LINUS_MANI_2023

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING NEWARK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Acknowledgements Ms. Catherine A Siemann, Writing Center Instructors, Humanities & Writing Center Ms. Jill Lagerstrom, Research and Instruction Librarian Ms. Lucie T. Tchouassi, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, NCE Ms. Gina G. D’Angelo, Assistant to MIE Department Chair, MIE Ms. Faneza Hoossain-Ally, Coordinator, Undergraduate Programs, MIE Ms. Ivy M. Brown, Assistant to the Department Chair for Editorial Duties and Special Events MIE Mr. David Bailey, Director of Laboratories, MIE Mr. Orlando Castillo, MIE Mr. Gregory Mass, Executive Director (Retd), Career Development Services Mr. Patrick Young, Interim Executive Director, Director, Employer Relations & Outcomes, Career Development Services Mr. Michael K. Smullen, Director, Undergraduate Engineering Co-op, NCE Ms. Rebecca Cole Trump, Associate VP of Alumni Engagement & Giving Ms. Kate Matthews-Bray, Director, Alumni Engagement Development and Alumni Relations Mr. Daniel C. Sosa, Makerspace Fabrication and Manufacturing Specialist Ms. Johanna H. Moroch, Strategic Communications and Marketing Victoria Almeyda • Matheus L. Cardosa • Tamoor Faisal • Ketan Jawney • Isa U. Khan • Shivam Sudharshan Verma Student Volunteers, Showcase Coordination Chelsea F. Garcia & Allyson G. Tarifa, Awards Committee Mr. Fazaad A. Ally, ’15, Photography Gifts to Judges and Students - generously provided by the NJIT Alumni Connrctions Lunch for Guests and Judges - generously hosted by Career Development Services “Team work will bring the success which an individual cannot achieve working alone”

“Tell me, and I’ll forget; Show me, and I may remember, Involve me, and I’ll understand”1 1Chinese proverb 1

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About Ourselves… Whatever you do, do it with passion! Teamwork will bring the success, which an individual cannot achieve working alone! These are NOT just a string of words, strung to inspire, but they are the basic beliefs upon which the Fundamentals of Engineering Design 101 (FED-101)-ME track is founded when it was formally restructured in Fall 2011. FED-101 requires the freshmen to learn the concepts of 3Dimenisonal (3D) modelling using the solid modelling software program Creo Parametric 9.0. This lands the freshmen in two unfamiliar territories: First, they are required to learn a new and complex software to build meaningful 3D concepts. Secondly, they are required to model mechanical engineering components using the software. Most freshmen are unfamiliar with the functionality of the mechanical engineering components. Virtually rendering 3D models of such mechanical engineering components is indeed a challenging task even for the most dedicated student. Reverse Engineering was introduced in 2011 as a tonic to fulfill these multifaceted expectations. Reverse Engineering lends itself to not only meet this complex challenge with confidence, but also to inspire the entering freshmen. When a student is holding a live part in his/her hands to recreate a computer model of that part with the clear understanding of its purpose and need the training becomes meaningful and complete. It makes their experience more meaningful with a sense of accomplishment they would remember forever. In addition, they learn to work efficiently with a team they have never known before. Reverse Engineering follows comprehensive & well-tested industry guidelines, and also inspires the freshmen students in their very first semester. This engages the student and empowers them to apply the knowledge they are learning, as they are learning to model a product which by itself has been a mature commercial product. This experience is something our students will truly cherish and remember for their life! In the past 13 years this program has not only been sustained but has grown in its form and substance in many ways: more than 1700 freshmen students have been through this program; more than 120 different commercial products have been successfully Reverse Engineered; other instructors have seamlessly adopted Solidworks, another competitive 3D modelling software, in addition to Creo Parametric 9.0 in their classes, other instructors have introduced design, manufacture and testing of de-novo bio-medical engineering products, later archived on the open source. The list goes on and on. But in short, the success of the program is vested on the proverb, “Tell me, I’ll forget. Show me, and I may remember. Involve me, I’ll understand.” which we have truthfully put in practice. B. S. Mani. 3

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Program Events 1:00PM - 3:00PM Judging 3:00PM - 3:15PM Refreshments 3:15PM - 5:15PM Assembly & Awards Speakers Welcome address - Dr. Joga Rao, Chairman, MIE Dean’s Remarks - Dr. Moshe Kam, Dean, NCE KEYNOTE Ms. Rowena F. Choudrie, Senior Scientific Director, Bristol Myers Squibb ‘89, ‘91 Mr. Greg M. Livelli, Senior VP (Innovation), Harvey Performance Company ‘92 PROVOST’S REMARKS Dr. Laurent Simon, Vice Provost for Undergraduate Studies LIGHTNING TALK Team 01 - Michael L. Cardona & Kush A. Rana Team 36: Miles McGowan, Sebastian A. Mercado & Cassandra N. Schaffer Team 20 - Caleb R. Polillio, Jerod E. Roberts & Dominick M. Vogt AWARDS Ms. Faneza Hoossain-Ally, Coordinator, Undergraduate Programs, MIE VOTE OF THANKS Mr. B. S. Mani, Senior University Lecturer, MIE Meeting Adjourns MCs Victoria Almeyda & Nicholas J. Kortenhaus 5

HEXBUG SPIDER Stoyan T. Boyadjiev, Wyatt C. Salazar & Gian R. Tortola The HEXBUG Spider is a machine based on real-life arthropods. While not mirroring their likeness and body structure one-for-one, the HEXBUG Spider moves similarly to their organic counterpart, using its six limbs to navigate surfaces. This model, originating from the HEXBUG company – a toy company that produces various motor-operated mechanical animals, such as mini centipedes and snakes which both follow complex mechanical and electrical designs for them to function – was particularly tricky to assemble due to the various intricate features and nails that impeded our efforts to measure certain parts of the original model. The Spider model was patented by the HEXBUG company; however, the original model was initially devised by a man named Jamie Mantzel, who had his design on the spider unfortunately lifted without credit by the HEXBUG company –as it was technically within public domain. The model operates using a system of battery powered motors and a gear box with moving, sliding parts that move the spokes connected to the spider’s legs in a manner that moves the little arachnid bot forward. In terms of the HEXBUG Spider’s movement, the motherboard controls a small motor that turns a pinion gear, which connects to a gear box within the chassis of the spider. Certain mechanisms inside the system, such as a slider that allows for free movement of the gears and locked gear mechanisms that spin axles to turn other gears, work with the main gear box to move the legs of the spider forward. There are also gears that connect to another motor which allow for the spider robot’s head to turn, changing the direction of its movement depending on where it faces. The reverse engineered HEXBUG Spider has 55 unique components with intricate details making it a worthwhile leaning experience. 6 INNOVATION: HEXBUG SPIDER WITH CARRYING HOOK Stoyan T. Boyadjiev, Wyatt C. Salazar & Gian R. Tortola (T24)

