era, but it also presents a number of issues that need to be carefully considered and managed proactively. Future Outlook Libraries' responsibilities in society will be redefined as a result of the integration of developing technology, which will influence libraries' future. The Wiley Network's investigation of library technology makes clear that libraries must change to accommodate new technological uses for information, learning, and research. This adjustment will probably lead to a stronger focus on digital data management, enhanced precision in topic search outcomes and citations, and more efficient resource curation and presentation. Technological advancements will also force a reconsideration of library layouts. According 32 Another challenge is incorporating future work practices into organisational designs. Libraries need to reorganize their operations to adapt to the increasingly collaborative and digital nature of work. This entails reconsidering workflows, worker roles, and even the actual design of library rooms. For example, AI-powered robots can explore library aisles automatically, assisting with duties like book sorting and shelving. AI systems can make personalised suggestions to customers, drawing on large databases to propose suitable things. Other than that, political and economic factors can have an impact on libraries' ability to fund and support innovative technological initiatives. For example, during economic downturns or periods of budget cuts, libraries often face financial constraints that can limit their ability to invest in

to the NMC Horizon Report Summary 2017 Library Edition, libraries will developed into productive spaces for their users rather than only being informational holdings. For example, the ways that researchers and students access and use of information are evolving due to it and a greater dependence on digital resources than on physical collections will be the driving force behind this change. In order to effectively use these technologies, librarians will also need to learn new skills. To educate future librarians on these technological breakthroughs, there might be a greater emphasis on professional development in libraries and changes to the Library & Information Science course curriculum. All things considered, libraries' prospects for using new technology are ones of expansion and change. Libraries can ensure that they can operate the library electronically which can help their services stay relevant, accessible, and user-friendly while also fulfilling their essential role as community centres for learning, research, and discovery by embracing these changes. Conclusion digital age. It makes it possible for libraries to reach a wider audience, improve user access to a multitude of information, and streamline services. Technological developments improve access to academic resources, enable international collaboration, and reshape the user experience. Libraries are able to meet the changing requirements of their patrons and fulfill their mission of promoting education and lifelong learning in an increasingly digital world by constantly innovating. Libraries must embrace constant technological innovation to be effective and relevant in the 33

6 Challenges impeding technology adoption in academic and research libraries. (n.d.). https://www.wiley.com/en-us/network/research-libraries/libraries-archives-databases/libraryimpact/6-challenges-impeding-technology-adoption-in-academic-and-research-libraries. Asemi, A., Ko, A. and Nowkarizi, M. (2021), "Intelligent libraries: a review on expert systems, artificial intelligence, and robot", Library Hi Tech, Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 412-434. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-02-2020-0038 Breeding, M. (2013, January 14). Chapter 1: Introduction to Resource sharing. Breeding | Library Technology Reports. https://journals.ala.org/index.php/ltr/article/view/4407/5105 Buchan, M.C., Bhawra, J. & Katapally, T.R. (2024). Navigating the digital world: development of an evidence-based digital literacy program and assessment tool for youth. Smart Learn. Environ, 11(8). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00293-x How technology is changing the future of libraries. (n.d.). https://www.wiley.com/enus/network/research-libraries/libraries-archives-databases/library-impact/how-technology-ischanging-the-future-of-libraries. Inamdar, S. A. (2023). The future of libraries: exploring emerging technologies and their implications for library services and operations. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 9(5), 446-449. http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2205C63.pdf Lee, P. C. (2021). Technological innovation in libraries. Library Hi Tech, 39(2), 574-601. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-07-2020-0163 Science and Technology. (2023, July 20). The internet: revolutionizing communication, information access, and connectivity. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://reinventers.com/the-internetrevolutionizing-communication-information-access-and-connectivity/ Vidhate, S., Badgujar, A., Patil, N., & Pawar, R. (2019). A Review on Library Automation Using Artificial Intelligence. Ukachi, N. B., Nwachukwu, V. N., & Onuoha, U. D. (2014). Library automation and use of open source software to maximize library effectivenss. Library Progress (International), 34(2), 97-111. References 34

