A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
CSO
SESSION
ON
CONSTRUCTION
SAFETY
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 1
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Session 10.1
Points Covered in this Session
Safety & Health Provisions under BOCW (Re&Cs) Act, 1996 and Central Rules, 1998 –
Highlights
Safety & Health in Construction Sites - Check List
Fire and Emergencies
Safety Tips for Excavation Work
Working on Fragile Roofs
Use of Chemicals in Construction Work
o Precautions
Fire at Project Sites
Safety Work Cycle at Construction Sites
Session Summary
This session covers all the relevant Safety and Health Provisions that are mandatory to follow while
work is in progress on a construction site. There are many safety tips to be followed in times of fires
or emergencies during excavation work, construction of fragile roofs, use of chemicals etc. Learners
will also know what precautions to take to avoid fires at project sites and how safety work cycles to
be followed at high-risk construction sites.
Session 10.1
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ACTIVITIES HAZARDS & CONTROL
Safety & Health Provisions under BOCW (Re&Cs) Act, 1996 and Central Rules, 1998 -
Highlights
The construction industry has an important role to play in the economic development of the country.
However, it is hazardous and has high risk of accidents. It is, therefore, necessary to ensure safety
and health of the workers in the construction industry. The Government of India enacted the Building
and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996
[(BOCW (RE&CS) A: 1996] and notified the Central Rules framed there under.
The Act came into force with effect from 1st March, 1996. The objective of the Act is to regulate
employment & conditions of service of the building & other construction workers and to provide for
their safety, health and welfare measures and other matters connected therewith. It is applicable to
establishments employing ten or more workers in any building and other construction work.
‘Building worker’ is a person who is employed to do any skilled, semiskilled or unskilled, manual,
supervisory, technical or clerical work for hire or reward, whether the terms of employment be
expressed or implied, in connection with any building or other construction work But does not include
any such person-
(i) who is employed mainly in a managerial or administrative capacity, or
(ii) who, being employed in a supervisory capacity, draws wages exceeding Rs. 1,600/- per
month or exercises and functions mainly of a managerial nature.
‘Establishment’ means any establishment belonging to, or under the control of Government, anybody
corporate or firm, an individual or association or other body of individuals which or who employs
building workers in any building or other construction work; and includes an establishment belonging
to a contractor,
“Employer” in relation to an establishment means the owner thereof, and includes: (i) in relation to a
building or other construction work carried on by or under the authority of any department of the
Government, directly without any contractor, the authority specified in this behalf or where no
authority is specified, the head of the department.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 2
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Building or other construction work carried on by or on behalf of a local authority or other
establishment, directly without any contractor, the chief executive officer of that authority or
establishment; and (iii) in relation to a building or other construction work carried on by or through a
contractor, or by the employment of building workers supplied by a contractor.
‘‘Contractor” means a person who undertakes to produce a given result for any establishment, other
than mere supply of goods or articles of manufacture, by the employment of building workers or who
supplies building workers for any work of the establishment; and includes a subcontractor.
Under the Act, the Central Government and the State Governments are the appropriate governments.
The Central Government enforces the provisions of the Act and the Rules framed there under in the
establishments, e.g. establishments carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government,
Railways, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., Central Warehousing Corporation, Airports Authority of
India, mines and oil fields and major ports. In relation to any other establishment, which employs
building workers either directly or through contractor, the Concerned State Government enforces the
Act.
Under Chapter II, provisions are made for the constitution of Central Building and Other Construction
Workers Advisory Committee and State Advisory Committee. Also, the appropriate Government may
constitute Expert Committees for advising Government for making Rules.
Registering Officers were appointed and employer of every establishment should apply for registration
within a period of 60 days of commencement of the construction work for registration.
Every building worker who has completed eighteen years of age, but has not completed sixty years
of age, and who has been engaged in any building or other construction work for not less than ninety
days during the preceding twelve months is eligible for registration as a “beneficiary”.
Chapter VI deals with hours of work, welfare measures and other conditions of service.
Chapter VII deals with safety and health measures in the construction establishments.
In every establishment wherein 500 or more workers are employed, a Safety Committee has to be
constituted and Safety Officer(s) should be appointed.
In case of certain accidents which cause death or bodily injury a notice has to be given to the inspector.
Appropriate Government is empowered to make Rules for safety and health of building workers and
the equipment and appliances necessary to be provided to them. Such Rules may provide for all or
any of the following matters:
safe means of access to working place
precautions in demolition under supervision of competent person
safe handling or use of explosive under the control of competent person.
erection, installation, use and maintenance of transporting equipment and appointment of
competent persons.
erection, installation, use and maintenance of hoists, lifting appliances and lifting gear; testing
and examination; appointment of competent persons.
adequate and suitable lighting.
Precautions to prevent inhalation of dust, fumes, gases or vapours, secure and maintain adequate
ventilation.
measures to be taken during handling, stacking or unstacking of materials.
safeguarding of machinery
safe handling and use of plant and tools and equipment operated by compressed air.
precautions to be taken in case of fire.
limits of weights to be lifted or moved by workers.
safe transport of workers.
steps to be taken to prevent danger to workers from live electric wires or apparatus.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 3
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
keeping of safety nets, safety sheets and safety belts. Standards to be complied with regard
to scaffolding, ladders and stairs, lifting appliances, ropes, chains and accessories, earth
moving, etc.
precautions with respect to pile driving, concrete work, hot asphalt, and demolition operations.
preparation of safety policy.
to furnish information to Bureau of Indian Standards regarding use of any article or process
covered under the BIS Act, 1986.
provision and maintenance of medical facilities.
Chapter VIII empowers the Central/State Government to appoint Director General of Inspection, Chief
Inspector of Inspection, respectively through a notification, which shall be responsible for laying down
the standards and monitoring the activities of construction establishments. Further, the appropriate
Government may also appoint by notification such number of its officers as it thinks fit to be inspectors
for the purpose of this Act under Director General / Chief Inspector. Inspectors have the powers to
enter any premises / place where building work is carried out for the purpose of examining the register
or record or notices, examine any person at the place where he inspects, require any person to give
any information with respect of the names and addresses of the person to whom the building or other
construction work is given out or received and with respect to payment to be made for the building
and other construction work, seize or take copies of any register, record of wages or notices or portion
thereof as he considers relevant in respect of an offence under this Act, and exercise such other
powers as may be prescribed.
Chapter IX on Special Provisions deals with responsibility of the employer- for providing constant and
adequate supervision and taking all practical steps necessary to prevent accidents, for payment of
wages and wherever applicable for payment of compensation as per the Act, In filing notice of
commencement of building and other construction work within 30 days before the commencement of
the said work to the Inspector having jurisdiction of that construction area and whenever any changes
occur in the particulars furnished in the notice, the same shall be intimated to the concerned Inspector
within two days. The notice should contain name and location of the place where the building or other
construction work is proposed to be carried on, name and address of the person who is undertaking
the building or other construction work, nature of work involved and the facilities, arrangements for
storage of explosives, if any to be used, number of workers likely to be employed, name and
designation of the person who will be in overall charge, approximate duration of work, etc.
Penalties and Procedure, Contravention of provisions of any Rules made under section 40 of the Act
with regard to safety and health measures shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which
may extend to three months or with fine which may extend to two thousand rupees, or with both. In
case of continuing of such contravention an additional fine which may extend to one hundred rupees
for every day of contravention after conviction for the first such contravention. For subsequent
conviction of the same offence within a period of two years the employer shall be punishable with six
months imprisonment or with a fine of not less than five hundred rupees, which may extend to two
thousand rupees or with both. Similarly penalties are prescribed for other contravention of provisions
under some other provisions. The Director General / Chief Inspector may impose the penalty after
following the procedure laid down in the Act.
The Central Government is empowered to give directions to the Government of any State or Board as
to the carrying into execution in that State of any of the provisions of this Act and power is given to
the appropriate Government to make Rules in consultation with Expert Committee.
SAFETY & HEALTH IN CONSTRUCTION SITES - CHECK LIST
This checklist identifies some of the hazards most commonly found on construction sites. The
questions it asks are intended to help you decide whether your site is a safe and healthy place to
work.
Safe Places of Work
Can everyone reach their place of work safely, e.g. are roads, gangways, passageways,
passenger hoists, staircases, ladders and scaffold in good condition?
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 4
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Are there guard rails or equivalent protection provided to stop falls from open edges on
scaffolds, mobile elevating work platforms building gangways, excavations, etc.?
Are holes and openings securely guard railed, provided with an equivalent standard of edge
protection or provided with fixed, clearly marked covers to prevent falls?
Are structures stable, adequately braced and not overloaded?
Are all working areas and walkways leveled and free from obstruction such as stored materials
and waste?
Is the site tidy, and are materials stored safely?
Are there proper arrangements for collection and disposal of waste materials?
Is the work adequately lit? Is sufficient additional lighting provided when work is carried on
after dark or inside buildings?
Scaffolds
Are scaffolds erected, altered and dismantled by competent persons?
Is there safe access to the scaffold platform?
Are all uprights provided with base plates (and, where necessary, timber sole plates) or
prevented in some other way from slipping or sinking?
Are all the uprights, ledgers, braces and struts in position?
is the scaffold secured to the building or structure in enough places to prevent collapse?
Are there adequate guard rails and toe boards or an equivalent standard of protection at every
edge from which a person could fall 2 ms or more?
Where guard rails and toe boards or similar are used:
Are the toe boards at least 150 mm in height?
Is the upper guard rail positioned at a height of at least 910 mm above the work area?
Are additional precautions, e.g. intermediate guard rails or brick guards in place to ensure that
there is no unprotected gap of more than 470 mm between the toe board and upper guard
rail?
Are the working platforms fully boarded and are the boards arranged to avoid tipping or
tripping?
Are there effective barriers or warning notices in place to stop people using an incomplete
scaffold, e.g. where working platforms are not fully boarded?
Has the scaffold been designed and constructed to cope with the materials stored on it and are
these distributed evenly?
Does a competent person inspect the scaffold regularly, e.g. at least once a week; always alter
it has been substantially altered, damaged and following extreme weather?
Are the results of inspections recorded?
Powered Access Equipment
Has the equipment been erected by a competent person?
Is fixed equipment, e.g. mast climbers, rigidly connected to the structure against which it is
operating?
Does the working platform have adequate guard rails and toe boards or other barriers to
prevent people and materials falling off?
Have precautions been taken to prevent people being struck by the moving platform,
projections from the building or falling materials, e.g. barrier or fence around the base?
Are the operators trained and competent?
Is the power supply isolated and the equipment secured at the end of the working day?
Ladders
Are ladders the right means of access for the job?
Are all ladders in good condition?
Are they secured to prevent them slipping sideways or outwards?
Do ladders rise up to a sufficient height above their landing place? If not, are there hand-holds
available?
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 5
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Are the ladders positioned so that users don’t have to over-step or climb over obstacles to
work?
Does the ladder rest against a solid surface and not on fragile or insecure materials?
Roof Work
Are there enough barriers and is there other edge protection to stop people or materials falling
from roofs?
Do the roof batters provide safe hand and foot holds? If not, are crawling ladders or boards
provided and used?
During industrial roofing, are precautions taken to stop people falling from the lending edge of
the roof or from fragile or partially fixed sheets which could give way?
Are suitable barriers guard rails or covers, etc, provided where people pass or work near fragile
material such as asbestos cement sheets and roof lights?
Are crawling boards provided where work on fragile materials cannot be avoided?
Are people excluded from the area below the roof work? If this is not possible, have additional
precautions been taken to stop debris falling on them?
Excavations
Is an adequate supply of timber, trench sheets, props or other supporting material made
available before excavation work begins?
Is this material strong enough to support the sides?
Is a safe method used for putting In the support, i.e. one that does not rely on people working
within an unsupported trench?
If the sides of the excavation are sloped back or battered, is the angle of batter sufficient to
prevent collapse?
Is there safe access to the excavation, e.g. by a sufficiently long, secured ladder?
Are there guard rails or other equivalent protection to stop people falling in?
Are properly secured stop blocks provide to prevent tipping vehicles falling in?
Does the excavation affect the stability of neighboring structures9
Are materials, spoil or plant stored away from the edge of the excavating in order to reduce
the likelihood of a collapse of the side?
Is the excavation inspected by a competent person at the start of every shift; and after any
accidental collapse or event likely to have affected its stability?
Has the risk of manual handling injuries been assessed?
Are hoists, tele-handlers, wheel barrows and other plant or equipment used so that manual
lifting and handling of heavy objects is kept to a minimum?
Are materials such as cement ordered in 25 kg bags?
Can the handling of heavy blocks be avoided?
Hoists
Is the hoist protected by a substantial enclosure to prevent someone from being struck by any
moving part of the hoist or falling down the hoist way?
Are gates provided at all landing, including ground level?
Are the gates kept shut except when the platform is at the landing?
Are the controls arranged so that the hoist can be operated from one position only?
Is the hoist operator trained and competent?
Is the hoist's safe working load clearly marked?
If the hoist is for materials only, is there a warning notice on the platform or cage to stop
people riding on it?
Is the hoist inspected weekly, and thoroughly examined every six months by a competent
person?
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 6
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Are the results of inspection recorded?
Cranes and Lifting Appliances
Is the crane on a firm level base?
Are the safe working loads and corresponding radii known and considered before any lilting
begins?
If the crane has capacity of more than 1 ton, does it have an automatic safe load indicator that
is maintained and inspected weekly?
Are all operators trained and competent?
Has the banks man / slinger been trained to give signals and to attach loads correctly?
Do the operator and banks man find out the weight and centre of gravity of the load before
trying to lift it?
Are cranes inspected weekly, and thoroughly examined every 14 months by a competent
person?
Are the results of inspections and examinations recorded?
Does the crane have a current test certificate?
Plant and Machinery
Is the right plant and machinery being used for the job?
Are all dangerous parts guarded, e.g. exposed gears, chain drives projecting engine shafts?
Are guards secured and in good repair?
Is the machinery maintained in good repair and are all safety devices operating correctly?
Are all operators trained and competent?
Traffic and Vehicles
Have separate pedestrian, vehicles access points and routes around the site been provided? If not,
are vehicles and pedestrians kept separate wherever possible?
Have one-way systems or turning points been provided to minimize the need for reversing?
Where vehicles have to reverse, are they controlled by properly trained workers?
Are vehicles maintained; do the steering, handbrake and footbrake work properly?
Have drivers received proper training?
Are vehicles securely loaded?
Are passengers prevented from riding in dangerous positions?
