KOMPILASI AMALI BIOLOGI SPM

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA

Light Number of Number of Number of Saiz
intensity garden garden snail garden snail population
Keamatan snail in the in the which had
cahaya first second marked in the axb
capture capture second capture c
High light Bilangan Bilangan Bilangan siput
intensity siput babi siput babi babi yang Size
Keamatan dalam dalam bertanda dalam populasi
cahaya tinggi tangkapan tangkapan tangkapan
Low light petama kedua kedua a xb
intensity c
Keamatan
cahaya
rendah

8.3 QUADRAT SAMPLING TECHNIQUE/TEKNIK PERSAMPELAN KUADRAT

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT:

How light intensity affects pattern distribution of Pleurococcus sp.?
Bagaimana keamatan cahaya mempengaruhi taburan Pleurococcus sp.?

2. HYPOTHESIS:

The higher the light intensity, the higher number of distribution of Pleurococcus
sp.
Semakin tinggi keamatan cahaya, semakin tinggi jumlah taburan Pleurococcus
sp.

3. VARIABLES:

Manipulated variable: The amount of sunlight received by Pleurococcus sp.
Jumlah cahaya yang diterima oleh Pleurococcus sp.

Responding variable: The amount of Pleurococcus sp. found on bark
Jumlah taburan Pleurococcus sp. pada batang pokok

Constant variable: Location of tree, species of tree, position of Pleurococcus sp.
on tree
Lokasi pokok, spesies pokok dan kedudukan Pleurococcus
sp. pada pokok

4. APPARATUS & MATERIALS:

Apparatus : Compass / marker on the ground showing direction of N, S, E and
W, a quadrat 10 cm x 10 cm, pen and notebook
Kompas/penunjuk dengan arah U, S, T dan B, kuadrat bersaiz
10cm x 10 cm, pen dan buku nota

5. PROCEDURE :

K1 : Preparation Of Materials & Apparatus
K2 : Operating The CV
K3 : Operating The RV
K4 : Operating The MV
K5 : Steps To Increase Reliability Of Result Accurately/Precaution

1. Choose a tree with Pleurococcus on its trunk. K1,
Pilih sebatang pokok dengan Pleurococcus pada batangnya. K2

2. By using a compass, determine the northern part of the tree trunk. K1
Dengan menggunakan kompas, tentukan arah utara pokok berkenaan.

3. By using the quadrat, count the Pleurococcus on the northern zone of the K3
tree trunk. Observe the surrounding light intensity on that particular part.
Dengan menggunakan kuadrat, kira jumlah taburan Pleurococcus pada
bahagian batang pokok yang menghadap utara. Perhatikan jumlah cahaya
yang diperoleh oleh bahagian ini.

4. Repeat steps 2-3 for southern, western and eastern part of the tree trunk. K4
Ulang langkah 2-3 untuk bahagian pokok yang menghadap selatan, timur
dan barat.

5. Record the data in a table. K1
Rekodkan data di dalam jadual.

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA :

Area on tree trunk Amount of Percentage of coverage
Bahagian pada surrounding light (%)
batang pokok Jumlah cahaya Peratus litupan sepsis
matahari (%)
Northern / Utara

Southern / Selatan

Western / Barat

Eastern / Timur

8.4 THE EFFECT OF CHANGE OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE POPULATION
GROWTH RATE OF AN ORGANISM/KESAN PERUBAHAN KEAMATAN CAHAYA
KE ATAS KADAR POPULASI PERTUMBUHAN ORGANISMA.

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT :

What is the effect of light intensity on the population growth rate of Lemna sp?
Apakah kesan keamatan cahaya ke atas kadar tumbesaran populasi Lemna. sp?

2. HYPOTHESIS :

The higher the light intensity, the higher the population growth rate of Lemna
sp.
Semakin tinggi keamatan cahaya, semakin tinggi kadar tumbesaran populasi
Lemna. Sp

3. VARIABLES :

Manipulated variable : Light intensity//Power Of bulb // Distance of Lemna .sp
from the light source
Keamatan cahaya// Kuasa mentol // Jarak Lemna .sp
dari punca cahaya.

Responding variable : Growth rate of Lemna sp // Number of Lemna sp //
Kadar tumbesaran populasi Lemna. sp // Bilangan
Lemna. sp

Constant variable : Type of plant///The volume of Knop Solution // Duration of
growth //Distance Lemna sp. from lamp
Jenis tumbuhan// Isipadu larutan Knops // tempoh masa
tumbesaran//Jarak Lemna sp dr lampu

4. APPARATUS &MATERIALS :

Apparatus : Petri dish//beaker,Lamp//Light Bulb 10 W, 40 W and 80 W, Ruler,
Measuring Cylinder
Petri dish//Bikar, Lampu//Mentol 10W, 40W dan 80W, Pembaris,
Silinder Penyukat

Materials : Lemna sp. shoot, Knop Solution, Distilled water
Lemna sp. , Larutan Knops, Air Suling

5. PROCEDURE :
K1 : Preparation Of Materials & Apparatus
K2 : Operating The CV
K3 : Operating The RV
K4 : Operating The MV
K5 : Steps To Increase Reliability Of Result Accurately/Precaution

1. Prepare three petri dish and label it as A, B and C. K1
Sediakan 3 piring petri dan label sebagai A, B dan C.

2. Fill each petri dish with 20 ml of Knopp Solution. K1 &
Isikan setiap piring petri dengan 20 ml Larutan Knopp. K2

3. Put 5 Lemna sp on to each of the petri dish. K1 &
Letakkan 5 Lemna sp di atas setiap piring petri. K2

4. Place each petri dish at 30 cm distance from the lamps with light bulb K1,
10W, 40W and 80W K2 &
Letakkan setiap piring petri dalam jarak 30 cm daripada lampu/mentol K4
10W, 40W dan 80W.