ELECTRIC PENCIL SHARPENER Michael L. Cardona & Kush A. Rana Introducing the latest addition of the AFMAT Electric Pencil Sharpener—a cutting-edge device designed for optimal performance and user convenience. This new version has a lighter and more ergonomic design, achieved by replacing the metal anvil with a plastic one to counterweight the cutter. The transition from a larger to a smaller blade allows for the sharpener to flawlessly sharpen even softer pencils, which was problematic with the previous version. With a plastic anvil and a smaller blade, the weight is significantly noticeable. All done for the user’s convenience. Equipped with an automatic stop feature, this sharpener prevents jams and overheating by halting the sharpening process once complete. The widened diameter range of pencils that can be accommodated—from 6.5-8mm to an impressive 6-11mm—ensures compatibility with a variety of pencil sizes and shapes, facilitated by a self-adjustable guide hole. This ensures that the pencil is not unevenly sharpened at random angles. Crafted with precision using Creo Parametric 9.0, our 3D model showcases attention to a great degree to detail, with each part seamlessly integrated using the assembly functionality. Our model consists of 27 parts with 1 main assembly and 3 sub-assemblies. To enhance user experience, a practical handle has been added on the top of the sharpener for ease of mobility and to prevent the shavings box from dislodging during transport or even dropping the product all together . HEXBUG SPIDER Diego J. Arias, Denise Nicole Basmacier & Jenny Lian HEXBUG Spider consists of a body containing a motor and multiple gears as well as 5 legs that move to make it crawl around. You can accurately control where it scurries and maneuver it around things thanks to the 360˚ steering and LED forward eye. You can control many bugs simultaneously or independently with the remote. This bug is covered in a transparent, rigid exoskeleton and teeming with robotic intelligence. The six-legged HEXBUG Spider allows people complete control over its distinctive motorized movement, akin to that of an arachnid. The spider's six legs intelligently coordinate their movements to keep it upright as it crawls over smooth surfaces. Players can fully operate the toy robot Spider with the attached remote control thanks to advanced infrared technology. Every toy comprises four sub-assemblies, with the initial sub-assembly named "body" incorporating two sets of legs. The body serves as the connector between these two leg assemblies and another subassembly housing gear-train responsible for regulating the movement of the legs and the body's rotation. The assemblies work in unison to move the legs and give the spider the ability to crawl around, according to the input given by the remote. In addition to these three assemblies there is a fourth called the “head” where much of the electronics are placed and the motor that allows the legs to move. The head also holds the battery and various sets of gears that are used for different functions in the spider. The first set is used to rotate the body so that the HEXBUG can point in a specific direction, and the second is used to move the legs which allows the whole thing to move. 7

DAVINCI CLOCK Andrew A. Arredondo & Marlon O. Venereo The Davinci Clock (clock) is a series of gears and weights that present the time accurately. A horizontal pendulum, with weights on each end, is on the top of the clock. Beneath the pendulum, there is a center gear. A switch that winds up to start the clock is within the center gear. A long string is placed inside the center gear, which hangs above the gear, is linked around a wheel, and is tied to a canister on the other end. Coins are inserted into the canister; this causes the force of gravity to weigh the canister down and allows the gears to start moving. The energy from the canister descending moves the center gear and the gears above and below it. A counterweight sits on the opposite side of the canister to stop the clock from tipping over. The clock’s speed is determined by the position of the weights on the pendulum and the canister's weight. The gear above the center gear controls the long hand, or the hour hand. The gear below the center gear controls the short hand, or the minute hand. A second larger gear is also provided to replace the center gear. This larger gear extends the time necessary for a cycle from one minute to one hour. The larger gear can replicate an accurate clock. The clock has two orientations; it can stand up or hang on a wall. The standing-up orientation is satisfied by connecting four legs to the base. The hanging-up orientation is met by bonding a hook to the top of the clock and replacing the base with a shorter one. CAMERA FACE, MECHANICAL PENCIL SHARPENER Edgar Benitez, Michael J. McDyer & Nicolas A. Mixich The Kikkerland mechanical pencil sharpener consists of a manual pencil-sharpening system encased in a shell with a hand-crank on the outside. It is meant to be mounted on a wall or desk. The pencil is put into the front of the central assembly with the correct diameter hole, and then the tip will go in the cutting assembly. When anyone rotates the crank assembly the two cutters will revolve around and take away one layer at a time at an angle. The wood that is cut off falls into the tray below and the pencil is taken out. The tray with the cut off wood is detached by pulling the bottom piece out to remove the wood.The mechanical pencil sharpener is sold by the company Kikkerland. To have a hand crank sharpener is very beneficial but is less beneficial than an electrical sharpener. It is also a very versatile product as you can bring it anywhere and have a sharpened pencil. A hand crank sharpener is better for someone and gives them the convenience of sharpening the pencil by just rotating the crank. The blades in this sharpener can cut and shape the pencil to perfection and are easy to use but dangerous if you put your fingers inside the cutting assembly. The Pencil Sharpener we chose for our reverse engineering project has 26 parts with 1 main assembly and 4 sub-assemblies. The first design is covered by the U.S. Patent 594,114, issued in 1897. The later design of the Pencil Sharpener is covered by the U.S. Patent number 2,624,317, issued in 1953. . 8

