SAFETY IN TRANSPORT

ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Session – Safety in Transport

ADIS
Safety

In
Transport

Session - 1

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ISO 9001: 2015 Organization

Session – Safety in Transport

TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS GOODS

TRANSPORT EMERGENCY (TREM) CARD:
A Tremcard is an acronym of Transport Emergency Card. A Tremcard or a Transport
Emergency Card as it is also known as is a document that is used when transporting
dangerous goods. The Tremcard contains important safety information about the vehicles
load.

Transport Emergency Cards (TREM Cards) are cards that workers carry at all times when their
work involves transporting hazardous wastes. These cards are provided by the occupier or
operator of a facility and must be kept in the cab of any vehicle transporting dangerous goods,
unless they are in sufficiently low quantities.

TREM Cards carry information about the particular goods being transported and provide
instructions to the driver or emergency responders in the event of an incident.

TREM Cards list the nature of the carried substances, associated hazard(s), and what actions
should be taken in the event of an emergency. They also include a contact name and
telephone number for the relevant emergency services in the event of an accident.

Transport Emergency Cards must be visible in the vehicle at all times during the transportation
of hazardous substances. Upon delivery, TREM Cards are removed from view. The consignor
is required under regulations to either supply the cards or give enough information for the
operator to obtain the correct ones. However, the carrier also has a legal obligation to ensure
that cards are appropriate to the load.

HANDLING AND TRANSPORTING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Commercial vehicle drivers handling and transporting hazardous materials have a
responsibility to prevent injuries and property damages for themselves, their employer and,
most importantly, the general public, including motorist or bystanders. The Federal Hazardous
Materials Regulations clearly define a hazardous material as “a substance or material that the
Secretary of Transportation has determined is capable of posing an unreasonable risk to
health, safety, and property when transported in commerce. For drivers and motor carriers
transporting hazardous materials, this means that they each share a responsibility to know
their obligations as required by the Federal Hazardous Materials Regulations, most specifically
how the requirements apply to their duties. This safety guide is intended for commercial
vehicle drivers engaged in road transport only, not rail, marine or air transport. It will focus
on the dangers and risks of transporting or handling hazardous materials prior to a trip, during
transit, when loading, unloading and parking a vehicle carrying hazardous materials,
depending on the particular hazardous materials being transported. Using this safety guide
will not replace or meet the requirements of hazardous materials training for hazardous
materials employee requirements as found in the Federal Hazardous Materials Regulations.
However, the information provided will include basic knowledge about transporting hazardous
materials. In addition, this guide will take a broader view than the regulations to include
information about non-regulatory practices and safety tips developed within the industry that
may enhance compliance and reduce the likelihood of accidents.

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Session – Safety in Transport

GENERAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Loading and Unloading
Depending upon which hazardous materials are being loaded/unloaded and the type of
trailer/container being used, always follow shipper/consignee procedures. Loading and
unloading personnel must always remain within 25 feet (8 meters) and have an unobstructed
view of the vehicle. Refer to customer’s procedures for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
while loading and unloading. It is recommended that each vehicle have a fully equipped
spill/containment kit and that each employee is aware of the kit and appropriately trained on
how to safely use it in the event of a spill. Drivers should always confirm with a customer
representative their relevant emergency plans (such as evacuation routes and how to
summon help if an emergency occurs) and site regulations (such as yard speed limits,
signage, R/R crossings, etc.).

Perform a loading/unloading area inspection including the following steps:
 Stop the vehicle, set the parking brake, remove the keys from the ignition, and
extinguish any smoking materials, liter or anything that could be an ignition source,
exit the cab using a 3-point dismount technique and chock the trailer between the
tandems.
 Wear appropriate personal protective gear as required.
 Do not use cellular phones during any loading or unloading procedure.
 Perform a walk-around inspection and visually check the loading/unloading area to
ensure that the area is free of product spills or personnel.
 Look for obstructions, tripping hazards, open flames or other sources of ignition.
 Determine the best place to position your vehicle and, as a best practice, try to avoid
blind-side backing if possible.
 Be sure to determine that the product is transferred to the correct customer tank or
receptacle.
 Choose a place that will not compromise your safety, the safety of the public, or the
safety of your vehicle. If a backing maneuver is required, make it immediately after
collecting safety cones and performing a walk-around inspection.
 Use safety cones in high-traffic areas to maintain a clear backing area.

CAUTION: Remember to always use a 3-point dismount technique when entering/exiting the
tractor.

Tanker Loading/Unloading

Select a level area so that the transfer hoses will easily reach the connections on the customer
tank. (A transfer hose that is crimped or under tension may leak or create other unsafe
conditions during the transfer.) Equipment should, if possible, be spotted on level grade and
25 feet (8 meters) from any vent that emits vapors. Check the area within 10-foot radius for
any possible source of ignition. Never allow anyone to smoke in the vicinity of unloading.

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Session – Safety in Transport

Place safety cones for backing reference and mark hazards near your approach path to the
loading/unloading area. Check for hot brakes and spills/leaks during cone placement. Safety
cones should be placed around the vehicle to deter vehicles and pedestrians from entering
the loading/unloading area. Always follow location delivery procedures.

General Loading and unloading requirements

(a) Packages secured in a motor vehicle. Any package containing hazardous material not
permanently attached to a motor vehicle must be secured against shifting, including relative
motion between packages, within the vehicle on which it is being transported and under
conditions normally incident to transportation. Packages having valves or other fittings must
be loaded in a manner to minimize the likelihood of damage during transportation.
(b) Each package containing a hazardous material-bearing package orientation markings,
prescribed in §172.312 of the hazardous materials regulations must be loaded on a transport
vehicle or within a freight container in accordance with such markings and must remain in the
correct position indicated by the markings during transportation.
(c) No smoking while loading or unloading. Smoking on or about any motor vehicle while
loading or unloading any Class 1 (explosive), Class 3 (flammable liquid), Class 4 (flammable
solid), Class 5 (oxidizers), or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) materials is forbidden.
(d) Keep fire away during loading and unloading. Extreme care must be taken in the loading
or unloading of any Class 1 (explosive), Class 3 (flammable liquid), Class 4 (flammable solid),
Class 5 (oxidizing), or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) materials into or from any motor vehicle
to keep fire away and to prevent persons in the vicinity from smoking, lighting matches, or
carrying any flame or lighted cigar, pipe, or cigarette.
(e) Handbrake set while loading and unloading. No hazardous material shall be loaded into,
onto or unloaded from any motor vehicle unless the handbrake is securely set and all other
reasonable precautions have been taken to prevent motion of the motor vehicle during the
loading or unloading process.
(f) Use of tools, loading and unloading. No tools likely to damage the effectiveness of the
closure of any package or other container, or likely to adversely affect such package
or container, shall be used for the loading or unloading of any Class 1 (explosive) material or
other dangerous article.

Emergency Response Guide
 In the event of an accident involving a spill you should follow these steps to secure
information and protect yourself and others if possible. Try to limit the spread of
material (if you can do so safely).
 Keep shipping papers, Safety Data Sheets and Emergency Response Guidebook readily
available.
 Place emergency road warning devices, such as road reflectors, as prescribed. Many
commercial fleet operators have implemented best practices regarding any incidents
occurring at night.
 Place the opened triangle between the affected vehicle and oncoming traffic so other
drivers can see the operator while placing triangles.

The advantage of this practice is the opened reflector triangle provides a visual alert to
oncoming vehicles that the driver is on or near the roadway as they approach.

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ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Session – Safety in Transport

Session - 2
ROAD TRANSPORT

Road transport or road transportation is a type of transport by using roads. Transport on
roads can be roughly grouped into the transportation of goods and transportation of people.
In many countries licensing requirements and safety regulations ensure a separation of the
two industries. Movement along roads may be by bike or automobile, truck, or by animal such
as horse or oxen. Standard networks of roads were adopted by Romans, Persians, Aztec, and
other early empires, and may be regarded as a feature of empires. Cargo may be transported
by trucking companies, while passengers may be transported via mass transit. Commonly
defined features of modern roads include defined lanes and signage. Various classes of road
exist, from two-lane local roads with at-grade intersections to controlled-access highways
with all cross traffic grade-separated.

The nature of road transportation of goods depends on, apart from the degree of development
of the local infrastructure, on the distance the goods are transported by road, the weight and
volume of an individual shipment, and the type of goods transported. For short distances and
light, small shipments a van or pickup truck may be used. For large shipments even if less
than a full truckload a truck is more appropriate. In some countries cargo is transported by
road in horse-drawn carriages, donkey carts or other non-motorized mode. Delivery services
are sometimes considered a separate category from cargo transport. In many places fast food
is transported on roads by various types of vehicles. For inner city delivery of small packages
and documents bike couriers are quite common.

People are transported on roads. Special modes of individual transport by road such as cycle
rickshaws may also be locally available. There are also specialist modes of road transport for
particular situations, such as ambulances.

Traffic Control

Disruptions in organized traffic flow can create delays lasting hours. Nearly all roadways are
built with devices meant to control traffic. Most notable to the motorist are those meant to
communicate directly with the driver. Broadly, these fall into three categories: signs, signals
or pavement markings. They help the driver navigate; they assign the right-of-way at
intersections; they indicate laws such as speed limits and parking regulations; they advise of
potential hazards; they indicate passing and no passing zones; and otherwise deliver
information and to assure traffic is orderly and safe.
Two hundred years ago these devices were signs, nearly all informal. In the late 19th century
signals began to appear in the biggest cities at a few highly congested intersections. They
were manually operated, and consisted of semaphores, flags or paddles, or in some cases
colored electric lights, all modeled on railroad signals. In the 20th century signals were
automated, at first with electromechanical devices and later with computers. Signals can be
quite sophisticated: with vehicle sensors embedded in the pavement, the signal can control
and choreograph the turning movements of heavy traffic in the most complex of intersections.
In the 1920s traffic engineers learned how to coordinate signals along a thoroughfare to

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increase its speeds and volumes. In the 1980s, with computers, similar coordination of whole
networks became possible.