5. Place all the petri dish in area of same temperature. K5
Letakkan semua piring petri di dalam kawasan yang sama suhu K1 &
persekitaran. K2
K1
6. Leave the petri dish for 7 days.
Biarkan piring petri selama 7 hari K3

7. After 7 days, count and record the number of lemna sp. in each petri K1
dish.
Selepas 7 hari, kira dan rekodkan bilangan Lemna sp. di dalam setiap
piring petri.

8. Calculate the growth rate of Lemna sp.by using formula :
Buat pengiraan dengan menggunakan formula, Kadar Pertumbuhan
Lemna sp.

The number of Lemna sp. // Bilangan Lemna sp.

Time Taken (Day) Masa (Hari)

9. Record all data in a table.
Rekodkan semua data di dalam jadual.

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA :

Light intensity (W) Number of Lemna sp. The growth rate
Keamatan cahaya (W) of Lemna sp.
Initial Final (no per day)
10
40 number number
80
5

5

5

8.5 THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ACTIVITY OF YEAST
(MICROORGANISMS)/KESAN SUHU KE ATAS AKTIVITI YIS (MIKROORGANISMA)

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT:

How does temperature affect yeast activity?
Bagaimana suhu mempengaruhi keaktifan yis?
2. HYPOTHESIS:

The activity of yeast increases with the increase in temperature until it reaches
the optimum temperature 35oC and after that the activity will decrease above

optimum temperature.

Keaktifan yis meningkat apabila suhu meningkat sehingga mencapai suhu
optimum iaitu 35oC dan selepas suhu optimum keaktifan yis menurun.

3. VARIABLES:

Manipulated variable: Temperature/Suhu
Responding variable: Height of coloured liquid in the manometer/Ketinggian

cecair berwarna dalam manometer.
Constant variable: Volume of yeast suspension// pH// light intensity// and time

taken.
Isipadu ampaian yis// pH// keamatan cahaya// and tempoh
experiment.

4. APPARATUS & MATERIALS :

Apparatus: Boiling tubes, glass tubes, clips, rubber stoppers, rubber tubings,
retort stands, manometer tubes, strings, measuring cylinders,
stopwatches, thermometers and a ruler.
Tabung didih, salur kaca, klip, penyumbat tabung didih, kaki retort,
salur manometer, benang, silinder penyukat, jam randik,
termomemter, dan pembaris.

Materials: Yeast suspension (4 g of yeast in 100 cm3 of glucose solution) and
coloured liquid.
Ampaian yis( 4 g yis dalam 100 cm3 larutan glukosa) dan larutan
berwarna.

5. PROCEDURE:

K1:Preparing of Materials & Apparatus K1
K2: Operating The CV
K3: Operating The RV
K4: Operating The MV
K5: Steps To Increase Reliability Of Result Accurately/ Precaution
1.Five boiling tubes are labelled A, B, C, D, and E.

Lima tabung didih dilabelkan A, B, C, D, dan E.

2. The boiling tubes are filled with 15 cm3 of yeast suspension. K1,K2
Tabung didih diisikan dengan 15 cm3 ampaian yis

3. Boiling tube A is placed in a beaker of ice. The temperature is recorded after K1
5 minutes.
Tabung didih A diletakkan di dalam bikar yand diisi dengan ais. Suhu
dicatatkan selepas 5 minit.

4. The stopwatch is activated and the height of the coloured liquid in the K1,K3
manometer is recorded after 10 minutes.
Jam randik dimulakan dan ketinggian cecair berwarna dalam direkodkan
selepas 10 minit.

5. The procedure 4 to 5 is repeated by placing boiling tubes B, C, D and E into K4
water baths set at temperatures,
Langkah 4 dan 5 diulang dengan meletakkan tabung didih B, C, D dan E ke
dalam rendaman air yang bersuhu,
(i) 20°C,
(ii) 30°C,
(iii) 40 °C and/dan
(iv) 50°C respectively/masing-masing.

6. The results obtained are recorded in a table. K1
Keputusan direkodkan di dalam jadual.

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA:

Boiling Temperature (oC)/ Height of coloured liquid in the manometer
tube/tabung Suhu (oC) (cm)/
didih Ketinggian cecair berwarna dalam
0 manometer (cm)
A 20
B 30
C 40
D 50
E

9.1 SOLID POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT / BAHAN
PENCEMAR PEPEJAL DI UDARA DALAM PERSEKITARAN YANG BERBEZA
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT:

What is the effect between the number of solid pollutants in the air from different location?

Apakah kesan bilangan bahan pencemar pepejal dalam udara dari lokasi yang
berbeza?
2. HYPOTHESIS:
The number of solid pollutants in the air at location P is higher than location Q,
R and S.

Lokasi P mempunyai bilangan bahan pencemar pepejal dalam udara yang tinggi berbanding lokasi Q, R dan S.

3. VARIABLE:

Manipulated variable : Difference location
Lokasi yang berbeza

Responding variable : Number of solid pollutants
Bilangan bahan pencemar pepejal

Constant variable : Surface Area of the cellophane tape exposed
Luas permukaan pita pelekat yang terdedah

APPARATUS & MATERIALS:

Glass slide, cellophane tape, microscope, petri dish, ruler, knife, marker pen

Sisip kaca, pita pelekat, mikroskop, piring petri, pembaris, pisau, pen penanda

PROCEDURE:

Diagram 1//Rajah 1

1. 1. Four glass slides are cleaned and dried are label with P, Q R and S.

Empat sisip kaca dibersih dan dikeringkan di label dengan P, Q, R dan S menggunakan pen penanda.

K1

2. 2. A strip of cellophane tape with surface area of the sticky surface 3cm x 2cm K1
facing upwards is placed on each K2

3. glass slide as shown in Diagram 1

Pita pelekat yang mempunyai luas permukaan 3cmx2cm diletakkan pada setiap sisip kaca dengan permukaan

yang melekat di sebelah atas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.