DAVINCI CLOCK Paul J. Boyaci, Nicholas L. Long & Francesco V. Viterbo DaVinci Clock is a miniature grandfather clock. The DaVinci Clock uses a system of gears to spin the hands on the clock to read convey the time. The clock executes this by winding up gears that have a specific gear ratio which reflects the passage of time. The gears spin by winding up a string which is attached to one of the gears. When the string is released, the gears begin to spin, and time is accurately reflected through the clock. This DaVinci clock will allow users to easily read the time when the clock is active, and in addition will be upgraded so that it will not need to be manually reset by the user. This module will be controlled using an Arduino microcontroller to power a stepper motor reading inputs from a Infrared Sensor in the line of motion of the weight. Once the Infrared sensor reads that the weight has reached a certain height, it will send a signal to move the stepper motor to a specified rotation angle. The last feature that we will be adding is a stopwatch module using an Arduino microcontroller to allow the user to not only read the time but measure the amount of time elapsed upon use. Along with these modules two LEDs will be implemented to give user feedback of the system's current state. With these improvements, the DaVinci Clock will be a reliable and self-sufficient system that will allow users to easily keep track of the time. Batteries will be needed to drive a motor which will wind the clock back up again and to power an LED display. The clock can still work without batteries at the cost of efficiency. The DaVinci Clock chosen for our product has 42 parts and 1 sub assembly. Although the original patent for our product does not exist, a similar patent in the past is named The Flying Pendulum Clock, which similarly uses escapement. The Flying Pendulum Clock is filed under US patent number 286,531 issued on October 9, 1883. . CLIP-ON FAN Jason D. Charowsky, Thomas G. Earls & Steven Jiang The Clip-On Fan is a small sized fan that is attached to the clip so that it can attach to the edges of surfaces. The clip consists of parts that are restrained using a torsion spring. The fan toggles between an off, low and high mode, controlling how the blade of the fan spins. The blade of the fan is controlled by the motor which is connected to the switch so the blade can toggle. The blade of the fan is protected and covered by the front guard so the blade has no chance of harming someone. The fan is made by a company called “Comfort Zone”. Like any other fan would, this model rotates and generates a cold stream of air when connected to an outlet, to provide an alternate version of air conditioning for a way cheaper price. It can be used as a cooling, circulation, and ventilation system for said rooms. Due to the simplicity of the model and the size of the model it is used for providing air conditioning in either small spaces or a specific area of a room when connected to an outlet. And with the addition of the clip, it is very easy to place on locations such as the end of a table or at the edge of a desk. The Clip-On Fan chosen for this reverse engineering project consisted of three subassembly parts with twenty-four parts. The model of the Comfort Zone clip-on Fan is covered by the U.S patent number #4799858A issued in 1986 and expired in 2006. This patent was then referenced to what is the Comfort Zone Clip-On Fan. 9

HEXBUG SPIDER Tyler C. Fernandez, Anthony R. Pritchett & Matthew A. Salcedo HexBug Spider is a small toy with the shape of a mechanical spider. It has six legs and walks by alternating two sets of three legs. In detail, it has six legs total, it picks up the first set of three legs, moves the second set of three forwards, sets down the first set, picks up the second set, moves the first set forward, and so on, using friction to propel itself forward or backwards if necessary. The spider is also horizontally divided into two halves, the top rotates 360 degrees on an axis, and the bottom does not. To “steer” the spider, you must rotate the top using a controller and it will walk in the direction it is facing. It has two turrets on each side, one is there as a prop and the other is there to conceal a laser that “shoots” out of it. Usually, this product comes with two Hex Bug Spiders as they are meant to battle each other. You control the spider to shoot a laser at the other one, eventually winning after 3 hits. There is a clear piece of plastic on the front of the spider with a mirror inside to direct the laser down to a receiver and signify a spider was hit. The spiders create a fun little battle to play between two people. Hex Bug Spiders were bought by Spin Master in 2023 and are now sold by them. There are little dangers to the toy, the main ones being small parts and lasers. The danger of small parts cannot be eradicated due to the small nature of the toy, however, a smaller laser, less than 5 milliwatts, will make it less dangerous as it gives humans more time to turn away with minimum damage. The HexBug Spider we chose for our reverse engineering project has 51 parts and 4 subassemblies. . CAMERA FACE PENCIL SHARPENER Jonathan J. Kearns, Sullivan J. O'Brien & Chase E. Stangle The product that our group chose to reverse engineer is the Kikkerland Camera Face Pencil Sharpener. Weighing just 7 ounces (about 198.45 g) and measuring 4.5 inches x 2.75 inches x 4 inches, it is a lightweight, portable, ergonomically designed pencil sharpener that was creatively made to look like an old school camera face. To use the sharpener, you would simply press and hold the button on the right side of the camera face to extend it and allow the pencil to enter the hole. Once the pencil is inserted, you can release the button, allowing the pencil to be held tightly in place so that you can easily sharpen it without the need to even hold it in place. This design is optimal because it allows you to sharpen multiple different sizes of pencil. You can sharpen the pencil by rotating the crank that is located on the back of the sharpener. Rotating this crank causes the blade, which is a part of the cutter assembly, one of the sub-assemblies of this product, to turn and shave the pencil down, giving it a fine point. You can even control how fine of a point the sharpener creates. This is done by turning a silver knob on the back of the device (clockwise to generate a stubbier point and counterclockwise to give your pencil a sharper, finer end). After you have sharpened the pencil, you can remove the tray that slides out from the bottom half of the sharpener, which allows for a quick, mess-free way of discarding the old pencil shavings. The Camera Face Pencil Sharpener is made up of twenty-three separate parts and consists of two sub-assemblies, which are the camera face plate and the cutter assembly, and one main assembly, which is the camera face sharpener itself. The product is covered under Patent number US20130147104A1 . 10

