UTILITY MAPPING : THEORY & PRACTICE

NUR SYAMSINAR FADHILAH BINTI MOHAMAD JAYA MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN AMINUDDIN Sr. MOHD ZAHIRUDIN BIN MOHAMMED NA'AIM UTILITY MAPPING Theory & Practice

PENULIS Nur Syamsinar Fadhilah Binti Mohamad Jaya Muhammad Firdaus Bin Aminuddin Sr Mohd Zahirudin Bin Mohammed Na`aim. JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM POLITEKNIK KUCHING SARAWAK MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION KM22, JALAN MATANG, 93050 KUCHING, SARAWAK. Phone No. : (082) 845596/7/8 Fax No. : (082) 845023 E-mail : [email protected] Website : http://www.poliku.edu.my/ Copyright © 2021 Politeknik Kuching Sarawak e ISBN 978-967-2953-22-7 All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be copied, stored in form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying and recording or otherwise or by any means for reproduced without the prior permission of Politeknik Kuching Sarawak. National Library of Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Nur Syamsinar Fadhilah Mohamad Jaya UTILITY MAPPING : Theory and Practice / NUR SYAMSINAR FADHILAH BINTI MOHAMAD JAYA, MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN AMINUDDIN, SR.MOHD ZAHIRUDIN BIN MOHAMMED NA`AIM. Mode of access: Internet eISBN 978-967-2953-22-7 1. Public utilities. 2. Public utilities--Design and construction. 3. Underground utility lines. 4. Municipal engineering. 5. Government publications--Malaysia. 6. Electronic books. I. Muhammad Firdaus Aminuddin. II. Mohd. Zahirudin Mohammed Na`aim. III. Title. 363.6 Published by: Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Ministry Of Higher Education

PREFACE This book is produced to collect, compile, and conclude notes related to Utility Mapping in theory and practice, especially in Malaysia. It contains 5 important topics namely Introduction to Utility Mapping, Instrument for Utility Detection, Utility Survey, Processing Utility Data and Utility Plan. Originally, this book was a module produced and used for the Utility Mapping Professional Certification program under the PENJANA KPT 2020 Reskilling and Upskilling Program. It was reviewed by 3 practitioners from the industry from Land Survey Board Sarawak (LSBS) and Royal Institute of Surveyor Malaysia (Sarawak) before being used in this PENJANA program. As it has not been published yet, the author has taken the opportunity and initiative to publish it under eBook eDOLA 2021. On this opportunity, author extend the appreciation and gratitude to all those involve directly or indirectly in the completion of writing and publishing this book. As an educator, it is a responsibility and trust to provide the best learning and teaching material for student. Therefore, it is hoped this book is suitable for reference by students who take the subject of Utility Mapping, especially in geomatics field. Nur Syamsinar Fadhilah Binti Mohamad Jaya, MUhammad Firdaus Bin Aminuddin, Sr. Mohd Zahirudin Bin Mohammed Na’aim, Geomatic Programme, Civil Engineering Department, Politeknik Kuching Sarawak, Sarawak

Utility mapping is one of the branches of geomatic field. It requires its practitioners to be proficient in the use of detection technology in addition to the fundamentals related to utility detection. In geomatic field, this technology is widely used as effective utility management and main goal towards more competitive nation. This book contains 5 important topics namely Introduction To Utility Mapping, Instrument for Utility Detection, Utility Survey, Processing Utility Data and Utility Plan. All these topics related each other in theoretical even practical. Topic 1 and 2 touch on the practice of utility mapping in theory, while Topic 3 covers the use of utility detection instrument. Topic 4 is written how to process utility data using specific software. Finally in Topic 5, this book explained about the result or output of utility mapping which is a utility plan. In addition, each topic also contained objective question for exercise. ABSTRACT

PREFACE ABSTRACT TOPIC PAGE 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO UTILITY MAPPING 1 1.1 What is Utility 1 1.2 What is Utility Mapping 2 1.3 Why Utility Mapping 2 1.4 HOW : Solution toward better - Chronology & History of Utility Mapping in Malaysia 4 1.4.1 Standard Guideline and Circular related to Utility Mapping in Malaysia 5 QUIZ 10 2.0 INSTRUMENT FOR UTILITY DETECTION 11 2.1 Pipe & Cable Locator (PCL) 11 2.1.1 Principles of PCL 12 2.1.2 Main part of PCL 13 2.2 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) 17 2.2.1 Principles 17 2.2.2 Main component of GPR 18 2.2.3 GPR frequency 19 2.2.4 Factors affecting transmitter signal 20 2.2.4 Equipment calibration 2.2.5 Differences between PCL and GPR 21 THINK 22 3.0 SURVEY METHOD 22 3.1 Flow of Utility Surveying 24 3.2 Utility Detection 25 3.2.1 Interval distance of detection 25 3.2.2 Marking position 25 3.2.3 Utility detection using PCL 26 3.2.4 Locating process using PCL 30 3.2.5 Depth measurement 33 3.2.6 Utility detection using GPR 33 CONTENT

TOPIC PAGE 3.3 Control survey 38 3.4 Topography survey 38 3.5 Measurement an exposed underground utility 39 3.5 Occupational Safety and Health during utility survey 39 QUIZ 42 4.0 PROCESSING UTILITY DATA 43 4.1 Processing PCL data 43 4.1.1 Partial Automation or Hybrid 43 4.1.2 Fully Automation 43 4.2 Processing GPR data 45 4.2.1 Interpreting radargram image 45 4.2.2 Indicate position, depth and arch 47 4.2.3 Determine material type 48 4.2.4 Processing GPR data using software 49 4.3 Processing control and topography survey data 61 QUIZ 65 5.0 UTILITY PLAN 86 5.1 Content and characteristic of Utility Plan 86 5.2 Preparing Utility Plan based on Standard Guideline by JUPEM 91 5.2.1 Hardcopy Utility Map 91 5.2.2 Softcopy or digital Utility Map 91 5.3 Digital Data of Utility Plan 92 5.4 Preparing utility plan in digital 92 5.5 Spatial and attribute software (shapefile format) THINK 93 94 REFERENCE