CHAPTER BY NURUL IZZATI BINTI MUHAMMAD & NURUL SYAFIQA NADHIRAH BINTI RAMLI HOW TO ENHANCE SECURITY IN THE LIBRARY 06

Physical security is necessary to keep resources, people, and property safe. Surveillance systems, perimeter security, and access control are the three primary elements of physical security. Only those who are authorized can enter restricted areas through access control. Access control is enforced with tools like locks, access cards, and biometric scanners, which can prevent the possibility of unauthorized access and security breaches. Surveillance systems use motion sensors, CCTV cameras, and other equipment to monitor physical areas in real-time. These solutions enhance overall security by applying security metrics to promptly detect and address threats. Clear boundaries are established by perimeter security, which also keeps unauthorized people out of protected zones. Intrusion detection systems, gates, and fences are examples of security measures that help maintain the perimeter's integrity by deterring intruders and minimizing potential damage. By implementing these fundamental physical security components and adopting a proactive approach to mitigate threats, organizations can fortify themselves and defend against security breach. HOW TO ENHANCE SECURITY IN THE LIBRARY Abstract Library security includes a variety of measures intended to keep library materials, users, and staff safe. It has both physical and digital features. Physically, libraries use security systems to keep things from being stolen or damaged and to deal with rude behavior. Protecting digital assets, controlling who can use resources, and keeping yourself safe from online threats are all parts of digital security. In case something unexpected happens, libraries also have emergency plans prepared to evacuate. Additionally, library security makes sure that everyone is safe and sound. Security is a critical component in libraries, responsible for safeguarding library resources from a variety of potential dangers. Modern libraries utilize advanced security measures to safeguard their resources. These technologies are crucial in preventing the theft of library materials as well as managing disruptive behavior shown by visitors. By employing appropriate security measures, libraries can ensure a safe and secure environment for both staff and users. In addition, research is being carried out to analyze the security mechanisms in specific libraries, with the goal of preventing theft and other disruptive acts in the library. Consistently improving security measures guarantees that libraries continue to be useful and easily accessible resources for the community. Keywords: Library security, Physical security, Digital Security Introduction The swift advancement of nations towards the information age has sparked a rapid expansion in information systems and services, alongside the rise of a novel organizational form known as virtual organizations, primarily driven by information. Conversely, in today's landscape, information stands as the paramount asset for both individuals and entities alike, Consequently, safeguarding information has become a pivotal concern. Information security stands out as a critical and indispensable matter across all sectors. The efficacy of information security within organizations, encompassing libraries and information hubs, heavily relies on the proactive engagement of managers, librarians, information handlers, users, and all human elements within the organization. Overlooking information security could result in repercussions for businesses that may necessitate months or even years to rectify. Hence, the imperative to prioritize information security, its management, and the preservation of secure information exchange channels has never been more pressing. Key Components of Physical Security PHYSICAL LIBRARY SECURITY 36

They will be prepared to handle any security issues that may arise as a result. Last but not least, the library aids in our decision-making. The library may provide guidance when it comes to security decisions, such as how to safeguard a facility or what to do in an emergency. It provides us with the information and advice we need to make the greatest choices. To put it succinctly, a physical security library is an equivalent of a superpower against malicious activity. It assists us in learning, being ready, and making the best decisions to ensure everyone's safety. With all of this information at our disposal, we can confidently tackle any security issue and safeguard the things that are really important. A physical security library, with its many books, articles, and recommendations about keeping places secure, is like a veritable gold mine of information. This article discusses the benefits of having a library like this, including how it promotes learning, helps people make wise decisions, and keeps everyone safe. First, there are a variety of books regarding maintaining public safety available at the library. It discusses how to create secure structures, how to deter crime, and what laws and regulations we must abide by. People may quickly and easily discover the answers to their security inquiries with all this information in one location. Second, the library supports our ongoing education. It may be used by those in the security industry to keep current on new concepts and methods. They can read about actual cases and take inspiration from the actions of others. The Role of a Security Library A physical security library, with its many books, articles, and recommendations about keeping places secure, is like a veritable gold mine of information. This article discusses the benefits of having a library like this, including how it promotes learning, helps people make wise decisions, and keeps everyone safe. First, there are a variety of books regarding maintaining public safety available at the library. It discusses how to create secure structures, how to deter crime, and what laws and regulations we must abide by. People may quickly and easily discover the answers to their security inquiries with all this information in one location. Second, the library supports our ongoing education. It may be used by those in the security industry to keep current on new concepts and methods. They can read about actual cases and take inspiration from the actions of others. Strengthening Security with Software Tools Second, they facilitate communication between various security systems. In this manner, devices such as surveillance cameras and access control systems may interface seamlessly, exchanging data and enhancing security. Finally, software tools introduce novel concepts and technological advancements, such as the use of biometrics for secure access or artificial intelligence to identify questionable behaviour. By introducing the newest technology, they assist us in staying ahead of security concerns. Software tools, in other words, are the easy, intelligent, and efficient counterparts of superheroes for security. We can create robust and dependable security solutions to safeguard the things that are essential with their assistance. 37

