A G G R E S S I O N A G G R E S S I O N A G G R E S S I O N D O N O T S U F F E R I N S I L E N C E K N O W T H E T R U T H AGGRESSIONAGGRESSIONAGGRESSION
TABLE OF CONTENTS DO NOT SUFFER IN SILENCE 8. “AGGRESIVENESS IS DESTROYING” DEFINITION OF AGGRESSION AGGRESSION AMONG ADOLESCENTS CAUSES OF AGGRESSION FORMS OF AGGRESSION UNDERSTANDING AGGRESSION THE PSYCHOLOGY OF AGGRESSION AGGRESSION IN SOCIETY AGGRESSION IN CULTURE AGGRESSION IN SPORTS AGGRESSION IN DIGITAL AGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS DO NOT SUFFER IN SILENCE 8. “AGGRESIVENESS IS DESTROYING” TYPES & TRIGGER OF AGGRESSION AGGRESSION & MENTAL HEALTH HOW TO MANAGE AGGRESSION THE POSITIVE SIDE OF AGGRESSION EFFECTS OF AGGRESSION PREVENTION THE FUTURE OF AGRESSION PLAYLIST CONCLUSION
EDITOR’S NOTES EDITOR’S NOTE PI007K14 Dear readers, I hope you're doing well. It's a pleasure to share this magazine with you. Our team has put in a lot of effort to bring you stories, ideas, and information that we think you'll enjoy. We always appreciate your support and feedback, so please feel free to reach out and let us know what you think. Last but not least, I want to thank me for believing in me, I want to thank me for doing all this hard work. I wanna thank me for having no days off. I wanna thank me for never quitting. I wanna thank me for always being a giver and trying to give more than I receive. I wanna thank me for trying to do more right than wrong. I wanna thank me for being me at all times. Hello hello and hello everyone! Hope you guys doing well and it’ s a pleasure to have you guys reading this magazine. This magazine was our first masterpiece and I really want you to know that I always appreciated all of your supports. And don ’t be shy to give your feedback! Last but not least, Doja Cat once said “If your only intent is to be seen, you ’ll never be seen. If your intent is to be happy, comfortable, genuine, and true in craft, you ’ re destined to be noticed.” @arifaiman1011
EDITOR’S NOTES EDITOR’S NOTE PI007K14 Thanks to Allah for the time and strength that He lent me until we managed to finished this magazine, without His gracious we are truly nothing. My total appreciation to my teammates that stayed together till the end of this project. Our special thank to our lovely lecturer, Madam Syazrah for consulting us through the process passionately. Aggression is often overlooked in our society. Hence, the objective of this magazine is to spread awareness about aggression to the public. Aight, enough with the formality, wassup guys? Hope you guys are doing great. We really pulled ourselves out of the comfort zone with this one. By the time I wrote this note, its literally an hour past midnight, HAHA:) ENJOY. Hola a todos , first and foremost, I would like to congratulate to all of my friends for all of the effort that we work on upon making this emagazine. Not to forget, our beloved lecturer for this subject, Madam Syazrah who we put so much respect as our guidance and our powerhouse in this well-done making project. thank you so much for teaching us psychology for law and introduce us this project as one way to strengthen our understanding about this subject. i hope you guys enjoy it ya ! MUHAMMAD USMAN BIN ZABIDIN (2023601532)
EDITOR’S NOTES LECTURER PI007K14 MADAM NORSYAZRAH ZULKIFLI LAW 036 : PSYCHOLOGY FOR LAW Hello! Hoping everyone that read this are in the pink First of all, i want to thank those who used their time just to read this magazine! 100 marks 4 u! Aggression might be a common things in our society and will always be but do you know something that are hidden in terms of Aggression itself? Read our magazine to find out more! ENJOYSEU, IT’S GWENCHANA
DE F INING AGGRESION Aggression is a phenomena that can manifest itself in a variety of ways, ranging from minor acts (such as name calling or pushing) to more serious acts (such as hitting, kicking, or punching) to severe acts (such as stabbing, shooting, or killing). The presence of aggressiveness in so many forms can make it difficult to determine whether or not hostility has occurred. Aggression, as defined by social psychologists (Baron & Richardson, 1994), refers to actions aimed at harming another person who does not desire harm. Since it hinges on the perception of intent, what might appear as aggression from one perspective may not be viewed as such from another, and the same harmful conduct can be seen as aggressive or not based on the intent behind it. However, actions causing harm intentionally are generally regarded as more severe than those causing harm unintentionally, even when the resulting harm is the same.