3 Make sure your hands are clean and do not touch the sticky surface of the tape. K5

Tangan dipastikan dalam keadaan bersih dan tidak bersentuhan dengan permukaan pita pelekat yang melekit. K1
K4
4. 4. The glass slides are placed in different location which is refer the table below:
Sisip kaca diletakkan di lokasi yang berbeza dengan merujuk jadual dibawah:

Glass slides Location
Sisip kaca Lokasi
P Bus Station/ Stesen Bus
Q Railway Station/ Stesen Keretapi
R Market /Pasar
S Recreation Park/ Taman Rekreasi

5. 5. After one week, the glass slides are collected and examined under the K2
microscope using a low power lens. K1

Selepas satu minggu, sisip kaca dikumpulkan dan diperiksa satu demi satu di bawah mikroskop cahaya dengan K3
kanta kuasa rendah.

6. 6. Count the number of solid pollutant on glass slide P, Q, R and S and record in
the table result.

7. Kira dan rekod bilangan bahan pencemar pepejal di atas sisip kaca P, Q, R
dan S dan rekod di dalam jadual

8. keputusan.

6. 7. Repeat the experiment to get average data and record all the data in the table K5
result

7. Ulang eksperimen untuk mendapat data purata dan rekod semua data di dalam
jadual keputusan.

PRESENTATION OF DATA:

Glass slides Location Number of solid
Sisip kaca Lokasi pollutants in air

Bilangan bahan pencemar
pepejal dalam udara

P Bus Station/ Stesen Bus

Q Railway Station/ Stesen
Keretapi

R Market /Pasar

S Recreation Park/ Taman
Rekreasi

9.2 LEVEL OF WATER POLLUTION IN DIFFERENT SOURCES OF WATER/TAHAP
PENCEMARAN AIR DALAM SUMBER AIR YANG BERBEZA

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT:
What is the level of water pollution in different sources of water?
Apakah tahap pencemaran air daripada pelbagai sumber air?

2. HYPOTHESIS:
The more polluted the water sample which is drain water, the faster the time
taken for the methylene blue solution to decolourise.
Air yang semakin tercemar terutamanya air longkang mengambil masa yang
paling cepat untuk melunturkan warna larutan metilena biru.

3. VARIABLES:
Manipulated variable: Type of water
Jenis air
Responding variable: Time taken for methylene blue solution to turn colourless
Masa yang diambil untuk melunturkan warna larutan
metilena biru
Constant variable : Volume of methylene blue solution, volume of water
sample
Isipadu larutan metilena biru, isipadu sampel air.

4. APPARATUS & MATERIALS:
Apparatus: Five reagent bottles, syringe and clock
Lima botol reagen, picagari dan jam
Materials: 0.1% methylene blue solution and water samples
0.1% larutan metilena biru dan sampel air

5. PROCEDURE:

1. Collect four samples of water from four different sources.
Kumpul empat sampel air dari empat sumber yang berlainan.

2. Label five reagent bottles as P, Q, R, S and T.
Label lima botol reagen sebagai P, Q, R, S and T.

3. Fill each reagent bottle with 200ml of the collected water samples
respectively.
Isi setiap botol reagen dengan 200ml sampel air yang dikumpulkan
masing-masing.

P: Drain water
Air longkang

Q: River water
Air sungai

R: Lake water
Air tasik

S: Pipe water
Air pili

T: Distilled water
Air suling

4. Using a syringe, slowly add 1ml of 0.1% methylene blue solution to the
water sample.
Dengan menggunakan picagari, tambahkan 1ml larutan metilena biru
0.1% ke dalam sampel air dengan perlahan-lahan.

5. Close the reagent bottle immediately.
Tutup botol dengan segera.
 Do not shake the bottle.
 Jangan goncang botol reagen.

6. Place all the bottles in a dark area.
Letakkan semua botol dalam kawasan gelap.

7. Every one hour, check for the change in the colour for every bottle.
Periksa perubahan warna untuk setiap botol pada selang masa 1 jam
.

8. Record the time taken for the methylene blue solution to turn colourless.
Rekod masa yang dimbil untuk warna larutan metilena biru menjadi
luntur.

6. RESULTS: Water sample Time taken for methylene blue
solution to turn colourless (hours)
Reagent Drain water
bottle River water
Lake water
P Pipe water
Q Distilled water
R
S
T

BIOLOGY: FORM 5

1.1 THE CORRELATION OF DIFFERENT SIZES OF CUBES WITH TOTAL
SURFACE AREA/ VOLUME (TSA/V) RATIO/KORELASI ANTARA KIUB YANG
BERLAINAN SAIZ DENGAN NISBAH JUMLAH LUAS PERMUKAAN / ISI PADU
(JLP/I)

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT :

What is the relationship between the TSA/V ratio and the movement of solutes
to the interior of an object?
Apakah hubungan antara nisbah JLP/I dengan pergerakan bahan terlarut ke
dalam sesuatu objek?

2. HYPOTHESIS :

The smaller the TSA/V ratio, the lesser the movement of solutes to the interior
of an object.
Semakin berkurang nisbah JLP/I, semakin berkurang kadar pergerakan bahan
terlarut ke dalam sesuatu objek.