AFMAT ELECTRIC PENCIL SHARPENER Gian W. Martinez, Luis Paulino Aguiar & Sameer Subhani The AFMAT Electric Pencil Sharpener is as the name defines. It is an electric pencil sharpener that sharpens pencils using multiple gear assemblies. The gear assemblies all work together to sharpen a pencil in a little amount of time. The pencil helps accomplish this as the first step is the pencil tip or body pushing the gear in the central frame of the sharpener. The gear that is pressed functions like a button, it turns on a switch connected to a drive motor. The pushing of the pencil is essentially what controls the drive motor, by pushing it starts through gears functioning and when taken out the motor stops functioning as the pencil is no longer operating the switch that is required to make the motor turn. The motor functions as the switch propels a thin metal plate to press a different smaller button that starts the conduction of electricity to run the drive motor in the sharpener. This allows electricity to move to the motor that was previously not connected. The electricity allows the motor functions to work through the use of reconnected electric currents, the balance of electricity causes some of the pinion gears in a meshing engagement to calibrate together to allow the drive motor to rotate on its axis. The motor is connected to the cutter part of the electric sharpener and uses a series of blades that spin in the same format as the motor. This means that the motor rotates the parts that surround the pencil. The cutter surrounding the pencil rotates rapidly around it, thus sharpening it rapidly. . CLIP-ON FAN Carlos J. Alvelo-Torres & Saad Sultan The Clip-on fan is a versatile fan that allows you to clip it anywhere: bedroom, dorms, and even outdoor spaces. This is designed with convenience in mind. The compact and sleek design allows you to carry the fan with you at all times. Whether you are traveling, camping or working remotely, this fan is your portable cooling solution. All the components of the fan rest on the housing of the product. The fan blade is covered by rear and front guards, making it safe for consumers. The fan allows consumers to enjoy the breeze with a powerful yet quiet motor. With two adjustable speed settings, you can customize the airflow to your preference. The switch allows power to the motor, which then starts spinning. The fan blade is attached to the motor, which then starts spinning the fan blade. The fan is powered through electricity, saving you from the hassle of using batteries. The Clip-on fan we chose for our innovation project is sold by the company Compact Zone. The Clip-on fan that we have chosen for our innovation project contains 27 parts and 4 sub assemblies. The most recent patent for a Clip-on fan can be found in 1989 filed by the company Holmes Product Corp. It is covered by the US patent number 4799858A. The most recent patent can be found in 1957 filed by Rodriguez Osalvado. It is covered by the US patent number US61941956A.. 11

KIKKERLAND CAMERA FACE PENCIL SHARPENER Antonio G. Antunes & Mostafa A. Fouad The product is the Manual Camera-face Pencil Sharpener. The sharpener has a small pin that's pushed down to both insert and hold the pencil in place. A hand crank installed on the backside of the product is turned manually to hand sharpen the pencil. The inside of the sharpener contains the cutter assembly made up of: 1 anvil, 1 cutter with gear, 1 fin, 1 limiter(lip), 1 flat spring, and 1 screw. As the hand crank is rotated the cutter assembly will rotate on the inside allowing it to sharpen the pencil. The pencil shavings that are produced from sharpening, will fall down into the (camera face plate) being the container that slides into the (chassis) of the sharpener. Manual Camera-face Pencil Sharpener is sold by the company Kikkerland Design Inc. The Manual Camera-face Pencil Sharpener allows the basic process of sharpening a pencil to be quick and concise, while being aesthetically pleasing with the appearance of a vintage camera. The only main downside with the use of the Manual Camera-face Pencil Sharpener is when the pencil is inserted, it has to still be held in place with one hand while it is manually cranked with the other hand, which makes it difficult to keep the sharpener in place during use. However, this can be resolved by adding an attachment to the chassis so it can latch onto a surface to be kept in place, or by altering the pin that is used to help improve the pencil being kept in place, preventing it from moving as much. The Manual Camera-face Pencil Sharpener that we have chosen for our engineering project, consists of 26 parts and 2 sub-assemblies and has dimensions of 11,4 x 10,2 x 7 cm. . ELECTRIC PENCIL SHARPENER Ashlynn O. Berns, Danny A. Clancy & Ethan J. Crouch The Electric Pencil Sharpener is plugged into the wall in order to run. This product activates when a pencil is inserted through the 6-11 mm hole and the button is pushed. The sensor mechanism triggers the motor to start up. This type of motor is an oscillation motor, which is a system of two gears, pulleys made of rods and chains, and a cam (small wheel mounted on the axle) that generates the movement of the motor. When activated, the motor spins the helical blades in the Electric Pencil Sharpener in a swift, circular motion. The helical blade can be replaced easily and has two sharpness settings: blunt and sharp. The blades will sharpen the pencil to the desired point until the blades complete the programmed amount of revolutions, causing the motor to stop. The broken lead will be ejected from the blade automatically, which is easily accessible in the large capacity shavings box. The Electric Pencil Sharpener will sharpen pencils to a nearly perfect, durable point in three to five seconds. The non-slip feet at the bottom make it more stable to sharpen. This product is faster, powerful, and more durable than its competitors. The only potential dangers with the use of the Electric Pencil Sharpener is if the device malfunctions, it could become a fire and electrical shock hazard. The Electric Pencil Sharpener we have chosen for our reverse engineering project has 24 parts and 2 sub-assemblies. The Electric Pencil Sharpener is covered by US patent number 3,134,365, issued on July 13, 1961. A much earlier design of this product is covered by US patent number 594,114, issued on November 23, 1897. 12

CAMERA FACE PENCIL SHARPENER Eduardo P. Benevides, Christopher S. Falconi & Christian A. Villar The Camera Face Pencil sharpener is not only a pencil sharpener, but a complex mechanical masterpiece. The sharpener’s box holds all the major components to make the pencil sharpener. Starting with the outer shell housing is a rectangular box to catch the shaving and an opening hole to insert the pencil in. On the right face is a button, when pressed and held it will compress a flat spring which will open up the hole for the pencil to open. Once released, the spring will be released and the hole will close in. This will allow for one hand cranking, a useful gadget for any desktop setup. On the back side is a crank when spun the inside cutter model will spin a predetermined loop around the pencil. The angle of tip cut off from the pencil can be adjusted by twisting the knob on the center of the crank. Clockwise dull end and counter-clockwise for a sharper end. To innovate the camera’s face from its vintage look, a modular polaroid design was added to change the look of the entire product. The inside design of the camera’s face was remodeled to allow for the inclusion of magnets. These magnets will hold the front face together with the sharpener to keep it from sliding out. With magnets being interchangeable this will allow the polaroid design to come with a profuse number of colors. In total, this innovative, compact pencil sharpener has 26 parts and it was invented by Takeshi Saito on July 28,2011. . INNOVATION: POLAROID-FACE MASK (RIGHT) TO OVERLAP SLR CAMERA-FACE (LEFT) OF PENCIL SHARPENER Eduardo P. Benevides, Christopher S. Falconi & Christian A. Villar (T13) 13