Utility Mapping 1 Introduction Underground utility mapping presents a field for land surveyors and expertise in positioning technology. Underground utility mapping which combines the use of detection and positioning technology, requires the land surveyors to acquire new skills, knowledge and technique. Accurate information regarding the existing underground utilities is required in the planning, installation of new utilities and excavation of existing utilities. 1.1 Whatis utility? 1.0 Refering to Oxford Dictionary (2021), utility is an important service provided for the public, for example an electricity, water or gas supply. In Malaysia, all utility is managed by government or agency that provide installation and services for electrical, water, telecommunication, gases and others. Agencies that involved such as Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), Syarikat Air Johor (SAJ), Indah Water Consortium (IWK), Gas Malaysia and others. INTRODUCTION TO UTILITY MAPPING

Utility Mapping 2 1.2 What is Utility Mapping? 1.3 Why Utility Mapping? Issue regarding underground utility damages There are many issues happened regarding underground utility damages. Because of lack knowledge, work, SOP regard to utility may result in fatality and catastrophic damages of existing underground utilities and disruption to utility services. Industries may suffer greatly, in terms of financial lost if utility services such as power supplies are interrupted because of accidents during excavation works due to inaccurate utility information (Jamil, 2012). Below are some issue and picture view the situation that damages of underground utility during excavation. Utility Mapping is a process to obtain and identify types of public utilities, pipes or cables for power, water, telecommunications and others which is buried underground using detection instruments. = The information of utility position and depth will be present in digital or printed form (plan) according to local projection coordinate system. Pipe water supply damages due to carelessness during excavation work that disturbing water supply to the public community. +

Utility Mapping 3 Negligent third-party contractors continue to be a major cause of power outages and damaged electrical assets in Sarawak as a direct result of their carelessness and lack of oversight, and must face the consequences of their irresponsible behaviour. This Damaged 11kV underground cables between the junction of Jalan Masja and Jalan Astana. (SESCO, 2017) A burst water pipe sent water gushing up to a height of four storey building and caused a flash flood affecting about 100 houses in Klang. The burst also affected supply to about 30,000 people in South Klang. This happened because of carelessness nearest construction work (New Street Time, 2010). The probability reason related with above issues and tragedies regarding utility mapping are: No utility map or plan or utility data in form or design layout Referring outdated utility map or plan Info of utility in plan is not complete especially underground utility. Inaccurate data in utility plan Surveying not done during installation No role of government and an authority for enforcement Survey or detection works not properly done (by unqualified parties) or design of new installation based on inaccurate survey and detection work WHY UTILITY CAN DAMAGE DURING EXCAVATION & CONSTRUCTION

Utility Mapping 4 1.4 HOW : Solution toward better - Chronology & History of Utility Mapping in Malaysia Cabinet Decisions in 1994, 1998 and 2013 regarding utility mapping : 24 August 1994 - Memorandum No. 599/1939/94 from Ministry of Work instructed JUPEM to resolve problems encountered during realignment work of utility facilities in road reserve. - This decision made to solve the problem of service disruption causes by damages underground utility from excavation work. - The excavation work is done with inaccurate information or without enough position of utility. 1998 - Cabinet Decision assigned the requirement of compiling and managing underground utility data under the GIS environment. 2006 - JUPEM establishing the Utility Mapping Section of the Mapping Division. Now known as Utility Mapping Division (UMD). ▪ UMD compiling and managing all utility information for the entire country. ▪ UMD conducts multiple checks on the submitted data for verification purposes first in ensuring they are valid and meet the necessary standards before depositing them with the database repository. - JUPEM took the initiatives in setting up National Underground Utility Database (NUUD) or Pangkalan Data Utiliti Bawah Tanah Kebangsaan (PADU). - JUPEM prepare Standard Guideline for Underground Utility Mapping to standardize the implementation of utility mapping in Malaysia. 2013 - The Cabinet Directive to deal with the frequent disruptions of water and electricity supplies caused by damaged underground utility facilities. These problems occurred during excavation and installation works for new utility facilities or during upgrading or widening of roads.

Utility Mapping 5 1.4.1 Standard Guideline and Circular related to Utility Mapping in Malaysia JUPEM is assigned to take care of survey and mapping works of underground utility. Therefore, JUPEM has prepared the circular and Standard Guideline (authority by National Mapping and Spatial Data Committee - chaired by JUPEM) of utility survey and utility plan for the guideline to the stakeholder. By the same accord, JUPEM is subsequently authorized to compile and manage all underground utility data in the country. Below is the list of standard and circular (pekeliling): i) Standard Guideline for Underground Utility Mapping – authority by National Mapping and Spatial Data Committee ii) Pekeliling Ketua Pengarah Ukur dan Pemetaan (KPUP) Bil 01 Tahun 2006 – Standard Guideline for Underground Utility Mapping iii) Pekeliling Ketua Pengarah Ukur dan Pemetaan (KPUP) Bil 01 Tahun 2007 – Garispanduan Ukur Pepasangan Utiliti iv) Pekeliling Ketua Pengarah Ukur dan Pemetaan (KPUP) Bil 01 Tahun 2013 – Garispanduan Ukuran Jajaran Laluan Utiliti Baru v) Pekeliling Ketua Setiausaha Kementerian Kesejahteraan Bandar, Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan, Bil 14 Tahun 2014 – Garispanduan Pelaksanaan Pengukuran Ke Atas Jajaran Utiliti Bawah Tanah Semasa Pemasangan vi) Pekeliling Ketua Pengarah Ukur dan Pemetaan (KPUP) Bil 01 Tahun 2016 – Garispanduan Kod Warna dan Penandaan vii) Pekeliling Ketua Pengarah Ukur dan Pemetaan (KPUP) Bil 02 Tahun 2016 – Garispanduan Penerimaan Data Digital Dan Pelan Utiliti Dari Juruukur Tanah Bertauliah (JTB) Oleh Jabatan Ukur Dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM)