UNDERSTANDING AGGRESSION: NATURE VS NURTURE Nature: The Evolutionary Perspective In this category, According to evolutionary interpretations of aggression, hostility is crucial for both individual survival and reproductive potential. When resources are limited , competition results because animals must compete in order to survive and procreate. Aggression is one of the activities that would have increased the likelihood that our ancestors would have survived and passed on their genes. Therefore, aggressiveness serves an adaptive function by aiding in survival and environmental adaption. Narture : Social and Environmental influenced The promotion of aggression can be defined as an aspect of human life that concerns the social reasons why aggression occurs as part of human behavior. How a person expresses changes in his mood and attitude depends entirely on social conditions and acceptable norms. In some cultures, aggression and other emotions are considered socially acceptable, while in others, restraint and calm are considered the norm. Aggression, whether emotional or physical, can therefore be seen primarily as a product of nurture.
AGGRESSION AMONG ADOLESCENTS introduction Aggressive behavior significantly impacts global adolescent health, accounting for up to 5.5% of adolescent mortality. Studies across various countries highlight concerning levels of physical and verbal aggression among adolescents. In the U.S., 22.6% of adolescents engaged in physical fights, while in Spain, an average score of 57.60% for verbal aggression was found. Low self-control was linked to increased aggression, as demonstrated in China, where 39.2% experienced medium levels of physical aggression. In Jakarta, a staggering 85.7% of teenagers perpetrated aggression. In India, physical aggression affected 46.04% of adolescents, with variations between genders. Additionally, research in Iran indicated an average aggressive behavior score of 63.61%. Indonesia also grapples with this issue, with research highlighting varied levels of aggression, notably 81.48% in Banda Aceh. The recent rise in Klithih, a form of street violence, emphasizes the urgency to address this problem. Studies emphasize the role of family resilience, particularly motherchild attachment, and personal factors like self-esteem in preventing aggressive behavior. Understanding and addressing these factors is crucial to promoting adolescent well-being and curbing harmful behaviors. In 2022, local authorities apprehended 99 juvenile offenders aged 14-19, underscoring the necessity for targeted interventions. DO NOT SUFFER ALONE
AGGRESSION AMONG ADOLESCENTS FACTORS Aggression in adolescents often stems from diverse underlying factors, predominantly influenced by family dynamics. Insecure or anxious attachments within the family can significantly contribute to this behavior. When adolescents experience inconsistent or negative interactions with their caregivers, it generates emotional insecurity, potentially resulting in aggression as they grapple with managing their emotions and relationships. Additionally, low self-esteem is a pivotal aspect when examining adolescent aggression. Adolescents harboring feelings of inadequacy, rejection, or undervaluationmaychanneltheirfrustrationandangerintoaggressiveactions, using it as a means to establish dominance or regain control within their environment.
AGGRESSION AMONG ADOLESCENTS TEEN SUBSTANCE ABUSE Teen brain function is impacted by the early use of drugs and alcohol. Consequently, substance abuse can cause increased aggression in teens. FACTORS Mental Health and Aggression in Teens Children with a history of experiencing physical or sexual abuse are more likely to demonstrate aggression as a teen or adult. Childhood trauma also contributes to other mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression, that can lead to teen aggression.
1) Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: This theory suggests that frustration is a common trigger for aggressive behavior. When individuals are unable to achieve their goals, they may become frustrated, leading to aggression. 2) Social Learning Theory: Aggressive behavior can be learned through observation and imitation of others. This theory highlights the role of social influences in shaping aggressive tendencies. 3) Cognitive Factors: Distorted thinking patterns, such as cognitive biases and irrational beliefs, can contribute to aggressive behavior. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF AGGRESSION
3. Social Learning Observing and imitating aggressive behaviors from family members, peers, or media can contribute to an individual's aggressive tendencies. Children, in particular, are highly influenced by the behaviors they witness in their social environment. 3. Social Learning Observing and imitating aggressive behaviors from family members, peers, or media can contribute to an individual's aggressive tendencies. Children, in particular, are highly influenced by the behaviors they witness in their social environment. CAUSES OF AGGRESSION1. Frustration When individuals encounter obstacles or are prevented from achieving their goals, they may become frustrated. This frustration can manifest as aggression when they express their displeasure through aggressive behavior. 1. Frustration When individuals encounter obstacles or are prevented from achieving their goals, they may become frustrated. This frustration can manifest as aggression when they express their displeasure through aggressive behavior. 2. Emotional State Strong negative emotions like anger,fear, or jealousy can trigger aggressive behavior. When individuals feel overwhelmed by these emotions,they may lash out aggressively. 2. Emotional State Strong negative emotions like anger,fear, or jealousy can trigger aggressive behavior. When individuals feel overwhelmed by these emotions,they may lash out aggressively. 4. Cultural Norms In some cultures or subcultures, aggression may be more accepted or even encouraged as a means of resolving conflicts or gaining dominance. Cultural norms and values can shape an individual's behavior. 4. Cultural Norms In some cultures or subcultures, aggression may be more accepted or even encouraged as a means of resolving conflicts or gaining dominance. Cultural norms and values can shape an individual's behavior. 5. Substance Abuse The use of drugs or alcohol can impair judgment, reduce inhibitions, and lower self-control. In such altered states, individuals may be more prone to aggressive acts they might otherwise avoid.
Aggression exist in multiple forms which includes physical, emotional and verbal. . FORMS OF AGGRESSION 2. Verbal Aggression; involves using faulty languages and verbally abusing other people. e.g. insulting, yelling, accusing 3. Emotional Aggression; involves aggressive behavior in the result of terrible feelings at that exact time, it is not intended to have any constructive effects. e.g. Being heavily affected emotionally after being yelled by someone. 1. Physical Aggression; involves certain behavior that physically harms others. e.g. slap, kick, punch.
Aggression and Crime THE ROLE OF AGGRESSION IN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Numerous negative social consequences of aggression and violence include disputes between families, criminal activity, sexual assault, murder, and theft. In addition to moral, physical, and psychological aggression, verbal abuse is the most frequent form of violence against others while sexual abuse is the most extreme type of violence. The social psychological study of aggression is a classic illustration of the dilemma social psychologists face: even though we have a clear understanding of the causes of aggression—and that understanding is getting clearer every day—the question of what to actually do about it is even more challenging. Since human aggression has existed since the dawn of time, it is difficult to believe that it will soon vanish. In the months that followed Donald Trump's inauguration, there was a widespread uprising in the USA. The majority of them were civil disobedience acts and peaceful, vibrant demonstrations. However, some protesters also took part in bloody rioting. This is a typical pattern in many social movements, including the civil rights movement in the 1960s, the labor movement, the antiNazi resistance in Germany, and even the 2007 Bersih Rally in Malaysia. Some of these movements' participants tend to engage in peaceful mass protests or small-scale civil disobedience, while others engage in more violent tactics frequently in response to incentives to diversify tactics within a movement.
AGGRESSION IN CULTURE Aggression is frequently portrayed differently depending on the type of film or television it is. High level of aggression are frequently a part of action movies, war movies, and crime dramas' plot structures. Viewers' perceptions and expectations of violence in media can be influenced by the depiction of violence in various genres. Desensitization, a process where viewers become less sensitive to aggression, can result from exposure to violent media. This may lead to a reduced emotional reaction to actual aggression and a greater acceptance of aggression as a problem-solving tool. Children who watch violent TV shows are more likely to act aggressively and less likely to exhibit empathy for victims of violence, according to a study conducted by University Of Michigan. According to studies, playing violent video games can lead to an increase in aggressive feelings, thoughts, and actions over the shortand long-term. Additionally, playing violent video games can make players less sensitive to witnessing aggressive behavior and reduce positive behaviors like lending a helping hand and having empathy (the capacity to understand others). Individuals are more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors, thoughts, and feelings the longer they play violent video games. Studies conducted in both Eastern and Western nations have observed these effects. Violent video game exposure can increase aggressive thoughts, behaviors, and feelings in both sexes, even though men spend more time playing them than women do.