In the 1920s pavement markings were introduced. Initially they were used to indicate the
road's centerline. Soon after, they were coded with information to aid motorists in passing
safely. Later, with multi-lane roads they were used to define lanes. Other uses, such as
indicating permitted turning movements and pedestrian crossings soon followed.
In the 20th century traffic control devices were standardized. Before then every locality
decided on what its devices would look like and where they would be applied. This could be
confusing, especially to traffic from outside the locality. In the United States standardization
was first taken at the state level and late in the century at the federal level. Each country has
a Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and there are efforts to blend them into
a worldwide standard.
Besides signals, signs, and markings, other forms of traffic control are designed and built into
the roadway. For instance, curbs and rumble strips can be used to keep traffic in a given lane
and median barriers can prevent left turns and even U-turns.

Causes of Road Accidents

Road accident is most unwanted thing to happen to a road user, though they happen quite
often. The most unfortunate thing is that we don't learn from our mistakes on road. Most of
the road users are quite well aware of the general rules and safety measures while using
roads but it is only the laxity on part of road users, which cause accidents and crashes. Main
cause of accidents and crashes are due to human errors. We are elaborating some of the
common behaviour of humans which results in accident.

1. Over Speeding
2. Drunken Driving
3. Distractions to Driver
4. Red Light Jumping
5. Avoiding Safety Gears like Seat belts and Helmets
6. Non-adherence to lane driving and overtaking in a wrong manner

Various national and international researchers have found these as most common behavior
of Road drivers, which leads to accidents.

Over Speeding:

Most of the fatal accidents occur due to over speeding. It is a natural psyche of humans to
excel. If given a chance man is sure to achieve infinity in speed. But when we are sharing the
road with other users we will always remain behind some or other vehicle. Increase in speed
multiplies the risk of accident and severity of injury during accident. Faster vehicles are more
prone to accident than the slower one and the severity of accident will also be more in case
of faster the severity of accident will also be more in case of faster vehicles. Higher the

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Session – Safety in Transport

speed…greater the risk. At high speed the vehicle needs greater distance to stop i.e. braking
distance. A slower vehicle comes to halt immediately while faster one takes long way to stop
and also skids a long distance due to law of motion. A vehicle moving on high speed will have
greater impact during the crash and hence will cause more injuries. The ability to judge the
forthcoming events also gets reduced while driving at faster speed which causes error in
judgment and finally a crash.

Drunken Driving:

Consumption of alcohol to celebrate any occasion is common. But when mixed with driving it
turns celebration into a misfortune. Alcohol reduces concentration. It decreases reaction time
of a human body. Limbs take more to react to the instructions of brain. It hampers vision due
to dizziness. Alcohol dampens fear and incites humans to take risks. All these factors while
driving cause accidents and many a times it proves fatal. For every increase of 0.05 blood
alcohol concentration, the risk of accident doubles. Apart from alcohol many drugs, medicines
also affect the skills and concentration necessary for driving. First of all, we recommend not
consuming alcohol. But if you feel your merrymaking is not complete without booze, do not
drive under the influence of alcohol. Ask a teetotaler friend to drop you home.

Distraction to Driver:

Though distraction while driving could be minor, but it can cause major accidents.

Distractions could be outside or inside the vehicle. The major distraction now days are talking
on mobile phone while driving. Act of talking on phone occupies major portion of brain and
the smaller part handles the driving skills. This division of brain hampers reaction time and
ability of judgment. This becomes one of the reasons of crashes. One should not attend to
telephone calls while driving. If the call is urgent one should pull out beside the road and
attend the call. Some of the distractions on road are:

1. Adjusting mirrors while driving
2. Stereo/Radio in vehicle
3. Animals on the road
4. Banners and billboards.

The driver should not be distracted due to these things and reduce speed to remain safe
during diversions and other kind of outside distractions.

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ISO 9001: 2015 Organization

Session – Safety in Transport

Red Light Jumping:

It is a common sight at road intersections that vehicles cross without caring for the light. The
main motive behind Red light jumping is saving time. The common conception is that stopping
at red signal is wastage of time and fuel. Studies have shown that traffic signals followed
properly by all drivers save time and commuters reach destination safely and timely. A red
light jumper not only jeopardizes his life but also the safety of other road users. This act by
one driver incites other driver to attempt it and finally causes chaos at crossing. This chaos
at intersection is the main cause of traffic jams. Eventually everybody gets late to their
destinations. It has also been seen that the red light jumper crosses the intersection with
greater speed to avoid crash and challan but it hampers his ability to judge the ongoing traffic
and quite often crashes.

Avoiding Safety Gears like Seat Belts and Helmets:
Use of seat belt in four-wheeler is now mandatory and not wearing seat belt invites penalty,
same in the case of helmets for two wheeler drivers. Wearing seat belts and helmet has been
brought under law after proven studies that these two things reduce the severity of injury
during accidents. Wearing seat belts and helmets doubles the chances of survival in a serious
accident. Safety Gears keep you intact and safe in case of accidents. Two wheeler deaths
have been drastically reduced after use of helmet has been made mandatory. One should use
safety gears of prescribed standard and tie them properly for optimum safety.

Detrimental Effects of Traffic on Environment
1. Safety
2. Noise
3. Land Consumption
4. Air Pollution
5. Degrading the Aesthetics

Factors Contributing in Roads Accidents:

 Drivers: Over-speeding, rash driving, violation of rules, failure to understand signs,
fatigue, alcohol.

 Pedestrian: Carelessness, illiteracy, crossing at wrong places moving on
carriageway, Jaywalkers.

 Passengers: Projecting their body outside vehicle, by talking to drivers, alighting
and boarding vehicle from wrong side travelling on footboards, catching a running
bus etc.

 Vehicles: Failure of brakes or steering, tyre burst, insufficient headlights,
overloading, projecting loads.

 Road Conditions: Potholes, damaged road, eroded road merging of rural roads with
highways, diversions, illegal speed breakers.

 Weather conditions: Fog, snow, heavy rainfall, wind storms, hail storms.

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ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
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Preventive Measures for Accidents:
1. Education and awareness about road safety
2. Strict Enforcement of Law
3. Engineering:
(a) Vehicle design (b) Road infrastructure
Direct Consequences of Accidents:
1 Fatality (Death)
2. Injury
3. Property Damage

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Session – Safety in Transport

Session - 3

DRIVER AND SAFETY

Fleet and Driver Vehicle Safety Program

Responsibilities

1. Management

• Assume responsibility for the driving record of employees while they are on duty.
• Frequently check for compliance of the established requirements and policies in which all
personnel are required to adhere to.
• Personally review the decisions on accidents and take all steps necessary to prevent a
recurrence.
• Establish and adhere to policies on disciplinary actions in accordance with the policy
regarding actions that will be taken against employees who show a repeated disregard for
good driving practices.
• Insist that all assigned vehicles are maintained adequately for safe operation.
• Establish periodic inspection of assigned vehicles for safety discrepancies, malfunctions,
signs of abuse, unreported damage and cleanliness. Have repairs made as soon as possible.
• Fully support the driver training program to promote defensive driving.
• Review each preventable vehicle accident and unsafe driving report with the employee
and his supervisor to emphasize management's intolerance of irresponsibility behind the
wheel.
• Establish an aggressive campaign to enforce the wearing of seat belts on all trips.

2. Supervisors

• Insure that employees do not drive any vehicle unless they have a VALID Drivers' License
and are familiar with driving rules and regulations.
• Insure that only authorized personnel be allowed to operate vehicles, special purpose
vehicles, and trucks.
• Must be alert in observing unsafe practice of employees and insure that action is taken
immediately to correct the driver.
• Review all preventable vehicle collisions with employees at Safety Meetings and discuss
each unsafe act that was responsible.
• Periodically ride with the vehicle and truck drivers to check for compliance with operating
instructions and traffic regulations.
• Insure that unsafe vehicles are not driven until safety discrepancies have been corrected.

3. Employees

Employees who drive vehicles are responsible for following all of the guidelines set forth in
the Fleet Safety Program. These responsibilities include:
• Safe operation of vehicles and for the safety of passengers and cargo

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ISO 9001: 2015 Organization

Session – Safety in Transport

• Having a valid driver's license in their possession
• Inspecting the vehicle which they are about to drive, in accordance with established
policies
• Reporting any vehicle accidents

4. Safety / Loss Control Officer

The Safety/Loss Control Officer will be in charge of implementing the policies the Fleet
Safety Program. Responsibilities will include:

• Monitoring the driving experience of employees who operate entity vehicles.
• Be sure proper maintenance procedures are being followed to keep vehicles in a safe
operating condition.
• Verify that adequate insurance limits are maintained by drivers who use their personal
vehicle for entity business.

5. Vehicle Operator Responsibilities

The driver is responsible for checking the safety and general condition of the vehicle,
including gas, oil, and other fluid levels, lights, and brakes. With the assistance of the
Safety/loss Control Officer, supervisors will furnish vehicles with inspection checklists. If
there is something wrong with the vehicle, which may affect safety, repairs will be made
before use.

1. Vehicle Abuse - No employee will use a vehicle or equipment for any purpose for which it
was not designed, operate it beyond its designed limits, and operate it in areas or locations
for which it was not designed, or cause damage through neglect, misuse, improper driving
techniques, or improper handling.

2. Transporting Employees in Vehicles - No more than permissible employees will ride in the
front seat or cab of a vehicle. Each position will be equipped with a seat belt, and each
person will use the seat belt provided. No employee will be authorized to ride or work from
the bed or rear of a vehicle while it is in motion.

3. Traffic Laws - Employees will adhere to all traffic laws and regulations when operating
vehicles. An employee will at all times operate vehicles in such a manner as to avoid injury
to persons or damage to property.

4. Unauthorized Use of Vehicles - Vehicles are to be used for business only. Persons found
using vehicles for their personal errands may be subject to disciplinary action.

5. Operation and Occupancy of Entity - Vehicle by Unauthorized Persons Employees will not
permit unauthorized employees or non-employees of to ride in vehicles, except when such
persons are conveyed in the performance of duty, or authorized to ride by supervisory staff.

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6. Parking Vehicles - All employees will park their vehicles in a legal and proper manner.
Employees will remove the keys and lock the vehicles, except when specifically instructed
otherwise. Employees will not park on the wrong side of a street or highway, unless it is
mandatory to park in such a location to perform a job. All signs, cones, lights, and warning
devices as required by law will be used when vehicles are parked or in use in a public travel
lane. Employees will use all safety brakes, lockout devices, and other parking safety
methods when parking equipment.