Utility Mapping 6 Based on Standard Guideline for Underground Utility Mapping (2006), the important aspect can be concluded as stated below: i) Stakeholder of utility mapping in Malaysia Utility mapping in Malaysia identified 3 stakeholders to implement and succeeded utility mapping. Stakeholder Roles UTILITY OWNER OR AGENCY • Appoint, discuss and involve with surveyor : - about utility detection activity. - about identification the scope of work, specification of deliverables and finalize work specification. - in enabling a surveyor to obtain access to existing underground utility records. - in pre-bid and pre-construction meeting, pre-selection of contractor, and retain the surveyor to perform plan review. • Supplying data of utility to JUPEM for NUUD or PADU • Comply underground utility work attain with quality level A. SURVEYOR • Advise the utility owner regarding : - technical aspect of utility mapping. - utility quality levels and reliability of data. • Conduct data acquisition and survey work • Prepare underground utility maps in digital and hardcopy form together with supporting document. • Certify utility plan after checking and fulfil data at the indicated quality level. • Comply with all applicable laws, regulation and guideline JUPEM • Develop and maintain the National Underground Utility Database (NUUD) • Surveyed parcel boundary data ingested from the Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB) with large scale digital cadastral and topographic data. • Existing and new underground utility information provided by utility owner or collected by JUPEM where necessary • Associated metadata information • Quality checks and control (QC) on utility survey and mapping information. • Supply utility data to user or agency Table 1.1 : Stakeholder of Utility Mapping in Malaysia

Utility Mapping 7 ii) Utility quality level attribute The quality level for each underground utility alignment should be identified and stated in utility plan or map and utility database. Depends on accuracy and reliability of underground utility information, its divided to 4 quality level attribute which are : ASPECT QUALITY LEVEL A QUALITY LEVEL B Level of quality Highest level Better than C Detection Method Use an appropriate set of noninvasive geophysical technique Use an appropriate set of noninvasive geophysical technique Accuracy • 10 cm or better in vertical as well as horizontal • Perform calibration of survey and non-invasive geophysical equipment Accuracy location x and y within 10cm, depth 5% of actual depth Task or scope of work • Perform task as prescribed for quality level B • Excavate test holes to expose the underground utility without affecting the underground utility (if need). • Involved as-build survey to an exposed and installation utility • Perform task as prescribed for quality level C • Mark the location of underground utilities on ground surface that indicate the presence of underground utilities (topographic survey) Data of utility • Horizontal and vertical location • Elevation existing underground utility • Diameter of utility • Material of utility • Horizontal and vertical location • Elevation existing underground utility • Diameter of utility • Material of utility

Utility Mapping 8 ASPECT QUALITY LEVEL C QUALITY LEVEL D Level of quality Better than D Lower quality level Detection Method Not involve Not involve Accuracy Not too accurate Not too accurate Scope of work or task • Locate surface features on existing records and ground surface. • Survey such features if they have not been previously surveyed. • Data/information based on utility clue that exposed on ground eg manhole, feeder box, lamp post etc. • Utility information obtain from utility owner, local authority and visual site inspection • Collect relevant records from utility owner including : - Previous construction plans - Conduit maps - Direct buried cable record - Distribution map - Transmission map - As-built and record drawings Previous construction plan or record drawing • The surveyor should make professional judgements regarding the validity and location of topographic features on records vs current topographic features and conflicting references of utilities. Data of utility Collect position of utility that seen on ground surface Collect position of utility based on design plan by utility owner Table 1.2 : Differences of Quality Data Attribute

Utility Mapping 9 iii) National Underground Utility Mapping NUUD is a database created and maintained by JUPEM. NUUD contain the database from topographic data, digital orthophoto, cadastral data and utility data from utility provider. Based on Standard Guideline of Underground Utility Mapping (2006), below are the background of NUUD : a) Database design Even though data in database from different sources, but it shall utilise the JUPEM National map index for easier reference and data retrieval. It also utilised the MS1759 database of schema for attribute code. b) Base map development A base map is a geometric control feature in a digital mapping system. The primary base map will be provided by the Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB) currently being maintained by JUPEM. The database comprises coordinate geometry of every surveyed land parcel. The secondary base map will be provided by large scale Digital Topographic Database at the scale 1:500 by aerial photography. c) Projection and coordinate systems Projection and coordinate systems are required for the input, storage and in particular, the exchange of digital map data. Below is stated for projection and coordinate system. i) Cassini-Soldner State Plane Coordinate Systems ii) RSO (Malaya) Kertau Datum or BRSO (Borneo) Timbalai Datum iii) Height Datum – National Geodetic Vertical Datum. d) Data Exchange Formats The Malaysia geographic Information – Features and Attributes Code shall be utilised to facilitate efficient exchange of underground utility between surveyor, utility owner, JUPEM and data users. i) Data Exchange Formats – vector data exchange format supported by Feature Manipulation Engine (FME) software can be used. ii) Data Exchange Media – depending on the hardware systems installed at the source and target organisations. The best media based on available network connections, modem connections, available input and output device, CD-ROM or other transfer media. e) Metadata It defined as the data about data or the data about the processes performed on data. Underground utility maps produced shall be accompanied by appropriate metadata complies with the Malaysian Standard for Geographic Information.