AGGRESSION IN SPORTS Fair play has nothing to do with serious sport. It is intertwined with hatred, jealousy, arrogance, disregard for all rules, and selfish enjoyment in witnessing aggression; in other words, it is war without the shooting. Although aggressive tactics are used in competitive sports such as football, basketball, and baseball, actual violence is considered to be outside the bounds of good sportsmanship. Contact sports such as American football, ice hockey, rugby football, boxing, mixed martial arts, wrestling, and water polo involve some physical violence, but there are restrictions and penalties for using excessive and dangerous force. The overt physical actions that occur in sports can be classified as both aggressive and violent. Formula 1, like any competitive sport, has seen its fair share of aggression and controversial moments over the years. Here are a notable examples: Max Verstappen and Esteban Ocon had a physical altercation after the 2018 Brazilian Grand Prix. Verstappen was leading the race when Ocon, a backmarker, collided with him while trying to unlap himself. Verstappen confronted Ocon in the paddock afterward, leading to a shoving match and led to the FIA ordering Max Verstappen to two days of community service.
AGGRESSION IN THE DIGITAL AGE Social Media and Online Aggressive Behavior Social Media and Online Aggressive Behavior Misuse of technology to bully, intimidate, shame, or target another person is known as cyberbullying. Online threats, as well as mean, aggressive, or insulting texts, tweets, posts, or messages, are all considered. Posting confidential data, pictures, or videos intended to hurt or humiliate someone else is also prohibited. Cyberbullying occurs when someone uses technology such as computers, consoles, cell phones, and/or any other device with internet or social media access to harass, stalk, or abuse another individual by encouraging or participating in online hate campaigns. Although most media coverage portrays cyberbullying as a problem limited to social media, it is also a major issue in the online gaming community. Despite its potential advantages, social media has a negative side effect. Social media is used to both plan and display aggressive acts. Statistics on social media aggression are increasingly correlating with mass shootings in the United States and large-scale violence around the world. Radical organizations such as ISIS, for example, have long used social media to spread extremist views, recruit members, target victims, publish manifestos, and coordinate attacks. Even people who do not intend to use social media for aggressive purposes can become involved in aggression, thanks in part to algorithms which promote aggressive content and encourage activities that lead to actual violence.
Types of Aggression 1. Physical Aggression: This involves using physicalforce to harm another person or object. It can include actions like hitting, pushing, or biting. 2. Verbal Aggression Verbal aggression is characterized by the use of words to harm, insult, or threaten another person. This can involve yelling, name-calling, or using offensive language. 3. Relational Aggression Relational aggression is often seen in social settings and involves actions aimed at damaging a person's relationships or social standing. Examples include spreading rumors, gossiping, or social exclusion. 4. Hostile Aggression: This type of aggression is driven by anger and the intentto harm someone. It can resultfrom personal conflicts,frustration, or perceived threats. 5. Instrumental Aggression Instrumental aggression is goal-oriented and is used as a means to achieve a specific objective other than causing harm for its own sake. For example, robbery or physical violence in selfdefense can be forms ofinstrumental aggression. Types of Aggression 1. Physical Aggression: This involves using physicalforce to harm another person or object. It can include actions like hitting, pushing, or biting. 2. Verbal Aggression Verbal aggression is characterized by the use of words to harm, insult, or threaten another person. This can involve yelling, name-calling, or using offensive language. 3. Relational Aggression Relational aggression is often seen in social settings and involves actions aimed at damaging a person's relationships or social standing. Examples include spreading rumors, gossiping, or social exclusion. 4. Hostile Aggression: This type of aggression is driven by anger and the intentto harm someone. It can resultfrom personal conflicts,frustration, or perceived threats. 5. Instrumental Aggression Instrumental aggression is goal-oriented and is used as a means to achieve a specific objective other than causing harm for its own sake. For example, robbery or physical violence in selfdefense can be forms ofinstrumental aggression. Triggers of Aggression 1. Anger Strong feelings of anger, whether due to a specific event or ongoing stress, can trigger aggressive responses as a way to express and cope with this emotion. 2. Threats Perceived threats to one's safety or well-being can lead to aggressive reactions as a means of selfdefense. 3. Jealousy Intense feelings of jealousy or envy can provoke aggressive behaviors directed towards the person perceived as a rival. 4. Provocation Direct provocation, such as insults, taunts, or physical aggression from others, can trigger retaliatory aggression in response. 5. Mental Health Issues Some individuals with certain mental health disorders, such as intermittent explosive disorder or certain personality disorders, may be more prone to aggressive outbursts. Triggers of Aggression 1. Anger Strong feelings of anger, whether due to a specific event or ongoing stress, can trigger aggressive responses as a way to express and cope with this emotion. 2. Threats Perceived threats to one's safety or well-being can lead to aggressive reactions as a means of selfdefense. 3. Jealousy Intense feelings of jealousy or envy can provoke aggressive behaviors directed towards the person perceived as a rival. 4. Provocation Direct provocation, such as insults, taunts, or physical aggression from others, can trigger retaliatory aggression in response. 5. Mental Health Issues Some individuals with certain mental health disorders, such as intermittent explosive disorder or certain personality disorders, may be more prone to aggressive outbursts.