DAVINCI CLOCK Roger Flores, Christina Knott, Jessica Sarkes Unlike traditional clocks, the DaVinci Clock is unique in the fact that it is based on a mechanical system using gears, pulleys, and weights. Its operation completely relies on these gears and a horizontal rotary pendulum design to display the time through intertwined wheels and cogs that regulate movement. Using a switch in the middle of the system, the DaVinci Clock is wound up by first pulling the string attached to the weights. When released, the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy drives the pendulum. The addition of a pendulum within the clock is used as a weight that is suspended from a pivot, allowing it to swing freely, governing the movement of the clock’s hands and gears. Power for the clock comes from the horizontal rotary pendulum design. The gears are connected by cogs, allowing motion to be transferred from one gear onto the next, providing energy throughout the system. The speed of the clock is controlled through the weight and balance of the pendulum as it swings. The actual movement of the time hands within the clock are controlled by the section C sub assembly. While the clock is both appealing and unconventional, the hollow balls at the top of the clock do not provide enough weight for it to run for a longer amount of time. There are two different ways to set this clock, either hanging or standing, so some parts can be used interchangeably. The DaVinci Clock we have chosen for our reverse engineering project has 42 parts and 5- sub assemblies. The DaVinci Clock is currently not patented by anyone, but a similar product created by the same manufacturer and also designed by Da Vinci is covered by US patent number 286531, issued in 1883, and displays many of the same mechanisms . HEXBUG BATTLE SPIDER 2.0 Sebastian Dominguez, Bethany C. Lopez & Lucas E. Rainha The HEXBUG Battle Spider 2.0 is a remote-controlled toy for children to pilot a toy spider. The robot is small, with the body roughly having a diameter of 40mm and a height of 90mm, about the size of a person’s palm. Using a two-channel infrared remote controller, with a five-meter range, the user can make the robot walk over obstacles and terrain with its six legs. These legs are actuated by a system of gears driven by a DC Motor, powered by a lithium button cell battery. The legs are interconnected by links onto a shaft that goes up and down to make the legs move. Using gears, the energy from the motors is transferred to the shaft to drive the legs. The robot is composed of 96 parts in total, with 52 of them being unique. Most of the parts are pins and gears for the legs. The purpose of the spiders is to fight with a small laser mounted on its right side, with a one-meter range, to hit infrared sensors at the top of the other robot, with a hit counter to track successful hits. Each robot is compliant with Consumer Project Safety and Improvement Act (CPSIA) standards and is rated for children three years and older. Currently there is no solid US patent information due to the dispute between Vex Robotics and First Robotics Competition about ownership of the design. 14

DAVINCI CLOCK Nicholas J. Kortenhaus, Alex C. Wiemer & Robert D. Wojtcza Leonardo DaVinci was known as one of the most famous artists in the world. He was also a very smart inventor known for many works. Leonardo DaVinci had a journal he called the Codex Atlanticus, where he wrote about his various ideas and inventions. Many of these inventions have inspired people for many generations to create new things. In this journal was the DaVinci clock, which was written about but never created by DaVinci himself. The DaVinci clock was technically DaVinci’s design but he never constructed it. DaVinci inspired many people to perfect his design and a lot of what he originally designed is still used today. By doing so, this has created a better version of timekeeping and is an improvement to the clocks in comparison to the clocks used in his time. Unfortunately, the clock he designed in the book was never used in the 1500’s. If it were, it would have been more accurate due to the escapement mechanism, releasing a weight slowly tick by tick allowing for the keeping of minutes and seconds. The gearing attached then allowed for the display of those minutes and seconds on the two separate clock faces. Additionally, the pendulum mechanism at the top allowed for a precise way of tuning the speed of the tick, adding even more precision. Later on, DaVinci's invention, even added springs to other designs helping to improve the accuracy of the clock. His version of the clock also had diamonds and other rocks on it to help track and display the phases of the moon with a dial. The DaVinci clock design we chose to reverse engineer, has 44 parts and functions by Da Vinci’s escapement mechanism allowing for the potential energy of the heavy weight, dangling by a string to be released slowly, keeping track of the time. AFMAT HEAVY DUTY ELECTRIC PENCIL SHARPENER Jordan J. Lindinger-Asamoah, Wilkins Martinez & Austin M. Wollenberg The purpose of the AFMAT Heavy Duty Electric Pencil Sharpener is to sharpen 6-11 mm pencils of various shapes, including round, hexagonal, and triangular. The Pencil Sharpener uses helical blades that have double the sharpening strength compared to other electric pencil sharpeners. The blade is made out of stainless steel which allows the blade to be highly durable and last for a long time. The heavy sharpening blade is paired with a counterweight for a smooth, balanced operation. The Pencil Sharpener has an auto start, auto off, and an auto stop feature that stops sharpening once the pencil is sharp in order to prevent waste. The Pencil Sharpener has a unique spring loaded clamp on the inside of the pencil hole that creates a tight fit for any pencil within the size range, giving the user an evenly sharpened tip. The Pencil Sharpener will sharpen with speed, sharpening new pencils in three seconds and dull pencils in one second. The Pencil Sharpener will not work if the pencil shaving box is removed or is not tightly placed for safety, and stops when the sharpener starts to overheat. The Pencil Sharpener has a cord attached to it, so it can be plugged into any wall with an outlet available, not needing batteries to operate. Overall, the AFMAT Heavy Duty Electric Pencil Sharpener is meant to last for years, sharpening pencils for teachers, engineers, and anyone else that uses many pencils. The project we have chosen contains 31 parts and 2 sub-assemblies. The AFMAT Heavy Duty Electric Pencil Sharpener is covered by US patent number 3,134,365, issued in 1964, while an earlier version of the is covered by US patent number 1,546,538, issued in 1925. 15