DIGITAL LIBRARY SECURITY Logging into a system requires identity verification, known as authentication. Imagine it as if we were entering a secure building by showing our ID card. For example, identification. This is like saying, "Hey, it's me!"" Therefore, we must provide information such as a username or email to identify ourselves. Next is verification. It is the stage where someone verifies if you are truly who you claim to be. Think of it as a security guard comparing your face to your ID photo. There are various methods available to prove your identity. For example, passwords are something we know, like our secret code. Smart cards, like specialized cards, are something we possess. Biometrics, on the other hand, refers to the use of fingerprints. Getting authentication right is crucial for maintaining the safety and security of digital libraries. Access control encompasses several components, including authentication. Access control consists of authorization and determining the actions an authenticated user can perform. For licensed information resources, this is based on user profiles and licensing permissions. Accounting collects statistics and billing data. It can also help investigate unauthorized access. In summary, authentication is the initial step in protecting digital library resources. By implementing robust authentication methods and assigning appropriate access levels, libraries can strike a balance between user convenience and security. Authentication and Access Control Network security involves safeguarding the digital access routes that connect computers and devices. Imagine these access routes as data-transporting roads. To protect this data, we use three important measures. The first one is firewalls. This is because we need to think of firewalls as security gates at the highway's entrance. They decide who gets in and who does not. Firewalls block unauthorized access and cyber threats. Encryption. When data travels on access routes, it is like sending secret messages. Encryption wraps these messages in a special code, making them unreadable to anyone snooping around. It is like putting your message in an envelope with a lock. Regular Updates. Just like fixing potholes on a road, we need to patch up any holes in our software and systems. Regular updates keep everything running smoothly and protect against security breaches. It is like maintaining the road to prevent accidents. Network Security 38

Cybersecurity training educates library staff and users about safe online practices, phishing awareness, and protecting personal information. Imagine this as a crash course on staying safe in the digital world. It's like learning self-defense moves but for your online life. They teach library staff and visitors how to spot tricky emails (like fishy fishing bait) and protect their personal information. Think of it as a shield against digital bad guys. Privacy policies are communicated regarding user data and digital resources. These are like ground rules for a game. When we visit a library or any website, there are rules about what happens to our data. Privacy policies explain how our information is collected, stored, and used. It is like knowing the rules before we play a game, so we can decide if we are in or out. Digital Rights Management (DRM) uses tools to control access. Imagine it as a digital lock on valuable content, such as e-books or databases. It ensures that only authorized users can access these resources. Think of it like having a special key to open a secret library room. Secure Servers. Ensure that servers hosting digital collections are secure and regularly audited. For example, picture servers are super-secure safes where digital collections are stored. These servers need regular check-ups like a health check for your computer to make sure they are strong and safe. It is like having a security guard patrol the vault to prevent any break-ins. Backup and recovery regularly back up digital collections to prevent data loss. Just like making copies of important files, it creates backups of digital collections. If something goes wrong like a computer glitch or accidental deletion, they can restore the lost data from these backups. It is like having spare keys for your house in case you misplace the original. Digital Collection Security User Education Enhancing security in both physical and digital libraries is crucial to protecting valuable materials and ensuring a safe environment for visitors. Libraries should implement strong encryption techniques for digital assets, enforce strong user authentication methods, and regularly update software to prevent security breaches. Physical security measures, such as access controls, security cameras, and staff training, are equally important. Regular security checks and respecting visitors' privacy are additional methods to make libraries safer. By combining all of these methods, libraries can make the place safer and protect their important collections. Please keep in mind that a complete security plan includes technical, procedural, and teaching work. CONCLUSION 39