7. Use of Personal Vehicles for Business - Supervisors will identify and authorize those
employees who are required, as part of their normal job duties to use their personal vehicle
to conduct business. The employee’s own insurance policy is the primary coverage and,
therefore, will not be responsible for any claims that arise out of any motor vehicle accident
that the employee is involved while operating their personal vehicle. The mileage
reimbursement the employee receives is intended to fully cover all costs of the operation of
the employee’s personal vehicle including but not limited to fuel, maintenance, repairs,
insurance, etc.

8. Transporting Equipment - Employees using vehicles will exercise caution when
transporting equipment, packages or other materials in the driver/passenger compartment
that would became flying projectiles in the event of an accident. Such items as briefcases,
laptop computers, tools, etc. need to be transported in the trunk of passenger vehicles.
Pickups, whether standard cab or extended, should have secured storage capabilities in the
bed of the vehicle such as tool storage or camper shells if they are used with any regularity
in the transport of items that could injure the driver or passenger(s) in the event of an
accident. Vans used in the regular transport of such items should have screen type barriers
between such cargo and the driver/passenger compartment. It is always important to keep
the driver/passenger as free as possible of objects that could distract their attention or
could cause from unexpected movement.

DRIVER SELECTION

Experience and attitude of drivers is a key factor in the selection process. An important area
in this process is to establish qualification standards for new employees and existing
employees that have driving duties. To enforce these standards, following procedures
should be implemented -

1. Driver Age Requirements - All drivers must be a minimum of specified years of age.

2. Application for Employment - All driver applicants shall complete an Application for
employment and Driving Position Supplement containing all of the information required for
positions in which driving is required. Hiring standards also require that driver applicants list
all former employers for the past years. Any gaps in employment for greater period must be
satisfactorily accounted for on the application.

3. License – It is important to obtain a legible copy of the license of all driver applicants. A
review of the license will be conducted to be certain it is valid, has not expired, and is the

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appropriate for the class of vehicles in which driving is required. Whenever driving vehicles
or operating their personal vehicle for company business, employees must have in their
possession a valid driver's license. Employees will notify their supervisor if their license is
suspended, revoked, or expired. Employees who drive vehicles, which require a Commercial
Driver’s License (CDL), will comply with the State Department of Motor Vehicles'
requirements for medical examinations and license renewal. Supervisors will maintain a
system that insures all employees operating vehicles have the proper class of license and
check licenses for current status at frequent intervals.

4. MVR Check and Evaluation will request an MVR for driver applicants being considered for
employment in which driving entity vehicles or operating their own vehicle for entity
business will be required. An MVR will be requested from every state the applicant has lived
in during the past years. The Safety/Loss Control Officer will review all MVR information to
determine if driver applicant meets the qualification standards regarding driving records. A
formal review of the driver’s MVR will be conducted on a/an annual basis (or more
frequently where warranted) to ensure that existing drivers are meeting the established
qualification standards. MVR’s are personal and confidential and should only be discussed
with the driver or other persons authorized to know. The Safety/Loss Control Officer will
receive results of the MVR check and any needed corrective action will be applied in a timely
manner.

5. Driver Qualification Standards - To ensure that potential new and existing drivers meet
qualification standards for motor vehicle records set forth in the Commercial Vehicle Safety
Program, the following policies have been instituted regarding:

a) Actions taken based on the number of points and violations shown from the MVR checks
and evaluations, and

b) Standards and penalties for drivers involved in preventable accidents - A point structure
system is established to evaluate potential new and current driver motor vehicle records. If
a driver meets or exceeds certain points total within the previous years or exceeds certain
points within the previous time, he/she will not be eligible to drive a vehicle. If the MVR
reveals some violation then the following corrective action will be taken. Each employee
involved in a preventable, at fault vehicular accident, whether it involves the public or not,
will be required to be answerable. An employee who receives any moving violation must
notify his/her supervisor of the incident within specified days. Any corrective action will be
evaluated based on the type and severity of the incident.

6. Investigation of Previous Employment – Company officials will contact all former and
current employers of the driver applicant for the previous years to verify as much of the
following information as possible:
• Dates of employment
• Type of work performed
• Type of vehicle(s) operated
• Extent of driving experience
• Vehicle accident record
• Overall work history and performance

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ISO 9001: 2015 Organization

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All former and current employer information gathered from the inquiries must be in writing
and will be retained in the driver's (if hired) qualification file. In the event a former or
current employer refuses to release information, a note stating this will be placed in the file.
The Safety/ Loss Control Officer will review all former and current employer information to
determine if the driver applicant meets the hiring standards regarding past and current
employment, and to determine if the applicant was truthful about information listed on the
employment application.

7. Driver Performance requires all driver applicants who will require a CDL license for their
driving position to successfully complete a road test examination conducted prior to an offer
of employment. Note: the road test may be waived if the employee will only be driving
automobiles and mini vans and has a clean driving record. The road test examination shall
be performed in the type of vehicle the driver will operate. Performance will be monitored
during the selection process as well as at periodic intervals throughout the driver’s career
using information obtained from motor vehicle records and file data.

8. Driver Qualification File - The driver selection process includes developing a driver
qualification file. Elements of this file will include such items as:
• Employment Application
• Interview notes
• MVR checks
• Driver training information
• Driver evaluation and performance reviews

Several types of slings are used throughout and include:
• Alloy Steel Chain Slings
• Wire Rope Slings
• Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope Slings
• Synthetic Web Slings

Sling selection for a particular task is based on:
• Rated capacity of the sling• Nature of the task
• Amount of weight required to be lifted, hoisted or moved
The user should determine that the sling is being used in accordance with rated capacity as
listed in the manufacturer’s catalog. The alloy steel chain, wire rope and fiber rope slings
are typically used where sling damage to the load is not critical. Synthetic web slings are
ideal where sling damage to a load is not acceptable.

DRIVER TRAINING AND REVIEWS

Driver Training and Reviews – The goal is to have a process in place to hire only qualified
and safe drivers. Once on board, company is committed to retaining these drivers. In order
to keep drivers and supervisors well trained and informed, a number of policies have been
instituted regarding driver training. These policies include driver orientation, periodic driver
meetings, and driver performance evaluation and reviews.

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1. Driver Orientation - An orientation program must be conducted which all new drivers are
required to complete. The orientation program consists of comprehensive classroom training
that will cover a variety of subjects. Among the topics are established driving policies and
procedures, regulatory compliance, vehicle maintenance and inspections, accident reporting
procedures, and defensive driving procedures After successfully completing the classroom
portion of the orientation, all new drivers will be assigned to a driver trainer. The purpose is
to evaluate the new employee's overall driving skills and techniques, and to apply what has
been learned in classroom to an actual job situation. This time should also be used to
familiarize the new driver with paperwork procedures relating to vehicle maintenance and
inspections and to answer any questions or concerns that were not addressed in the
classroom training.

2. Driver Meetings – After specified duration, a drivers meeting will be conducted by driver
supervisors. These meetings between supervisors and drivers are held to share news and
information, and to give our drivers a forum to discuss issues, questions, or concerns. All
drivers are expected to participate in these meetings, and all driver input is welcomed and
appreciated.

3. Driver Evaluation and Performance Reviews - Driver supervisors are responsible for
conducting a periodic, structured performance review with each of their drivers a minimum
of every specified months. It is important for drivers to understand that their performance
will be evaluated on an on-going basis, and they may request, or their supervisor may
recommend, a review at any time. However, all drivers will receive periodic structured
reviews of their individual performance.

4. On Road Performance Evaluation - The on road evaluation is conducted by the supervisor
to monitor the performance of current drivers by riding with them or following them. The
supervisor should document the results and counsel drivers concerning problems or
deficiencies that were observed. This is the best way for the supervisor to ensure that the
driver is following the proper vehicle inspection and defensive driving procedures.

5. Performance Review - Driver performance reviews should be held in private and away
from the operation area. The review is considered the driver's time and interruptions should
not be allowed. The actual driver performance review should cover, but is not limited to,
five basic areas. These are:
1. The measurement of the driver's actual results against established goals and standards of
the company.
2. Recognition of the driver's contributions and accomplishments.
3. Correction of any new or existing performance problems.
4. Establishment of goals or standards for the next review period.
5. Review of Driver’s MVR

Once the driver and his/her supervisor have concluded their discussion of past performance;
addressed any development, training, or corrective action needs; and have established new
goals and standards for the future, they are expected to reach mutual agreement and wrap
up the review. The wrap-up should include the following:

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1. A positive summary of the performance review discussion including all mutually agreed
upon plans and goals.
2. An opportunity for the driver to react, ask questions, and give additional ideas and
suggestions.
3. A sincere and meaningful expression of appreciation for the driver's participation, time,
and efforts.
4. A written record of what was discussed, agreed upon, and corrective action/training
plans.
5. Recordkeeping - A copy of the written performance review and MVR check shall be given
to the driver, the supervisor's immediate manager, and the original placed in the driver's
personnel file.

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Company’s policy is to fully investigate any accident involving its personnel and vehicles. All
accidents involving vehicle regardless of the severity must be reported immediately. The
investigation of minor accidents involving property only is the responsibility of the driver
and supervisor only. The Safety/Loss Control Officer will be in charge of the investigation of
accidents in which serious property damage or death to an employee has occurred. The
Safety/Loss Control Officer will also be in charge of accident investigations in which a third
party is involved. Management may initiate any other investigations deemed appropriate.

1. Accident Investigators - At the scene, the accident investigator(s) will carefully survey
the scene, noting the position of any debris from the accident. The investigator(s) should
take photos of the scene, with careful notes of what the photos depict. A map of the site
should be drawn to scale, with any landmarks near the scene noted as to position. Photos of
all vehicle and property damages incurred from accident should be taken from all sides, with
careful notes made. The more accurate the information provided is, the easier it is when it
comes to canvassing the accident scene. It is important that the accident investigator(s) be
as objective as possible in gathering and evaluating data from the accident scene.

2. Driver Responsibility in Accident - Investigation Certain driver responsibilities must be
carried out at the scene of an accident. Two main concerns at the scene of an accident are
to deal with immediate problems and to gather and report pertinent accident information
promptly. These two items can be broken down into a 6-step accident procedure for drivers
to follow.