FIRE AND EMERGENCIES
General
Have emergency procedures been developed, e.g. evacuating the site in case of fire or rescue
from a confined space?
Are people on site aware of the procedures?
Is there a means of raising the alarm and does it work?
Are there adequate escape routes and are these kept clear?
Fire
Is the quantity of flammable material on site kept to a minimum?
Are there proper storage areas for flammable liquids and gases e.g. LPG and acetylene?
Are containers and cylinders returned to these stores at the end of the shift?
If liquids are transferred from their original containers, are the new containers suitable for
flammable materials?
Is smoking banned in areas where gases or flammable liquids are stored and used? Are other
ignition sources also prohibited?
Are gas cylinders and associated equipment in good condition?
When gas cylinders are not in use, are the valves fully closed?
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 7
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Are cylinders stored outside?
Are adequate bins or skips provided for storing waste?
Is flammable and combustible waste removed regularly?
Are the right number and type of fire extinguishers available and accessible?
Hazardous Substances
Have all harmful materials, e.g. asbestos, lead, solvents, paints etc. been identified?
Have the risks to everyone who might be exposed to these substances been assessed?
Have precautions been identified and put in place, e.g. is protective equipment provided and
used;
Are workers and others who are not protected kept away from exposure?
Noise
Are breakers and other plant or machinery fitted with silencers?
Are barriers erected to reduce the spread of noise?.
Is work sequenced to minimize the number or people exposed to noise?
Are others not involved in the work kept away?
Is suitable hearing protection provided and worn in noisy areas?
Welfare
Have suitable and sufficient numbers of toilets been provided and are they kept clean?
Are there clean wash basins, warm water, soap and towels?
Is suitable clothing provided for those who have to work in wet, dirty or otherwise adverse
Conditions?
Are there facilities for changing, drying and storing clothes?
Is drinking water provided?
Is there a site hut or other accommodation where workers can sit, make tea and prepare food?
Is there adequate first aid provision?
Are welfare facilities easily and safely accessible to all who need to use them?
Protective Clothing
Has adequate personal protective equipment, e.g. hard hats, safety boots, gloves, goggles,
and dust masks been provided?
Is the equipment in good condition and worn by all who need it?
Electricity
Is the supply voltage for tools and equipment the lowest necessary for the job (could battery
operated tools and reduced voltage systems, e.g. 110V, or even lower in wet conditions, be
used)?
Where mains voltage has to be used, are trip devise, e.g. residual current devices (RCDs)
provided for all equipment?
Are RCDs protected from damage, dust and dampness and checked daily by users?
Are cables and leads protected from damage by sheathing, protective enclosures or by
positioning away from causes of damage?
Are all connections to the system properly made and are suitable plugs used?
Is there an appropriate system of user checks, formal visual examinations by site managers
and combined inspection and test by competent persons for all tools and equipment?
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 8
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Are scaffolders, roofers etc. or cranes or other plant, working near or under overhead lines?
Has the electricity supply been turned off, or have other precautions, such as ‘goal posts’ or
taped markers been provided to prevent them contacting the lines?
Have underground electricity cables been located (with a cable locator and cable plans),
marked and precautions for safe digging been taken?
Projecting the Public
Are public fenced off or otherwise protected from the work?
When work has stopped for the day:
Are the gates secured?
Is the perimeter fencing secured and undamaged?
Maintained and inspected weekly?
Are all ladders removed or their rungs boarded so that they cannot be used?
Are excavations and openings securely covered or fenced off?
Is all plant immobilized to prevent unauthorized use?
Are bricks and materials safely slacked?
Are flammable or dangerous substances locked away in secure storage places?
SAFETY TIPS FOR EXCAVATION WORK
Introduction
Every year, several people are killed or seriously injured while working in excavations. Excavation
work has to be properly planned, managed, supervised and carried out to prevent accidents. Following
are the safety tips for those involved in excavation work.
Planning
Before digging any excavations, it is important to plan against the following:
Collapse of the sides;
Materials falling onto people working in the excavation;
People and vehicles falling into the excavation;
People being struck by plant;
Undermining Nearby Structures;
Contact with underground services;
Access to the excavation;
Fumes; and
Accidents to members of the public.
Make sure the necessary equipment needed, such as trench sheets, props baulks, etc., is
available on site before work starts.
Prevent the sides and the ends from collapsing by battering them to a safe angle or supporting
them with timber, sheeting or proprietary support systems.
Do not go into unsupported excavations.
Never work ahead of the support.
Remember that even work in shallow trenches can be dangerous. You may need to provide
support if the work involves bending or kneeling in the trench.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 9
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Materials Falling into Excavations
Do not store soil or other materials close to the sides of excavations. The soil may fall into the
excavation and the extra loading will make the sides more prone to collapse.
Make sure the edges of the excavation are protected against falling materials. Provide toe
boards where necessary.
Wear a hard hat when working in excavations.
People and Vehicles Falling into Excavations
Take steps to prevent people falling into excavations. If the excavation is 2 m or more deep,
provide substantial barriers, e.g. guard rails and toe boards.
Keep vehicles away from excavations wherever possible. Use brightly painted baulks or barriers
where necessary.
Where vehicles have to tip materials into excavations, use stop blocks to prevent them from
over-running. Remember that the sides of the excavation may need extra support.
People Being Struck by Plant
Keep workers separate from moving plant such as excavators. Where this is not possible, use
safe systems of work to prevent people being struck.
Plant operators should be competent.
Undermining Nearby Structures
Make sure excavations do not affect the footings of scaffolds or the foundations of nearby
structures. Walls may have very shallow foundations which can be undermined by even small
trenches.
Decide if the structure needs temporary support before digging starts. Surveys of the
foundations and the advice of a structural engineer may be needed.
Avoiding Underground Services
Look around for obvious signs of underground services, e.g. valve covers or patching of the
road surface.
Use locators to trace any services. Mark the ground accordingly.
Make sure that the person supervising excavation work has service plans and knows how to
use them. Everyone carrying out the work should know about safe digging practices and
emergency procedures.
Access
Provide good ladder access or other safe ways of getting in and out of the excavation.
Fumes
Exhaust fumes can be dangerous. Do not site petrol or diesel-engine equipment such as
generators or compressors in, or near the edge of, an excavation unless fumes can be ducted
away or the area can be ventilated.
Protecting the Public
Fence off all excavations in public places to prevent pedestrians and vehicles falling into them.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 10
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Where children might get on to a site, out of hours, take precautions (e.g. backfilling or
securely covering excavations) to reduce the chance of them being injured.
Display cautionary, information and warning signs near the excavation to warn public.
Supervision
A competent person must supervise the installation, alteration or removal of excavation
support.
People working in excavations should be given clear instructions on how to work safely.
Inspecting Excavations
A competent person must inspect excavations:
at the start of each shift before work begins;
after any event likely to have affected the strength or stabi ity of the excavation; and
after any accidental fall of rock, earth or other material.
A written report should be made after inspections. Stop work if the inspection shows the
excavation to be unsafe.
WORKING ON FRAGILE ROOFS
What is Fragile?
A fragile material is one that does not safely support the weight of a person and any load they are
carrying. The fragility of a roof does not depend solely on the composition of the material in it. The
following factors are very important:
thickness of the material;
the span between supports;
sheet profile;
the type, number, position and quality of fixings;
the design of the supporting structure, e.g. the purlins;
the age of the material.
The entire roof surface may be fragile, e.g. many fiber or cement roofs. Sometimes part of the roof is
fragile, e.g. when fragile roof lights are contained in an otherwise non-fragile roof. A roof is temporarily
fragile, e.g. during ‘built up’ roof construction when only the liner is installed or sheets have not been
secured. The fragility of a roof can be disguised, for instance, when old roofs have been painted over.
This guidance applies to all these situations.
The fragility, or otherwise, of a roof should be confirmed before works starts. If there is any doubt,
the roof should be treated as fragile unless, or until, confirmed that it is not. It is positively dangerous
to assume that a roof is non-fragile without checking this out beforehand.
Prevent Unauthorized Access
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 11
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Make sure that unauthorized access to the roof is prevented by, for instance, implementing a permit-
to-work regime or blocking off roof access ladders. Make sure that appropriate warning signs are
displayed on existing roofs, particularly at roof access points.
Working on Fragile Materials
At no time may anyone work on, from or pass over fragile material, unless platforms, coverings or
other similar means are provided that adequately support them. Properly installed safety net beneath
the roof surface will provide collective fall protection within the protected area. Harnesses can also be
an effective solution, but if used they require adequate attachment points which may be difficult to
arrange in work on fragile roofs. They also rely on user discipline, training and constant supervision
to ensure that they are constituently and correctly used.
Support platforms should be at least 600 mm wide and more when the work requires it.Make sure
that the support platforms are long enough to provide adequate support across roof members. They
should span across at least two purlins. Using a platform may spread the load, but that will not provide
enough support if the only thing supporting it is the fragile material.
Walking on the lines of purlins bolts gives no protection whatsoever. It is like walking on a tightrope
and must never be allowed or condoned.
Workers should not have to constantly move platforms about the roof. It is not acceptable to rely on
using a pair of boards to ‘leap-frog’ across a fragile roof. Make sure there are enough platforms
provided to avoid this.
Precautions are needed to prevent a person falling from the platform. If possible, provide the platform
with edge comprising top rail, intermediate rail (or equivalent protection) and toe board.
Working near Fragile Material
Protection is needed when anyone passes by or works nearer than 2 m to fragile materials, e.g.:
during access along valley gutters in a fragile roof;
when fragile roof lights or smoke vents are contained in an otherwise non-fragile roof’
During access to working areas on a fragile roof.
Wherever possible make sure that all fragile materials, 2 m or closer to the people at risk, are securely
covered. Alternatively, provide full edge protection (i.e. top rail, intermediate guard rail or equivalent
and toe board) around or along the fragile material to prevent access to it. (Make sure that appropriate
precautions are taken when installing such protection, e.g. the use of netting or safety harnesses.)
Sometimes it will not be reasonably practicable to provide such protection, usually if the proximity to
fragile material is irregular and short duration, i.e. a matter of minutes. Safety harnesses will usually
be the appropriate solution and may be used in conjunction with any permanently installed running
line systems.
Boundaries can be established identifying ‘safe’ areas containing the workplace and routes to and
from it. If these are used:
the boundary should be at least 2 m from the nearest fragile material;
the boundary does not need to comply with full edge protection standards, but there should
be a physical barrier (a painted line or bunting is not acceptable);
Tight discipline is essential to ensure everyone stays inside the safe area at all times.
USE OF CHEMICALS IN CONSTRUCTION WORK
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 12
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
A variety of chemicals such as solvents, cleaners, etc. are used in construction work. The common
solvents - white spirit (found in paints, varnishes & cleaners); Xylene (found in paints, adhesives &
pesticides); 1 - Butanol (found in natural and synthetic resign, paints and lacqars) and cleaners – acid
based (HCI, HF, H3P04, HN03) or alkali based (NaOH. KOH) are found in construction work. Exposure
to solvents or cleaners can have serious effects on workers’ health.
Health Effects
The main effects of solvents are irritation to the skin, eyes and lungs, headache, nausea, dizziness
and lightheadedness. Exposure can impair co-ordination and this can make people more prone to
accidents such as falling off ladders. People may lose concentration on important or difficult tasks and
they may react more slowly to dangerous situations. The effect can vary from person to person and
may be worse by drinking alcohol. Very high exposures may cause unconsciousness and even death,
for instance, where adhesives are used in unventilated confined spaces. Other possible effects on
health vary according to which solvent people are exposed to. Anyone who has been exposed to
solvents and feels that their health has been affected should seek medical advice.
Chemical cleaners can cause serious ill health mainly by skin contact- acids and alkalis cause bums
which are often slow to heal; and inhaling fumes or mist-concentrated solutions of acids and alkalis
may give of toxic and corrosive fumes. Spray application produces a mist which may also be toxic and
corrosive.
PRECAUTIONS
Preventing Exposure:
First of all, consider whether the chemicals need to be used at all. Can they be replaced by an
alternative, less hazardous material? For instance, can a water-based formulation be used;
these are widely available.
.If corrosive acids or alkalis have to be used, choose the most dilute solution which are diluted
by the manufacturer or supplier rather than handle concentrated chemicals yourself.
Controlling Exposure
If chemicals are used, make sure the work area is well ventilated. Open doors, windows roof
lights, etc, to increase ventilation and make sure that they are kept open. Local exhaust sure
that they are kept open. Local exhaust ventilation may be necessary in some cases.
If possible avoid spraying, as this causes greater contamination of the air than brush
application.
Store chemicals in properly labeled, suitable containers. Use dispensers where possible to keep
evaporation to a minimum and reduce spillage. Keep lids on containers unless contents are
being poured or dipped, etc. Use sealed containers for waste.
Dispose of chemical-soaked rags in closed containers.
Train workers in how to deal with spillages.
While diluting, always add acid or alkali to water, never water to acid or alkali and always be
done at ground level.
Fire
Many solvents are flammable. Take precautions to avoid fire and explosion risks; in particular, do not
smoke in areas where solvents are used. Products containing solvents should be stored in a secure
and well ventilated area.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
If exposure cannot be adequately controlled in any other way, workers should wear PPE. They may
need to wear one or more of the following;
protective overalls;
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 13
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
appropriate gloves which have been specially selected for use;
eye protection
face shields;
Respiratory protective equipment, where ventilation does not provide adequate control.
Half-mask aspirators fitted with the appropriate filter will often be sufficient in this instance, but
compressed airline breathing apparatus may be necessary where spraying takes place, or where work
is in a confined space.
Those who need to wear PPE should be trained in its proper use and in; its limitations. Store the
equipment in clean, dry conditions away from chemicals - a locker would be suitable. PPE should be
maintained and kept clean and fit to wear.
Hygiene
Good personal hygiene is very important. Facilities for washing and changing should be provided and
workers should wash their hands before seating, drinking, and smoking and before going to the toilet.
Eating, drinking and smoking should take place away from the work area. You should not smoke in
areas where solvents are used - solvents passing through a cigarette can break down into even more
harmful substances.
Articles heavily contaminated with chemical should be removed immediately when
contamination occurs. Overalls and contaminated personal clothing should be laundered before
being reward.
Thinners should not be used to remove paint or grease form the skin, as this can cause the
skin to become dry and inflamed. Proper cleaning -0 materials, e.g. soap, should be provided
and their use encouraged.
