What are Connectors and how it is used

What are Connectors and how it is used?

An electronic system is a hierarchical network of links that enables the
communication between different electronic devices. Numerous interconnects
are required for the signal transmission and power distribution required to
ensure the proper operation of electronic devices. Electrical connectors fall into
three categories: board-to-board connectors, cable/wire-to-cable/wire
connectors, and cable/wire-to-cable/wire connectors.
There are normally six stages of interconnection in electrical connectors. Level 0
refers to the connection between a basic circuit element and its lead, such as the

connection between a semiconductor chip and the lead frame. Level 1 is the
connection between a component lead and a printed circuit board, and examples
of Level 1 include chip carrier sockets, dual inline package (DIP) sockets, and
switches (PCBs). Level 2 refers to the connection between two or more PCBs. A
motherboard-daughterboard connection is usual.

An illustration of two subassemblies connected at level 3 is a power supply and
the associated subassembly. The connection between a substantial subassembly
and the input/output (I/O) port of the system is referred to as level 4.

Level 5 connections, which connect two physically independent systems, are
frequently represented by those between a computer and a printer or other
peripheral device or by the components of a local network.

Board-to-board connectors, as opposed to cables, are used to connect PCBs.
Because they help lessen wire clutter, board-to-board connectors are suitable for
systems with limited space. The PCBs can be connected using connectors in
either a parallel or perpendicular arrangement. A connector known as a
mezzanine connector connects two PCBs in a stacking configuration. Sometimes,
perpendicular PCB designs are however mentioned in the phrase. In
motherboard-daughterboard designs, where the parallel arrangement is
highlighted, these topologies are frequently employed.

It is crucial to consider a mezzanine connector's separability, mechanical
properties like stack height and tolerances, restrictions like standoffs, brackets,
or chassis slots and frames, and mounting alternatives when choosing one. How
quickly a connector can be detached depends on a variety of factors, including
the number of mating cycles required over the connector's lifetime, the
maximum and minimum value of the required insertion force, and whether the
connector is permanent or detachable. The operating temperature and humidity
levels must be considered.

A backplane is a group of electrical connectors that are linked in parallel with
one another to form a connector bus, with each connector's pin connected to the
pin that is nearest to it on every other connector. Because of their adaptability
and dependability, backplane systems are common in computer and
telecommunication systems. The backplane system connects various plug-in

cards via a single backbone to produce a whole backplane system. The signal
from the transmitter passes via several connectors before it reaches the receiver.
A backplane system with robust signal integrity is necessary for devices used in
high-speed applications. A gigabit backplane channel design must take into
account the pin field and the backplane.

Connectors for backplane systems must have sufficient impedance matching and
shielding. The connectors must also withstand repeated cycles of inserting and
removing circuit boards.

According to the name, wire-to-wire connectors connect two wires. The wire is
permanently connected to the connector at one end. A detachable interface is
made by the connector's opposing end. The sharp edges of the beam cut through
the insulation, bringing the wire and the beam into rigid metal-metal contact.

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and-how-it-is-used