Ademola, O., Osaze, F., Ojeme, P., & Nneka, T. (2015). Library and Information Resources Security Traditional and Electronic Security Measures. International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection, 3(3). Retrieved from: https://www.idpublications.org/wp-content/uploads Adams, A. D., & Kiorpes, K. E. (2021). Library Security: Perceptions of Preparedness. Library Leadership & Management, 35(2). Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.5860/llm.v35i2.7474 Amini, M., Vakilimofrad, H., & Saberi, M. K. (2021). Human factors affecting information security in libraries. the Bottom Line, 34(1), 45–67. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1108/bl-04-2020-0029 Boonkrong, S. (2021). Authentication and Access Control. Apress. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6570-3 Fox, E. A. (1993). Digital libraries. Computer, 26(11), 79–81. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1109/2.241444 Khan, A., & Sonkar, S. K. (2024). A Comprehensive Review of Literature and Exploration of Library Security System. Library Philosophy and Practice (E-Journal). Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/8058/ Lavanya, P. (2017). Security Systems in Libraries: An overview. International Journal of Library and Information Studies, 7(1), 2231–4911. Retrieved from: https://www.ijlis.org/articles/security-systemsin-libraries-an-overview.pdf Mitra, A. (2010). Digital Security. In Google Books. Infobase Publishing. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=kzR5nRJRBf4C&oi=fnd&p Nisohq. (n.d.). Digital Libraries: Authentication, Access & Security for Information Resources | NISO website. Retrieved from www.niso.org website: https://www.niso.org/events/2018/digitallibraries-authentication-access-security-information-resources Paschoud, J., Garibyan, M., & McLeish, S. (Eds.). (2014). Authentication technologies. Cambridge University Press; Facet. Retrieved from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/access-and-identitymanagement-for-libraries/authentication-technologies References 40

CHAPTER BY MOHAMMAD AMMAR RYZWAL BIN FRANKIE RIZAL & MUHAMAD IKHMAL BIN AZMAN BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY LIBRARIES 07

INTRODUCTION This study examines how blockchain technology is revolutionizing libraries by examining its particular characteristics, range of applications and effects. Examining the decentralization, transparency, immutability, and cryptographic security of blockchain technology, the study emphasizes how blockchain may improve data integrity, simplify processes, and completely transform information management. Adoption success is largely determined by critical aspects including technology maturity and regulatory frameworks, with a wide range of applications ranging from copyright protection to digital asset management. In analyzing the short- and long-term mplications of blockchain on library operations and services, the article finishes by highlighting the technology's role in promoting trust, cooperation, and innovation across information ecosystems. Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Features of Blockchain Technology, Application Area of Blockchain Technology in Libraries, Effects of Blockchain on Librarians ABSTRACT Libraries choose, gather, process, store, maintain, and deliver information resources to users in their capacity as information providers. Education and library services are facing significant problems due to the advent of innovative technology like the blockchain. Giving all potential users in participating library systems free access to digital content and print collections while minimizing risk to preserve each user's identity and privacy is the primary objective of applying blockchain technology (BT) in libraries and information centers. Blockchain is a new and reliable technology that helps with information security, dependability, and preservation. Libraries run by change agents in the twentyfirst century are introducing new technology to provide the greatest quantity of knowledge in the quickest length of time. The potential of this technology to revolutionize library operations, services, and functions cannot be emphasized. BT can be used to solve problems in the library field with the appropriate applications for information storage in a distributed, temperature-resistant environment. Without a lot of technological hurdles, blockchain can be used in library settings to gather, store, and exchange trustworthy information. WRITER: Mohammad Ammar Ryzwal Bin Frankie Rizal Muhammad Ikhmal Bin Azman 42