First Aid
Anyone who appears to have been affected by chemicals should be taken 70 into the fresh air
immediately and given appropriate first-aid treatment. Heavily contaminated clothing should be
removed as soon as possible. In most cases, first aid will involve drenching the affected parts with
plenty of cool, clean water. HF burns requires special first-aid treatment which involves applying an
antidote to the burn. If antidotes kept on site, first “aiders will need to be specially trained in its use.
FIRE AT PROJECT SITES
Every year there are numerous major fires at construction sites and in structures undergoing
refurbishment. The consequences include injury to people, damage to structures and equipment and
delay in completing the project.
Common Causes
Careless smoking
Poor housekeeping
Hot work
Improper storage of flammable liquids and gases
Electrical faults
Faulty or misused heating equipment
Uncontrolled rubbish burning
Cooking fires
Legal Provisions
The Building and Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act,
1996 and Rules there under require;
Provision of firefighting equipment, sufficient number of trained persons required to operate
the equipment and adequate water supply at ample pressure.
Maintenance and inspection of the equipment at regular intervals.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 14
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Provision of fire extinguishers in launch boat or craft used for transport of construction workers
and cabin of lifting appliances.
Emergency action plans if more than 500 workers are employed.
Additional Provisions for Excavation or Tunneling Work
Prohibition of use of inflammable oils (flash point below the working temperature).
Use of flameproof equipment in flammable or explosive atmosphere inside the tunnel.
Prohibition of smoking, naked lights and other sources of ignition in the vicinity where
explosives are handled, stored or used,
Use of non-sparking tools for opening explosive packages.
Use of tightly sealed containers and fire resistant areas for undergrou nd storage of all oils,
greases or fuels.
Provision of adequate number of water outlets and fire extinguishers.
Prohibition of extinguishers with vaporing liquids and high pressure carbon dioxide.
Display of instructions regarding steps to be followed to fight outbreak of fire.
Prior approval of ‘Project Engineer’ for use and storage of petrol, LPG and other flammable
substances inside the tunnel.
Prohibition of Oxy-acetylene gas in a compressed air environment.
Use of fire resistant hydrolytic hoses when hydraulically activated machinery and equipment is
employed in tunnels.
Use of 24-volt portable electrical hand tools and inspection lamps in a confined place.
Approval of competent authority for welding sets used in a tunnel.
Control Measures
Fires can be prevented by observing following simple precautions and safe working practices -
Site Housekeeping
Sweep up and remove daily all kinds of waste e.g. debris, packing material, cotton waste, oil
spillage, etc.
Use metal bins for readily combustible waste materials such as oily rags.
Leave clear space around storage and ensure unobstructed access to fire fighters.
Flammables
Store flammables (paints, lacquers, solvents, thinners, fuels, etc.) in secure and well ventilated
area away from ignition sources.
Ensure that heating appliances are at safe distance from combustible building materials.
Limit the inventory of combustible materials at the workplace to the minimum required.
Carry flammable liquids in safety containers and not in open tins, buckets, etc.
Never use petrol or similar accelerants to start or accelerate fire to burn waste materials on
site.
Welding and Cutting
Follow ‘permit-to-work’ system religiously.
Remove combustible materials from work area or cover them with fire resistant blankets before
starting welding operations.
Provide fire watch and extinguishers at hand.
Replace damages hoses and fittings and line and return cables of welding/cutting equipment.
Ensure that flashback arrestor is fitted in fuel gas line.
Never use grease or oil on oxygen line connections.
Never detect gas leak with a naked flame. Identify leak with hissing sound, smell or using
soapy water.
Turn off the gas supply when cutting is not carried out.
Ensure that there is no shouldering after the work is finished.
Earth the job and welding equipment.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 15
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Electrical Equipment
Turn off the main switch of all electrical circuits when the equipment is not in use anc more particularly
while leaving the site.
Avoid temporary electrical connections. Use them only in situations where fixed wiring is not feasible.
If their use is necessary, ensure that they are not run through such locations where they could be
damaged particularly due to the vehicle movement.
Don’t overload circuits. Install additional circuits if needed.
Ensure that portable electric tools are earthed.
Keep use of portable lamps to minimum.
Disconnect electrical equipment if it malfunctions or gives off a strange smell. Call the
maintenance personnel.
Follow correct specifications when replacing fuses in equipment.
Always prefer standard equipment bearing ISI mark.
Fire Emergency Preparedness
Ensure that emergency numbers are pasted on your telephone.
Know location of fire extinguishers, fire alarm buttons, means of escape, emergency exits and
assembly points.
Do not block fire equipment, fire exits and escape routes.
Ensure that fire equipment is maintained in working condition by periodic inspection and
maintenance.
Report missing and damaged extinguishers immediately.
Know how to use fire extinguishers and activate fire alarms.
Ensure that alarm is heard by everyone working on the site above the normal background
noise.
Check periodically availability of dedicated water for fire fighting.
Participate in periodic fire drills.
If Fire Occurs
Don’t panic; remain calm.
Notify anyone in the immediate area and fire brigade.
Activate the nearest fire alarm.
Turn off the electrical equipment in the immediate area, if possible.
Attempt to extinguish the fire only if it is safe to do so.
Take affected persons to a safer place & get medical help promptly.
Gather at assembly points and be accounted for.
Don't go back for your things if you are asked to leave.
Assemble outside. Do not re-enter the site until notified.
SAFETY WORK CYCLE AT CONSTRUCTION SITES
Devised by Japan Construction Safety and Health Association to facilitate the construction sites to
initiate labor accident prevention activities, the concept of Safety Work Cycle (SWC) is being actively
adopted by many construction sites in Japan. The SWC has been designed for three frequencies i.e.
Daily, Weekly and Monthly.
DAILY SAFETY WORK CYCLE
The various steps involved in ‘Daily Safety Work Cycle’ are as follows:
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 16
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
1. Morning Safety Meeting
It is conducted every morning prior to start of work for 10 minutes in an open area on site. All the
workers on the site participate in the meeting. The person in-charge of Safety gives notices and
instructions regarding the work of the day. Results of previous day’s inspection and actions to be
taken, maintenance of on-site discipline, examples of accidents, upcoming events, etc. are also
discussed. New groups/members are introduced. It allows mental preparation for the work ahead and
generates awareness of the rules and safety in the work place. Physical exercises such as stretching,
running, hand massage, pair rotations, lateral jump rotations and deep breathing before starting work
allow physical preparation for rapid adaptation to work.
2. Safety Meeting (KYK: Danger Prediction Activities)
It is conducted for 5-10 minutes before start of work at the site. The meeting is conducted by each
group leader directly controlling each kind of task (Foreman, etc.). In the meeting, oral work
instructions resulting from the previous day’s Safety Process Discussion (step: 6) with principal
contractor, are provided to workers by use of 5 W’s i.e. when, where, who, what and why and 1 H i.e.
How. Comments from the staff on the dangers at work are received and counter measures are
determined. This ensures full understanding of the work instructions to allow safe, sure and efficient
work performance for the day and to heighten safety awareness.
3. Inspection Prior to Start of Work
The inspection is conducted prior to start of work for the day at the time machinery is brought by sub-
contractors and also at the time machinery and facilities are supplied by the Principal Contractor. It
covers the work site, its nearby area, installation site and the site to which machinery has been
brought by the sub-contractors. Generally, construction machinery and tools are inspected by the
drivers or operator where as dangerous sites such as oxygen deficiency areas and excavation sites
are inspected by the persons nominated by the General Contractor or sub-contractors. The scope of
the inspection includes inspection of materials, facilities and machinery; legal and voluntary inspection
items; measurement of oxygen levels at probable oxygen deficiency areas; random inspections; etc.
This helps to confirm safety prior to start of work or use of equipment.
4. Site Manager Patrol
It is conducted at least once in a day by Site Manager (Overall Safety and Health Controller or Prime
Safety and Health Supervisor) covering entire work site including material storage areas, attached
dormitories, etc. The entire work site is patrolled and instructions for rectification are given. It helps
to confirm the state of facilities and machinery, placement and supervision of workers and equipment,
work environment, accidents prevention measures, etc. Written records of the results of the patrol
are maintained. Matters unable to be resolved during the patrol are considered and dealt with at the
Safety Process Discussion on the same day. Site Manager Patrol brings to the surface the state of
progress of the overall works, confirms the level of notification and coordination between different
agencies and eliminates unsafe conditions and practices.
5. Guidance and Supervision
During work management, staff and supervisors provide guidance and supervision based on their
experience and knowledge with reference to construction guidelines, work procedures, work
instructions, site safety knowledge and examples of accidents. It covers material, personnel and
management aspects. Material aspects include insufficient safety facilities, abnormalities in
machinery, poor tools, changes in working environment (including oxygen deficiencies, poisonous gas
emission), etc. Personnel aspects include unsafe behavior and new personnel. Management aspects
include insufficient notification and co-ordination, contravention of instructions, use of non-qualified
labor, etc. Guidance and Supervision help to achieve safe, high-quality, rapid, and economic
completion of the project.
6. Safety Process Discussions
They are held every day in General Contractor’s notice and attended by all relevant staff including
Site Manager, Safety Officer, Sub-Contractors Foreman, etc. The discussion topics include instructions
for following day’s work, confirmation to work methods and procedures, sharing of machinery and
equipment, placement of qualified workers, awareness of danger areas, ventilation methods, signs
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 17
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
and signaling methods, use of protective year, new work and work methods, emergency work, priority
matters, etc. It ensures safety, quality and efficiency of the project including notification and co-
ordination.
7. After-Work Site Clean-up
It is carried out by workers for 5-10 minutes before finishing each day’s work covering work site,
common areas (e.g. safety passageways) and machinery storage areas. The site clean-up includes
tidying of materials and tools used and unnecessary or temporary materials besides cleaning of
storage as well as common areas. Storage locations, storage and conveyance methods, division of
responsibilities and co-operation of contractors are planned in advance by General Contractor. The
Clean-up is confirmed by the foremen for each type of work and by General Contractor staff for
common areas and reconfirmed by General Contractor’s staff after receiving advice of completion of
each kind of work. It helps preparation for the following day’s work, maintenance of a pleasant work
site, prevention of accidents and improvement of working efficiency.
8. End of Work Check
Upon completion of work, confirmation of the close of work for entire site and vicinity is needed to
ensure safety and prevent fires, thefts and harm to third parties. Sub contractors confirm that all
flames have been extinguished, keys removed from heavy machinery and power locked; notify
Principal Contractor staff in the event of overtime; clear up office work; handover “end-of-work report”
to Principal Contractor; turn off lights and lock door to office. General contractor receives “end-of-
work report” ensures locking up, closing up and extinguishing of lights for entire work site; and reports
to Site Manager. Weekly and Monthly Safety Work Cycles are also carried out with almost similar
approach and methodology. The steps involved in Weekly & Monthly Safety Work Cycles are given
below:
Weekly Safety Work Cycle
1. Weekly Safety Process Discussion on Safety Procedures
2. Weekly Inspection by Principal Contractor and Sub-contractors
3. Weekly Overall Clean-up
Monthly Safety Work Cycle
1. Meeting of Safety and Health Council
2. Regular monthly voluntary inspections (checks) by Principal Contractor and Sub-Contractors
3. Safety and Health Education by use of Examples of Industrial Accidents, etc.
4. Safety and Health General Meeting
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 18
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Session 10.2
Topics Covered in this Session
Working at heights / elevated works
Fall Protection Options
Personal Fall Arrest Systems
Guardrail systems
Do’s and don’ts at the working place at height
Session Summary
In this session learners will learn about the working at heights or at the elevated place. It is the
employer’s responsibility to determine if the working surfaces on which their employee are to work
have the required strength and structural integrity to support the employee’s safety. When worker
is working at a height which 6 feet or more in height, then worker must be protected from falling by
using guardrail systems, safety net system or personal fall arrest systems. Also, the learner will
learn all the do’s and don’ts at the working place at heights.
Session – 10.2
WORKING AT HEIGHT
Working at Heights / Elevated works
Working at heights or elevated works is considered when a person work in an area 1.50 meters (6ft)
and higher or you are dealing with one or more of the following
(a) Steel erections
(b) Rooftops
(c) Catwalks
(d) Stairs
(e) Scaffolding
(f) Ladders
(g) Floor openings
(h) Excavations
Following are the factors and situations that could cause a fall;
Moving from one surface to another at heights;
Uncovered holes and openings;
Open ledges not barricaded;
Uneven surface;
Moving surface
Poor lighting
Unstable footwear;
Wind, rain and ice;
Being struck by falling objects;
Incorrectly using a ladder; and incorrect use if fall arresting equipment.
Fall Protection Options
Following are the fall protection which should be used by the employees working at heights;
Personal Fall arrest System (PFAS)
Guardrails
Safety Net
Personal Fall Arrest Systems
There are three components of Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) that must be in place and
properly used to provide maximum worker protection.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 19
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Anchorage/ Anchorage Connectors
Anchorage Connector: Use to join the connecting device to the anchorage, Safety line anchorage
must be independent of any platform anchorage and capable of supporting at least 5,000lbs, per
worker
Body Wear / Body harness
The personal protective equipment worn by the worker (e.g. full-body harness)
Connecting Devices
The critical link which joints the Body wears to the Anchorage/ Anchorage connector
(E.g. shock –absorbing lanyard or retractable lifeline)
No individually these components will or protection. However, when used properly and in
conjunction with each other, they form a Personal Fall Arrest System that becomes vitally important
for safety on the jobsite. Connectors are to be drop forged, pressed or formed steel, or made of
equivalent materials. Connectors must have a corrosion resistant finish, and all surfaces and edges
shall be smooth to prevent damage to interfacing parts of the system. Ropes and straps used in
lanyards, life lines and body harnesses are to be made from synthetic fibers. Dee –rings and snap
hooks must have a minimum tensile strength of 5000 pounds and are to be load tested to minimum
tensile load of 3600 pounds without cracking or taking a permanent deformation.
Snap holes must be suitable to be connected to a member to which it is connecting to prevent
unintentional disengagement. Only locking type snap hooks are to be used.
The body harness must be rigged such that an employee can neither fall free more than 6 feet (1.8
m), nor contact any level, and it must bring an employee to a complete stop and limit the maximum
declaration distance to 3.5 feet.
PFAS are to be inspected prior to each use, for wear, damage, and other defects. The attachment
point of the body harness is to be located in the center of the wearer’s back and near shoulder level
or above the water head. Full body harness and components are not to be used for any other
purpose, like hoisting of materials, other than for the protection of the workers. Deteriorated and
defective components are to be removed from service and the PFAS should be inspected by a
component person. PFAS system must not be attached to a guardrail system or to hoists.