Utility Mapping 10 1. Utility mapping is the process to identify position and …………………. of underground utility. A. Height C. Direction B. Location D. Depth 2. Below are underground utilities that identified during utility survey except A. Fibre Optic Cable C. Sanitary sewers B. Street Light D. Storm drain 3. The last product of utility mapping is A. Design plan C. Utility plan B. Conduit map D. As-build drawing 4. The reason regarding to damages underground utility is A. Surveying is done during installation C. Inaccurate data in utility plan B. Utility map is up to date D. Role of government and an authority for enforcement 5. The government department assigned to take care of survey and mapping works of underground utility is A. Jabatan Alam Sekitar C. Jabatan Sumber Manusia B. Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia D. Jabatan Kerja Raya 6. The first Standard Guideline for Underground Utility Mapping prepared at A. 1994 C. 2008 B. 2006 D. 2014 7. Below is stakeholder involve in utility mapping in Malaysia except A. Utility owner C. JUPEM B. Surveyor D. Government 8. Non-invasive geophysical instrument used in below quality level. A. A and B C. A only B. C, B and A D. B only

Utility Mapping 11 Introduction There are many types of utility that buried underground. In utility mapping, utility detection located underground is important to identify the position and depth of utility. For metal pipes and cables utility, detection is often done with electromagnetic (EM) equipment. EM equipment similar in market are locator (EML/PCL) and ground penetrating radar (GPR). This equipment is design to detect the depth and location of underground utility. Meanwhile plastic or concrete utility is detected by ground penetrating radar (GPR). 2.1 : Pipe & Cable Locator (PCL) Pipe & Cable Locator (PCL) is an instrument for detection existing underground utility. 2.0 INSTRUMENT FOR UTILITY DETECTION

Utility Mapping 12 2.1.1 Principles of PCL PCL does not find utility, but it detected electromagnetic (EM) field which is produced around any conductive linear feature of utility. Transmitter transmit wave signal. Wave signal radiating magnetic field. Magnetic field radiating signal to receiver. Receiver identify depth. Cable utility Electromagnetic (EM) field Receiver detect EM Transmitter How to produce EM? Locating signal is produced by the flow of alternating current (AC) which create electromagnetic field. This electromagnetic field radiates from the line and is known as the signal. If there is no AC current flowing, there will be no locating signal.

Utility Mapping 13 2.1.2 Main part of PCL Pipe & Cable Locator (PCL) consist 2 main parts : i) Receiver ii) Transmitter i) Receiver/Locator Receiver created to receive or detect the signal radiated from magnetic field. It used for both active and passive mode while detecting. a) Receiver interface of main display and button control. Figure 2.1 : Main display and button control of receiver Receiver/Locator Transmitter Signal Strength Proportional (Numerical Indicator) arrow : indicates the location of the line relative to the locator Signal strength and peak marker Compass : show the direction of the located cable relative to the locator Up and Down Control Mode Locator Frequency Select On/Off Control Battery Frequency Speaker

Utility Mapping 14 b) Locating Mode Mode of locating basically is in same function even using different brand. Basic modes are peak, null and Guidance/Compass. Peak is very popular choice during detection. It will give maximum information like full signal bar on screen during detecting underground utility. Null mode will not give depth reading compared with peak mode. Meanwhile guidance or compass will guide the operator the direction to target on the underground utility. Figure 2.2 : Locating mode for PCL

Utility Mapping 15 ii) Transmitter Transmitter build for active mode detection. It applies signal in three ways that are direct connection, clamping and induction. Below is interface of transmitter and button control. Figure 2.3 : Interface display and button control of transmitter

Utility Mapping 16 iii) Pipe & Cable Locator (PCL) accessories PCL is not complete function without using accessories. The accessories will accurately detect the existing of utility through magnetic field. Below are accessories of PCL. Accessories Function Connection Lead To identify cable by clipping and connect to an expose utility and connect to transmitter. Clamp To identify cable by clamping to an expose utility and connect to transmitter. Ground Stake To generate signal to underground. Sonde Inserted into pipes or ducts to make them locatable or to find blockage A-frame Finding fault to ground on cable and evaluating the condition of pipe coating Table 2.1 : PCL accessories

Utility Mapping 17 2.2 : Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) GPR is one more non-invasive geophysical instrument for underground utility detection. It commonly used in wide and clear area. Underground view of utility will show in screen when operator sweep GPR on ground. 2.2.1 Principles GPR uses high frequency pulsed electromagnetic waves (from 25 MHz to 2000 MHz) to acquire subsurface information. Impulse GPR works by sending electromagnetic energy in very short pulse into the ground. Reflection signal captured by the receiver after hitting an object in the ground to produce a hyperbolic image. Depth is obtained from the calibrated radar two ways travel time between the transmitter and the utility. Figure 2.4 : Hyperbolic Image

Utility Mapping 18 2.2.2 Main component of GPR GPR has three main components: COMPONENT Control & Display Unit Control Unit - The brain for the GPR system and is responsible for coordinating the operation of the subordinate component. It has ability to control all function of GPR. Display Unit – Display cross sectional profile, hyperbolic image or record underground view. Antenna (transmitter & receiver) Transmitter - transmits the high energy radar frequency used to penetrate the ground. Antenna is placed at or near ground level over the site that is being analysed. Radar waves are created by focusing high voltage toward the center of a bow-tie shaped copper plate in regulated pulses. Receiver – receive the radar waves that transmitted into the ground at a pre-determined frequency and reflected back to the receiver. Power Supply/Unit Provide power to all GPR system to active work. Table 2.2 : Main component of GPR Control & Display Unit Antenna Power Supply

Utility Mapping 19 2.2.2 GPR frequency GPR operational frequencies are overlapping cellular and television ones for these shielded antennas are used. Figure 2.5 : GPR frequency i) Depth vs frequency Choice of frequency will be affected the depth of GPR detection. Below table are 4 levels of frequency and depth of detection. Table 2.2 : Frequency vs Depth of GPR But depth, range and resolution is depend on below factors: a) Radar frequency ▪ High frequency is good for shallow - 700Mhz – minimum target size of 1cm ▪ Low frequency is good for depth - 250Mhz – minimum target size of 5cm b) Transmitted power in antenna c) Medium electromagnetic properties – soil etc d) Shape and characteristic of target or utility Sensor Frequency Depth High Frequency >1000Mhz <0.5 m High Medium Frequency 400 – 600 MHz 0.5 – 1.5 m Low Medium Frequency 200 – 400 MHz 1.5 – 2.0 m Low Frequency < 200 MHz 2.0 – 3.0 m