On Individuals Displaying Aggression 1. Legal Consequences Aggressive actions can lead to legal problems, including arrests, charges, and potential incarceration. 2. Damage to Relationships Aggressive behavior can strain and damage personal and professional relationships. It can lead to social isolation, making it difficultto maintain healthy connections with others. 3. Physical Harm Engaging in physical aggression can resultin injuries to oneself or others, potentially leading to long-term health consequences. On Victims of Aggression 1. Physical Injuries Victims of physical aggression can suffer physical harm, ranging from minor injuries to severe trauma or even death. 2. Emotional Distress Aggression can cause significant emotional distress, leading to anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other mental health issues in victims. 3. Reduced Quality of Life Aggression can diminish a person's overall quality of life, affecting their daily functioning, happiness, and well-being. On Society 1. Increased Violence A society with high levels of aggression may experience more violence, which can lead to safety concerns and an erosion of socialtrust. 2. Economic Costs Aggression-related injuries, legal proceedings, and the need for healthcare services can resultin substantial economic costs to society. 3. Disruption of Social Cohesion Widespread aggression can undermine social cohesion and community well-being. 4. Cycle of Violence Aggression can be perpetuated through generations, as children who witness or experience aggression are more likely to become aggressors themselves. 5. Impact on Education Aggressive behavior in educational settings can disruptlearning environments and hinder academic achievement.
AGGRESSION AND MENTAL HEALTH Aggression as a Symptom Aggression and Disorders In the context of mental health, aggression is a complex and multifaceted condition that can manifest itself in a variety of ways. We have to know that aggression is not completely a mental disorder, but rather as a symptom or expression that may showing an underlying psychological or emotional problem. Individuals who experience aggression may display it verbally, physically, or even passively, such as passiveaggressive behavior. In many cases, aggression can serve as a coping mechanism for individuals struggling to manage their emotions due to unresolved conflict, trauma, or stress. Aggression may be associated with varieties of mental health disorders, including personality disorders such as Bipolar and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It is important to go thorough clinical evaluation to determine the cause and contributing factors of the aggression because it is not the same for each individual. Effective intervention and treatment strategies often include addressing underlying mental health issues, teaching healthier coping mechanisms, and providing skills to manage emotions effectively.
PREVENTION D O N O T SUF FER AL O NE SELF-CONTROL self-control had a full mediating effect between self-efficacy and aggressive behavior in this study. In short, it can be concluded that practicing self-efficacy and selfcontrol by boxers in daily training and competitions reduces their aggressive behavior. The best way to reduce incidents of aggression among people is to prevent them from occurring in the first place Set out clear expectations When starting new relationships with young people, establish clear ground rules for their behavior. They can include simple rules like "don't swear, keep your hands and legs toward you and follow the instructions.