3. VARIABLES :

Manipulated variable :
Size of object
Saiz objek

Responding variable :
The percentage of coloured areas
Peratusan kawasan yang berwarna

Constant variable :
Temperature//concentration of coloured water//volume of coloured water//type
of potato
Suhu//kepekatan air berwarna//isipadu air berwarna/ jenis ubi kentang

4. APPARATUS & MATERIALS :

Apparatus :
Knife, tile, beaker, ruler, and stopwatch
Pisau, jubin, bikar, pembaris dan jam randik

Materials :
Coloured Water and potatoes
Air berwarna dan ubi kentang

5. PROCEDURE

K1 : Preparation Of Materials & Apparatus
K2 : Operating the CV
K3 : Operating the RV
K4 : Operating the MV
K5 : Steps to increase reliability of result accurately / precaution

1. Cut the potatoes into cubes with sides 4 cm, 3 cm and 2 cm respectively. K1
Potong ubi kentang kepada kiub-kiub yang bersisi 4 cm, 3 cm dan 2 cm K1
masing-masing. K1

2. Calculate the total surface area and volume of each tube. K2
Hitung jumlah luas permukaan dan isi padu setiap kiub. K1
K1
3. Put the potato cubes into a beaker of coloured water. K3
Masukkan kiub-kiub ubi kentang ke dalam bikar yang berisi air K4
berwarna. K2

4. Used a stopwatch to record the time. K1
Masa di rekod menggunakan jam randik. K5

5. Let the potatoes cubes in coloured water for 30 minutes.
Biarkan kiub kentang di dalam air berwarna selama 30 minit.

6. Removes the potatoes cubes from the beaker after 30 minutes.
Keluarkan kiub-kiub kentang dari bikar selepas 30 minit.

7. Cut cubes with sides 4 cm into two halves.
Potong ubi kentang yang bersisi 4 cm kepada dua bahagian.

8. Observe and estimate the percentage of area coloured using grid paper.
Perhatikan dan anggarkan peratusan kawasan berwarna dengan
menggunakan kertas grid.

9. Repeat step 7 and 8 by using cubes with sides 3 cm and 2 cm.
Ulangi langkah 7 dan 8 dengan menggunakan kiub yang bersisi 3 cm
dan 2 cm.

10. The experiment is carried out using same volume of coloured water and
concentration of coloured water.
Eksperimen ini dijalankan dalam keadaan isipadu air berwarna dan
kepekatan air berwarna yang sama.

11. Record all data in table.
Rekodkan semua data di dalam jadual.

12. Repeat steps 9 using another grid paper to get average reading.
Ulang langkah 9 menggunakan kertas grid yang lain untuk
mendapatkan bacaan purata.

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA

Side (cm) Total surface Volume TSA/V Estimated percentage
Sisi (cm) area (cm2) (cm3) (ratio) of coloured area (%)
JLP/I Anggaran peratusan
Jumlah luas Isipadu (nisbah) kawasan berwarna(%)
(cm3)
permukaan

(cm2)
2
3
4

1.2 BARK RINGING TO SHOW THE ROLE OF PHLOEM IN TRANSPORT OF
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES/MENGGELANG BATANG BAGI MENUNJUKKAN
FUNGSI FLOEM DALAM TUMBUHAN.

1. 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT:

What is the effect of removing a ring of phloem tissue from the stem of a tree?
Apakah kesan pada tisu kulit pokok di bahagian atas dan bawah gelang apabila
gelang kulit dibuang daripada pokok batang.
2. HYPOTHESIS:

The tissue just above the ring swells whereas the tissue below the ring withers.
Bahagian atas gelang kulit yang dibuang daripada batang pokok membengkak
selepas beberapa minggu, manakala bahagian bawah gelang kulit mengecut.
3. VARIABLES:

Manipulated variables:
A stem that is ringed and a stem that is not ringed.
Bahagian gelang kulit yang dibuang dan bahagian gelang kulit yang tidak
dibuang.

Responding variables:
The condition of the stems above and below the ring after one month
Kehadiran bengkakan pada bahagian atas gelang kulit batang tumbuhan
selepas gelang kulit pada batang dibuang.

Constant variable:
The plant type (hibiscus rosa-sinesis sp. ) , duration of the experiment
Jenis pokok yang digunakan (hibiscus rosa-sinesis sp.), tempoh masa
eksperimen
4. APPARATUS & MATERIALS:

APPARATUS:
A healthy tree with small stems, Vaseline
Pokok yang sihat dengan dahan yang kecil, Vaseline

MATERIALS:
A sharp knife, meter ruler, pen/ marker pen
Pisau tajam, pembaris meter, pen/ marker pen
5. PROCEDURE:

K1 : Preparation Of Materials & Apparatus
K2 : Operating the CV
K3 : Operating the RV
K4 : Operating the MV
K5 : Steps to increase reliability of result accurately / precaution

1. A knife is used to remove a complete ring of bark from a tree stem. K1
Pisau tajam digunakan untuk membuang satu gelang kulit dari batang
pokok kawasan berkayu.

2. Vaseline is applied on the exposed tissue. K1
Vaseline disapu pada tisu yang terdedah.

3. Leave the plant (hibiscus rosa-sinesis) in sunlight for one month. K2
Biarkan pokok bunga raya itu dibawah cahaya matahari selama satu
bulan.

4. After one month, the condition and the diameter of the stem above K1,
and below the ring is recorded. K2,
Selepas satu bulan, perhatikan perubahan yang berlaku (perubahan K3
diameter) pada tisu kulit pokok di bahagian atas dan bawah gelang
yang dibuat.

5. Make sure the plant is water every day and it obtains maximum K5
sunlight.
Pastikan pokok itu disiram dengan air setiap hari dan menerima
maksima cahaya matahari.

6. A drawing of the stem condition is made. K3
Lukiskan pemerhatian pada bahagian gelang kulit.

7. The condition of the stem is compared to the stem that is not ringed. K1,
Bandingkan perubahan yang berlaku pada tisu kulit pokok di bahagian K4
atas dan bawah gelang yang dibuat.