Utility Mapping 20 2.2.3 Factors affecting transmitter signal Transmitter signal is important to recognize underground utility feature through hyperbolic image or diagram. Even though in certain situation the transmitter signal also affected with some factor. That are : i) High soil conductivity ▪ Requires less frequency ▪ Good path return ▪ Greater signal leakage ii) Low soil conductivity ▪ Requires more frequency to apply signal ▪ Poor path return ▪ Signal detectable along greater length of facility iii) Condition of facility ▪ Lack of continuity ▪ Corrosion ▪ Water trapped inside insulation ▪ Defect in insulation etc 2.2.4 Equipment calibration Calibration for GPR equipment is needs to ensure accuracy of detection and reading data as requirement and specified in JUPEM standard guidelines. JUPEM provided a site facility that allows GPR used for detection to be tested for their accuracy in a controlled environment. Below is a drawing site for testing the GPR as a guide. Figure 2.6 : Drawing of test site

Utility Mapping 21 2.2.5Differences between PCL and GPR Aspect PCL GPR Principle Does not locate buried pipe or cable but detect magnetic field Geophysical method that uses radar to detect buried pipe or cable Material Detected Metal only Most type of utility including plastic and other non-metallic services as well as metal Survey Area Small area Wide area Accuracy Less accurate More accurate Instrument Price Cheap Expensive Data Directly figure out the depth More detail and need to post processing Manhole Access Require Not require Table 2.3 : Differences between PCL and GPR

Utility Mapping 22 1. Main component of Pipe & Cable Locator (PCL) consist A. Transmitter and Antenna B. Antenna and Receiver C. Locator and Receiver D. Transmitter and Receiver 2. Which function is correct for PCL accessories A. Connection Lead - finding fault to ground on cable and evaluating the condition of pipe coating B. Clamp - inserted into pipes or ducts to make them locatable or to find blockage C. Ground Stake - to generate signal to underground. D. A-frame - to identify cable by clamping to an expose utility and connect to transmitter. 3. All the statements below are related to Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), except A. GPR uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave band of the radio spectrum and detects the reflected signals from subsurface structures B. GPR can’t be used in a variety of media, including rock, soil, ice, fresh water, pavements and structures C. GPR is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface D. GPR uses high-frequency (usually polarized) radio waves and transmits into the ground 4. The following are the characteristics of Pipe and Cable Locator devices in utility measurement except A. Contains 2 main components that are transmitter and receiver B. Commonly use frequency range at 50hz to 480 kHz C. Locate metallic and non-metallic pipe/cable/conduits D. Able to detect at an accuracy of +-10 cm depth and +- 5% of actual value 5. Impulse GPR works by sending electromagnetic energy in very short pulse into the ground. Reflection signal captured by the receiver after hitting an object in the ground to produce …... A. Utility Plan B. Graphic image C. Depth image D. Hyperbolic image

Utility Mapping 23 Introduction Utility survey is a process or combination of task or procedure to produce utility plan as an output. Pipe & cable locator (PCL) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) are non-invasive geophysical instrument used for underground utility detection. Both have their own advantage and disadvantage during applying detection. PCL obviously suitable use only for metal utility detection while GPR also and detect for other material of utility. In this topic, the explanation will cover the procedure to conduct instrument and survey work for utility mapping. 3.0 SURVEY METHOD PCL GPR

Utility Mapping 24 3.1 Flow of Utility Surveying Figure 3.1 : Flowchart of Utility Survey Preparing Work File Reconnaissance Survey Control Survey Utility Detection Topography Survey Processing data & Produce Utility Plan Discussion between surveyor and utility owner/agency. Looking for existing record as a metadata and reference. Reconnaissance is an integral part of site investigation and is carried out at the preliminary stage before other stages are begun. Control survey means a survey that provides horizontal or vertical position data for support or control of subordinate surveys or for mapping. There are two instruments used to perform control survey. It Total Station and GPS Detection underground or buried utility using Pipe & Cable Locator or Ground Penetrating Radar instrument. Collect and measure all detail nearest 10m around with utility especially details related with utility. Process all data that collected before from Total Station or GPS using suitable software. Then produce Utility Plan using Autocad.

Utility Mapping 25 3.2 Utility Detection Utility detection is a process to identify depth buried and underground utility. There 2 instruments usually use for detection, that is Pipe and Cable Locator (PCL) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). 3.2.1 Interval distance of detection Based on Circular by JUPEM (Pekeliling KPUP Bil. 1/2007), the interval distance of detection is 20 meters. Every interval will mark on ground with paint. The position of marked point will measure using suitable instrument. Interval distance increase (< 20 meters) if in above condition : i) Underground utility connected with it part that exposed on ground ii) Changes of utility direction iii) High density area that needs close interval 3.2.2 Marking position The position or location of detected utility must be marked using paint on ground. Below is standard marking referred to JUPEM circular (Pekeliling KPUP Bil. 1/2006). Description XYZ Name of surveyor’s organization and company in short form not more than 4 letter. Size of each letter is 4cm x 4 cm with 1cm interval. P1.2 P represent code of utility. Value 1.2m represent depth of utility with 4cm of size. Arrow represent the position and direction of utility. Figure 3.2 : Standard marking by JUPEM

Utility Mapping 26 UTILITIES COLOR SYMBOL Electrical Red -PGas Yellow -GCommunication Orange -TWater Blue -WSewer Green -S- (Source : Circular No. 1/2016 by JUPEM) Figure 3.3 : Example of marking and labeling 3.2.3 Utility detection using PCL Pipe & Cable locator consist two main component that is receiver and transmitter. It has two methods for detection that is active and passive mode. 3.2.3.1 Active Mode Active mode or location involves locating a set of frequency that has been place on the target line for the purpose of tracing or pinpoint. These signals are place on the line with a specific transmitter. Both receiver and transmitter will use together. There are three ways to apply the signal using active mode. That are ; i) Direct connection This method used one cable to target line and the other to ground. It suitable when there is safe to the target line.

