Stimulus Control 10/31/2011
What is stimulus control?
• Occurs when the rate, latency, duration, or
amplitude of a response is altered in the presence
of an antecedent stimulus
• Is acquired when responses are reinforced only in
the presence of a discriminative stimulus (SD)
• And not in the presence of other stimuli
• Known as stimulus deltas (S
The Development of Stimulus Comparison of Stimulus Control
Control and Motivating Operations
SD Response SR+ • Similarities
Telephone rings Pick up Friendly • Both events occur before the behavior of interest
phone conversation
S and say • Both events have evocative functions
“hello” SO
Doorbell rings • Motivating operation is something that changes
Response Friendly the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer
conversation
Pick up withheld • Establishing operation (EO) makes the reinforcer
phone more valuable
and say
“hello” • Abolishing operation (AO) makes the reinforcer
less valuable
MOs and Stimulus Control Stimulus Generalization
and Discrimination
EO SD Response SR-
• Stimulus Generalization
Difficult Teacher 1 Student Task break • Occurs when stimuli that share similar physical
Worksheet displays provided characteristics with the controlling stimulus evoke
aggression the same behavior as the controlling stimulus
EO S Response SO • Stimulus Discrimination
• Occurs when new stimuli that are similar to
Difficult Teacher 2 Student Task break the controlling stimulus but do not evoke the
Worksheet displays withheld same response as the controlling stimulus
aggression
1
10/31/2011
Stimulus Control and Stimulus Stimulus Discrimination Training
Generalization are a Continuum
• Requires one behavior
Stimulus Stimulus • Two antecedent stimulus conditions
Control Generalization
1. SD Responses that occur in the presence of
SD are reinforced ‐ Behavior increases
2. S) Responses that occur in the presence of the
S are not reinforced – Behavior decreases
Note: Reduced reinforcement quality or quantity
will also decrease behavior.
The Development of Stimulus Concept Formation
Control
• In ABA, is not a hypothetical construct or mental
SD Response SR+ process
Telephone rings Pick up Friendly • Complex example of stimulus control that
phone conversation requires:
S and say 1. Stimulus generalization within a class of
“hello” SO stimuli
Doorbell rings 2. Stimulus discrimination between classes of
Response Friendly stimuli
conversation
Pick up withheld Teaching Concepts
phone
and say • Requires discrimination training
“hello” • Antecedent stimuli representative of a group
of stimuli that share a common relationship
Example: Concept of Red are presented with stimuli from other stimulus
classes
• Stimulus generalization across all red objects
• Light red to dark red • Ultimately, the common stimuli form a stimulus
• Different objects (car, ball, pencil) class
• Stimulus discrimination between red and other
colors
• Red ball vs. yellow ball
• Red dress vs. blue dress
2
10/31/2011
Types of Stimulus Classes Stimulus Equivalence
• Feature stimulus class • The emergence of accurate responding to
• Stimuli share common physical forms (i.e., untrained and nonreinforced stimulus‐stimulus
topographical structures) relations following the reinforcement of
• Stimuli share common relative relationship (i.e., responses to some other trained stimulus‐
spatial arrangements) stimulus relations.
• Developed through stimulus generalization
• Useful for teaching complex verbal relations
• Arbitrary stimulus class
• Do not share a common stimulus feature • Reading
• Limited number of stimuli • Language arts
• Developed using stimulus equivalence • Mathematics
Factors Affecting Stimulus Control Pre‐attending
• Consistent use of reinforcers contingent upon • Is a prerequisite skill for stimulus control
correct responding in the presence of the SD is • Looking at instructional materials
critical. • Looking at teacher when responses are
modeled
• Also important are: • Listening to oral instructions
• Pre‐attending skills • Sitting quietly for short periods of time
• Stimulus salience
• Masking and overshadowing • These may need to be taught before stimulus
control procedures are implemented
Stimulus Salience Masking and Overshadowing
• Is the prominence of the stimulus within • Increase or decrease salience of stimuli
the environment • Competing stimuli may block the evocative
• Increased saliency facilitates efficiency of function of an SD
instruction • To limit the negative effects:
• Rearrange the environment
• Make instructional stimuli more intense
• Consistently reinforce behavior in the presence
of instructionally‐relevant stimuli
3
10/31/2011
Using Prompts Response Prompts
• Can be very important • Verbal instructions
• Are supplementary antecedent stimuli used to • Vocal
• Non‐vocal (e.g., written)
cause a correct response in the presence of an SD
• Two types: • Modeling
• A demonstration of the desired behavior
• Response prompts operate directly on the
response • Physical Guidance
• Partially physically guide the student’s
• Stimulus prompts operate directly on the movements
antecedent task stimuli
Stimulus Prompts Transfer of Stimulus Control
• Movement cues • Prompts should be used only during acquisition
• Pointing, tapping, touching, looking at • Transfer stimulus control from prompt to
• Position cues naturally‐existing stimuli by using fading
• Place one stimulus closer to the student • Want the transfer to be fast
• Redundence
• Stimulus or response dimensions are paired
with correct choice
Transferring from Response Prompts Graduated Guidance
• Most‐to‐least prompts • Immediately fade physical prompts
• Physically guide participant through entire • Follow participant closely with hands
performance • Gradually increase distance between hands
• Gradually reduce amount of physical assistance
• Modeling and participant
• Verbal instruction
• Natural stimulus
4
Least‐to‐Most Prompts 10/31/2011
• Provide participant with an opportunity to Time Delay
perform the response with the least amount
of assistance on each trial • Varying the time interval between presentation of a
natural stimulus and the presentation of a response
• Participant receives greater degrees of prompt
assistance with each successive trial without • Constant time delay
a correct response • Begin with a 0‐sec delay
• Then use a fixed delay (e.g., 3 sec)
• Progressive time delay
• Begin with a 0‐sec delay
• Gradually and systematically increase delay
Stimulus Fading Stimulus Shape Transformations
• Highlight a physical dimension of a • Use an initial stimulus shape that will
stimulus, then gradually fade the prompt a correct response
exaggerated dimension
• This shape is gradually changed to form
• Superimposing one stimulus on top of the natural stimulus, while maintaining
another and gradually fade it correct responding
Summary
• Stimulus control is very important in changing behavior.
• Need to be systematic about how you will do it
• Monitoring of behavior is critical for success
• Provide good reinforcers
5