HEXBUG SPIDER BATTLE BOT Oris N. Nisbett, Nicholas A. Rodrigues & Vincent Zheng Released in 2011 by Spin Master Inc., Hexbug Spider battle bots are robotic toys designed to mimic the appearance and movements of real spiders. Control by a tiny remote controller, these small hexapod robots are equipped with motorized legs, allowing them to scuttle and navigate various surfaces with lifelike movements. Hexbugs are often known for their autonomous behavior, responding to their environment through built-in sensors, which can include touch and sound sensors. Some versions of Hexbug Spiders are also designed for interactive play, featuring infrared technology that allows them to engage in battles with other Hexbugs or navigate mazes. With their intricate design and behavior, Hexbug Spiders provide entertainment and a learning experience for users interested in robotics and technology. The hexbug spider we chose for our reserve engineering projects contains 4 sub-assemblies and 51 parts. The Hexbug Spider was covered by the US patent number 200120080242-A1 in 2012, by Jaimie Hartwig Barret Mantzel. A much earlier design of the Hexbug Spider was covered by US patent number 5005658 published in 1991 by John E. Bares and William Whittaker. A related patent similar to the Hexbug Spider was covered by the US patent number 6652352-B1, which was published in 2003 by William C. MacArthur, Michael S., James A. Campbell, and James C. Barnes. . CLIP-ON FAN Caleb R. Polillio, Jerod E. Roberts & Dominick M. Vogt The Clip-On Fan is a mini fan that is attached to a clip. This product’s clip can be attached to the edge of a desk, a table or chair arm, or even the side of a bed and is simple to use. To turn on the device, slide the power switch either left or right. Turning it left and right allows for two different settings to be used, depending on the power the user wants for the airflow. The first setting is low air flow, which occurs when the power switch slides left. The second setting is high air flow, which occurs when the power switch turns right. Another feature included in this product is that the mini fan can be rotated by hand to a total of 360 degrees. In addition, this fan can be tilted up and down allowing for air to hit the user from any direction. The power source for this product is a plug that attaches outside the back of the fan’s power box where the motor is located. This plug has to be plugged into an outlet for it to work, as that is the only way that the fan can get power. For a person looking for an easily transportable and usable form of air flow with plenty of mobility, this is the perfect product. The Clip-On Fan we have chosen for our reverse engineering project is sold by a company called Comfort Zone. It consists of 26 parts and 3 assemblies. The clip-on fan we are using is US patent number USD890912S1. The patent number for the first ever clip-on fan is USD890912S1 and was issued in 1986. 16

CAMERA FACE PENCIL SHARPENER Freddy Aguero & James M. Lee The Kikkerland Camera Face Pencil Sharpener has a more attractive look than a standard dull pencil sharpener. It's cleverly crafted to offer a fresh take on the traditional pencil sharpener. Made from premium, long-lasting plastic, the sharpener has a sleek black finish that gives it a classic, beautiful look that reflects that of an old-fashioned twin-lens reflex (TLR) camera. Realistic camera dials and a sharpening mechanism modeled after a lens are only two examples of the minute elements that demonstrate the engineering that went into the design and illustrate the way form and function were considered. The sharpener's primary component is a modern blade system designed to provide the best possible pencil-sharpening results. This engineering proficiency translates into a dependable tool for professionals, students, and artists that require precision in their work. The useful characteristics of usability are also a part of the user-centric design. The sharpener has a removable tray that makes it simple to get rid of pencil shavings, reducing clutter and encouraging a tidy work area. Due to its small size, it can be easily carried around and used in a variety of environments, such as pencil cases and desks. Engineered to be long-lasting, useful, and aesthetically pleasing, the Kikkerland Camera Face Pencil Sharpener is an impressive example of engineering and design combined. Precisely crafted, this small gadget is a beautiful treat as well as a useful utility, making it a perfect complement to any desk. DAVINCI CLOCK Eddy A. Beza, Dontae C. Bracker & Noah V. Estrella One of Leonardo DaVinci’s great projects, The DaVinci Clock, was an innovative way to tell time when other clock models of the time period were not efficient enough at telling time accurately. The physics used by the clock were a marvel for other 15th century works. The DaVinci Clock is a clock that uses a complex system of pulleys and gears in order to move the hands of a clock and tell time. There are no electric components of the DaVinci clock, because the clock uses the concepts of force and perpetual motion to tell time. It uses the weight of an object on a suspended scale attached by rope to power the gear system behind the hands. When placing an object in the holder, the potential energy of the object is transferred into kinetic energy which moves to the horizontal weighted pendulum sitting at the top of the mechanism. The kinetic energy from the object seesaws the pendulum back and forth, rotating the hands. Adjusting the equilibrium of the weights on the pendulum will change the speed of the pendulum and therefore the speed the hands of the clock move. The DaVinci Clock we have chosen for our reverse engineering project has 44 parts and 0 subassemblies. A much earlier design of the DaVinci Clock, under the classification of “Lifting and Lowering Mechanism for Sonar Dome”, is covered by US patent number 2865318, issued on December 23rd, 1958. 17

18 DAVINCI CLOCK, PATENT TIME-LINE CHART Francesco V. Viterbo (T05)

DAVINCI CLOCK Nicholas j. Kortenhaus, Alex C. Wiemer & Robert D. Wojtczak (T17) 19

CLIP-ON FAN Mateusz Bobkowski, Lusia Hepcal Barcan & Mark S. Shulkin The Clip-on fan is a practical and useful product for everyday life. This device is suitable for offices, desktops, bedrooms, and other common interior locations. Its dimensions (1.97 x 2.76 x 3.94 inches) make its transportation simple and a resistant clip suitable for numerous desk widths. Additionally, it has both an adjustable tilt and rotation, as well as a velocity that can be accommodated to the needs and preferences of the user. This Clip-on fan we chose as our reverseengineering project is made out of a plastic 6-inch high performance blade secured by a steel alloy grille. Its use is intuitive as a velocity-adjusting switch and swivel are provided for the user to manipulate the rotation, tilt and pace of this secured blade. There are two possible velocities for the blade, as well as two colors to choose from for the model: black or white. Moreover, it will never run out of battery as it is corded. All of these characteristics together make the clip-on fan convenient and effective for the user. This product has been sold under license of “Comfort Zone” as TX-604D and it has 22 components divided into two subassemblies (the clip & the motor) and 2 other outside parts (blade and guard) that come together into one main assembly. After doing some research we have found out it has been manufactured by "Techxin Electric", also as TX-604D, and is an amalgam of various common technologies, and of other patents and designs held by Techxin Electric, but has no patent of its own. Although no definitive source of inspiration can be found, fan TX-604D most closely resembles the . “Lasko” clip-on fan, sold as 2004W, albeit with a simplified motor housing and clip assembly. The patent of fan 2004W is included below AFMAT ELECTRIC PENCIL SHARPENER Aaron M. Cheriyan, Ahmmad M. Halak & Ammar S. Mohammed The first step in sharpening a colored or graphite pencil is to place it into the slot on the front of the sharpener. You can sharpen any of your varied-sized pencils because the opening is made to accommodate different pencil sizes. The sharpening dial can be adjusted to change the sharpening procedure. Whether you want a rounded edge for shading or other purposes, or a sharp point for accurate work or drawings, you have a lot of options to pick from. The user can customize the pencil's sharpness and make it exactly how they want it for their job thanks to this function. As you insert the pencil, the pencil will press onto and hold down the lever that activates the sharpener's blades which starts to spin against the outer casing, gradually removing the outer wood material to reveal the pencil's lead. The sharpener also has a feature to automatically stop when the pencil reaches the desired point determined by the sharpening dial. The reason it does this is to prevent the sharpener from over sharpening the pencil in order to preserve the pencil as well as extend the life of the sharpener’s blades. The way the blades are designed ensures that the product will sharpen a pencil consistently and evenly. Due to its newly innovated cutter and heavy-duty blade, the pencil sharpener is capable of sharpening over 6000 times and takes only 3 -5 seconds to sharpen each pencil. As the blades shave parts of the pencil, the shavings collect in the reservoir. The reservoir in this sharpener is larger than that of previous versions, allowing for greater efficiency, and the ability to sharpen more pencils in a given time. The pencil sharpener we have chosen for our reverse engineering project has 27 parts. This pencil sharpener is covered by US patent number US3134365A issued in 1986. 20