Utility Mapping 27 Figure 3.4 : Direct connection method Procedure : - Plug the connection leads into transmitter - Remove any rust or paint to ensure a good electrical connection - Place the ground stake in the ground at 90 degree to the cable and as far away as practical Precaution : When positioning the ground stake, to minimize coupling to other lines • Do NOT place it close to other lines • Do NOT place it the other side of adjacent lines • Do NOT place it close to metallic fences or barriers Use the minimum output power needed to successful located the target line • Excess power may increase the risk of coupling to other lines. • This can make locating more difficult, and increases the risk of mis-locating. • More power reduces battery life. • The transmitter display will confirm how much current is being apply to the line indicating a good or bad connection. • A change in speaker tone also confirms a good or bad connection. • If the display shows no current or there is no change of speaker tone check the connection to the target line.

Utility Mapping 28 ii) Clamping This method induces a signal into a cable using clamp. Procedure : - Place the clamp around the line. - Connect below the grounding point. (to ensure the signal has a signal path between near and far ground points) Figure 3.5 : Clamping method iii) Induction Induction method induces a signal into a cable or pipe, by placing the transmitter on the surface over the target line. Procedure : - Place the transmitter over and in line with the target line at a known point (close to, but not on an access point such as a manhole, handhold or pedestal) - Ensure the transmitter is oriented correctly Figure 3.6 : Oriented transmitter correctly

Utility Mapping 29 Precaution : - Never locate within 15ft (5m) of the transmitter (the signal from the transmitter has an airborne element which you will locate) - Never place on top of a manhole cover or metal plate (the signal will not penetrate to the line and may in fact damage the transmitter) 3.2.3.2 Passive Mode Passive mode or locating is generally used to identify buried lines. Only receiver is used to sweep the area in power mode and then in radio mode. Keep in mind that current must be flowing to locate utility passively. Receiver or locator detect buried conductive utility emitting an electromagnetic signal which is generated by a current passing through the utility. Figure 3.7 : Identifying buried line using passive mode

Utility Mapping 30 3.2.3.3 Differences between Active & Passive Mode Below is the differences between active and passive mode as a summary from above : Active Mode Passive Mode Detection using both instruments transmitter and receiver/locator together Only using receiver/locator Using 3 method technique to apply the signal : i) Direct connection ii) Clamping method iii) Induction Needs current flow in cable or pipeline to applying signal and locating passively Suitable for electrical utility or other underground utility that made from metal. Suitable only for electrical utility that contain electrical current flow Receiver is used to sweep, locating in all mode. Receiver is only used to sweep the area in power and radio mode only Table 3.1 : Differences between active and passive mode 3.2.4 Locating process using PCL The locating process is split into three steps: i) Sweep Search ii) Pinpointing the utility iii) Direction of the utility line 3.2.4.1 Sweep Search Sweep search process is to identify the pattern of buried utility. The procedure of sweep search is: Procedure : Identify the area to be excavated. i) In Power mode cross the site from left to right keeping the Locator/receiver upright, taking care not to swing the unit. - Turn through 90 degrees and repeat.

Utility Mapping 31 - Ensure that the Locator is held in an upright position and close to the ground. ii) Continue the sweep until either a signal is presence or you are satisfied that the area has been adequately tested. - In the presence of utility emitting a traceable signal a tone will be emitted and the signal strength indicator will rise and fall as you pass over it. iii) Repeat the Sweep Search process in Radio mode. - The Sweep Search must be conducted in Power and Radio modes as a minimum, as not all services (including some electrical ones) emit a power signal. - These services may be found using Radio mode or active modes. - Hazard zone can be operated in Power, 8 kHz, 33 kHz and Auto (512 Hz and 640 Hz on xf models) modes and provides an additional alarm to the presence of buried services which may be within close proximity. 3.2.4.2 Pinpointing the utility Pinpointing is the process to establish the position of utility. Procedure : i) Move backwards and forwards over the utility until the highest signal reading (peak response) is located. The utility is directly below the locator/receiver when the LED bar display is at its maximum reading. ii) The audio signal will automatically adjust to facilitate pinpointing over the utility. iii) Use chalk or paint to mark position of utility.

Utility Mapping 32 Figure 3.8 : Precisely locate and establish the position 3.2.4.3 Direction of utility line This process is to find the direction of utility line. Procedure : i) Rotate the locator/receiver on its axis. ii) After a sweep in Power mode, a second sweep/pinpoint in radio mode should be undertaken, thereby maximizing the detection process. Figure 3.9 : Rotate the locator or receiver to detect the direction of utility

Utility Mapping 33 3.2.5 Depth Measurement Depth is an important data measured using PCL. Depth of utility indicates from ground to center of line or pipe. The depth of the utility will be displayed in metric units depending on the model. Procedure : i) Hold the locator/receiver over a line and at 90 degrees to the direction of the utility ii) Press and release the depth button for line depth. iii) The depth indication is displayed for five seconds on screen. 3.2.6 Utility detection using GPR PCL or EML unable to detect non-metallic buried services including plastic, water and gas-pipes and clay drainage pipes. To overcome this potentially hazardous situation, land surveyors often combine the use of electromagnetic detection with GPR. The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has the advantage of detecting virtually anything below the surface. It also gives an indication of the location and depth of buried utilities but does not identify them. The depth of investigation depends on the conditions of the site. GPR is composed of a receiver and transmitter antenna, a control unit, battery supply and a survey cart. This instrument is suitable for wide area. Depth of utility