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA:

The condition of The diameter of the stem above and below the
plant stem ring (cm)
Keadaan tisu kulit
batang pokok Perubahan diameter pada tisu kulit pokok di
bahagian atas dan bawah gelang (cm)

Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Average

Stem that is ringed
(remove complete
ring of bark)
Bahagian gelang
kulit yang dibuang
Stem that is not
ringed
(have a remove
complete ring of bark

Bahagian gelang
kulit yang tidak
dibuang.

1.3 THE EFFECT OF AIR MOVEMENT ON THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION.
KESAN PERGERAKAN UDARA TERHADAP KADAR TRANSPIRASI

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT :
What is the effect of air movement on the rate of transpiration?
Apakah kesan pergerakan udara terhadap kadar transpirasi?

2. HYPOTHESIS :

The faster the movement of air, the greater the rate of transpiration.
Semakin laju pergerakan udara, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
3. VARIABLES :

Manipulated variable :
Air movement
Pergerakan udara

Responding Variable:
The distance travelled by the air bubble in 5 minutes
Jarak yang dilalui oleh gelembung udara dalam 5 minit.

Constant Variable:
Surrounding temperature, light intensity, relative humidity, type of plant used.
Suhu persekitaran, keamatan cahaya, kelembapan relatif, jenis pokok.
4. APPARATUS AND MATERIAL:

A leafy shoot, Vaseline, dry cloth and coloured water (dilute eosin solution,
optional), a potometer, a beaker, secateurs, a basin of water and stopwatch.
Pucuk berdaun, vaselin, kain kering dan air berwarna (larutan eosin, pilihan),
potometer, beaker, pemotong ranting, besen air dan jam randik.

5. PROCEDURE:

K1 : Preparation Of Materials & Apparatus
K2 : Operating the CV
K3 : Operating the RV
K4 : Operating the MV
K5 : Steps to increase reliability of result accurately / precaution

1. Choose a leafy shoot from a plant. Cut off the shoot with secateurs and
immediately immerse the cut end into a basin of water.
Pilih satu pucuk berdaun daripada sebatang pokok. Potong pucuk
dengan memotong ranting dan rendamkan segera hujung yang dipotong
ke dalam besen.

2. From the cut end of the shoot, cut about 1 cm of the stem obliquely
under the water.
Daripada hujung pokok yang dipotong, potong 1 cm batang di dalam
air.

3. Immerse the potometer in the water and move it around to remove all the
air bubbles. The tap of the reservoir must be open to fill the graduated
capillary tube with water. ( You may use dilute eosin water so that the
movement of air bubbles can be seen easily)
Rendamkan potometer dalam air dan gerakkan untuk membuang
gelembung udara. Klip air dibuka untuk mengisi tiub kapilari dengan
air. (Gunakan larutan eosin untuk melihat pergerakan gelembung udara
dengan lebih jelas)

4. Carefully insert the cut end of the stem into the hole in the cork of the
potometer under water. Make sure the leaves are kept out of the water as
much as possible.
Dengan berhati-hati, masukkan hujung batang ke dalam penyumbat
gabus potometer di dalam air. Pastikan daun dijauhkan daripada air.

5. Close the reservoir tap before you remove the apparatus from the water
so that graduated capillary tube is full.
Tutup klip air sebelum mengalirkan radas daripada air supaya tiub
kapilari dipenuhi air.

6. Remove the apparatus from the water and set it up. The end of the
capillary tube is immersed in a beaker of water.
Alihkan radas daripada air. Hujung kapilari direndam ke dalam bikar
yang mengandungi air.

7. Wipe the leaves and the apparatus dry by using dry cloth.
Lapkan daun dan radas dengan kain kering.

8. Smear Vaseline around the region of the stem which passes through the
cork of the potometer to ensure there is no leakage of water and the
apparatus is airtight.
Sapukan Vaseline di sekeliling batang pada penyumbat gabus potometer
untuk memastikan tiada kebocoran air dan radas kedap udara.

9. Lift the end of the capillary tube from the beaker for a short while. Then,
replace it into the beaker of water to introduce an air bubble in the tube.
Angkat sementara hujung tiub kapilari daripada bikar. Kemudian, letak
semula ke dalam bikar birisi air untuk membentuk gelembung udara.

10. Wait for the air bubble to move to the horizontal, graduated part of the
capillary tube.
Tunggu gelembung udara bergerak secara melintang dan stabil.

11. Place the potometer in an enclose room with no air movement.
Letakkan potometer di dalam bilik bertutup yang tiada pergerakan
udara.

12. Allow a few minutes for the shoot to reach a steady state before taking
any readings.
Biarkan beberapa minit pucuk berada dalam keadaan stabil sebelum
mengambil bacaan.

13. Start the stopwatch and record the distance travelled by the air bubble in
5 minutes.
Mulakan jam randik dan rekodkan jarak yang dilalui oleh gelembung
udara dalam masa 5 minit.

14. Send the air bubble back to the right hand side of the capillary tube by
opening the tap of the reservoir.
Kembalikan gelembung udara semula ke bahagian kanan tiub kapilari
dengan membuka klip air.

15. Repeat with two more readings.
Ulang dengan dua lagi bacaan.

16. Repeat steps 12 to 14 by placing the potometer under a fast moving fan.
Ulang langkah 12 hingga 14 dengan meletakkan potometer di bawah
kipas yang bergerak laju.

17. Record the distance travelled by the air bubble under both the conditions
in the following table.
Rekodkan jarak yang dilalui oleh gelembung udara dalam 2 keadaan ke
dalam jadual.

PRESENTATION OF DATA:

Condition Distance travelled by the air bubble in 5 minutes Rate of
Keadaan transpiration
(cm) (cm/minute)
Non windy
Udara Jarak yang dilalui gelembung udara dalam 5 Kadar
tenang transpirasi
minit (cm) (cm/minit)

1st reading 2nd 3rd Average

Bacaan reading reading Purata

pertama Bacaan Bacaan

kedua ketiga

Windy
Udara
bergerak

1.4 THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION
/KESAN KEAMATAN CAHAYA KE ATAS KADAR TRANSPIRASI

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT:

What is the effect of light intensity on the rate of transpiration?
Apakah kesan keamatan cahaya ke atas kadar transpirasi?