CLIP-ON FAN NagaShashank Deekshitula, Andre K. Mensah & Tarik Unalan The Clip-on fan is a powered machine used to create a flow of air. It is able to be easily attached to anything such as a desk, on top of a table, or even on the top of your own chair. The small compact clip & desk 2-in-1 fan fits into any room corner without taking up much space, it’s a welcome addition to either your bedroom, study, office, etc. With up to two fan speeds, being able to disassemble and assemble easily, an adjustable tilt, a 360-degree rotation, and with a strong clamp for a firm grip. The fan consists of rotating parts such as blades and a motor. It is typically cased within some closed format like a house or a hut. The clip fan was designed for it to be mobile, so you can carry it where you choose to bring it. Having said that, the clip-on fan is only suggested when temperatures are warm and not too hot. The reason being is because when it’s too hot it’ll be useless since it isn’t doing it’s job, in other words use an air conditioner for extreme heat. The fan usually consists of a variety of materials such as plastic, metal ,and even wood. Most fans are powered with electric motors, but some can be powered using hydraulic motors or ICE’s (Internal Combustion Engine). This quiet operating fan will make sure you can enjoy a full night of comfortable and quality sleep, or a full day of productive work or family time with a comfortable cooling breeze, without the disturbing noise of the AC or high velocity fans. You can sit down, relax and clear your head with an enjoyable cool & quiet breeze. ELECTRIC PENCIL SHARPENER Marlon D. Herrera & Luis A. Ramirez The Electric Pencil Sharpener shaves away at a pencil's wood and lead, leaving a sharper tip. Its interior holds a motor-driven blade, and when inserting a pencil, its mechanism activates. However, when meeting its desired sharpness and quality, the sharpener stops. As a cleaning method, the sharpener comes with an attachable container, or receptacle, which collects its pencil shavings after usage, thus maintaining a neater workspace. Because an electric pencil sharpener speeds up the sharpening process of a pencil, it simplifies one's process by removing the need for manual sharpening and muscular fatigue at one's palms. The electric pencil sharpener's design thus increases efficiency and productivity by freeing users of monotonous and time-consuming activities, leaving them to concentrate on their tasks without concentration. However, one should exercise the rule of thumbs an electric pencil sharpener implies to keep the sharpening process hazard-free, which is maintaining non-pencil objects or materials far from its input and blade. Following these simple rules will allow the conservation of the Electric Pencil Sharpener’s output and maintain its durability. The Electric Pencil Sharpener's 48 parts and six sub-assemblies, incorporation of a motordriven blade, automatic shut-off upon achieving desired sharpness, and a convenient attachable container for efficient cleaning collectively contribute to a user-friendly and time-saving tool, exemplified by its issue by the U.S. patent number US3134365A. However, a much earlier one was covered in 1925 by the U.S. patent number US1546538A. 21

HEXBUG SPIDER Miguel A. Huayhuas, Justin U. Urgiles & Victor Zane The HexBug Remote Controlled Spider is controlled by two dc motors, these motors activate a series of gears ratios that give the motors the strength to either rotate the upper part of the spider or manipulate a pendulum with plastic legs attached to it to start walking forward or backwards. These actions are all resulting from the press of buttons on the remote control once it's placed onto the correct setting being either 1 or 2. The remote control upon any command input activates an LED switch on top of the robot's “eye” to display what direction the robot is ready to move forward or backward. This robot is meant to operate as a small walking figurine that could be used to educate others on the tactics of small engineering masterpieces or just for the simple fun of controlling a tiny spider. The only drawback to this product would be the enjoyment of watching a tiny spider walk around would lose its entertainment on its own fairly quickly which is one of its main functions as a toy for children. The HexBug Spider we chose for our reverse engineering project contains 66 parts and 11 sub-assemblies. This product is covered by the patent number CN101947387B, China. An earlier version of this design is covered in the patent number CN 201010298258, issued in China. . KIKKERLAND CAMERA-FACE PENCIL SHARPENER Alexander J. Huegler & Lucas F. Morais The Kikkerland Camera-face Pencil Sharpener offers the essentials for pencil sharpening needs. Its camera face acknowledges a retro take on pencil sharpening and is accentuated with its matte black finish. Besides its aesthetic appeal, the sharpener provides excellent sharpening quality through its blades. The blades are precisely made to promote excellent sharpening and minimize the force needed to sharpen. In addition to sharpening, it provides a mechanism to minimize clutter. The shaving receptacle beneath the blades allows any pencil shavings to be stored cleanly inside. Once full, the receptacle can be easily removed, allowing for disposal of the shavings. Besides being sleek and efficient, the Kikkerland Camera-face Pencil Sharpener takes up very little space. Due to the crank being located in the back of the sharpener, along with not needing space for batteries or wiring, the sharpener takes up minimal space. This minimal space allows for any excess space to be allocated to other essentials that one may need. This pencil sharpener that we have chosen for our reverse engineering project consists of 26 parts and 2 sub-assemblies. The Kikkerland Camera-face Pencil Sharpener is covered by the U.S. patent D673611 which was issued in 2013. A historical patent to this would be patent number 594,114 presented to John Lee Love in 1897. 22