Guardrail System
Guardrail systems are to be composed of the top rail, mid rail and toe board. The height of top rail
is to be 42 inches, plus or minus 3 inches, above the working surface. When conditions warrant, the
height of the top edge may exceed the 45-inch height. Guardrail systems are to be capable of
withstanding a force of at least 200 pounds applied within 2 inches of the top edge in any direction.
Mid rails, screens, mesh and intermediates structural members are to be installed between the top
edge of the guardrail system and the working installed Data height midway between the top edge of
the guardrail system and the working surface level. Mid rails, screens, intermediate vertical
members, solid panels, and equivalent structural members shall be capable of withstanding a force
of at least 150 pounds applied in any direction at any point. The ends of all top rails and mid rails
should not constitute a projection hazard to prevent injury to employees.
Toe boards are to be provided, so that tools and other material could not be accidently knocked off
of a working platform. The acceptable height for a toe board is usually between 3.5 inches and 4
inches.
Safety nets are to be installed as close as practicable under the working platform on which
employees are working. Safety nets should install more than 30 feet below the working surface.
The potential fall area from the working surface to the net is to be unobstructed. Safety nets shall
extend outward from the outermost projection of the work surface as follows:
Vertical distance from working level Minimum required horizontal
to horizontal plane of net distance of outer edge or net from
the edge of the working surface
Safety Up to 5 feet 8 feet nets are
to be More than 5 feet up to 10 feet 10 feet installed
with More than 10 feet 13 feet sufficient
clearance under them to prevent contact with the surface or structures below. Safety nets must be
drop-tested after a major repair, and at 6-month intervals, if left in one place and after relocated.
The drop –test is done with a 400 pounds bag of sand 30+2 inches in diameter.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 20
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Defective nets are not to be used. Safety nets must be inspected at least once in a week for wear,
damage, and other deterioration. Defective components shall be removed from service and safety
nets shall be inspected after any occurrence which could affect the integrity of the safety net
system.
The maximum size of each safety net mesh opening shall not exceed 36 square inches (230 cm),
nor be longer than 6 inches on any side, and the opening, measured centre –to-centre of mesh
ropes or webbing, shall not be longer than 6 inches. All mesh crossings are to be secured to
prevent enlargement of the mesh opening. Each safety net or section of must have a boarder rope
with a minimum breaking strength of 5000 pounds. Connection between safety net panels are to be
as strong as integral net components, and must be spaced not more than 6 inches apart.
Safety nets are to be used when work is taking place more than 25 feet above the surface, or over
water, and where the use of ladders, scaffolding, catch platforms, temporary floors, safety lines,
and safety harnesses are not practical. All safety nets are to be inspected daily, and tools or debris
most be removed from them.
Stairways and Ladders
Stairway Railing & Guards
Every flight of stairs with four or more risers shall have standard stair railings or standard
handrails.
On stairways less than 44 inches wide having both sides enclosed, at least one handrail shall
be affixed, preferably on the right-side descending.
On stairways less than 44 inches wide with one open side, at least one stair rails shall be
affixed on the open side.
On stairways less than 44 inches wide having both sides open, two stairs rails shall be
provided, one for each side.
On stairways more than 44 inches wide, but less than 88 inches, one handrail shall be
provided on each enclosed side and one stair rail on each open side.
On stairways 88 inches or more in width, one handrail shall be provided on each enclosed
side, one stair rail on each open side, and one intermediate stair rail placed approximately in
the middle of the stairs.
Standard Stair Railing
The vertical height shall not be more than 32 inches nor less than 30 inches from the upper surface
of the top rail to the surface of the road.
The lengthwise member shall be mounted directly on the wall or partition by means of brackets
attached to the lower side of the handrail in order to keep a smooth, unobstructed surface along the
top and both sides of the handrail.
The support for the rail shall be 3 inches from the wall and be not more than 8 feet apart
Inspecting Stairs
(a) Handrails and Stair rails
Lack of placement
Smoothness of surface
Strength
Clearance between rail and wall or other objects
(b)Treads:
Strength
Slip resistance
Dimensions
Evenness of surface
Visibility of leading edge
Improper/inadequate design, construction or location of staircases.
Wet, slippery, or damaged walking or grasping surfaces.
Improper illumination … there is no general OSHA standard for illumination levels.
Poor housekeeping
Use of Ladders
Ladders shall be placed with a secure footing, or they shall be lashed, or held in position.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 21
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Ladders used to gain access to a roof or other area shall extend at least 3 feet above the
point of support.
The top of a regular stepladder shall not be used as step.
Use both hands when climbing and descending ladders.
Metal ladders shall never be used near electrical equipment.
The foot of ladder shall, where possible, be used as such a pitch than the horizontal distance
from the top support to the foot of the ladder is one quarter of the working. Length of the
ladder (the length along the ladder between the foot and the support)
The worker shall always face the ladder when climbing up or down.
Short ladders should not be spliced together to make long ladders.
Ladder shall never be used in the horizontal position as scaffolds or work platforms.
Shock absorbing
Lanyard
Do’s for Working at Heights.
Do close and latch all hatches, security gets and hinged walkways, to seal openings where
there is fall potential
Do barricade or fence around chimneys or stacks when working on these structures.
Do tie off to secure anchor.
Do inspect to all fall protection equipment prior to use.
Do wear all other types of PPE such as hardhats, gloves, hearing protection, rain suits,
respirators or protective eyewear.
Do maintain three points of contact at all times while climbing (two hand and one foot, or
two feet and one hand).
Do work with caution and slowly.
Do follow all safety and health procedures for working at heights
Do wear a pair of leather gloves while climbing.
Don’ts for Working at Heights
Don’t climb without fall protection
Don’t overlook potential hazards.
Don’t climb or work at heights during adverse weather.
Don’t assume someone else has assured your safety.
Don’t wear jewelry which could entangle on other objects.
Don’t climb or work on heights if you evaluate the condition as unsafe.
Don’t use any fall protection which is worn or has not been inspected.
Don’t walk on roofs which are not strong enough to support you.
Don’t work on heights where there is a chance of falling without tying off.
Don’t carry tools or other objects, which could slip or fail, while tucked into your safety belt
or harness.
Don’t hoist heavy loads to your work area without being tied off.
Don’t climb or work on faulty built scaffoldings.
Don’t climb a stack, chimney, etc unless there is securely anchored ladder or rungs.
Don’t use safety belts, use only full body harnesses.
Don’t carry any tools or objects in your hands as you climb.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 22
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Session 10.3
Points Covered in this Session
Safety in Scaffolding
Alteration and Dismantling
Maintenance and Storage
Use of Elevators/Lifts
Safety FAQs
Codes & Standards
Segregation of Electric Supply
Over Speed Governor Safety (Ultimate Safety of an Elevator)
Car Leveling Device
Safety Tips
Hazards of Cement in Construction Work and Control Measures
Health Prevention and Health Surveillance
National Building Code of India 2005
Indian Standards on Construction of Earthquake Resistant Structures
BIS Standards
Ladder Safety
Demolition
Protective Clothing and Equipment
Session Summary
This session covers many safety and security guidelines that must be followed in small construction
activities such as alteration and dismantling of scaffolding, usage of elevators or lifts, safety based
questions concerning maintenance and storage tasks. Learners will also learn about safety codes,
guidelines and standards such as National Building Code of India and Indian Standards on Construction
of Earthquake Resistant Structures; and BIS. More topics covered in this session are regarding Ladder
Safety, Demolition activities and correct usage of protective clothing and equipment.
Session – 10.3
HEALTH HAZARDS ENCOUNTERED IN SMALL CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
Safety in Scaffolding
Scaffolds are temporary elevated platforms and their substructures, used for supporting workers or
materials or both. Scaffolds vary greatly in type, size, material and function and are used in a
multitude of work settings. Scaffolding can provide an efficient and safe means to perform work.
Following are the guidelines for using scaffold safely.
Erection
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 23
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Supervision while erection of scaffolding shall be done by a person competent by skill,
experience and training to ensure safe installation according to the manufacturer’s
specifications and other requirements.
Know the voltage of energized power lines. Ensure increased awareness of location of
energized power lines; maintain safe clearance between scaffolds and power lines (i.e.,
minimum distance of 1 meter for insulated lines less than 300 volts; 3 meter for insulated lines
300 volts or more).
Identify heat sources like steam pipes. Anticipate the presence of hazards before erecting
scaffolds and keep a safe distance from them.
Be sure that fall protection equipment is available before beginning erection and use it as
needed.
Have scaffolding material delivered as close to the erection site as possible to minimize the
need for manual handling.
Arrange components in the order of erection.
Ensure the availability of material hoisting and rigging equipment to lift components to the
erection point and eliminate the need to climb with components.
Examine all scaffold components prior to erection.
Return defective components to store and tag them by putting “Do Not Use”.
Prohibit or restrict the intermixing of manufactured scaffold components, unless:
The components fit together properly, without force,
The use of dissimilar metals will not reduce strength, and
The design load capacities are maintained.
All scaffold decks should be planked as fully as possible (beginning at the work surface face)
with gaps between planks no more than 25 mm wide (to account for plank warp and wane).
Platform units must not extend less than 150 mm over their supports unless they contain
hooks or other restraining devices.
When platform units are abutted together or overlapped to make a long platform, each end
should rest on a separate support or equivalent support.
Wood preservatives, fire retardant finishes and slip-resistant finishes can be applied to platform
Use units; however, no coating should obscure the top and bottom of wooden surfaces.
If fire retardants are used, an engineer should ensure that the plank(s) will carry the required
load since fire retardants can reduce the plank load capacity.
Provide suitable access to and between scaffolds. Access can be provided by portable ladders;
hook-on ladders; attachable ladders; stairway-type ladders; integral prefabricated scaffold
rungs; direct passage from another scaffold, structure or personnel hoist; ramps; runways; or
similar adequate means.
Cross braces and scaffold frames shall not be used for access scaffold platforms unless they
are equipped with a built-in ladder specifically designed for such purpose.
Make sure that scaffolds and components are not loaded beyond their rated and maximum
capacities.
Prohibit the movement of mobile scaffolds when employees are on them. Maintain a safe
distance from energized power lines.
Prohibit work on scaffolds until materials that could cause slipping and falls are removed.
Protect suspension ropes from contact with sources of heat (welding,? cutting, etc.) and from
acids and other corrosive substances.
Prohibit scaffold use during storms and high winds.
Remove debris and unnecessary materials from scaffold platforms.
Prohibit the use of ladders and other devices to increase working heights on platforms.
Alteration and Dismantling
Scaffolds be altered, moved and dismantled under the supervision of a competent person.
Alteration and dismantling activities should be planned and performed with the same care as
with erection.
Tag any incomplete scaffold or damaged component out of service. Inspections
Inspect all scaffolds and components upon receipt at the erection location.
If found any defect, return with tag “Do Not Use" or destroy defective components.
Inspect scaffolds before use and attach a tag stating the time and date of inspection.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 24
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Inspect scaffolds before each work shift and especially after changing weather conditions and
prolonged interruptions of work.
Check for such items as solid foundations, stable conditions, complete working and rest
platforms, suitable anchorage points, required K guardrails, loose connections, tie-off points,
damaged components proper access, and the use of fall protection equipment.
Maintenance and Storage
Maintain scaffolds in good repair.
Only replacement components from the original manufacturer should be used.
Intermixing scaffold components from different manufacturers should be avoided.
Fabricated scaffolds should be repaired according to the manufacturer’s specifications and
guidance.
Job-built scaffolds should not be repaired without the supervision of a competent person.
Store all scaffolding parts in an organized manner in a dry and protected environment.
Examine all parts and clean, repair or dispose of them as necessary.
USE OF ELEVATORS/LIFTS
The history of elevator dates back to over 100 years, when man first dreamt of constructing
multistoried buildings for dwelling. This necessitated use of a mechanical device to transport
passengers and goods up and down. The device obviously had to be fast, reliable and most
importantly, safe for carrying out human beings.
Electrical elevators came into being towards the end of the nineteenth; century. Since then there has
been a significant improvement in the construction of elevators with regard to speed, ride comfort,
aesthetics and safety, which make the present day elevator travel almost risk-free. Statistically,
elevators are considered even safer than stairs.
A recent development in the elevator technology is the machine room-less (MRL) elevators. In this
case, a special machine is accommodated above the top floor landing within the space of the hoist
way.
SAFETY FAQs
What happens if the ropes holding the elevator car get snapped?
There are many steel wire ropes which support the elevator car and the factor of safety of these ropes
is such that a single wire rope can support many times the weight of a fully loaded car. Nevertheless,
in the event of the ropes getting snapped, there is a wedge type safety gear installed under every
elevator car which gets activated in the event of the elevator car over speed beyond a set limit. The
wedge type safety gear holds the steel guide rails preventing the elevator car from falling.
What happens if the power fails and the elevator stops in between floors? Will I suffocate?
Patience is the key word. You are safe and there is plenty of air, so relax and call for help. Push the
‘alarm’ button to call for assistance or if an intercom is available, use it to seek help. Do not force
open the elevator doors or attempt to leave the elevator which is very dangerous.
What happens if the doors close on me, will I get crushed?
The current day elevators have either a mechanical or an electronic door safety device which senses
the object coming in between the door panels and retract immediately.
What happens if the elevator continues to travel and does not stop at the extreme floors?
There are limit switches set inside the hoist way at two levels beyond the normal extreme levels of
landing, one of which is bound to activate to stop the elevator instantly. Buffers are provided in the
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 25
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
pit for the elevator car as well as counterweight to avoid any injury to passengers in case of over
travel.
What happens in case of a fire?
It is always advisable to use the stairs if there is a fire in the building. In high-rise buildings, a Fire
elevator is provided for use by the firemen only.
CODES & STANDARDS
Countries all over the world have evolved national codes and standards to which the elevators in their
respective country have to comply with. In India, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has published a
comprehensive standard in respect of elevators (IS 14665-Parts 1 to 4) to which the elevators have
to generally comply with. In addition to these Standards, which are recommendatory in nature, most
of the State Governments have enacted special Acts for elevators and have framed Rules there under,
to which each elevator installation has to comply with. There is a Regulatory Authority such as
“Inspectorate of Lifts” which is responsible for ensuring compliance to the Act and Rules. Bombay, for
instance, was the first State to enact the Bombay Lifts Act, 1939 and is presently administered by the
Chief Engineer (Electrical), Public Works Department (PWD).
The important provisions of the Bombay Lift Act, 1939 are:
Permission to install an elevator:
o A person desirous of installation an elevator has to obtain a written permission in the
prescribed format from the Inspectorate of Lift.