2. HYPOTHESIS:

The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of transpiration of Hibiscus sp.
Semakin tinggi keamatan cahaya, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi Hibiscus sp.

3. VARIABLES:

Manipulated variable:
Light intensity// Power of bulb// Distance of Hibiscus sp. From the light source.
Keamatan cahaya// kuasa mentol// Jarak Hibiscus sp. daripada punca cahaya

Responding variable:
Rate of transpiration// Time taken for air bubble to move a distance of 5cm//
Distance of air bubble move in 5 minutes
Kadar transpirasi// Masa yang diambil untuk gelembung udara bergerak
sejauh 5cm// jarak gelembung udara bergerak dalam 5 minit.

Constant variable :
Type of plant// Air movement// Relative humidity// The number of leaf of the
plant
Jenis tumbuhan// Pergerakan udara// Kelembapan relatif// Bilangan daun
tumbuhan

4. APPARATUS & MATERIALS:

Apparatus:
Potometer// Beaker+capillary tube+retort stand+rubber tubing, ruler, stopwatch,
marker//thread, knife
Potometer// Bikar+tiub kapilari+kaki retot+salur getah, pembaris, jam randik,
pen penanda/benang,pisau

Materials:
Leafy/ Hibiscus sp.shoot, water, Vaseline/grease
Pucuk berdaun/ Hibiscus sp. ,air,vaselin/gris

5. PROCEDURE:

K1: Preparation Of Materials & Apparatus
K2: Operating The CV

K3: Operating The RV K1,
K4: Operating The MV K5
K5: Steps To Increase Reliability Of Result Accurately/Precaution
K1
1. Cut a leafy shoot under water in a basin.
Potong pucuk berdaun di bawah air dalam basin K1

2. Used a potometer
Gunakan photometer

3. Fill the potometer with water
Isikan potometer dengan air

4. Attached a leafy shoot to the photometer K1
Sambungkan pucuk berdaun ke photometer

5. Wipe leaves dry using a cloth/tissue K5
Lap kering daun menggunakan kain/tisu K5

6. Make all the connection parts of joint air-tight using Vaseline. K1
Jadikan semua bahagian yang bersambung kalis udara menggunakan
Vaseline

7. Mark 2 points A and B ,5cm on the capillary tube.
Tandakan 2 titk A dan B , 5cm di atas tiub kapilari

8. An air bubble is introduced into potometer. K1
Satu gelembung udara dimasukkan dalam potometer.

9. Place the potometer under the shade. K1
Letakkan potometer tersebut di tempat yang teduh

10. Using stopwatch, record the time taken for the air bubble to move from K3
point A to point B. K4
Dengan menggunakan jam randik, rekodkanmasa yang diambil untuk K2
gelembung udara bergerak daripada titik A ke titik B.
K1
11. Repeat step 3 to 10 by placing the potometer under strong light intensity. K3
Ulangi langkah 3 ke 10 dengan meletakkan potometer tersebut di bawah
keamatan cahaya yang tinggi

12. The experiment is carried out in the same plant/temperature/relative
humidity.
Ulang eksperimen ini dengan tumbuhan /suhu/kelembapan relative yang
sama.

13. Record all data in a table.
Rekodkan semua data di dalam jadual.

14. Calculate the rate of transpiration using the following formula: K5

Distance
Time

Hitungkan kadar transpirasi menggunakan formula berikut:
Jarak
Masa

15. Repeat experiment to get average reading.
Ulang eksperimen untuk mendapatkan bacaan purata

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA:

Light intensity Time taken for air Rate of transpiration(cm
Keamatan cahaya bubble to move from min-1 )
point A to point B(min)
Shady (lower light Masa yang diambil Kadar transpirasi(cm
intensity) untuk gelembung udara min-1)
Teduh (keamatan bergerak dari titik A ke
cahaya rendah) titik B(min)
Strong light (higher
light intensity)
Cahaya
terang(keamatan
cahaya tinggi)

3.1 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT QUANTITIES OF WATER INTAKE ON URINE
OUTPUT./ KESAN PENGAMBILAN MINUMAN YANG BERLAINAN ISIPADU
TERHADAP PENGHASILAN AIR KENCING

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT:

What is the effect of different quantities of water intake on urine output?
Apakah kesan pengambilan minuman yang berlainan isipadu terhadap
penghasilan air kencing?

2. HYPOTHESIS:

The more the water intake, the more the volume of urine produced.
Semakin banyak air diminum, semakin banyak air kencing dihasilkan.
3. VARIABLES:

Manipulated Variable:
Volume of water intake.
Isipadu pengambilan minuman air.

Responding Variable:
Volume of urine produced.
Isipadu air kencing yang dihasilkan.

Fixed Variable:
Time, no food before experiment
Masa, tidak makan sebelum eksperimen

4. APPARATUS & MATERIALS:

APPARATUS:
Measuring Cylinders
Silinder Penyukat

MATERIALS:
Paper cups and mineral water
Cawan kertas dan air mineral

5. PROCEDURES: K1
1. Get 4 students, A, B, C and D to empty their bladders.
Dapatkan empat orang pelajar, A, B, C dan D dan kosongkan pundi K1,
kencing mereka K4

2. Give student A 200ml of drinking water, student B 300ml of drinking
water, student C 400ml of drinking water and student D 500ml of
drinking water to drink.
Berikan pelajar A 200ml air minuman, pelajar B 300ml air minuman,
murid C 400ml air minuman dan murid D 500ml air minuman untuk
diminum.