Step 1: Stop, stay calm
Step 2: Turn on your emergency flashers as an immediate warning signal. Then do a quick
evaluation of accident victims, if any, and provide assistance. Next, set out emergency
warning devices on the roadway.
Step 3: Either contact local law enforcement personnel and your supervisor yourself or
arrange to have someone do it for you. Be courteous and cooperative when providing
information to authorities. Never admit guilt or liability at the scene of an accident. Never
leave the scene of an accident.
Step 4: Write down names, license numbers and other information regarding the accident
and those people involved in it. Draw a simple diagram of the accident scene. The more

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detail you can provide, the better it will be for insurance and/or legal purposes later. If you
have a camera for use at the accident scene, document the situation with photographs from
various angles.
Step 5: After the vehicle has been secured, warning devices put in place, assistance
rendered to injured person(s) (if any), and law enforcement personnel contacted, you (the
driver) should communicate the accident to your supervisor.
Step 6: Complete Vehicle Accident Report Form at the scene of the accident.

VEHICLE ACCIDENT REVIEW

The Safety/Loss Control Committee will review all vehicle accidents to determine the true
cause and whether it was preventable or non-preventable. A preventable collision is one in
which the driver failed to do all that could be reasonably expected of them to avoid the
collision. The functions of the Committee in reviewing vehicle collisions are as follows:

1. Convene as soon as possible after a collision involving a vehicle to objectively consider
the evidence presented. This evidence includes any information given by the driver, his or
her supervisor and the police report of the accident. These same rules also apply to any
employee officially authorized to drive his or her personal cars on official business.

2. Determine the true cause of the collision and whether it was preventable or non-
preventable.

3. Review the driver's past driving record.

4. Report in writing to Management the Committee's findings, and the recommendations for
corrective action.

5. In the case of a preventable ruling, schedule a personal one-to-one meeting with the
driver to discuss the decision, possible remedial training, and/or possible disciplinary action.
This meeting will be scheduled as soon as possible after the preventability determination
has been made.

Vehicle Selection

It is important to ensure that vehicles selected for a specific function are adequate in design
and capability for the intended purpose. It is the responsibility of each driver to select the
appropriate vehicle to be used in performing tasks.

Vehicle Maintenance

It is the policy of Company to keep all vehicles well maintained and in safe and efficient
operating condition at all times. The specifics of that approach will be detailed in the
procedures to follow. A good preventive maintenance program lowers repair frequency and
lowers overall maintenance cost. The service portion of Preventive Maintenance is actually

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scheduled maintenance. Vehicles will be given Preventive Maintenance according to the
current fleet maintenance schedule.

Vehicle Inspections is committed to following a strong daily inspection program. All vehicles
are to be inspected every day they are operated.

Driver Pre-trip Inspection

Each driver must be satisfied that his/her assigned vehicle is in proper working condition
prior to operating. Each driver must also be satisfied that any cargo is properly distributed
and secured. The driver will also review the last completed Driver's Vehicle Inspection
Report to verify that any needed repairs were made to the vehicle. If the defects noted were
not acknowledged by an authorized signature, the driver shall not drive the vehicle until the
defects are handled appropriately. When a driver reports safety related problems or vehicle
damage, the vehicle inspection report should be submitted to his/her Supervisor. The
Supervisor will sign the report indicating that repairs have been made (or are not required
to be made). The original inspection report and certification of repairs will be retained in the
Vehicle Maintenance File. The original inspection reports on which no defects were noted
and on which defects were noted, and the certification of repairs, will be retained in the
Vehicle Maintenance File.

Driver On-The-Road Inspections

Once on the road, the driver must examine any cargo and its load securing devices and
make any necessary adjustments. If a problem is found, the driver will notify his/her
supervisor and either have the necessary repairs or adjustments made prior to operating
the vehicle, or safely travel to the nearest repair facility.

VEHICLE MAINTENANCE FILE

A complete record on each vehicle in the fleet will be kept. It will include basic vehicle
information and information indicating the nature and due date of any inspection and
maintenance operations to be performed on the vehicle, and a record of any inspections,
repairs and maintenance performed on the vehicle in question, including dates performed
and specifics on the nature of the operations.

Vehicle Breakdown Driver's responsibilities when a breakdown happens include: Safely
stopping and securing the vehicle and load,
• Safely placing the warning devices,
• Diagnosing and calling in the breakdown to his/her Supervisor - Supervisor responsibilities
when a breakdown occurs include: Determining the nature of the breakdown and best
course of action
• Locating, contacting, and dispatching a vendor to facilitate repairs
• Obtaining all vehicle repair records

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MVR Check and Point Structure System

MVR Check

If a potential employee will be required to operate an entity vehicle as part of his/her job
requirements, an MVR check must be completed either by The Safety/Loss Control officer or
the supervisor for that employee before an employee may be offered employment. A point
system structure has been established to evaluate new hire and current employee motor
vehicle records. If a potential new employee meets or exceeds seven (7) points total within
the previous three (3) years or exceeds four (4) points within the previous 12 months, they
are not eligible for a position that requires driving an entity vehicle. The same point policy
applies to existing employees as in the hiring process in terms of points assigned to traffic
violations or motor vehicle offenses. Driver must not meet or exceed seven (7) points
accumulated in a three (3) year period. Motor Vehicle Records will be obtained on all entity
vehicle drivers every twelve months. Each MVR received will be reviewed in a timely manner
and evaluated for compliance. A copy of all records will be maintained in the employees file
along with any corrective action documentation.

Point Structure Automatic Disqualification to Operate an Entity Vehicle

No potential new or current employee will allowed to drive a company vehicle (including
personal vehicle) for entity business if his/her MVR reveals:
• Murder or assault with a motor
• Theft of a vehicle
• Hit and run
• Negligent homicide
• An alcohol related offense in the last 3 years
• Illegal drug offense in the last 3 years

7 Point Offenses
• DWI, DUI, OWI (alcohol or drugs)
• Reckless driving resulting in bodily injury or property damage
• Fleeing a police official
• Leaving the scene of an accident
• Driving with a suspended/cancelled/revoked license
• Racing on public road

4 Point Offenses:
• Speed in excess of 15 mph over posted speed limit
• Failing to stop for a school bus
• Failing to stop at a railroad crossing
• Second preventable accident

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3 Point Offenses:
• Failure to obey a traffic control device
• Failure to yield right of way
• Speed too fast for conditions
• Following too close
• Careless/Reckless driving
• One preventable accident

1 Point Offenses:
• Seat belt violations
• Failure to use turn signal
• Improper stop/parking

Defensive Driving Policy

While operating entity vehicles, drivers should always drive in the safest manner possible.
Specifically, our drivers must operate entity vehicles in accordance with all provisions of The
Commercial Vehicle Safety Program. Full-time and designated part-time employees driving
vehicles shall be required to attend the Defensive Driving Course.

1. Assignments for classes shall be made by the employee's supervisor to insure class
quotas are met and to maintain satisfactory work schedules.

2. Frequency of employee attendance of Defensive Driving Courses shall be once per year.

3. New employees required to drive Entity vehicles shall be required to complete the
Defensive Driving Course satisfactorily before starting their driving assignment.
The core concepts of defensive driving are:
• Recognize the hazard.
• Understand the defense.
• Act in time.

Defensive Driving Procedures

Intersections - Getting into and out of intersections without an accident is a mark of a good
defensive driver. Besides your own skill level, intersections also demand anticipation of the
actions of other drivers and taking appropriate evasive action as required.

Backing is an extremely hazardous maneuver. If you are backing with the assistance of a
guide, the ultimate responsibility for the safety of the backing maneuver remains with you
as the driver.

Front-End Collisions - The primary way to avoid front-end collisions is by maintaining a safe
and adequate following distance. You should be prepared for possible obstructions on the
roadway, either in plain sight or hidden by curves or the crests of hills. A special situation

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occurs at night, when speed should be kept to a level that will allow you to stop within the
distance illuminated by the headlights of your vehicle.

Rear-End Collisions - As a driver, you risk being struck from behind if you do not maintain
an adequate margin of safety in your own following distance. If enough space is not allowed
in front of your vehicle, chances go way up that somebody can (and will) impact you from
the rear. Passing Failure to pass safely indicates faulty judgment on your part as a
defensive driver, and failure to consider one or more of the factors that need to be checked:
• Is there enough room ahead?
• Is there adequate space to move back into your lane of traffic after passing?
• Have you signaled your intentions?

Being Passed - As a driver, you must be aware of the actions of other drivers, and give way
if another driver begins to sideswipe you or to cut you off. A good defensive driver will avoid
problems with this kind of accident situation.

Encroaching on Other Traffic Lanes - Observant defensive drivers will not usually get
trapped when other drivers change lanes abruptly. In the same manner, entrapment in
merging traffic can be successfully avoided by a good defensive driver with a little
preplanning and willingness to yield. Blind spots are not valid excuses for this kind of
accident - allowances must be made in areas of limited sight distance.

Railroad Grade Crossings - Driving across railroad crossings, or in areas where there are rail
vehicles of some sort, demands special care. Careful observance of the traffic situation is
your best defense.

Oncoming Traffic - A defensive driver will avoid a collision with an oncoming vehicle at all
costs. Even if the vehicle enters your lane of traffic, an accident can be avoided with some
evasive maneuvers.

Turning - Turning, like passing, is a dangerous maneuver, and demands special care and an
observant eye from you as a defensive driver. You should be aware of other vehicles in your
path, and of the complete configuration of the turn you are about to undertake.

Pedestrians - As a sensible defensive driver, always assume that if there is a pedestrian (or
small vehicle of some sort) involved in a situation, slowing down is your best defense. Be
certain to give people and small vehicles the benefit of the doubt.

EXTREME WEATHER AND ROAD CONDITIONS

Bad weather and other road hazards place special stress upon any defensive driver. The
best rule in any kind of bad weather or extreme road condition is get off the road safely and
as soon as possible. If you absolutely must continue, slowing way down and increasing
following distance are your best defenses, along with increased awareness.