Utility Mapping 34 3.2.6.1 GPR tracking line Below diagram is a tracking or walk line pattern using GPR. (Source : Circular No. 1/2007, JUPEM) 3.10 : Tracking or walk line pattern can be seen in GPR software Cross section (GPR route). Start and end point should be measure. Long section (GPR route). Start and end point should be measure. Direction of GPR route Position of underground utility

Utility Mapping 35 3.2.6.2 Radargram image Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) generated images called radargram which contains hyperbolas that represent object beneath the earth surface. These hyperbolas are formed by the reflection of signals emitted by the GPR device. This radargram will appear in GPR screen and can be save as screen image. Figure 3.11 : Hyperbolic gives the position and depth of utility in GPR screen To calculate depth : D = V x T/2 Where : D – Depth V – Velocity T – Two way travel time Inverted hyperbolic formation from point object in GPR profiles (Poluha et al, 2017)

Utility Mapping 36 3.2.6.3 Using the display unit i) The first screen displayed when the system is powered on. In System Settings Screen, it has options to start scanning or change settings such as language, measurement units, date and time. ii) To start scanning, press Scan to display the Scanning Screen. When the scale appears on the right side of the screen, push the cart. iii) Stop and back up to see the Locating Screen to mark the exact position of a target on the ground and to access the menu to estimate its depth. iv) When you push the cart forward again and reach the point where you originally stopped and backed up, the system will automatically start scanning again. Or press Clear Screen to start fresh. v) At any time press the Pause button to change Depth, Color, Gain etc. then press Scan (or Pause again) to continue. Pressing the Camera button saves the current screen image to the Compact Flash. Later, transfer images to a PC for re-plotting and printing. 3.2.6.4 Scanning screen i) After pressing the Scan button, wait a few seconds for the vertical depth scale to appear on the right side of the screen, and then push the Cart forward. ii) A cross-sectional image of the ground scrolls onto the screen from the right to left. The position is displayed on the horizontal axis at the top while the depth is displayed on the vertical axis. iii) The position and depth axes units are meters or feet depending on the units set in the Systems Setting Screen . iv) If the Scale or Both option is selected, horizontal depth lines appear on the image to assist with determining the depth of targets. v) If the survey line exceeds this distance the image will scroll off the left side of the screen. vi) To save the current screen image, press the Camera button on the Display Unit. The image number appears on the bottom of the screen with a message to press any button to continue. Figure 3.12 : Press the camera button to saves the screen image

Utility Mapping 37 vii) The screen images will save in instrument or in screenshots folder as figure below. Figure 3.13 : Screenshots folder 3.2.6.5 Marking dot and flag on screen i) Radagram that contain hyperbolic image will appear on screen as scan image. If want to know more detail about utility, press * button to add flag. Figure 3.14 : Press * button to add flag ii) Then touch the screen to add dot on top of curve for interpretation the hyperbolic. The dot will appear on map software and it will interpreted. iii) The dot can mark with different colour that it differentiate the type of utility. The dot can also mark in PC after transfer the data into the PC and open by using software likes EKKO Project.

Utility Mapping 38 3.3 Control survey Control survey means a survey that provides horizontal or vertical position data for support or control of subordinate surveys or for mapping. There are two instruments used to perform control survey. That is : i) Total station Total Station consist with 1 EDM and 2 reflectors from same types. It should be in good condition which is constant error not more than ±10mm. Instrument testing involve are : - Daily Checking - Differential Field Test - Calibration Reference usage of Total station in Malaysia referred to Circular No. 3/1986 by JUPEM (Pekeliling KPUP Bil. 3/1986), Circular No. 6/1986 by JUPEM (Pekeliling KPUP Bil. 6/1986) and Circular No. 1/2003 by JUPEM (Pekeliling KPUP Bil. 1/2003). Control survey using total station is subject to latest rules that stated in Circular No. 5/2009 by JUPEM (Pekeliling KPUP Bil. 5/2009). Main focus are : - determination of datum - CRM - Angle and distance observation – format & method - Maximum error (15”√n, where n is no. of station) ii) Global Positioning System Type and characteristic of GPS stated in Circular No. 6/1999, JUPEM. GPS usage requirement is equal to the function of main component that are : a) Receiver b) Antenna & cabling c) Recorder unit d) Software 3.4 Topography survey It will perform after control survey and utility detection. Based Standard Guideline of Utility Mapping (2006), all utility attributes must be measure and record using bearing and distance technique with Total Station, GPS or combine both. Levelling work for measuring height must tight with level point that good position. Overall the utility installation measurement and topography survey measure : i) All mark point on ground (marked during detection) ii) Position of cross and long section mark for GPR detection method iii) The position of utility installation

Utility Mapping 39 iv) The position of all topography detail (10 meters around utility) especially related with utility 3.5 Measurement an exposed underground utility This measurement performed in below condition : a) Verification of utility through test hole excavation b) Installation of utility (as-build) Standard Guideline of Utility Mapping (2006) allocate the method of test hole excavation with minimally intrusive to exposing the utility. The excavation techniques are using: i) Backhoe - high risk technique then others - difficult to control and not accurate - not recommended ii) Basic tool - using a hoe, scope etc - cheaper and save cost - using more labour force, slow and extra time. ii) Vacuum excavation (Eskavasi Hampagas) - using water or air pressure to break the soil (blow). Then tool will vacuum the break soil. - size and shape of hole test is depend on site condition wheater circle or rectangle. Example diameter 5cm to 15cm or 900cm. - depth maybe 0.5m to 1.0m or max to 3.00m - very recommended method. 3.6 Occupational Safety and Health during utility survey Buried Utilities represent a major hazard to construction workers throughout the world. Most modern public utility systems are run underground for convenience and aesthetics. Before digging, local authority often require that the underground services are properly mapped and plan are approved to reduce damage and improve safety during excavation. Below figure is some reminder, warning and precaution regarding occupational safety and health of utility survey.