07 PREVENTION Show cultural sensitivity - remember that some behavior is considered unusual or inappropriate. Avoid cutting and stereotyping. Avoid using negative words, facial expressions and voice when you speak directly to young people. Also, be careful not to react too emotionallytoyoungpeople. Don’t make any assumptions or judgements about young people based on what you may have heard from others. Your assumptions could spoil new relationships before they begin. Develop strategies to help young people manage their emotions Work with young people to help them develop the skills necessary to manage emotions that can lead to aggressive outbursts.
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Even though aggression often depicted as a negative trait, in certain situation it could also offers benefits to us. This could happen when one utilises aggression in controlled manner, in order to be protective to oneself instead of being offensive towards others. This behaviour of aggression also addressed as ‘positive aggression’. As in the name, positive aggression help us deal with self-care, self-love, self-respect, and self-empowerment in a good way. Positive aggression is important to us because it can help people understand that its not always about being offensive or hostile, but standing up to defend one’s stance to say “no” or “I want”. To integrate positive aggression into your mental health, you need to create effective messages. These messages often perceived negatively because people feel attacked by it, however it is not the case. We can create effective message of positive aggression by: 1. Act with Empathy Try to understand the person we are implying message to exact feeling, whether he is fearful of or resistant to, and think of a way to make him accept and follow through the message. It is also important to at least say “no” to their certain request showing implicitly that you value your own time but bare in mind, you never have to be harsh about it. 2. Be Kind and Calm The only thing that differentiates between negative and positive aggression is positive aggression is friendly and helpful. Brief to the about your boundaries, stay firm in your stand and be kind and calm in the process of delivering your messages. It is very understandable that expressing positive aggression in our daily life is very hard to do without messing up things. Here is some tips to help you with it. a. Express your opinion. b. Be decisive with firmness. c. Don’t back down from a fight. d. Lead the way on projects or activities they have assigned you to. e. Take control of the situation and steer it where you want it to go THE POSITIVE SIDE OF AGGRESSION
The future of understanding and managing aggression is promised through advances in neuroscience, psychology, and even social science. Humans evolved with aggressive instincts as a survival mechanism, but the ability to control these instincts is a fundamental aspect of the development of civilization. Nowadays, studying the neural pathway and observes the causes of aggression provides information about possible interventions and treatments than can be used towards aggression issues. For examples, Cognitive restructuring, anger management programs, and psychological counseling are being improved to help individuals better control their aggressive impulses. THEFUTUREOFAGGRESSION THEFUTUREOFAGGRESSION Can We Control Our Aggressive Instincts? Harnessing Aggression for the Greater Good When aggression being used correctly, It can be a powerful force for positive change. In the future, society may explore ways to harness the energy and assertiveness associated with aggression to drive innovation, creativity, or even activism. Channeling aggressive tendencies into social justice, scientific inquiry, or competitive sports can be examples of using aggression for the greater good. Additionally, teaching conflict resolution skills and empathy to aggressive individuals can help them navigate disagreements and arguments in a non-violent manner, making aggression less necessary in a communication.
PLAYLIST : [to reduce aggression]
In conclusion, aggression is indeed a deeprooted aspect of human nature that has roots in the evolutionary history of not just humans, but also in countless other creatures. It is a complex trait that cannot be simply labelled as entirely negative or positive. While uncontrolled and destructive aggression can lead to conflict and harm, it is essential to recognize that aggression is not completely harmful. It is a natural response that has evolved to help individuals defend themselves, compete for resources, and adapt to challenging environments. This is what we called as ‘Survival Mechanism’. By that means, understanding aggression and learning how to manage it effectively is a important issues for both individuals and society as a whole. Instead of suppressing or denying this human trait, we should strive to channel it into positive and constructive flow. Through therapy and self-awareness, individuals can develop healthier ways to express and manage their aggressive instincts. In the future, scientific researcher will ensure the ability to control aggressive instincts better in human. Looking ahead, our ability to manage aggression in a positive direction has the potential to create a more peaceful and productive society. By encouraging empathy and conflict resolution skills, we can minimize the negative consequences associated with aggression. Our journey to understand and manage aggression is a testament to our capacity for growth, self-improvement, and positive change. It reflects our ongoing commitment to build a world where individuals can coexist harmoniously and using their natural instincts to benefit not just themselves but also the greater human community.
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