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Fog

Fog reduces available visibility and impairs distance perception, making it perhaps the most
dangerous type of extreme weather condition. Because of this, it is company policy that,
whenever possible, drivers are to avoid driving in foggy conditions. Pull off the road and park
safely until such time as the fog dissipates or is burned off, if at all possible. If you cannot
safely pull off the road, follow these procedures:

 You should never assume the depth or thickness of any fog. Fog can range from a
momentary blurring of the windshield to being several miles thick.

 Slow your vehicle's speed. Reduction in speed should be done gradually in order to
avoid becoming a hazard for other motorists. Determining a correct and safe speed
depends on the thickness of the fog and is left to your best judgment.

 Use low-beam headlights only when driving in fog. Low-beams serve two purposes.
They help you see the immediate roadway and also allow other motorists to see your
vehicle.

 Avoid the use of high-beam headlights while driving in fog. The water particles that
make up fog will reflect more light back at you than onto the roadway when high
beams are used, and will further reduce visibility for you.

 You should make use of windshield wipers and the defroster when driving in fog.
Driving in foggy conditions will cause a constant fine mist of water to develop on the
vehicle's windshield, reducing visibility in the process. Using the windshield wipers and
defroster will alleviate this condition.

 Avoid passing other vehicles while driving in fog.
 You should avoid stopping on any roadway while driving in foggy conditions unless

absolutely necessary. If you must stop, use the emergency or breakdown lane,
activate your emergency flashers, turn off the headlights, and follow approved
breakdown procedures

Rain

Rain causes roadways to become slippery, especially when it first begins. Roadways become
covered with a thin layer of oil and other residues. When rain mixes with this layer, it
results in an extremely slippery and dangerous road surface. This condition remains until
additional rain can break down and wash away the oily mixture from the pavement. This
process can take anywhere from a few minutes to several hours, depending on the severity
of the rain. Water on the road surface can also create a potential hazard of hydroplaning.
Hydroplaning happens when a thin layer of water separates the vehicle's tires from the road
surface. When a vehicle is hydroplaning, it is literally riding on water. When the tires ride on
water, they lose all traction and create an extremely dangerous situation. The faster a
vehicle travels on standing water, the greater the chance of hydroplaning. Reducing speed
is the best and safest way to avoid hydroplaning. Rain also reduces visibility. Because rain
presents these hazards, drivers are expected to adhere to the following procedures when
driving in rainy conditions:
• You should slow the vehicle's speed to avoid hydroplaning. Reduction in speed should be
done gradually in order to avoid becoming a hazard for other motorists. Determining the
correct and safe speed depends on how heavy the rain is and will be left to your best

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judgment.
• You are expected to increase your following distance from other motorists. Since rain
causes the road surface to become slippery, you need to allow for greater stopping distance
if the need to stop arises.
• You should make use of windshield wipers and the defroster when driving in rain. Driving
in rainy conditions will cause a constant film of water to develop on the vehicle's windshield,
reducing visibility in the process. Using the windshield wipers and defroster will alleviate this
condition.
• You should avoid passing other vehicles while driving in rain. In addition, you are
encouraged to follow other vehicles at a safe distance since vehicles traveling ahead will
throw water off the pavement and leave "tracks". Driving in these tracks will give you the
best possible traction under rainy conditions.

Snow

Snow, depending on the type and severity, can present a variety of dangerous conditions.
Because of this, the following procedures have been developed for this defensive driving
policy:
• Light, powdery snow presents few problems since it is quickly blown of the road surface.
However if there is enough of this type of snow to cover the roadway, it will form a slick,
smooth surface. You should reduce speed and increase following distance. Determining the
correct speed and safe following distance will be left to your best judgment.
• Heavier, slushy snow can affect vehicle control. If snow becomes hard packed it can cause
an ice hazard on the road surface. Again, you should reduce speed and increase following
distance. Determining the correct speed and safe following distance will be left to your best
judgment.
• All slow maneuvers such as starting out, steering, backing, and turning should be done
smoothly and with extreme care to minimize skids and slides.
• Falling or blowing snow can greatly reduce visibility. In addition, falling and blowing snow
can make it hard to see the road, road markings, road signs, and off ramps. If you must
continue in snowy conditions, reducing speed and increasing following distance are the best
techniques a driver can use to maintain vehicle control.
• As with driving in foggy conditions, the use of high beam headlights while driving in snowy
conditions should be avoided at all times. The high-beam "shooting" light will reflect off
falling and blowing snow and reflect back at you, further reducing visibility.
• Drivers will also be educated on the dangers of "snow hypnosis". Snow hypnosis occurs
when a driver is traveling directly into heavy snow and begins to focus on the falling snow
instead of the road ahead. This can cause a hypnotic-like effect on the driver. The danger of
snow hypnosis is especially prevalent at night.
• In extreme conditions, chains may be necessary

Ice

All drivers need to be aware of changes in road surface conditions that may affect the
vehicle's traction. To help, the following procedures for driving on icy roads for this
defensive driving policy have been developed:
• As with all extreme weather conditions, if you must continue, the safest techniques to

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employ are to reduce speed and increase your following distance. But of these two,
increasing following distance is by far the most important. Depending on the temperature
and road conditions, stopping distance (distance needed to come to a complete stop) on icy
roads can increase four to ten times versus stopping from the same speed on a dry road.
• Black Ice forms when temperatures drop rapidly and any moisture on the road surface
freeze into a smooth, almost transparent layer of ice. What makes black ice particularly
dangerous is that you may not realize you are on it until it's too late. Determining the
correct speed and safe following distance will be left to your best judgment.
• Bridges and overpasses are other areas to which you should give special attention. Ice will
tend to form first on bridges and overpasses because cold air circulates both above and
below these structures causing the temperature to drop more rapidly than on normal roads.
Any moisture on the road surface of a bridge or overpass will freeze quicker and harder than
elsewhere on the road. Extreme caution and a reduction in speed should be used while
traveling over bridges and overpasses.

Night Driving

All drivers need to be aware of the potential hazards driving at night present. These hazards
include fatigue, reduced visibility, poor lighting, other (impaired) motorists, and animals on
the road. To help drivers better prepare for driving at night, the following procedures have
been developed for this defensive driving policy: Fatigue is perhaps the most dangerous
hazard of driving at night. Nothing we do is worth any one getting hurt. Fatigue usually sets
in at night, but a tired driver, at any time of day, is an unsafe driver. Fatigue reduces
drivers' reaction time and perception. All drivers are to review the following fatigue warning
signs:
• Your eyes close or go out of focus by themselves.
• You can't stop yawning.
• You are experiencing trouble keeping your head up.
• You experience short-term memory loss. For example, you can't remember the last
several miles you have driven.
• Your thoughts wander or you begin to daydream.
• You start drifting into other lanes of traffic, tailgate, or miss traffic signs.
• You experience an inability to maintain a constant rate of speed.
• You must jerk the steering wheel hard to correct a drift and get back into your lane. If you
experience any of these signs, it's time to get off the road as soon as safely possible and get
some rest.

Other Night Driving Hazards

• Reduced visibility is a hazard of driving at night. At night, visual acuity (degree of
perception) and peripheral vision (side vision) are reduced, and the eyes may have difficulty
adjusting from light to darkness. These factors all contribute to reduced visibility while
driving at night. The best and safest techniques to counteract these night driving hazards
are to reduce your speed and increase your following distance. Reducing speed is also the
best way to prevent "out driving" your headlights.
• Poor lighting on the open highway or on rural roads is another hazard drivers should be

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made aware of. At night, with poor or no lighting aside from the vehicle's headlights,
hazards in the road are much more difficult to see and avoid. You should reduce speed and
use extra caution when traveling on poorly lit or unfamiliar roads.
• Impaired motorists (drunk drivers) are a hazard to everyone on the road. Drivers should
be especially cautious when driving between the hours of midnight and 0300 (typical bar
and tavern closing times). Drivers should be wary of motorists driving in an erratic manner
including weaving in and out of traffic lanes, having difficulty maintaining a constant rate of
speed, or braking suddenly. If you, as a driver, suspect that you are sharing the road with
an impaired motorist, reduce your speed, let the motorist pass, and increase following
distance.
• Animals on the road present another kind of hazard while driving at night. Drivers are to
be especially alert when driving on roadways lined by woods or tall grass. Animals,
especially deer, can jump out in front of an

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Session – Safety in Transport

Session - 4

ROAD SAFETY: ROAD PLANNING AND RECONNAISSANCE

Route Planning

Planning with respect to road construction takes into account present and future uses of the
transportation system to assure maximum service with a minimum of financial and
environmental cost. The main objective of this initial phase of road development is to establish
specific goals and prescriptions for road network development along with the more general
location needs. These goals must result from a coordinated effort between the road engineer
and the land manager, forester, geologist, soil scientist, hydrologist, biologist and others who
would have knowledge or recommendations regarding alternatives or solutions to specific
problems. The pattern of the road network will govern the total area disturbed by road
construction.

The road pattern which will give the least density of roads per unit area while maintaining
minimum hauling distance is the ideal to be sought. Keeping the density of roads to an
economical minimum has initial cost advantages and future advantages in road maintenance
costs and the acreage of land taken out of production.

Sediment control design criteria may be the same as, or parallel to, other design criteria which
will result in an efficient, economical road system. Examples of overlap or parallel criteria are:

1. Relating road location and design to total forest resource, including short and long
term harvest patterns, reforestation, fire prevention, fish and wildlife propagation,
rural homestead development, and rangeland management.

2. Relating road location and design to current and future timber harvesting methods.
3. Preparing road plans and specifications to the level of detail appropriate and necessary

to convey to the road builder, whether timber purchaser or independent contractor,
the scope of the project, and thus allow for proper preparation of construction plans
and procedures, time schedules, and cost estimates.
4. Writing instructions and completing companion design decisions so as to minimize the
opportunity for "changed conditions" during construction with consequent costs in
money and time.
5. Analyzing specific road elements for "up-front" cost versus annual maintenance cost
(for instance, culvert and embankment repair versus bridge installation, ditch
pavement or lining versus ditches in natural soil, paved or lined culverts versus unlined
culverts, sediment trapping devices ("trash racks", catch basins, or sumps) versus
culvert cleaning costs, retaining walls or end hauling side cast versus placing and
maintaining large embankments and fill slopes, roadway ballast or surfacing versus
maintenance of dirt surfaces, and balanced earthwork quantities versus waste and
borrow).