License to operate an elevator:
o Each elevator installation needs a license from the Chief Engineer (Electrical), PWD, to
operate the elevator.
Violation of these provisions attracts penalty.
The licensee has to carry out the following works monthly and enter in the log book:
Cleaning and lubricating the guides.
Examining the ropes and their attachments.
Examining and lubricating the door locks.
Examining the worm and the gear.
Lubricating all moving parts.
Examining the safety devices Bi-annual inspection of the elevator from the Lift Inspector.
The Elevator is to be maintained by an authorized elevator maintenance contractor.
a. Each elevator is required to be maintained by an authorized elevator maintenance contractor,
authorized by the Chief Engineer (Electrical) PWD.
b. No person below the age of 18 years shall be engaged as an elevator operator.
c. Important safety features of elevators by the Bombay Lift Rules
Segregation of Electric Supply
Elevator is electrically moved equipment. The main hazard associated with electricity is electric shock.
To safe guard the user, the electrical supply is segregated from 440 V to 6 V. Care is taken that
whichever part of an elevator comes in contact with users is having minimum possible supply voltage.
Over Speed Governor Safety (Ultimate Safety of an Elevator)
An automatic device brings the elevator car to rest by operating the safety gear in the event of the
speed exceeding a pre-determined limit in the descending direction.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 26
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
The electric supply of elevator motor is cut off. Safety gear is attached to the car bottom frame to
stop and hold the elevator car on guide rails in the event of free fall or over speed in descending
direction.
CAR LEVELING DEVICE
To move elevator car at a reduced speed within a limited zone and stop subsequently level with the
elevator landing independent of varying load.
Interlocks to the Landing and Car doors
Means a lock for application to an elevator landing and car door is so designed that it may be only
opened when the elevator car is in the landing zone or by a special key.
Down final limit - If elevator over travel on the downward direction i.e. below ground floor,
it will hit on the buffers into the pit. To avoid this, its electrical supply is cut by down final limit.
Up final limit - If elevator over travel on the upward direction i.e. beyond top floor it will hit
on the ceiling below machine room. To avoid this, its electrical supply is cut by up final limit.
Emergency stop switch - This switch is provided in the car to stop the elevator instantly
during emergency anywhere during ride.
Emergency Alarm in the elevator car - To obtain assistance in case of emergency.
Pit switch - When this switch is put off, elevator does not operate by any means. Hence
persons in the pit are safe guarded from elevator coming down.
For further details, refer respective state Lift Rules, Lift Act and Standards.
The present day elevators have many other features which are user- friendly and which enhance the
safety of the elevator. Some of them are as follows:
Full Load Control - When the elevator is loaded to 80% of its rated capacity, all landing calls
will be by-passed while all car calls will be attended.
Overload Control - In case a car is overloaded, elevator will not operate and doors will remain
open with an audio-visual indication in car signaling overload condition.
Infrared safety or photo electric safety - If somebody is partially inside the car and
partially out, electric circuit does not complete and hence elevator does not move from the
place.
By-pass - If any car button or landing button is stuck or kept pressed deliberately, the elevator
will bypass that call and continue to attend other calls.
Motherboard temperature protection - On reaching the preset temperature limit, the
elevator stops automatically and will start functioning when the temperature normalizes.
Short Circuit Protection - A safety circuit on the motherboard prevents damage to the main
processor.
SAFETY TIPS
When you approach the elevator
1. Know your destination. Push the Up or down button for the direction you want to go.
2. Stand aside for exiting passengers.
3. Wait for the next car if the elevator is full.
4. Don’t try to stop a closing door with anything including hands, feet, canes, etc. Wait for the
next elevator.
5. Take the stairs if there is a fire in the building.
When you enter and leave the elevator
1. Enter and exit carefully. Watch your step.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 27
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
2. Hold children and pets firmly.
3. Stand clear of the doors - keep the clothes and carry-ons away from the opening.
4. Push and hold the Door Open button if doors need to be held open, or ask someone to push
the Door Open button for you.
When riding on the elevator
1. Stand back from the doors.
2. Hold the handrail, if available.
3. Pay attention to the floor indications.
4. If the doors do not open when the elevator stops, push the Door Open button.
DO’s & DON’Ts:
Children should not be allowed to use the elevator as a playroom as it possess hazard of getting
trapped in the elevator car doors or elevator shaft.
Share with your children the important rules of riding lifts safely.
If elevator stuck between two floors, it requires taking manually to nearest landing to rescue
the passengers in the lift. Maintain a trained group of persons for this rescue operation.
Do not panic if elevator is stuck between two floors. Do not try to open door or try to come
out from elevator car too. Such act can be dangerous.
Do not insert hand in-between or through the doors. Avoid grill gates to the lift. Many elevator
users have lost their hands as they put hand through the grill openings to close the opposite
side gate.
Never use elevator during fire.
Do not operate the elevator if it is running with open door.
Do not stop the running elevator by forcibly opening the manually operated door.
Machine room should not be used as a store-room or as an accommodation for the elevator
attendant / watchman.
Appoint authorized/qualified maintenance personnel for providing maintenance service and
make sure elevator maintenance and inspections are up-to-date.
Do not overcrowd the elevator or force goods and materials into the elevator car than the
maximum weight or the number of persons indicated in the load plate.
Do not smoke in the elevator and also do not carry inflammable material.
If you perceive any sort of danger, press the alarm button and wait for assistance.
Do not misuse the “STOP” button; it should be used only for stopping the elevator in an
emergency.
Display in the elevator car, the safety precautions to be taken while using the lifts to educate
users. Pictorial/bilingual safety tips should be put in lifts for the benefit of those who cannot
read particular language.
When carrying out any internal work in the building (building painting/ any civil work) take
help of authorized and qualified elevator maintenance personnel so that inexperienced people
do not tamper with the machine room or with any aspect connected to the operation of the
lift.
Machine room should be kept in good condition. Doors and windows should be kept closed to
keep away fairwater/rodents.
No unauthorized person should be allowed to enter the machine room and pit.
Do not throw rubbish in the elevator shaft.
Do not allow water spillage in elevator shaft and on elevator car top. Also during general
cleaning of building stair cases, park the elevator at top floor.
In case of water accumulation in the pit, do not operate elevator and put off the electric supply
Do not take any temporary or permanent electric connections from the elevator machine room
for other purpose.
Ref: The Indian Standard for Electric Traction Lifts, IS 14665 (Part-1), (Part-2/Sections
1&2), (Part- 3/Sections 1&2:2000)
The Bombay Lifts Act, 1939, The Bombay Lifts Rules, 1958.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 28
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
HAZARDS OF CEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION WORK AND CONTROL MEASURES
Cement is widely used in construction. Anyone who uses cement (or anything containing cement, such
as mortar, plaster and concrete) or is responsible for managing its use should be aware that it presents
a hazard to health.
Health Effects
Cement can cause ill health mainly by skin contact, inhalation of dust, and manual handling.
Skin Contact
Contact with wet cement can cause both dermatitis and burns.
Dermatitis - Skin affected by dermatitis feels itchy and sore, and looks red scaly and cracked. Cement
is capable of causing dermatitis by two mechanisms - irritancy and allergy.
Irritant dermatitis is caused by the physical properties of cement that irritate the skin mechanically.
The fine particles of cement, often mixed with sand or other aggregates to make mortar or concrete,
can abrade the skin and cause irritation resulting in dermatitis. With treatment, irritant dermatitis will
usually clear up. But if exposure continues over a longer period the condition will get worse and the
individuals is then more susceptible to allergic dermatitis.
Allergic dermatitis is caused by sensitization to the haxavalent chromium (chromate) present in
cement. The way this works is quite distinct from that of irritancy. Sensitizers penetrate the barrier
layer of the skin and cause an allergic reaction. Hexavalent chromium is known to be the most
common cause of allergic dermatitis in men. Research has shown that between 5% and 10% of
construction workers may be sensitized to cement and that plasterers, concreters and bricklayers are
particularly at risk. Once someone has become sensitized to hexavalent chromium, any future
exposure may trigger dermatitis. Some skilled tradesmen have been forced to change their trade
because of this. The longer the duration of skin contact with a sensitizer, the more it will penetrate
the skin.
The greater the risk of sensitization will become. Therefore, if cement is left on the skin throughout
the working day, rather than being washed off ^t intervals, the risk of contact sensitization to
hexavalent chromium will be increased. Both irritant and allergic dermatitis can affect a person at the
same time.
Cement Burns - Wet cement can cause burns. The principal cause is thought to be alkalinity of the
wet cement. If wet cement becomes trapped against the skin, for example by kneeling in it or if
cement falls (into a boot or glove, a serious burn or ulcer can rapidly develop. These often take months
to heal, and in and in extreme cases will need skin grafts or can even lead to amputation. Serious
chemical burns to the eyes can also be caused following a splash of cement.
Inhalation of Dust - High levels of dust can be produced when cement is handled, for example when
emptying or disposing of bags. In the short term, exposure to high levels of cement dust irritates the
nose and throat. Scabbing or concrete cutting can also produce high levels of dust which may contain
silica.
Manual Handling - Working with cement also poses risks such as sprains and strains, particularly to
the back, arms and shoulders from lifting and carrying cement bags, mixing mortar etc. More serious
damage to the back can be caused in the long terms if workers are continually lifting heavy weights.
Health Prevention and Health Surveillance
Skin Contact
You should first consider elimination or substitution to prevent the possibility of contact with cement.
Otherwise, you should apply control measures to minimize contact with the skin either directly or
indirectly from contaminated surfaces in the working environment.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 29
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
An important way of controlling cement dermatitis is by washing the skin with warm water and soap,
or other skin cleanser, and drying afterwards. Sinks should be large enough to wash the forearms and
have both hot and cold (or warm) running water. Soap and towels should be provided. Facilities for
drying clothes and changing clothes should also be available.
Gloves may help to protect skin from cement, but they may not be suitable for all aspects of
construction site work. Caution is advised when using gloves as cement trapped against the skin inside
the gloves can cause a cement burn. You should provide protective clothing, including overalls with
long sleeves and long trousers.
Employers are required to arrange for employees to receive suitable health surveillance where there
is exposure to a substance known to be associated with skin disease and where there is a reasonable
likelihood that the disease may occur.
Health surveillance is needed to:
Protect individuals;
Identify as early as possible any indicators of skin changes related to ‘ exposure, so that steps
can be taken to treat their condition and to advise them about the future; and
Give early warming of lapses in control. Simple health surveillance will usually be sufficient.
Skin inspections; should be done at regular intervals by a competent person, and the result
recorded. Employers will probably need the help of an occupational health nurse or doctor to
devise a suitable health surveillance regime and they will need to train a ‘responsible person’,
for instance a supervisor, to carry but the skin inspections.
A responsible person is someone appointed by the employer who, following instruction from
an occupational health physician or nurse, is competent to recognize the signs and symptoms
of cement-related dermatitis. The responsible person should report any findings to the
employer, and will need to refer cases to a suitably qualified person (e.g. an occupational
health nurse).
Inhalation of Dust
Exposure to dust should be eliminated where possible, for example, by purchasing ready mixed
concrete. Where this is not possible, the risk should be assessed and appropriate control measures
implemented.
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2005
The National Building Code of India (NBC), a comprehensive building Code, is a national instrument
providing guidelines for regulating the building construction activities across the country, it serves as
a Model Code for adoption by all agencies involved in building construction works by the Public Works
Departments, other government construction departments, local bodies or private construction
agencies. The Code mainly contains administrative regulations, development control rules and general
building requirements; fire safety requirements; stipulations regarding materials, structural design
and construction (including safety); and building and plumbing services.
The Code was first published in 1970 at the instance of Planning Commission and then revised in
1983. Thereafter three major amendments were issued, two in 1987 and the third in 1997.
Considering a series of further developments in the field of building construction including the lessons
learnt in the aftermath of number of natural calamities like devastating earthquakes and super
cyclones witnessed by the country, a Project for comprehensive revision of NBC was taken up under
the aegis of National Building Code Sectional Committee, CED 46 of BIS and its 18 expert Panels;
involving as many as 400 experts. As a culmination of the Project, the revised NBC has now been
brought out as National Building Code of India 2005 (NBC 2005).
The comprehensive NBC 2005 contains 11 Parts some of which are further divided into Sections
totaling 26 chapters.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 30
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Part 0 - Integrated Approaches - Prerequisite for Applying Provisions of the Code
Part 1 - Definitions
Part 2 - Administrations
Part 3 - Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements
Part 4 - Fire and Life Safety
Part 5 - Building Materials
Part 6 - Structural Design
Section 1 - Load, Forces and Effects
Section 2 - Soils and Foundations
Section 3 - Timber and Bamboo
Section 4 - Masonry
Section 5 - Concrete
Section 6 - Steel
Section 7 - Prefabrication, Systems Building and Mixed/ Composite Construction
Part 7 - Constructional Practices and Safety
Part 8 - Building Services
Section 1 - Lighting and Ventilation
Section 2 - Electrical and Allied Installations
Section 3 - Air conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation
Section 4 - Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control
Section 5 - Installation of Lifts and Escalators
Part 9 - Plumbing Services
Section 1 - Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation (including Solid Waste Management)
Section 2 - Gas Supply
Part 10 - Landscaping, Signs and Outdoor Display Structures
Section 1 - Landscape Planning and Design
Section 2 - Signs and Outdoor Display Structures
Salient Features of NBC 2005
1. Inclusion of a complete philosophy and direction for successfully accomplishing the building
projects through Integrated Multidisciplinary Approach right through conceptual stage to
planning, designing, construction, operation and maintenance stages
2. A series of reforms in building permit process
3. Provisions to ensure and certification of safety of buildings against natural disaster by engineer
and structural engineer
4. Provision for two stage permit for high rise and special buildings
5. Provision for periodic renewal certificate of occupied buildings from structural, fire and electrical
safety point of view
6. Provision for empowering engineers and architects for sanctioning plans of residential buildings
up to 500 m2
7. Inclusion of detailed town planning norms for various amenities such as educational facilities,
medical facilities, distribution services, police, civil defense and home guards and fire services
8. Revision of parking requirements for metro and mega cities
9. Updating of special requirements for low income housing for urban areas
10. Inclusion of special requirements for low income housing rural habitat planning
11. Revision of the provisions for buildings and facilities for physically challenged '
12. Fire safety norms completely revamped through detailed provisions on Fire Prevention, Life
Safety and Fire Protection
13. Inclusion of new categories of starred hotels, heritage structures and archeological monuments
for fire safety provisions.