3. Ask the four students to empty their bladders after an hour and collect K1,
their urine in paper cups before pouring into the measuring cylinders. K2
Minta keempat-empat pelajar pelajar kosongkan pundi kencing mereka
selepas satu jam dan kumpulkan air kencing mereka di dalam cawan
kertas sebelum dituangkan ke dalam silinder penyukat.

4. Measure and record the volume of urine produced by each student. K3
Sukat dan rekodkan isipadu air kencing yang dihasilkan oleh setiap
pelajar.

5. Another four students A1, B1, C1 and D1 were asked to repeat the step 1 K4
to step 4 K1
4 pelajar A1, B1, C1 dan D1 disuruh untuk mengulangi langkah 1 hingga
langkah 4.

6. Record all data in a table. K5
Rekodkan semua data di dalam jadual.

7. Repeat experiment to get average reading.
Ulang eksperimen untuk mendapatkan bacaan purata

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA:

Students Volume of water Volume of urine produced (ml)
Pelajar
taken (ml) Isipadu air kencing yang dihasilkan (ml)

Isipadu air yand First Student Second Mean
diminum (ml) Student Min
Pelajar Pelajar
Pertama Kedua

A 200

B 300

C 400

D 500

4.2 GROWTH PATTERN OF MAIZE PLANT/ POLA PERTUMBUHAN POKOK
JAGUNG

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT :

What is the effect of time on the growth pattern of maize plant/mass of maize
seedlings?
Apakah kesan masa ke atas pola pertumbuhan pokok jagung/jisim benih
jagung?
2. HYPOTHESIS :

When the time is longer, the mass of maize seedlings increases.
Apabila masa lebih panjang, jisim benih jagung bertambah.
3. VARIABLES :

Manipulated variable :
Time of growth/Masa pertumbuhan

Responding variable :
Mass of seedlings/Jisim anak benih

Constant variable :
Amount of water/Jumlah air
4. APPARATUS& MATERIALS :

Apparatus :
Oven, weighing scale, seedling trays of the size of 1.5 m x 1.5 m
Ketuhar, penimbang,kotak semaian berukuran 1.5 m x 1.5 m

Materials :
50 maize grains of the same type and size, soil and tissue paper.
50 biji benih jagung yang sama jenis dan saiz, tanah dan tisu.
5. PROCEDURE :

K1:Preparation of materials and apparatus
K2: Operating the CV
K3: Operating the RV
K4: Operating the MV
K5: Steps To Increase Reliability of Result Accurately/ Precaution

1. 50 maize grains and one seedlings tray was prepared.
50 biji benih dan satu kotak semaian disediakan.

2. Three maize grain is weighed.
Tiga biji benih jagung di timbang.

3. Three maize grains is dried in an oven at a temperature of 100 0 C. The dry

mass of the grains is weighed and recorded.
Tiga biji benih jagung di keringkan di dalam ketuhar pada suhu 100 0 C.Jisim
kering biji benih di timbang dan direkod.

4. The remaining maize grains are sown in the seedling tray, each grain at a
distance of 15 cm from each other.
Biji benih yang selebihnya disemai di dalam kotak semaian,dengan jarak 15
cm antara setiap biji benih.

5. The seedlings are watered every day.
Anak benih disiram setiap hari.

6. Three seedlings are obtained at random every week from the seedling tray.
Tiga anak benih dikeluarkan dari kotak semaian secara rawak setiap
minggu.

7. The seedling are washed and wiped dry. The seedlings are weighed.
Anak benih dibasuh dan dikeringkan. Biji benih ditimbang.

8. The seedlings are dried in an oven and the dry mass is recorded.
Anak benih dikeringkan dalam ketuhar dan jisim kering direkodkan.

9. Steps 7 to 9 are repeated for over 12 weeks.
Langkah 7 hingga 9 diulangi selama 12 minggu.

10. The result obtained is recorded.
Keputusan yang diperolehi direkodkan.

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA :

Time (week) Mass of three seedlings (g)/ Jisim tiga
/Masa (minggu)
anak benih (g)
1
2 Fresh/Segar Dry/ Kering
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

12

6.1 TO INVESTIGE THE VARIATION IN THE HEIGHT OF STUDENTS/UNTUK
MENYIASAT VARIASI KETINGGIAN MURID

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT :

How does height vary among the students in a class?
Bagaimanakah ketinggian antara murid berbeza dalam satu kelas?
2. HYPOTHESIS :

The height of students in a class naries with no distinct differences.
Ketinggian murid dalam satu kelas menunjukkan perbezaan yang tidak jelas.
3. VARIABLES :

Manipulated variable :
The height of students
Ketinggian murid

Responding variable :
The number of student
Bilangan murid

Constant variable :
The age dan sex of the students
Umur dan jantina murid
4. APPARATUS& MATERIALS :

Measuring tape and marker pen
Pita pengukur dan pen marker
5. PROCEDURE :

K1:Preparation of materials and apparatus
K2: Operating the CV
K3: Operating the RV
K4: Operating the MV
K5: Steps To Increase Reliability of Result Accurately/ Precaution

11. The height of each student in the class was measured and recorded
Ketinggian setiap murid di dalam kelas diukur dan direkodkan.

12. The results of the whole class was recorded in a table.
Keputusan bagi seluruh kelas direkodkan dalam sebuah jadual.

13. The heights of the students were then grouped into different ranges.
Ketinggian murid kemudiannya dikumpulkan dalam julat yang berlainan.

14. A histogram for the number of students against the height ranges was
drawn.

Histogram bagi bilangan murid melawan julat ketinggian dilukis.

15. A curve was drawn joining the midpoints of the top of each box to form a
normal curve.
Satu garis lengkung dilukis dengan menyambungkan titik tengah di bahagian
atas setiap jalur julat untuk membentuk satu lengkung normal.