The route planning phase is the time to evaluate environmental and economic tradeoffs and
should set the stage for the remainder of the road development process. Although inclusion
of design criteria for sediment control may increase initial capital outlay, it does not

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necessarily increase total annual cost over the life of the road which might come from
reductions in annual maintenance, reconstruction, and repair costs (see Section 2.2). If an
objective analysis by qualified individuals indicates serious erosional problems, then reduction
of erosional impacts should be a primary concern. In some areas, this may dictate the location
of control points or may in fact eliminate certain areas from consideration for road
construction as a result of unfavorable social or environmental costs associated with
developing the area for economic purposes.

Design Criteria

Design criteria consist of a detailed list of considerations to be used in negotiating a set of
road standards. These include resource management objectives, environmental constraints,
safety, physical environmental factors (such as topography, climate, and soils), traffic
requirements, and traffic service levels. Objectives should be established for each road and
may be expressed in terms of the area and resources to be served, environmental concerns
to be addressed, amount and types of traffic to be expected, life of the facility and functional
classification. Additional objectives may also be defined concerning specific needs or problems
identified in the planning stage.

1. Resource management objectives: Why is the road being built; what is the purpose of
the road (i.e., timber harvesting, access to grazing lands, access to communities,
etc.)?

2. Physical and environmental factors: What are the topographic, climatic, soil and
vegetation characteristics of the area?

3. Environmental constraints: Are there environmental constraints; are there social-
political constraints? Examples of the former include erosiveness of soils, difficult
geologic conditions, and high rainfall intensities. Examples of the latter include land
ownership boundaries, state of the local economy, and public opinion about a given
project.

4. Traffic requirements: Average daily traffic (ADT) should be estimated for different user
groups. For example, a road can have mixed traffic--log or cattle trucks and
community traffic. An estimate of traffic requirements in relation to use as well as
changes over time should be evaluated.

5. Traffic service level: This defines the type of traffic that will make use of the road
network and its characteristics. Each level describes the traffic characteristics which
are significant in the selection of design criteria and describe the operating conditions
for the road. Each level also reflects a number of factors, such as speed, travel time,
traffic interruptions, freedom to maneuver, safety, driver comfort, convenience, and
operating cost. Traffic density is a factor only if heavy non-logging traffic is expected.
These factors, in turn, affect: (1) number of lanes, (2) turnout spacing, (3) lane widths,
(4) type of driving surface, (5) sight distances, (6) design speed, (7) clearance; (8)
horizontal and vertical alignment, (9) curve widening, (10) turn-around.

6. Vehicle characteristics: The resource management objectives, together with traffic
requirements and traffic service level criteria selected above, will define the types of
vehicles that are to use the proposed road. Specific vehicle characteristics need to be
defined since they will determine the "design standards" to be adopted when
proceeding to the road design phase. The land manager has to distinguish between

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the "design vehicle" and the "critical vehicle". The design vehicle is a vehicle which
ordinarily uses the road, such as dual axle flatbed trucks in the case of ranching or
farming operations, or dump trucks in the case of a mining operation. The critical
vehicle represents a vehicle which is necessary for the contemplated operation (for
instance, a livestock truck in the case of transporting range livestock) but uses the
road infrequently. Here, the design should allow for the critical vehicle to pass the road
with assist vehicles, if necessary, but without major delays or road reconstruction.
7. Safety: Traffic safety is an important requirement especially where multiple user types
will be utilizing the same road. Safety requirements such as stopping distance, sight
distance, and allowable design speed can determine the selected road standards in
combination with the other design criteria.
8. Road uses: The users of the contemplated road should be defined by categories. For
example, timber harvest activities will include all users related to the planned timber
harvest, such as silviculturists, foresters, engineers, surveyors, blasting crews, and
construction and maintenance crews, as well as the logging crews. Administrative
users may include watershed management specialists, wildlife or fisheries biologists,
or ecologists, as well as foresters. Agricultural users would include stock herders and
rangeland management specialists and will have a different set of objectives than
timber objectives. An estimate of road use for each category is then made (e.g.,
numbers of vehicles per day). For each category, the resource management objective
over several planning horizons should be indicated. For instance, a road is to be built
first for (1) the harvest of timber from a tract of land, then (2) access for the local
population for firewood cutting or grazing, and finally (3) access for administration of
watershed rehabilitation activities. The planner should determine if the road user
characteristics will change over the life of the road.
9. Economics: The various road alternatives would undergo rigorous economic
evaluations.
10. As part of this process a "roads objectives documentation" plan should be carried out.
This process consists of putting the road management objectives and design criteria
in an organized form.

DESIGN ELEMENTS

A road design standard consists of such elements as the definitive lengths, widths, and depths
of individual segments (e.g., 4.3 meter traveled way, 0.6 meter shoulders, 3/4:1 cut slopes,
1 meter curve widening, 15 cm of crushed aggregate surfacing). Figure 6 illustrates the road
structural terms that will be used throughout the rest of this handbook. Selection of the
appropriate road design standard is critical to the overall efficiency of the road network to be
installed, and certain elements will have a more rigid standard than others depending on the
location of the road or road segment. The entire range of values for each standard must be
evaluated and selected according to their appropriateness for a given segment. Then, the
various design elements must undergo testing to ensure that the final design meets the
previously agreed upon management objectives. For instance, on steeper grades vertical
alignment has a greater effect on travel speed than horizontal alignment. Therefore, surfacing
and horizontal alignment should not be improved to increase speed where the road gradient
is the controlling element.

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Skid (Automobile)

An automobile skid is an automobile handling condition where one or more tires are slipping
relative to the road, and the overall handling of the vehicle has been affected.

Subtypes of skid include:

 Fishtailing, where the vehicle yaws back and forth across the direction of motion.
 spin or spinout where a vehicle rotates in one direction during the skid.
 Under-steer and over-steer where front or rear wheels lose traction during cornering,

causing a vehicle to follow a larger or smaller turning radius.
 Burnout where a vehicle slips or spins its tires during acceleration.
 Skidding during braking (with or without directional or yaw changes).

Slip and Skid

Tire slip, and related slip angle (angle of motion relative to tire), describe the performance of
an individual tire. Important concepts about slip and skid include circle of forces or circle of
traction, and cornering force. To a first approximation, the tire can withstand approximately
the same absolute force relative to the road surface in any direction. Graphically represented,
a circle (or ellipse) of force magnitude represents the maximum tire traction, and the force
vector can be in any direction up to the limit of the circle without tire slip. A tire that can
withstand 0.8 G of force in braking can also withstand 0.8 G of force in turning or in
acceleration, or for example approximately 0.56 G of cornering and 0.56 G of braking
simultaneously, summing to 0.8 G at a 45 degree angle. Once the force exceeds the limit
circle, that tire starts to slip.

Skidding is the vehicle's response to one or more tires slipping. The vehicle dynamics during
a skid will depend on whether some or all of the tires are skidding, and whether the car was
rotating or turning when the skid began.

Road Conditions

Road surface conditions such as moisture on the road, snow, ice (particularly black ice), debris
or sand, oil or other fluids, can cause skidding at much lower force levels or velocities than
under normal conditions. Moisture can cause aquaplaning, also known as hydroplaning,
where water builds up in front of and under tires and causes loss of tire grip.

TYPES OF SKID
Fishtailing
Fishtailing is a cyclical skid combining alternating over-steer (rear wheel skidding) with
overcorrection, leading to over-steer/skidding in the opposite direction.

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Spin Out

Spin outs are where the vehicle starts to skid while rotating, or develops significant rotation
while skidding, and rotates out of control.

Once the vehicle is rotating sufficiently rapidly, its angular momentum of rotation can
overcome the stabilizing influence of the tires (either braking or skidding), and the rotation
will continue even if the wheels are centered or past the point that the vehicle is controlled.
This can be caused by some tires locking up in braking while others continue to rotate, or
under acceleration where driven tires may lose traction (especially, if they lose traction
unevenly), or in combining braking or acceleration with turning.

Under-steer and Over-steer
Burnout

Burnout (also burning rubber) is where a vehicle applies sufficient torque to the wheels during
acceleration to cause the tire to skid while rotating. The dynamic friction of the spinning tire
against the road causes significant amounts of the tire's rubber surface to be deposited onto
the road surface, and increased temperature from friction can also create smoke. Unlike
accidental skids in steering or braking on slick surfaces, drivers generally cause a burnout on
purpose as a showy display of horsepower but it has no practical use.

Skidding during Braking

This is the simplest type of skid, where directional changes are not relevant, and the vehicle
merely locks up the tires moving forwards in a straight line. If all four tires start to skid
approximately evenly, then a vehicle will not start rotating due to the skid, and can come to
a stop with locked up tires at a somewhat longer distance than threshold braking might have
achieved.

Avoiding and Managing Skid
Manual Avoidance

Threshold braking and Cadence braking are two manual techniques used to extract maximum
deceleration from a vehicle. Threshold braking maintains a steady braking force with slight
(10-20%) slip, around or just below the point of maximum tire grip force. Cadence braking
accepts that holding the threshold braking limit is exceptionally hard, and relies on manual
manipulation of braking force to rapidly go just above and below the skid point, essentially
oscillating between unlocked rolling and locked skidding around the point at which threshold
braking would be done. This technique is less effective than threshold braking but much easier
to learn.

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Lockup

For deceleration straight ahead, where turning or maneuvering is not required, one technique
is to simply accept a skid and lock up the brakes. While ABS or ESC brake systems may
perform better, and reduce risk of loss of control, many less skilled drivers will stop faster
while locked up than any alternative they can realistically perform. This is not true if the
vehicle has to be steered while stopping.

Automated Systems

Electronic stability control or ESC systems, and the older anti-lock brake or ABS systems,
perform an automated braking (and for ESC, steering) function using wheel-by-wheel rapid
brake pumping, similar to a mixture of threshold and cadence braking on a tire by tire basis.

ABS senses wheel rotation compared to ground velocity, and if the wheel starts to lock up or
slip will then rapidly moderate the brakes to let it begin to rotate again. This is done separately
for all 4 wheels, and without regard for the rotation of the vehicle.