14. Substitution of halon based fire/extinguishers fire fighting system
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 31
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
15. Promotion to new/innovative building materials/technologies
16. Inclusion of latest provisions for earthquake resistant design and construction
17. Inclusion of details on multi-disaster prone districts
18. Inclusion of new chapter on design and construction using bamboo
19. Chapter on prefabricated and composite construction for speedier construction
20. Updating of provision of safety in construction
21. Complete revision of provision on building and plumbing services in line with applicable
international practices
22. Provisions on rain water harvesting
23. Inclusion of new chapter to cover landscaping needs
For price and availability, contact Sales Counter at BIS Headquarters as well as various Regional and
Branch Offices of BIS.
INDIAN STANDARDS ON CONSTRUCTION OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES
Introduction
Owing to its geographical position, climate and geological setting, India has time and again been hit
by natural disasters. The Himalayan-Nagalushai region, Indo-Gangetic plain, Western India, Kutch
and Kathiawar regions In Gujarat are geologically unstable parts of the country. Some devastating
earthquakes of the world have occurred in these areas.
The common man concept of an earthquake-proof structure is only heuristic. However, it is very
uneconomical to build such structure. Hence, engineering effort is to balance the cost of the structure
with the controlled-damage to it during an earthquake. There has been a long- left need to rationalize
the earthquake-resistant design and construction of structures taking Into account seismic data from
studies of those earthquakes.
Design of Earthquake Resistant Structures
An earthquake imposes displacement on the structure, while winds and waves apply force on it. The
displacement imposed at the base of the structure during earthquake causes inertia forces to be
generated in it, which are responsible for damage in the structure. As a consequence of this, the mass
of the structure being designed assumes importance; the more the mass, the higher is the inertia
force. There are four virtues of an earthquake-resistant structure. These are :
sufficient strength - capacity to resist earthquake forces,
adequate stiffness -capacity to not deform too much.
large ductility - capacity to stay stable even after a damaging earthquake, and
good configuration- features of building size, shape and structural system that are not
detrimental to favorable seismic behavior.
The process of designing earthquake resistant structure invokes:
Identifying the location of the site in the hazard map of the area: A hazard map shows geologic
problems, soil and bedrock conditions which will determine the behaviour of building during
shaking.
Incorporating earthquake resistant design: A building collapses because when the ground
moves, the building moves, back and forth with the bottom of the building moving with the
quake and the top tending to remain in place. Hence, one should make sure that all parts of
the building are tied together as one unit and the entire structure is firmly anchored/bolted to
the foundation. Also, the strength of the building material is high enough so that at any point
along the structure during an earthquake, it overcomes both the vertical and horizontal forces
and does not break away.
BIS Standards
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 32
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 39, of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has
formulated following standards for earthquake resistant structures:
IS 1893:1984 - Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
This standard deals with earthquake resistant design of structures and is applicable to buildings;
elevated structures; bridges: dams etc. It also gives a map, which divides the country into five seismic
zones based on the seismic intensity. This is consequent to the publication of this standard, on account
of earthquakes in various parts of the country including that in Uttar Kashi and Latur and technological
advancement in the field.
The sectional committees decided to revise the standard into five parts which deals with different
types of structures such as;
Part 1: General provisions and Buildings
Part 2: Liquid Retaining Tanks - Elevated and Ground Supported
Part 3: Bridges and Retaining Walls
Part 4: Industrial Structures Including Stack Like Structures
Part 5: Dams and Embankments
Part 1 and 4 have been revised by committee in the year 2002 and year 2005 respectively, the
excerpts of these are given below:
IS 1893 - Part 1: 2002 - General Provisions and Buildings
This standard contains provisions that are general in nature and applicable to all structures. Also, it
contains provisions that are specific to | buildings only. It covers general principles and design criteria,
combinations, design spectrum, main attributes of buildings, dynamic s ' analysis, apart from seismic
zoning map and seismic coefficients of important towns, map showing epicenters, map showing
tectonic features and litho logical map of India.
Following are the major and important modifications made in this revision:
a) The seismic zone map is revised with only four zones, instead of five. Erstwhile Zone I has
been merged to Zone II and hence Zone I does not appear in the new zoning; only Zones II,
III, IV and V do. The killer area has been included in Zone III and necessary modifications
made, keeping in view the probabilistic Hazard Evaluation. The Bellary isolated zone has been
removed. The parts of eastern coast area have shown similar hazard to that of the Killari area,
the level of Zone II has been enhanced to Zone III and connected with Zone ill of Godawari
Graben area.
b) This revision adopts the procedure of first calculating the actual force:, that may be
experienced by the structure during the probable maximum ‘ earthquake, if it were to remain
elastic. Then the concept of response reduction due to ductile deformation or frictional energy
dissipation in ps.1 the cracks is brought into the code explicitly, by introducing the ‘response
reduction factor’ in place of the earlier performance factor.
c) The values of seismic zone factors have been changed; these now reflect more realistic values
of effective peak ground acceleration considering Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) and
service life If3 of structure in each seismic zone.
d) A clause has been introduced to restrict the use of foundations vulnerable to differential
settlements in severe seismic zones.
Here it is worthwhile to mention that it is not intended in this standard to lay down regulation so that
no structure shall suffer any damage during earthquake of all magnitudes. It has been endeavored to
ensure that as far as, possible structures are able to respond, without structural damage to shocks of
moderate intensities and without total collapse to shocks of heavy intensities.
IS 1893 - Part 4:2005 - Industrial Structures Including Stack-Like Structures
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 33
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
This standard deals with earthquake resistant design of the industrial structures (plant and auxiliary
structures) including stack-like structures such as process industries, power plants, textile industries,
off-shore structures and marine/port/harbor structures.
In addition to the above, stack-like structures covered by this standard such as transmission and
communication towers, chimneys and stack-l structures and silos (including parabolic silos used for
urea storage).
The characteristics (intensity, duration, etc) of seismic ground vibrations expected at any location
depends upon the magnitude of earthquake, in-depth of focus, distance from the epicenter,
characteristics of the pat through which the seismic waves travel, and the soil strata on which th
structure stands.
The response of a structure to ground vibrations is a function of nature of foundations, soil, materials,
form, size and mode of construction 3 of structures; and the duration and characteristics of ground
motion. This standard specifies design forces for structures standing on rocks or soils, which do not
settle, liquefy or slide due to loss of strength during 3 vibrations.
The design approach adopted in this standard is to ensure that structures possess minimum strength
to withstand minor earthquakes which occur frequently, without damage; resist moderate
earthquakes (DBE) without significant structural damage though some non-structural damage; may
occur; and withstand a major earthquake (MCE) without collapse.
IS 4026:1093 - Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction | of Buildings - Code of
Practice
This standard provides guidance in selection of materials, special features of design and construction
for earthquake resistant buildings including masonry construction, timber construction, prefabricated
construction etc. In this standard, it is intended to cover the specified features of design and
construction for earthquake resistance of buildings of conventional types. The general principles to be
observed in the construction of such earthquake resistant buildings as specified in
Is standard are Lightness, Continuity of Construction, avoiding/ enforcing Projecting and suspended
parts, Building configuration, length in various directions, stable foundations, ductility of structure,
connection to non-structural parts and fire safety of structures. Special Construction Features like
Separation of Adjoining Structures, Crumple Section, and foundation design, Roofs and Floors and
Staircases have been elaborated in the standard. It also covers the details pertaining to the type of
construction, masonry construction with rectangular masonry Splits, masonry bearing walls, openings
in bearing walls, seismic strengthening arrangements, framing of thin load bearing walls, reinforcing
details for hollow block masonry, flooring/roofing with precast components and timber construction.
13827:1993 - Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings - Guidelines
Lines covered in this standard deal with the design and construction aspects for improving earthquake
resistance of earthen houses, without the use of stabilizers such as lime, cement, asphalt, etc.
Guidelines for Block or Adobe Construction, Rammed earth construction, Seismic strengthening of
bearing wall buildings, Internal bracing in earthen houses and earthen constructions with wood or
cane structures have been elaborated in this standard.
IS 13828: 1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings -
Guidelines
This standard covers the special features of design and construction for improving earthquake
resistance of buildings of low-strength masonry.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 34
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
The provisions of this standard are applicable in all seismic zones. No pedal provisions are considered
necessary for buildings in seismic zones land II if cement-sand mortar not leaner than 1:6 is used in
masonry and 'through stones or bonding elements are used in stone walls.
The various provisions of IS 4326:1993 regarding general principles, Special construction features,
types of construction, categories of buildings and masonry construction with rectangular masonry
buildings of low strength dealt with in this standard. There are however certain abstrictions, exceptions
and additional details which are specifically.
IS 13920:1993 - Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic
Forces - Code of Practice
This standard covers the requirements for designing and detailing of monolithic reinforced concrete
buildings so as to give them adequate toughness and ductility to resist severe earthquake shocks
without collapse. The provisions for reinforced concrete construction given in this standard apply
specifically to monolithic reinforced concrete construction. Precast and/or pre-stressed concrete
members may be used only if they can provide the same level of ductility as that of a monolithic
reinforced concrete construction during or after an earthquake. Provisions on minimum and maximum
reinforcement have been elaborated which includes the requirements for beams at longitudinal
reinforcement in beams at joint face, splices and anchorage requirements. Provisions have been
included for calculation of design shear force and for detailing of transverse reinforcement in beams.
Material specifications are indicated for lateral force resisting elements of frames. The provisions are
also given for detailing of reinforcement in the wall web, boundary elements, coupling beams, around
openings, at construction joints, and for the development, splicing and anchorage of reinforcement.
IS 13935:1993 - Repair and Seismic Strengthening of Buildings - Guidelines
This standard covers the selection of materials and techniques to be used for repair and seismic
strengthening of damaged buildings during earthquakes and retrofitting for upgrading of seismic
resistance of existing buildings. The provisions of this standard are applicable for buildings in seismic
zones III to V of IS 1893:1984, which are based on damaging seismic intensities VII and more on
MSK Scales. This standard lays down guidelines for non-structural/architectural as well as structural
repairs, seismic strengthening and seismic retrofitting of existing buildings. Guidelines have been
given for selection of materials for repair work such as cement, steel, epoxy resins, epoxy mortar,
quick setting cement mortar and special techniques such as concrete, mechanical anchorage etc.
Seismic Strengthening techniques for the modification of roofs or floors, inserting new walls,
strengthening existing walls, masonry arches, random rubble masonry walls, strengthening long walls,
strengthening reinforced concrete members and strengthening of foundations have been elaborated
in detail.
BIS has also formulated a Handbook SP 22(S&T):1982 Explanatory Handbook on Codes for
Earthquakes Engineering (IS 1893:1975 and IS4326:1976).
These standards Endeavour to provide a guideline in designing and Repairing of bui dings under
seismic forces.
Formulation of revised codes for other parts of IS 1893 are in advance stages.
Ref: i) The Publication on Building a New Techno-Legal Regime for Safer India by Ministry
of Home Affairs, National Disaster Management Division, Government of India ii) BIS
Catalogue - 2005 and its website.
LADDER SAFETY
Several fatal and serious accidents are caused by fall of persons engaged in jobs, while working at
height & using ladder. The ladder accidents occur due to careless or improper ladder usage.
The following general requirements apply to all ladders, including job- made ladders for safe work:
Ladder rungs, cleats and steps must be parallel, level and uniformly spaced when the ladder
is in position for use.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 35
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Rungs, cleats and steps of portable and fixed ladders must not be spaced less than 10 inches
(25 cm) apart, not more than 14 inches (36 cm) apart, along the ladder’s side rails.
Rungs, cleats and steps of step stools must not be less than 8 inches (20 cm) apart, not more
than 12 inches (31 cm) apart, between center lines of the rungs, cleats and steps.
Rungs, cleats and steps at the base section of extension trestle ladders must not be less than
8 inches (20 cm) not more than 18 inches (46 cm) apart, between center lines of the rungs,
cleats and steps. The rung spacing on the extension section must not be less than 6 inches
(15 cm) not more than 12 inches (31 cm).
Ladders must not be tied or fastened together to create longer sections unless they are
specifically designed for such use.
A metal spreader or locking device must be provided on each stepladder to hold the front and
back sections in an open position when the ladder is being used.
When splicing side rails, the resulting side rail must be equivalent in strength to a one-piece
side rail made of the same material.
Two or more separate ladders used to reach an elevated work area must be offset with a
platform or landing between the ladders, except when portable ladders are used to gain access
to fixed ladders.
Ladder components must be surfaced to prevent injury from punctures or lacerations.
Wood ladders must not be coated with any opaque covering, except for identification or
warning labels which may be placed only on one face of a side rail.
Importable Ladders
Non-self-supporting and self-supporting portable ladders must support 4- at least four times
the maximum intended load; extra heavy-duty type A metal or plastic ladders must sustain
3.3 times the maximum intended load.
The ability of a self-supporting ladder to sustain loads must be determined by applying the
load to the ladder in a downward vertical direction. The ability of a non-self-supporting ladder
to sustain loads must be determined by applying the load in a downward vertical direction
when the ladder is placed at a horizontal angle of 75.5 degrees.
The minimum clear distance between side rails for all portable ladders must be 11.5 inches
(29 cm).
The rungs and steps of portable metal ladders must be corrugated, coated with skid-resistant
material, or treated to minimize slipping.
Fixed Ladders
Individual rung/step ladders must extend at least 42 inches (1.1 m) above an access level or
landing platform either by the continuation of the rung spacing’s as horizontal grab bars or by
providing vertical grab bars that must have the same lateral spacing as the vertical v legs of
the ladder rails.
Each step or rung of a fixed ladder must be capable of supporting a load of at least 114 kg
applied in the middle of the step or rung. Fixed ladders must also support added anticipated
loads caused by winds, rigging and impact loads resulting from the use of ladder safety devices.
The minimum clear distance between the sides of individual run step ladders and between the
side-rails of other fixed ladders must be 16 inches (41 cm).
The rungs of individual rung/step ladders must be shaped to prevent slipping off the end of
the rungs.
The minimum perpendicular clearance between fixed ladder rungs, cleats and steps and any
obstruction behind the ladder must be 7 inches (18 cm), except that the clearance for an
elevator pit ladder must be 4.5 inches (11 cm).