Utility Mapping 40 i) Job that exposed to hazard will cause death and injury ii) Electrical shock from damage PCL will happened if transmitter connected to live cable. iii) Use equipment and work procedure correctly iv) Contact qualified personal and follow standard of procedure (SOP) relating with electricity such as disconnecting ang grounding 3.6.2 Employer and employee responsibility Another major challenge and problem but often being overlook by the industry is with regards to the health and safety aspect of the workers. Land surveyors dealing with utility mapping should be aware of hazard and danger posed by these utilities. As such, land surveyors must take into consideration and satisfy requirement as demanded by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA, 1994) as it may be a question of life and death for those involved. Failure to observe the necessary precaution would put land surveyors at risk as the employer and, or employee are liable to be fined and, or imprisonment. i) Employer responsibility (a) The provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are, so far as is practicable, safe and without risks to health (b) The making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as is practicable, safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances (c) The provision of such information, instruction training and supervision as is necessary to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety and health at work of his employees (d)So far as is practicable, as regards any place of work under the control of the employer or self-employed person, the maintenance of it in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the provision and maintenance of the means of access to and egress from it that are safe and without such risks (e) The provision and maintenance of a working environment for his employees that is, so far as is practicable, safe, without risks to health, and adequate as regards facilities for their welfare at work. ii) Employee responsibility (a) Give reasonable attention to occupational safety and health for own self and other in work place (b) Give cooperation to employer or other regarding to OSH compliance

Utility Mapping 41 3.6.3 Safe working method for underground utility work There some safe working method for underground utility work to practice : i) Have to ensure working method is practicable and safety. So they have to: a. Do reconnaissance once file work received b. Identify entry of workplace and source of an exposed utility c. Prepared and wearing suitable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as safety helmet, glove, safety shoe, gases mask and others. d. Preparing support equipment for underground work such as - Water pump – pump water out from manhole - Air pump – Pump air in and out manhole - Generator – supplying power to work instrument ii) Have to ensure that existing plant is up to necessary standard with respect to safety and risk to health and that, when new plant is installed, the latest practice in safety and health are taken into account. iii) Must ensure a safe system at the workplace and minimize operations that present danger of injury or health impairment such “permit of work” referred to below department and regulation. - National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) will provide the course and exam for related underground utility work. That is : - Confined Space programme for Authorised Entrant & Standby person - Confined Space Safety Program for Authorised Gas Tester (AGT) / Entry Supervisor (ES) – for supervisor iv) Should regularly monitor the work environment, to ensure that where known health hazards are present, protection conforms to current health standards, including medical surveillance of workers.

Utility Mapping 42 1. The interval distance tracked continuously every 20 meter. Interval distance increase (< 20 meter) if in above condition A. Underground utility not connected with it part that exposed on ground B. Changes of utility direction C. Low density area that need close interval D. Underground utility located on ground 2. This method use one cable to target line and the other to ground. It suitable when there is safe to the target line. This method referred to which active mode A. Direct connection B. Clamping C. Induction D. Sonde connection 3. What the requirement locating using passive mode A. Current must be flowing in pipe of underground utility B. Use together transmitter and receiver during locating C. Signal of wave produce from transmitter D. Using clamping induces signal into cable 4. What is the main difference between GPR and PCL? A. Price B. Can give the position of pipe C. Can detect clay pipeline D. Use different type of wave Instruction : Write T for True of F for False in the box at the right side of the question. 1. In utility survey, GPS is also used to detect the underground pipe line. 2. PCL can detect the pipe and cable minimum 10m depth. 3. GPR and PCL also penetrate the rock.

Utility Mapping 43 Introduction All data from utility survey processed to produce utility plan. Plan will produce in hardcopy or softcopy and will verified by surveyor. Below is the procedure to process utility, control and topography data. 4.1Processing PCL data Utility data using PCL can be measure and process in 2 ways: 4.1.1 Partial Automation or Hybrid Partial automation is a process of measurement and detection using PCL but the data is not stored in it. When a permanent record is required, drawings of the site will provide. Mark-out the position (locate the underground utility), depth and utility type on the ground surface in colour coded biodegradable paint. The data is recorded in instrument (Total Statiom or GPS) during topographic survey and the information is transposed to an AutoCAD drawing. Fixed features on the ground such as kerb lines, building outlines, access chambers are shown so the underground information can be easily referenced to the above ground fixed features. Drawings are presented in electronic dwg. or dxf. files on CD and on hard copy. They can be produced as original drawings or incorporated into existing site or utility drawings as a separate layer in AutoCAD format. 4.1.2 Fully Automation The current technology can make the job easier by combining the GNSS satellite receiver supplied XY location to the pipe locator Z depth location and logging it in a single file upload to your GIS system in several file formats. It can be used in three different ways : 4.0 PROCESSING UTILITY DATA

Utility Mapping 44 i) Internal GPS - Get a pipe & cable locator that has a built in GPS receiver. When you hit the record/locate button, it logs the location data including depth, lat/lon, signal strength, and other information the locator collects. It is logged in a file and can be uploaded to your GIS system as shape files, CSV, kml, or other formats. These are generally limited to above submeter resolution, but the depth will be within 5% of actual giving you 3D (XYZ) coordinates of the pipe. ii) External GPS - Higher end pipe & cable locators have bluetooth, and can send the location information to a bluetooth capable Topcon or Trimble GNSS unit. These units can collect location data at the resolution of your GNSS receiver and very accurate location for the pipes or cables when used together. C.A.T Manager is one of software suite designed to offer online or local analysis of usage behaviors, explore surveyed locations using Google Maps, and produce surveys and usage reports. Data can be exported and shared as KML or CSV files. GPS data can be sent to the locator via Bluetooth® and integrated with on demand locator survey measurements. The locator can store up survey measurements and may be transferred from the locator to a PC via USB using an application provided. Figure 4.1 : Transfer data from locator to PC using USB cable The data can be logged automatically in the field and uploaded to your GIS mapping system. Bluetooth technology allows the GNSS receiver and the Pipe locator to communicate and merge data.