ESC does the same, but combines that with sensing the steering and yaw or rotation velocity
of the vehicle (for example, rotating as it goes around a corner). ESC will go beyond simply
avoiding lockup in each tire, to dynamically braking other tires to maintain the existing path
of the vehicle.

GUARDRAIL BARRIER & GUARD-RAIL SYSTEM FOR ROAD AND HIGHWAY SAFETY

Guardrail barrier is widely used for highway safety and fixed on the side of the roads especially
on curves and slopes for preventing vehicles from riding out from roads.

According to materials and surface treatments, there are hot-dip galvanized guardrails, and
plastic coated guardrail.

Guard rail barrier can provide railing protection to motor vehicles at dangerous road areas
such as steep slope, high embankments, obscure curves, sharp corners to absorb sudden
impact during collision, thus minimizing injury to vehicle and passenger. The barrier also acts
as a protector for pedestrians along the highway.

Guardrail barriers are able to prevent the vehicle from skidding back onto the carriageway by
controlling exit angles by gradual deceleration and effective redirection of the vehicle back on
to the road. Guardrail barrier can be quickly repaired in case of accidents.

Street Light
A street light, light pole, lamppost, street lamp, light standard or lamp standard is a raised
source of light on the edge of a road or path. When urban electric power distribution became
ubiquitous in developed countries in the 20th century, lights for urban streets followed, or
sometimes led.

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Many lamps have light-sensitive photocells that activate automatically when light is or is not
needed: dusk, dawn, or the onset of dark weather. This function in older lighting systems
could have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. Many street light systems are being
connected underground instead of wiring from one utility post to another.

Major advantages of street lighting include prevention of accidents and increase in safety
Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities,
especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in
the dark than in daylight. Several decades ago when automobile crashes were far more
common, street lighting was found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.

Furthermore, in the 1970s, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tend to have fewer
crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges. Lighting also reduces crime.

Towns, cities, and villages use the unique locations provided by lampposts to hang decorative
or commemorative banners.

Many communities in the US use lampposts as a tool for fund raising via lamppost banner
sponsorship programs first designed by a US based lamppost banner manufacturer

A street light or street lamp is a raised source of light often mounted on a lamp column or
pole either on the side of the road or within the median, or suspended on a wire above the
road to provide illumination. Street lighting can provide safety benefits at midblock and
intersection locations and can also improve safety for pedestrians, particularly at crossing
points.

Midblock
The provision of Midblock Street lighting increases safety by making road features such as
road alignment, kerbs, footpaths, street furniture, surface condition, other road users and
objects that may be on the road visible to both vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Areas that
benefit from the provision of midblock lighting include service roads, merge, diverge and
weave locations, locations with high levels of background lighting or high night time traffic
volumes.

Intersection

Providing street lighting at intersection locations can reduce night time crashes by making the
intersection features visible to both vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Lighting intersections can
also aid navigation and helps drivers to see the intersecting road, turning vehicles, traffic
queues and any other road users. Lighting should always be provided at signalized
intersections and roundabouts. It is recommended that at least one luminaire should be
provided on each of the intersecting roads to help traffic approaching from the side roads to
identify the intersection.

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Pedestrian Crossing
Improving the lighting at pedestrian crossings will help to make both the crossing and the
pedestrians using the crossing, visible to approaching motorists. The provision of street
lighting at pedestrian crossing locations may also assist pedestrians to locate safe crossing
points and to detect potential night-time hazards.
Plant Rail Transport
Rail has lower fuel costs compared to road transport. Rail also has less cost associated with
drivers and typically has better costs for drop trailer programs. Shipping via train is more
environmentally friendly. Trains burn less fuel per ton mile than trucks.
The track on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure
consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties and ballast, plus the underlying sub grade.
What are the problems faced in Railways?
 Old Track and Poor State of Rolling Stock. ADVERTISEMENTS
 Travel without Tickets
 Railway Accidents
 Attack on Railways
 Lack of Modern Management
 Outmoded Technology
 Problem of Replacement
 Problem of Laying Double Lines

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Session - 5

SHOP FLOOR AND REPAIR SHOP SAFETY

There are numerous tools, equipment and heavy duty machines on the shop floor. The shop
floor staff encounters these daily, exposing themselves to the threat of accidents.

There is another saying, “A wrong tool in the right hands is far better than the opposite.”
Apart from the unforgiving machinery, equipment and tools, it is sometimes the
carelessness or bad intentions of a human who handles them.

Let us understand in detail regarding shop floor machinery, tools and safety.

Dangerous Machinery on the Shop Floor

A shop floor keeps several sharp tools for cutting, pressing, filing, fixing, etc. It keeps
electric equipment for various assembly types such as welding or soldering. A shop floor
also has machines with running belts and wheels, revolving shafts, couplings, spindles,
lifting and moving machines along with their attached moving parts. These machines can
pose a threat of hurting their operators if proper care is not taken while working with them.

To keep oneself safe from the threat of getting hurt, the workers need to possess thorough
knowledge of operating the machine.

6 Safety Precautions for Moving Heavy Materials Manually

1. Safety Equipment – Workers should always wear appropriate personal protective
equipment. Wear gloves and long sleeve shirts for forearm protection when lifting
items that have sharp or rough edges. Protect your vision with safety goggles. When
lifting items that are very heavy, you should wear steel-toed safety shoes or boots to
protect your feet and toes.

2. Lift Properly – Use proper lifting techniques: bend at your hips and knees to squat
down to your load, keep it close to your body, and straighten your legs to lift.
Consider wearing a lumbar support belt for spine support and encourage leg lifting.

3. Add Handles – When moving materials manually, workers should attach handles or
holders to loads.

4. Get Help – When an oversized load is too bulky to properly grasp or lift, get a co-
worker to assist you to reduce risk to yourself and avoid damaging the material. If
you cannot see around or over the load, seek help from another employee to help
you move the material safely.

5. Blocking Materials – Use blocking materials that are large and strong enough to
support the load safely. Blocking material should be in good condition, and not have
cracks, be splintered, or dry rotted. When placing blocking material under a load, be
cautious that load is not released before removing hands from under the load.

6. See OSHA’s Booklet – For more details about Materials Handling and Storage visit
OSHA’s website.

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Workplace safety is important in all industries. In the aerospace industry, a shipping
department will encounter many hazardous materials, be responsible for expensive
equipment that is often obsolete and hard to replace, and move containers that can be very
large and heavy. Protecting yourself, your employees, and your customer assets is very
important to accomplishing your mission, and your customer’s.

Material Handling with Conveyors

When using conveyors, workers’ hands may be caught in nip points where the conveyor
medium runs near the frame or over support members or rollers; workers may be struck by
material falling off the conveyor; or they may become caught on or in the conveyor, being
drawn into the conveyor path as a result.

To reduce the severity of an injury, an emergency button or pull cord designed to stop the
conveyor must be installed at the employee’s workstation. Continuously accessible conveyor
belts should have an emergency stop cable that extends the entire length of the conveyor
belt so that the cable can be accessed from any location along the belt. The emergency stop
switch must be designed to be reset before the conveyor can be restarted. Before restarting
a conveyor that has stopped due to an overload, appropriate personnel must inspect the
conveyor and clear the stoppage before restarting. Employees must never ride on a
materials handling conveyor. Where a conveyor passes over work areas or aisles, guards
must be provided to keep employees from being struck by falling material. If the crossover
is low enough for workers to run into it, the guard must be either marked with a warning
sign or painted a bright color to protect employees.

Screw conveyors must be completely covered except at loading and discharging points. At
those points, guards must protect employees against contacting the moving screw; the
guards are movable, and they must be interlocked to prevent conveyor movement when not
in place.

Flammable Material Handling & Storage

In adhering to fire safety precautions, employees should note that flammable and
combustible materials must be stored according to their fire characteristics. Flammable
liquids, for example, must be separated from other material by a fire wall. Also, other
combustibles must be stored in an area where smoking and using an open flame or a spark-
producing device is prohibited. Dissimilar materials that are dangerous when they come into
contact with each other must be stored apart.

Ergonomics of Material Handling

Ergonomics is defined as the study of work and is based on the principle that the job should
be adapted to fit the person, rather than forcing the person to fit the job. Ergonomics focuses
on the work environment, such as its design and function, and items such as design and
function of workstations, controls, displays, safety devices, tools, and lighting to fit the
employees’ physical requirements and to ensure their health and well being. Ergonomics

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includes restructuring or changing workplace conditions to make the job easier and reducing
stressors that cause cumulative trauma disorders and repetitive motion injuries. In the area
of materials handling and storing, ergonomic principles may require controls such as reducing
the size or weight of the objects lifted, installing a mechanical lifting aid, or changing the
height of a pallet or shelf. Although no approach has been found for totally eliminating back
injuries resulting from lifting materials, a substantial number of lifting injuries can be
prevented by implementing an effective ergonomics program and by training employees in
appropriate lifting techniques.

Grease Rack Operation/Wash Rack Operation

A wash rack is a partly enclosed platform that is used to wash vehicles, heavy equipment,
tools, and parts by removing dirt, grime, chemicals, invasive species, and other contaminants
with a pressure washer in order to prevent corrosion and promote longer equipment lifespan
Cars, trucks, boats, construction and maintenance equipment, and even aircraft and military
vehicles can all be cleaned in a wash rack. Wash racks are usually mobile and constructed
from steel, although plastic wash racks exist as well as concrete formed alternatives which
are sometimes installed in permanent facilities.
The term wash rack is also used to describe pads for washing horses. Wash racks for vehicle
washing may be called closed-loop washing systems, heavy duty wash systems and
degreasing pads.
Wash racks are often called "containment racks" or "containment pads" because their purpose
is to contain effluent which often consists of hazardous materials that have been dislodged
from the wash subject, and prevent it from draining off into the ground and causing storm
water contamination. Instead, the waste water is pumped out of the wash rack and into some
sort of filtration system which removes the contaminants then sends the water either back
into the pressure washer for reuse or into a sanitary sewer.
The main purpose of a wash rack is to clean equipment while protecting the environment from
contaminants commonly found on construction, maintenance and military vehicles or
equipment. To comply with U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) regulations, which are
intended to prevent soil-borne insects or other potentially harmful organisms from entering
the United States, U.S. military vehicles and equipment must be thoroughly washed before
being shipped home. As such, wash racks are commonly used by the US military to ensure
vehicles are clean and safe before they are brought back into the country.
According to statistics, wash racks help recycle thousands of gallons of water on a daily basis
and are already part of many military construction projects around the world. Industrial water
use was estimated at 18.5 billion gallons per day in the United States in 2005, a number that
could be greatly reduced by using wash racks to recycle and reuse water.
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, wash racks are also important in
controlling the spread of noxious weeds and invasive species in the agricultural industry, as
well as forestry.
In addition to using ergonomic controls, there are some basic safety principles that can be
employed to reduce injuries resulting from handling and storing materials. These include
taking general fire safety precautions and keeping aisles and passageways clear.
The technical meaning of maintenance involves functional checks, servicing, repairing or
replacing of necessary devices, equipment, machinery, building infrastructure, and supporting
utilities in industrial, business, governmental, and residential installations. Over time, this has

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come to include multiple wordings that describe various cost-effective practices to keep
equipment operational; these activities take place either before or after a failure.