The minimum perpendicular clearance between the centerline of fixed ladder rungs, cleats and
steps and any obstruction on the climbing side of the ladder must be 30 inches (76 cm). If
obstructions are unavoidable, clearance may be reduced to 24 inches (61 cm), provided a
deflection device is installed to guide workers around the obstruction.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 36
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
The step-across distance between the center of the steps or rungs of fixed ladders and the
nearest edge of a landing area must be no less than 7 inches (18 cm) and no more than 12
inches (30 cm). A landing platform must be provided if the step-across distance exceeds 12
inches (30 cm).
Fixed ladders without cages or wells must have at least a 15-inch (38 cm) clear width to the
nearest permanent object on each side of the center line of the ladder.
Fixed ladders must be provided with cages, wells, ladder safety devices, or self-retracting
lifelines where the length of c.imb is less than 24 feet (7.3 m) but the top of the ladder is at a
distance greater than 24 feet (7.3 m) above lower levels.
If the total length of a climb on a fixed ladder equals or exceeds 24 feet (7.3 m), the following
requirements must be met: fixed ladders must be equipped with either (a) ladder safety
devices; (b) self-retracting lifelines and rest platforms at intervals not to exceed 150 feet (45.7
m); or (c) a cage or well and multiple ladder sections, each ladder section not to exceed 50
feet (15.2 m) in length. These ladder sections must be offset from adjacent sections and
landing platforms must oe provided at maximum intervals of 50 feet (15.2 m).
Steps or rungs for through-fixed-ladder extensions must be omitted from the extension; and
the extension of side rails must be flared to provide between 24 inches (61 cm) and 30 inches
(76 cm) clearance between side rails.
When safety devices are provided, the maximum clearance between side rail extensions must
not exceed 36 inches (91 cm).
Cages for Fixed Ladders
Horizontal bands must be fastened to the side rails of rail ladders, or directly to the structure,
building, or equipment for individual-rung ladders.
Vertical bars must be on the inside of the horizontal bands and must be fastened to them.
Cages must not extend less than 27 inches (68 cm), or more than 30 inches (76 cm) from the
centerline of the step or rung and must not be less than 27 inches (68 cm) wide.
The inside of the cage must be clear of projections.
Horizontal bands must be spaced at intervals not more than 4 feet (1.2 m) apart measured
from centerline to centerline.
Vertical bars must be spaced at intervals not more than 9.5 inches (24 cm) apart measured
from centerline to centerline.
The bottom of the cage must be between 7 feet (2.1 m) and 8 feet (2.4 m) above the point of
access to the bottom of the ladder. The bottom of the cage must be flared not less than 4
inches (10 cm) between the bottom horizontal band and the next higher band.
The top of the cage must be a minimum of 42 inches (1.1 m) above the top of the platform,
or the point of access at the top of the ladder. Provisions must be made for access to the
platform or other point of access.
Wells for Fixed Ladders
Wells must completely encircle the ladder.
Wells must be free of projections.
The inside face of the well on the climbing side of the ladder must extend between 27 inches
(68 cm) and 30 inches (76 cm) from the centerline of the step or rung.
The inside width of the well must be at least 30 inches (76 cm).
The bottom of the well above the point of access to the bottom of the ladder must be between
7 feet (2.1 m) and 8 feet (2.4 m).
Use of ail Ladders (Including Job made Ladders)
Ladders must be maintained free of oil, grease and other slipping hazards.
Ladders must not be loaded beyond the maximum intended load for which they were built not
beyond their manufacturer’s rated capacity.
Ladders must be used only for the purpose for which they were designed,
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 37
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Non-self-supporting ladders must be used at an angle where the horizontal distance from the
top support to the foot of the ladder is approximately one-quarter of the working length of the
ladder. Wood job-made ladders with spliced side rails must be used at an angle where the
horizontal distance is one-eighth the working length of the ladder.
Ladders must be used only on stable and level surfaces unless secured to prevent accidental
movement.
Ladders placed in areas such as passage-ways, doorways, or driveways, or where they can be
displaced by workplace activities or traffic must be secured to prevent accidental movement,
or a barricade must be used to keep traffic or activities away from the ladder.
Ladders must not be moved, shifted or extended while in use.
Ladders must have non-conductive side rails if they are used where the worker or the ladder
could contact exposed energized electrical equipment. ,
Cross-bracing on the rear section of step-ladders must not be used for climbing unless the
ladders are designed and provided with steps for climbing on both front and rear sections.
Single-rail ladders must not be used.
Do not use a ladder as a horizontal platform, plank, scaffold or material hoist.
Ladder Climbing and Standing
Always face the ladder when climbing up or down and use both hands and maintain a secure
grip on the rails or rungs.
Never carry heavy or bulky loads up a ladder. Climb up first and then pull up the material with
a rope.
Climb and stand on a ladder with your feet in the centre of the steps or rungs.
Do not overreach from a ladder or lean too far to one side.
Never climb onto a ladder from the side, from above the top.
DEMOLITION
Numerous factors must be taken into account before the method of demolition is decided. Of prime
importance are the age of the structure, the method of construction, the state of preservation, its
previous use, and the surrounding environment. Many problems are peculiar to the demolition of
tanks, vessels, and ancillary pipe work associated with the oil. A proper survey by a competent person
prior to the demolition becomes necessary here to eliminate all the hazards.
Points to be considered in Demolition Work
Before any demolition work is started, a competent supervisor must be appointed in writing,
as the person responsible for all work on site. The man appointed should be experienced in
demolition operations. His duties will include the direct supervision of the work force, ensuring
that work permit requirements are met, and liaison with other contractors working
An engineering survey must be carried out before starting a demolition work to determine the
condition of the structure.
When starting the demolition all energy sources are to be turned off and utilities should be
disconnected.
In case of manual demolition ail floors and walls are to be shored and protected.
In case of a flammable material in a tank or pipe was there, the purging out has to be carried
out to avoid an accident.
During demolition a competent person must make frequent visits to find out the presence of
any hazards.
No material is to be dropped outside the wall of the structure unless it is effectively protected.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 38
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
All chutes are to be at an angle of 45° from the horizontal and closed except for openings on
floor level for insertion of material. Floor opening must not exceed 48 inches in height.
During demolition, any floor opening is to be less than 25% of the aggregate of the total floor
unless lateral supporting to the floors are remaining in place.
Walls and sections are not to be permitted to fall on floors.
No unstable wall should exist at the end of a shift.
A safe means of access to and egress from all working places must be provided.
Work places and the areas around ladders and stairways must be kept clear of material and
debris.
Nails in timber must be removed or bent over, or the timber must be stacked where it will not
be a source of danger.
All glass in windows, doors, partitions, etc. should be completely removed prior to structural
demolition,
All steel construction should be demolished column length by column length and tier by tier.
A structural member being removed must not be under any stress other than its own weight.
Adjacent Structures and Public Areas
Adjacent structures public buildings, pedestrian walkways, parking lots, etc. shall be protected from
demolition debris that can likely cause hazards to the general public, bracing must be installed to
insure stability of adjacent structures.
Barricades/Signs
Barricades must be erected around the work area. Signs bearing the words “Danger - Demolition in
Progress” must be erected at each approach to the barricade.
Method of Demolition
Demolition can be manual or mechanical. It should be remembered that the safest and most efficient
method is to start at the top and dismantle in the reverse order of construction.
Demolition can be done by either Hand demolition or by demolition ball (mechanical demolition). In
Hand demolition it is normally done in the reverse order of construction. Workers are not permitted
in area where balling and clamming is being performed. The weight of the ball should not be more
than 50% of the rated load of the crane.
The scaffold used for demolition should be safely and sufficiently covered to protect the materials
falling on to the ground so that the adjacent buildings and public are safe. Clearing of the materials
from the building should be carried out regularly and the stability of the remaining structures shall be
checked frequently. When using a demolition ball that should be suitable to the crane and a trained
operator only may use the equipment.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 39
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Stability during Demolition
As work progresses, continuing inspections must be made to detect hazards arising through weakened
or overloaded floors, unsupported walls, or loose material. Immediate steps shall be taken by bracing
or by other means to prevent the premature collapse of the whole or any part of the structure.
Adequate bracing (guying) must be provided to prevent collapse and to guard against wind pressures.
Welding and Hot Cutting
No tank, vessel, or pipe work which has contained explosive or flammable material shall be subjected
to welding or hot cutting operation until all steps have been taken to remove the substance and any
vapors. When hot cutting is planned, the advice of the area Fire Chief and the Loss Prevention
Department should be sought. Purging out is to be carried out to clear the flammable vapours from
the tanks or pipes.
The use of cold cutting techniques for the dismantling of tanks, vessels, and pipe work, can
substantially reduce the risk of explosion. But this is often more costly and laborious.
Steaming and Ventilation
In the case of tanks up to about 22,712 liters (6000 gallons) capacity, both vapors and residues can
usually be removed by steaming out; with the high capacity of a large tank, steaming cannot be
relied. It is relatively easy to eliminate explosive concentrations of vapor within the tank by forced
ventilation using a blower system approved for hazardous locations.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
All demolition workers should be provided with and make use of the following protective equipment:
Safety helmet
Goggles
Heavy duty gloves
Appropriate respiratory equipment (whenever necessary to prevent inhalation of dust and
fumes)
Safety boots with steel toe caps and preferably with penetrate resistant soles.
Safety belts or harnesses (with lifelines where required) shall be used by men working in
isolated or dangerous locations where there is the possibility of them falling and where other
preventive measures are impractical.
Mechanical Equipment Guards
Mechanical equipment such as cranes and bulldozers should be equipped with wire mesh guards over
windows and with solid protection over the driving position so that there is no danger of the operator
being struck by flying debris.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 40
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Session 10.4
Points to be Covered in this Session
Safe Operation of Vehicles, Equipment & Machinery
Workplace Transport
Pedestrian Routes
Vehicle Routes
Minimizing Reversing Operations
Instructions and Guidelines for Drivers
Wood Working Machinery
Circular Saw
Hand Held Power Circular Saws
Chain Saws
Abrasive Wheels
Machinery
Safe Ways of Using Mechanical Equipment
Concrete Mixers and Batching Plants
Dumpers and Dump Trucks
Generators
Operation and Inspection of Cranes and Hoists
Guard Moving Parts
Outrigger Supporting Surface
Mechanical and Manual Handling
Use and Inspection of Rigging
Manual Handling
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Good Handling Techniques for Lifting
Session Summary
This session covers the topic of safe operations of vehicles, equipment and machinery. The learners
will step by step learn about workplace transport, pedestrian & vehicle routes. There are detailed
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 41
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
instructions and guidelines for drivers of vehicles and mobile machineries. Learners will also learn
about safe usage of circular saws, power saws, chain saws, abrasive wheels and mechanical
machineries. More points covered in this session are operation and inspection of cranes, dumpers,
mixers, hoists and moving parts of guard. And then in the end common causes of back injuries and
good techniques for lifting will be discussed.
Session – 10.4
MOBILE EQUIPMENT SAFETY
SAFE OPERATION OF VEHICLES, EQUIPMENT & MACHINERY
Workplace Transport
Vehicles pose a variety of risks to the health and safety of people at work, and are a significant cause
of fatalities and serious accidents. In addition, employees who drive workplace vehicles, such as lift
trucks and dumber trucks, are at risk of being injured if the vehicle overturns or if they fall from the
vehicle's cab.
The most common types of transport accidents are:
Being struck by or falling from a vehicle;
Vehicles overturning; and
Material falling from vehicles.
To avoid the accidents at the workplace due to the movement of vehicles at the site, the contractor
must:
Assess the risks presented by vehicle operations and take reasonable precautions to control
and manage these risks, for example, by creating pedestrian only areas reducing the number
of vehicle operations that occur and ensuring that drivers adopt safe working practices.
Select workplace vehicles that are suitable for the work for which they are intended.
Essentially, this means that employers must ensure that all vehicles are operated according to
the manufacturers' instructions and specifications.
Inspect workplace vehicles and to record the results of those inspections.
Assess all transport activities that take place on a site and introduce appropriate safety devices,
including adequate braking devices and protective cages, to protect operators in the event of
vehicles and mobile work equipment rolling over.
Carry out a risk assessment of the transport hazards that exist on their worksite and to take
steps to eliminate or reduce any risks found.
Ensure that pedestrians and vehicles can circulate in a safe manner, for example, by
establishing pedestrians only areas from which vehicles are completely excluded. It also
requires employers to establish safe vehicle routes around the workplace.
Ensure that transport risks on construction sites are adequately controlled, for example, by
selecting the correct vehicle for the job in hand and establishing safe vehicle routes.
carry out of risk assessment of lifting operations, including the selection and use of lifting
equipment such as lift trucks and tower cranes, and the training of the staff who operate it;
and
Ensure that transport issues are taken into account and managed throughout all stages of a
construction project.
For preventing workplace transport injuries and fatalities- employers ultimately take responsibility for
providing and maintaining safe systems of work and for taking all reasonably practicable precautions
to ensure that transport risks are properly controlled and managed.
Hazards
Most of the transport accidents occur not because of faulty vehicles but due to inadequate planning
and that the measures that are put in place to control risks are insufficient. Inadequate training or
the failure to segregate vehicles and pedestrians' both of which could be dealt with by risk assessment
and managing the risks, are the cause of many preventable accidents.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 42
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Typical workplace transport accidents include:
vehicles or their loads striking people, particularly when reversing.
Operators falling from vehicles while gaining access or alighting from them;
Vehicles overturning as a result of carrying excessive loads of being operated on uneven
ground;
Vehicles striking services or obstructions;
Manufacturer’s instructions for the safe operation of vehicles being disregarded; Unsafe loading
and transportation of materials; and
Vehicles that have not been properly maintained or are being used for purposes for which they
are not suitable; and
Unsafe driving practices of drivers, for example, by driving too fast or failing to follow
established site traffic routes.
While selecting workplace vehicles, employers should consider the following factors:
Safe access to and from the cab;
Effective braking system;
Adequate visibility for the driver;
Protection for the driver from other health and safety hazard such as falling objects or noxious
fumes;
Warning devices - for example, reversing alarms;
physical guards to protect employees from dangerous parts such as power take-off shafts and
exposed exhaust pipes;
Load and stability limits for use on uneven or sloping ground; and
Where dumpers are being used on sloping ground, vehicles should be fitted with roll-over
protective structures which, in the event of roll over, prevent people from being crushed by
the vehicle
After the selection of a suitable vehicle for the task, the next step is to undertake a comprehensive
risk assessment of all transport activities that occur at the worksite, including loading operations,
Vehicle movements around the site and maintenance work. Risk assessment highlights the risks posed
by the vehicle operation and decides whether existing control measures such-as one way traffic routes
or speed control measures are adequate, or whether further measures need to be put in place to
reduce workplace transport risks.