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA :

Height 135-139 140-144 145-149 150-154 155-159 160-164 165-169
range
(cm)/
Julat
ketinggian
(cm)
Number of
students/
Bilangan
pelajar

6.1 TO INVESTIGE THE VARIATION OF TOUNGE ROLLING OF
STUDENTS/UNTUK MENYIASAT VARIASI MENGGULUNG LIDAH MURID

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT:

How does the tongue rolling vary among the students in a class?
Bagaimanakah kebolehan menggulung lidah berbeza dalam sebuah kelas?
2. HYPOTHESIS:

Rolling tongue of students in the class are distinctively different and can be
classified into specific group.
Kebolehan menggulung lidah berbeza dengan jelas dan boleh dikelaskan pada
kumpulam yang khusus.
3. VARIABLES:

Manipulated variable/ Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan: Rolling tongue/ kebolehan
menggulung lidah
Responding variable/ Pembolehubah bergerak balas: The number of students in
each group/ bilangan murid dalam setiap kumpulan
Constant variable/ Pembolehubah dimalarkan: the age of the students/ umur
murid
4. APPARATUS& MATERIALS:

Students / pelajar

5. PROCEDURE:
K1:Preparation of materials and apparatus
K2: Operating the CV
K3: Operating the RV
K4: Operating the MV
K5: Steps To Increase Reliability of Result Accurately/ Precaution

1. Observe each student for the ability to roll the tongue.
Perhatikan kebolehan menggulung lidah bagi setiap murid

2. Record the number of students with can rolling the tongue or cannot rolling the
tongue.
Catatkan bilangan murid bagi yang boleh menggulung lidah dan tidah boleh
mengggulung lidah.

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA :

Trait Abitity to roll the tongue
Characteristic/ ciri
Number of students Kebolehan menggulung lidah

Yes No

Boleh Tidak boleh

Bilangan murid

6.2 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE PLANTS
GROWTH/ KESAN FAKTOR PERSEKITARAN YANG BERBEZA KE ATAS
PERTUMBUHAN POKOK

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT / PENYATAAN MASALAH :

What is the effect of light intensity on the plant growth?
Apakah kesan keamatan cahaya ke atas pertumbuhan pokok?
2. HYPOTHESIS / HIPOTESIS :

The higher the light intensity, the higher the average length of leaves of a
balsam plant.
Semakin tinggi keamatan cahaya, semakin tinggi panjang purata daun pokok
keembung.
3. VARIABLES / PEMBOLEHUBAH :

Manipulated variable:
Light intensity // Location where the plant is placed.
Keamatan cahaya // Tempat di mana pokok diletakkan.

Responding variable:
Length for 10 leaves from balsam plant chosen randomly
Panjang bagi 10 helai daun pokok keembung yang dipilih secara rawak

Constant variable:
Type of plant // Type of soil // Type of fertilizer // The number of leaf of the
plant.
Jenis tumbuhan // Jenis tanah // Jenis baja // Bilangan daun tumbuhan.
4. APPARATUS & MATERIALS / BAHAN & RADAS :

Apparatus :
Pot, ruler, spade, knife
Pasu, pembaris,Pisau

Materials :
Balsam plant, soil, fertilizer, water
Pokok keembung, tanah, baja,air.
PROCEDURE / PROSEDUR :

K1 : Preparation Of Materials & Apparatus
K2 : Operating The CV
K3 : Operating The RV
K4 : Operating The MV
K5 : Steps To Increase Reliability Of Result Accurately / Precaution

1. Three balsam plant from the same parent were chosen and placed into K1

three different pots .
Tiga pokok keembung dari induk yang sama dipilih dan dialihkan ke
dalam tiga pasu yang berasingan.

2. The pots were put with the same type of soil. K1,
Pasu-pasu itu diisikan dengan jenis tanah yang sama. K2
K2,
3. One packet of same fertiliser was added into each of the pot.
Sebanyak satu peket baja yang sama jenis ditambah ke dalam setiap K1
pasu. K1
K4
4. The pots were labelled as pot A, pot B and pot C.
Pasu-pasu itu dilabelkan sebagai pasu A, pasu B dan pasu C. K1,
K2
5. The three pots were put at three diffrent location :
(a) Pot A - beside the classroom, facing the sunlight K2,
(b) Pot B - under the big tree, a shaded area K3
(c) Pot C - inside the laboratory preparation room, dark area
Ketiga-tiga pasu diletakkan di tiga lokasi yang berbeza : K3,
(a) Pasu A - bersebelahan bilik darjah, mengadap matahari K5
(b) Pasu B - di bawah sebatang pokok yang besar, kawasan teduh
(c) Pasu C - di dalam bilik persediaan makmal, kawasan gelap K1

6. The plants were watered twice per day with same amaun of water for
two months.
Pokok-pokok itu disiram sebanyak dua kali setiap hari dengan jumlah
air yang sama selama dua bulan.

7. After two months, ten leaves from each plant were taken using a knife
and the length of each leaf was measured using a ruler.
Selepas dua bulan, sebanyak sepuluh helai daun dari setiap pokok
diambil dengan menggunakan pisau dan panjang setiap daun diukur
dengan menggunakan pembaris .

8. The average value of the leaves length was calculated :
(Total length of 10 leaves ) ÷ 10
Nilai purata panjang daun dihitungkan :
(Jumlah panjang 10 daun) ÷ 10

9. Semua ukuran dan pemerhatian direkodkan dalam jadual .
All measurement and observation were recorded in a table.

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA / PERSEMBAHAN DATA :

Location of Length of leaves (cm) Average
plant Panjang daun (cm) length of
the leaves

Lokasi pokok 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (cm)
Purata
beside the panjang
classroom daun (cm)
bersebelahan
bilik darjah
under the big
tree
di bawah
sebatang
pokok yang
besar
inside the
laboratory
preparation
room
di dalam bilik
persediaan
makmal