Battery Charging

Risks in charging an industrial battery
The charging of lead-acid batteries can be hazardous. However, many workers may not see
it that way since it is such a common activity in many workplaces. The two primary risks are
from hydrogen gas formed when the battery is being charged and the sulfuric acid in the
battery fluid.

For general safety precautions when working with batteries, please see the OSH Answers
Garages - Batteries which covers automotive vehicle sized batteries.
For specific guidelines regarding large industrial batteries, check with the manufacturer for
recommended safe work procedures.

Why is there a risk of an explosion?
When batteries are being recharged, they generate hydrogen gas that is explosive in certain
concentrations in air (explosive limits are 4.1 to 72 percent hydrogen in air). The ventilation
system can exchange an adequate amount of fresh air for the number of batteries being
charged. This is essential to prevent an explosion. Also, no flame, burning cigarette, or
other source of ignition should be permitted in the area.

Why can you get a burn from acid when handling the batteries?
You can get a skin burn when handling lead-acid batteries. Sulfuric acid is the acid used in
lead-acid batteries and it is corrosive. If a worker comes in contact with sulfuric acid when
pouring it or when handling a leaky battery, it can burn and destroy the skin. It is corrosive
to all other body tissues. For example, the eyes, respiratory tract, or digestive system can
be harmed severely if a worker gets a splash in the eyes, inhales sulfuric acid mist or
accidentally ingests sulfuric acid. As with any corrosive chemical, proper handling
procedures must be followed to prevent contact with the liquid. These procedures include
the wearing of gloves, face and eye protection, and aprons that are suitable for protecting
you from contact with sulfuric acid. As well, adequate first aid facilities, eye wash stations,
and emergency showers are necessary to reduce the severity of accidental contacts.

 If contact with acid occurs, flush the area (eyes, skin) immediately for at least 30
minutes with clean, lukewarm, gently flowing water.

 If irritation persists, repeat flushing.
 DO NOT INTERRUPT FLUSHING. If necessary, keep the emergency vehicles waiting.
 Take care not to rinse contaminated water into the unaffected eye or onto the face.
 First aiders should avoid direct contact. Wear chemical protective gloves, if

necessary.
 Quickly transport the victim to an emergency care facility.

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Are there any other hazards involved in batteries charging?

Depending on the metal alloy composition in lead-acid batteries, a battery being charged
can generate two highly toxic by-products. One is arsine (arsenic hydride, AsH3) and the
other is stibine (antimony hydride, SbH3). Generally, the air levels of these metal hydrides
tend to remain well below the current occupational exposure limits during battery charging
operations. However, their possible presence re-enforces the need for adequate ventilation
system

How should industrial size batteries be handled?

Industrial batteries (e.g., forklifts or battery powered industrial trucks) may weigh up to 900
kg (2,000 lbs) or more.
Workers must be trained in how to safely move batteries using appropriate equipment (e.g.,
specially equipped forklift, battery cart, conveyor, overhead hoist, etc.)

 Batteries must be securely placed and restrained.
 Use only the appropriate tools and follow safe work procedures.

OFF THE ROAD MOTORIZED EQUIPMENTS

Off-road vehicles are subject to severe physical and environmental elements during the
year. Your design needs durability and robust materials to ensure protection from water
damage, dirt, heat and blunt force during operations.

Durability and Quality for All Off-Road Vehicle Applications

The application you are producing will determine the type of electric motor you will need.
Many off-road applications will use a gear motor including:

 Shifters: Found within various types of off-road vehicles from heavy equipment to
ATVs, shifters must work seamlessly for safety and efficiency.

 Winches: Winches are attached to many heavy equipment vehicles and ATVs for
pulling and transporting heavy objects. These tools require heavy duty gears to
reduce fraying and cable wear.

 Starters: It is difficult to think of a vehicle that doesn’t have a start. The motors
within the starter must run efficiently in order for the vehicle to run at all.

 Seating systems: Equipment and vehicles that have adjustable seats use motors to
activate the movement simply.

 Wipers: Wipers are moved by using motors. Often found of vehicles of different
types, wipers are important for safety and vision.

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Member MSME&National Safety council (NSC)38

ISO 9001: 2015 Organization

Session – Safety in Transport

OFF-ROAD USE OF MOTORIZED VEHICLES

Use of vehicles on other public lands:

1. Trails and areas on public lands should be closed to all vehicles unless it is
determined to be appropriate for their use through completion of an analysis, review,
and implementation process, and officially posted with signs as being open.

2. The process must include application of objective criteria to assess whether or not
environmental quality can be effectively maintained, and whether the safety and
enjoyment of all users can be protected; a public review and comment procedure
involving all interested parties; and promulgation of effective implementing
regulations where impacts are sufficiently low that vehicle use is appropriate.

3. Trails and areas designated for vehicular use must be monitored periodically to
detect environmental damage or user interference inconsistent with the above
criteria. Where this occurs, the trail or area must be closed to vehicles unless
effective corrective regulations are enforced.

Background
Off-road use of vehicles can present serious and special problems of impact on the
environment and incompatibility with other users of the land. Experience has shown that
off-road use of vehicles may result in one or more of the following effects:

All vehicles:

Physical soil damage, often readily visible, resulting in:
a. Erosion, causing soil loss and damage to stream banks, streams, and fish habitat;
b. Soil compaction and serious adverse impact on flora and its regeneration; and
c. Degradation of trails, including rutting and breakdown of trail edges.

1. Disruption of wildlife breeding and nesting habitats, especially of vulnerable
species, resulting in loss of young;

2. Disturbance of wildlife, leading to weakened physical condition, death, and
possible extinction of some species;

3. Damage to archaeological, scientific, historical and other significant sites, and
damage to natural features, sometimes with irreversible effects, especially on
rare features of interest for scientific study;

4. Facilitation of illegal hunting fishing and the talking of game and non-game
wildlife;

5. Danger to the safety of other land users because of vehicle speed, steep
terrain, sharp curves, slippery or unstable trail surfaces, and/or limited
visibility; and

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Member MSME&National Safety council (NSC)39

ISO 9001: 2015 Organization

Session – Safety in Transport

6. Competition with other land users: vehicle operators, with their increased
mobility, generally use a greater quantity of scarce land per recreational
user.

Motorized vehicles: Introduction of air and water pollution to areas presently removed from
any such sources;

1. Excessive noise, which, in close proximity, may result in physiological effects
on animals and humans, or may induce anxiety, altering animal behavior
patterns, and which, in most circumstances, seriously degrades the solitude
of wild areas for other users;

2. Litter: by virtue of mechanization, operators of vehicles carry more gear, with
potential to leave more litter;

3. Vandalism: motorized ease of access is often coupled with increase of acts of
vandalism on public and private property; and

4. Fire: illegally or improperly operated vehicles can often create a fire hazard
on public or private lands.

Guidelines for Implementation

The following guidelines help interpret and implement the policy.

All vehicles:

1. Vehicles should be excluded from areas of fragile, rare, relict, or vanishing
vegetation; areas where erosion or other soil or resource damage will occur
with their use; wildlife sanctuaries and sensitive areas; areas of fragile natural
features or scientific interest; areas of archeological interest; and areas where
speed would adversely affect other users of natural areas.

2. If areas or routes are not found unsuitable for vehicle use because of
environmental impact or user interference reasons, two additional tests
should be made:

(a) Are the area or route boundaries self-enforcing? Areas and routes
from which it would be difficult for irresponsible vehicle users to stray
are preferable to those that would require high management activity
levels to enforce.

(b) Is the vehicle use area or route appropriate for the overall area?
Regions where less intense use is desirable should have lower
densities of vehicle activity than more disturbed regions. Many routes
used by vehicles for access would be inappropriate for intensive
vehicle play, for example. Also, all but one of several closely parallel
routes should often be closed.

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SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333

Member MSME&National Safety council (NSC)40

ISO 9001: 2015 Organization

Session – Safety in Transport

3. Educational programs should be initiated to instruct vehicle operators on
safety, consideration for others, environmental impact, and on places legal to
operate.

4. When using private land, all vehicle operators must have in their possession
written permission from the landowner.

5. Trail construction and maintenance workers and trail users should report
vehicular trail damage to land managers for possible trail closure or other
remedial action.

6. For most effective implementation of policy, local regulations that exceed
state and federal standards for control of vehicle use off-road should be
encouraged.

7. State, county, and local law enforcement officers should have authority and
resources to enforce vehicle and public resource laws on all public land.

Motorized vehicles:

1. Motorized vehicle operators should be tested and licensed on their ability to
operate the vehicles and knowledge of all laws relating to vehicle operation
off-road.

2. All motorized vehicles used off-road should be licensed and clearly identified
for off-road use. The license fee should be placed in a fund designated for the
repair of environmental damage caused by vehicles; for personnel and
equipment for patrol and law enforcement; for educational services; for
financing of continuing studies of the effects of vehicles on wildlife, vegetation
and other elements of the environment disturbed by their use; and for
ensuring the safety, peace and enjoyment of the environment by other users.

3. Mufflers and spark-arrestors should be made mandatory on all motorized
vehicles used off-road, with provision for periodic inspection.

4. All motorized vehicles used off-road should be equipped with air pollution
control devices that meet the same standards set for automobiles.

www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected]; [email protected],

SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333

Member MSME&National Safety council (NSC)41