The important steps to be taken while assessing the risk for transport hazards at work are:
identify the hazards posed by transport activities;
identify who might be harmed - including vehicle operators pedestrians, visiting drivers,
maintenance personnel, visitors and other employees at the site;
evaluate the risks (whether existing precautions are adequate to control transport risks or
whether more needs to be done);
Record the assessment if it is not easily explainable; and
Review and update the assessment at regular intervals or whenever a significant change takes
place, for example, if new vehicles are introduced into the workplace or if traffic routes are
changed.
Pedestrian Routes
One of the most effective ways of dealing with the risks due to workplace transportation is to ensure
that pedestrians and vehicles are properly segregated (see the figure). Pedestrian routes allow
pedestrians to safely pain access to work areas and should be situated a safe distance away from
areas in which vehicles operate.
However, if it is necessary for pedestrians to walk close to vehicles thru contractor should ensure that
fencing is provided to prevent pedestrian being hit by vehicles or any loads being carried on them. In
addition to this, pedestrian routes should:
Allow easy access to work areas;
be wide enough to accommodate the number of people likely to use them at peak times;
be kept free of obstructions;
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 43
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
ensure pedestrian safety where they cross main vehicle routes and
Provide pedestrians with a clear view of traffic movements at crossing.
The contractor can use traffic cones and warning tape to identify pedestrian exclusion areas if vehicles
are being used for short periods of time and the work presents only a very small risk to pedestrians,
where vehicles and pedestrians cannot be separated, a signaler should be used to control vehicle
movements and give clear warnings to pedestrian.
Vehicle Routes
The risks associated with vehicle movements can also be controlled by the creation of safe vehicle
routes around the workplace that are completely segregated from pedestrian routes. They should:
be adequate for the number, size and types of vehicles using them;
have firm surfaces and adequate drainage to allow safe vehicle movements;
be free from obstructions, clearly signposted and adequately lit;
avoid steep gradients and tight bends where possible;
have speed control measures that are specific to the site conditions and the types of vehicles
using the routes, for example, lift trucks may be unsuitable for passing over road humps; and
keep site vehicles, delivery vehicles and private vehicles apart by creating private vehicle
parking areas and specified delivery routes.
Contractor must carefully consider the location of vehicle loading and Storage areas. These should be
situated away from the main pedestrian routes in a workplace and should be fitted with adequate
signs and provide adequate lighting facilities.
There are a number of other safety devices that can be installed on vehicles to protect operators and
pedestrians from injury that might be used in conjunction with the measures outlined above. These
include:
Restraining systems such as full - body seat belts;
Falling object protective structures such as strong safety cabs or protective cages, to protect
operators from falling objects;
Starter keys or safety devices (for example, removable starter handles) to prevent
unauthorized people from starting up and operating workplace vehicles;
Effective braking devices to enable mobile work equipment to brake properly on gradients;
and mirrors or closed-circuit television that provides operators with an unrestricted view
around the vehicle during transport operations.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 44
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Description Vehicle Routes Pedestrian Routes
SITE Adequate site lines, signs, maps,
ENTRANCE AND EXIT security and vehicle management Separate entrance point,,
procedures. signs, instruction
PARKING AREAS Separate site vehicles, delivery
and worker parking areas. Provide safe pedestrian
OFFICES AND WELFARE Provide temporary lorry parking/ routes from parking areas to
holding area by the site entrance offices, welfare facilities and
FACILITIES to manage deliveries and allow workplace.
vehicles to turn away from site if
not allowed to enter site. Provide clear signs and
Locate offices and welfare instructions to pedestrians.
facilities and other areas of
frequent pedestrian activity away Provide safe pedestrian
from primary site traffic routes. routes from parking areas to
Provide signs and pedestrian and workplaces.
vehicle control measures where
vehicles route cross pedestrian Provide clear signs and
routes. instructions to pedestrians.
PRIMARY Primary traffic routes should Establish primary
TRAFFIC allow the safe passage of site and
ROUTES delivery vehicles away from pedestrians’ routes that
pedestrian routes.
provide safe access vehicle
routes where reasonably
practicable.
Establish one-way systems where
possible.
VEHICLE Define safe routes for all vehicle Provide physical protection
FACILITIES SECONDARY operations on site. where pedestrians are at risk
TRAFIC of being struck by vehicles of
ROUTES Locate storage and loading areas their loads.
away from areas of frequent Establish crossing points and
STORAGE AREAS AND pedestrian activity pedestrian control measures
LOADING BAYS where
Locate vehicle washing areas, Provide safe pedestrian
VEHICLE FACILITIES access necessary across
sheeting gantries, and vehicle routes to all places of
work. Protected Pedestrians
weighbridges off primary vehicle route in areas where vehicles
regularly pass.
Provide separate pedestrian
access, clear signs and
instructions to workers.
Provide safe pedestrian
access across vehicle routes
to all places of work.
routes
Angled
Minimizing Reversing Operations
Reversing the vehicles are also one of the most important factors while considering the scale of the
risk posed due to workplace transport. Control measures for reversing operations are given below:
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 45
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Eliminate need to reverse
Implement one-way systems around site and in loading & unloading areas.
Provide designated turning areas
Reduce reversing operations
Reduce the number of vehicle movements as far as possible Instruct drivers not to reverse,
unless absolutely necessary
Ensure adequate visibility for drivers
Fit close circuit TV, convex mirrors, Fresnel lens etc, to overcome restrictions to visibility from
the
driver's seat, particularly at the sides and rear of vehicles.
Ensure safe systems of work are followed
Design vehicle reversing areas that allow adequate space for Vehicle to manoeuvre safely,
exclude pedestrians, and are clearly signed and have physical stops or buffers to warn drivers
that they have reached the limit of the safe reversing area
Fit radar proximity devices to vehicles to indicate to drivers when there are objects near the
vehicle.
Ensure everyone on site understands site rules on vehicle safety.
Using a signaler or banksman to keep reversing areas free of pedestrian and assist drivers with
reversing operation.
Drivers and signalers need to be in constant communication during reversing operations.
Signalers should not be put at risk from vehicle movements, for example, by standing directly
behind reversing vehicles.
Ensure all vehicles on site are fitted with appropriate warning devices
Provide warning when vehicles are reversing
Ensure reversing warning lights and alarms are in good working order and instruct workers to
clear of moving vehicles.
General Safety Requirements for Vehicles
All company employees, sub-contractors, suppliers and visitors should operate their vehicles
in a safe manner at the site as well as camp premises.
All vehicles must have the proper registration document (from the concerned local authority)
and have suitable insurance.
All vehicles should have a portable fire extinguisher, a first-aid box and all other accessories,
which are useful in case of breakdown or other emergency situation.
The drivers must be: suitably qualified (with relevant license), wear seat belt at all times,
adhere to local authority and company traffic rules etc.
When reversing a large vehicle have someone direct at the rear.
Vehicles should be maintained regularly, with checks made for coolant level, oil, tyres’
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 46
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
condition and pressure. When the vehicles are traveling under power cables it is always
advisable to pass through the goal posts as shown in figure
Instructions and Guidelines for Drivers
Only operate vehicles if you are competent and authorized to drive them.
Do not drive when your abilities are impaired by ill-health, poor vision, prescribed or illegal
drugs, or alcohol.
Make sure you fully understand the operating procedures of the vehicles you control.
Know the site emergency procedures.
Understand the system of signals used on site.
Visiting drivers - seek appropriate authority to enter the site and operate vehicles.
Know the safe operating limitations of your vehicle, particularly relating to safe maximum loads
and gradients.
Carryout daily checks on your vehicles and report all defects immediately to supervisors.
Follow site procedures and comply with ail site rules.
Do not drive at excessive speeds.
Follow established site traffic routes.
Ensure that windows and mirrors are kept clean clear.
Keep the vehicle tidy and free from items which may hinder the operation of vehicle controls.
Do not allow passengers to ride on vehicles unless safe seating is provided.
Park vehicles on flat ground wherever possible, with the engine switched off, the handbrake
and trailer brake applied, and where necessary use wheel chocks.
Do not reverse without checking behind the vehicle for pedestrians, vehicles or obstructions.
Where visibility from the driving position is restricted, use visibility aids or a signaller. Stop if
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 47
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
you lose sight of the signaler or the visibility aids becomes defective.
Do not remain on vehicles during loading operations, unless the driver's position adequately
protected.
Ensure loads are safe to transport.
Do not attempt to get on or off moving vehicles.
Do not make adjustments with the engine running and guards removed.
Do not smoke during refueling operations.
If you. have to travel very long distances or to the remote locations, you should have -
- Journey plan
- Clear understanding of the route
- Communication facilities
- Rope, stop board (reflected type) and wooden planks etc.
- Adequate drinking water
- First-aid medicines
- Foodstuff etc.
Note: People should not travel (Other than the operator) on the construction vehicles like dumpers,
bobcats, JCB's, shovels, and excavators etc. (see the figure given below)
Never ride on mobile plant
Mobile Equipment Inspection Checklist
Approval for operation of powered industrial vehicles should obtain from the state transport Agency.
Powered industrial vehicles should have horns or other warning devices, under the operator’ control,
that make a distinctive sound loud enough to be heard clearly above other local noises. An alarm
should continue' to sound whenever the vehicle is reversing. Where excessive noise could cause
confusion, flashing lights mounted on the overhead guard can warm employees of approaching
vehicles.
Exposed tyres should have guards that will stop articles from being thrown at the operator. Hazardous
moving parts, such as chain and sprocket drive and exposed gears, should be guarded to protect the
operator when in a normal operating position.
Every powered industrial vehicle should carry a nameplate showing the weight of the vehicle and its
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 48
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
rated capacity. Powered industrial vehicles should be equipped with an appropriate fire extinguisher
that all operators are trained to use.
All powered industrial vehicles capable of lifting load at a height higher than the operator’s head or
operated in areas where there is a hazard from falling objects must be equipped with an overhead
guard. This guard should not interface with good visibility.
The operator should have a helper to hook on the load and to give signals. When a long load
is carried, the helper should walk alongside, and keep the load from swinging and striking
against objects along the way by means of a tag line.
Precautions must be taken to avoid striking pedestrians, especially when carrying long loads.
Red flags may be attached to the ends of such loads or signal persons may be stationed in
congested areas. Particular care must be taken if the vehicle is used after daylight / dusk.
The operator should also look out for pedestrians, and he should sound the horn when 1
approaching pedestrians. Excessive horn blowing, however, is to be discouraged. The operator
should not use the horn to “blast” a way through. Vehicle should never be driven directly
towards anyone who is standing in front of a bench or other fixed object.
The operator should stop at blind comers and before passing through doorways, and go ahead
only when it can be seen that the way is clear. Large convex mirrors may be installed at blind
comers so that operator of vehicle and pedestrians can see each other approaching. To be
effective, these mirrors have to be kept clean and properly adjusted.
The operator must be especially careful when turning because the steering wheels project
beyond the body of some of the vehicles, presenting a hazard.
The operator should keep vehicles at a safe distance apart during operation. Operators
must not pass / overtake other vehicles, travelling in the same direction at
intersections, blind spots, or other dangerous locations.
Collisions between vehicles and stationary objects often occur while vehicles are
backing, usually when they are turning and maneuvering. In each case, the operator
may be so engrossed on handling the load that he is not able to keep track of the rear
of the vehicle. The operator should have a helper to help while backing, turning and
maneuvering. Stunt driving and horseplay must not be permitted.
The operators should avoid making quick start, jerky stops or quick turns at excessive
speed. They should use extreme caution when operating on turns, ramps, grades, or
incline slope. On descending grades, vehicle should be kept under control, so that they
can be brought to an emergency stop in the clear space in front of them. The reverse
control should never be used for breaking.
Loads, whether on vehicle, trailers skids, or pallets should be stable. Object should be
neatly piled and cross-tied, if the safe permits. Irregularly shaped objects should be
loaded so that they cannot roll or fall off. Heavy, odd shaped objects should be placed
with the weight as low as possible. Round objects, like pipe and shafting, should be
blocked and, if necessary, tied so that they cannot roll. Loading to an excessive height
not only block the view ahead, but makes it likely that part of the load may fall.
No powered industrial vehicle should be used for any purpose other than the one for
which it is designed. Common dangerous misuses include bumping skids, pushing piles
of material out of the way, make shift connections to heavy objects, using the forks as
a hoist, and moving other vehicles.
WOOD WORKING MACHINERY
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 49
A ISO 9001: 2015 Organization
Construction Safety
Many accidents on different types of woodworking machinery are reported in the construction field.
Woodworking machine cutters can inflict very serious injuries and it is essential that ali the precautions
for guarding them are strictly observed. Neglect or ignorance of the safety rules governing the use of
such machinery creates the conditions in which accidents occur. Everyone who operates woodworking
machinery must understand and comply with the safety requirements outlined in this section.
General Safety Requirements
Duties of Employed Persons
• Employees using woodworking machines must use and keep properly adjusted all guards
and other safety devices.
• They must report to responsible persons any defects in machinery, guards, devices or -
appliances, and any damage or defects in the surface or ground around'th'e machine.
Working Environment
• Sufficient clear and unobstructed space to be provided around machine to allow work
without risk of injury.
• Floors to be level, in good condition, free of loose material, (which includes chips,
shaving and saw dust) and not slippery.
• Adequate natural or artificial lighting must be provided for the work being done on each
machine.
• Where artificial light is provided it must be positioned, or shaded, to prevent glare
affecting the operator.
• Where persons are likely to be exposed continuously for eight hours to a sound level of
85dB or more, ear protectors must be made available and used.
Extraction equipment should be provided for planers and other specified machines to convey chips
and particles from cutters into suitable receptacles.
Maintenance
• Saw blades must not be cleaned while in motion.
• All machines must be of good construction, sound material, and properly maintained.
• Unless hand-held, they must be level, and fixed securely on substantial structure which
ensures their stability.
Controls
Machine must be fitted with start and stop controls which can be quickly and easily controlled
by the operator.
Guarding Cutters
Cutters can include saw blades, chain cutters, knives, boring tools, detachable cutters and solid cutters
and the following are the main safety points to consider:
•; Must be guarded to the greatest practicable extent, having due regard to the work being done.
• Guards to be of substantial construction, properly secured and adjusted, and constantly in position
while cutters are in motion.
www.skillmartacademy.com; contact :[email protected];
[email protected],
SMI: mLearn (App). Reach us @ 90044 55666; 90049 82333
Member MSME & National Safety council (NSC) 50
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
CSO - Construction Safety - Overall
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search