DAVINCI CLOCK Abdullah Masood, Dominik Turek & Camden J. Vogel Originally designed in the 15th Century by Leonardo DaVinci, the DaVinci Clock was not the first clock of its time, but provided a more accurate measure of time despite never being built during Da Vinci’s life. The design included a minute hand along with an hour hand, whereas other clocks of the time only had an hour hand. The clock works by utilizing the potential energy stored in a hanging mass and converts it into kinetic energy to spin the gears and move the minute and hour hands. A string attached to the pendulum is wrapped around the gears and as the pendulum descends, the gears are spun and the string is unwound. Anything small enough to fit in the pendulum can work as a weight, however, due to the shape of the weight holder, coins seem to be the most appropriate. While being a relatively accurate time measuring tool, it can only be used until the pendulum reaches the floor or the string attached to the pendulum runs out of length and then needs to be wound back up again. This limits the uses for this clock to short time spans as opposed to being a replacement for typical mechanical clocks. This particular model is made of plastic and does not require any screws, the parts simply snap together. So while not being a practical model of a clock, it is a great tool to teach aspiring engineers and physicists the principles of kinematics and gear ratios. . 23

DESIGNING, CREATING, AND TESTING A 3D-PRINTED ARM/ELBOW BRACE Joseph W. Lepisto, Andrew M. Ramirez & Robert Nodarse J.A.R Industries The objective of our project was to design and create an arm/elbow brace to help people with limited mobility in that part of their body. The project was modeled in Solidworks and is to be 3d printed and a 4-inch linear actuator be attached to do the actual work. The design will work by having the linear actuator attached to a lower arm and upper arm brace. The attachment will be a screwed-in bracket that came with the actuator. The bracket will be free to rotate to avoid any extra stress. The actuator has a weight limit of 14 pounds, which is enough for most people’s forearms, and perfect for adolescents. There will be a switch that the person who is using the device may use to control the linear actuator. All electronics will be powered by a rechargeable battery that can be clipped onto the user’s belt or pants waistline. The initial design was drawn on paper and then created as a 3D CAD model using SolidWorks. The parts were made individually by each team member and brought together using an assembly on SolidWorks. Then the parts are to be created using additive manufacturing technology with 3D printers in the NJIT Makerspace. After the individual parts have been manufactured using the 3D printers, they will be assembled using screws and heat inserts. Then the assembled product will be tested to make sure of no breakage or problems with the print. . LEG BRACE/EXOSKELETON James P. Crowdell, Pablo Guillen & Jacob R. Immitt The Objective for our group was to design and 3D print a leg brace. The leg brace is made up of two main body parts, the top brace and the bottom, and are strapped to the leg to keep the brace on the user. Between the two parts of the brace we have a spring used to support the knee as the person walks. We designed our leg brace to help people with weakened or injured knees walk more easily. We developed our brace from scratch, taking inspiration from both modern and century-old designs. We used SolidWorks to 3D model our CAD files based on our original drawings and concept designs, and once the leg brace was modeled, we used the NJIT Makerspace to print our initial designs to test, as well as our final product. Our leg brace was designed to be comfortable yet studied as the user wears it. The CAD models were processed for 3D printing using CURA and the prototypes were printed using Ultimaker-3 and Ultimaker-5, the material used is PLA for additional strength. After printing finished, the leg brace was assembled and tested for performance to ensure quality. Based on the results of the preliminary testing the design was modified to improve and optimize the performance. After a redesign, we had our final product completed and operating up to our standards. 24

KNEE EXOSKELETON Elijah S. Grados, Bernardino Saavedra & Devin Walcott Team Exo The objective of our prototype was to create a working knee exoskeleton to help support someone walking with knee pain or injury. The exoskeleton goes around the bottom half of the thigh and calf with a part that is made to connect both frames and allow the subject’s knee to be able to move. There is padding added to the inside of the frame to provide comfort for the subject who is wearing the exoskeleton. When starting this model, we sketched different possible prototype concepts with different designs to create something that wasn't too bulky but instead had a slimmer fit for any person’s leg. We used Solidworks to 3D model each piece like the first frame brace, second frame brace, and connector. Once we had the measurements all aligned, we 3D printed the models and put them together. To connect the middle support with the frame braces, we will heat the circular knob to slide it into the hole to create a tight and secure fit. In preparation for making sure the frames would rotate along the middle piece, we assembled it all into one big assembly and tested it out to see if movement was possible. We would mate the knobs in the holes and move them to see if they had the rotation they needed. Since our assembly predicted how it would move, once we put it all together, it indeed moved in the rotation pattern we needed and connected. . ARM PROSTHESIS WITH MODULAR END ATTACHMENTS Justin A. Franscique, Mars J. Keklak, Yarutine S. Merlo-Perez & Jack M. Tomasello Need a Hand? The project generated two sets of arm prostheses, modular attachments at the end of the wrist, and other accessories that fit both child and adult arms. The top and bottom of each respective prosthesis were designed for strength and comfort. To prevent harm to children, the parts of the child prosthesis contain simpler, less than the main parts of the adult arm prosthesis; however, the differently-proportioned attachments (some more appropriate for children than adults) have a uniform locking mechanism compatible with both child and adult assemblies. The locking mechanism allows the modular attachments to connect to the wrist and was designed to be simple, only requiring the user to align the end of the arm with a locking base and press down, then detach the attachment. To add attachments, the user must insert the end of the arm into the attachment and lift it from the base. Solidworks helped to design 3D CAD models and conceptual designs. CURA processed designs, and Ultimaker-3 and Ultimaker-S5 printers printed prototypes in polylactic acid (PLA). After, creators tested assemblies for factors such as stress resistance and comfort. Designers were able to identify and correct errors and before the final assembly; errors involved scaling and spacing. 25

THE BUMBLE BRACE Miles McGowan, Sebastian A. Mercado & Cassandra N. Schaffer The Bee’s Knees The objective of this project was to make a 3-D printed exoskeleton brace for the knee, specifically for those suffering from arthritis of the knee. The exoskeleton goes around the calf and thigh, with a joint connecting them and a strut providing additional support. The shells, or the parts that wrap around the calf and thigh, are 3-D printed, with the struts being ready-made. They are connected by a hinge mechanism. Originally this was a gear-like mechanism, but in the final design, this hinge mechanism consists of a 3D-printed ball and socket system that is a part of the thigh, and calf plates. There is also padding added inside the brace to provide comfort to the wearer. This design was made for everyday wear. When developing the brace, we first took a scan of a project member's leg to take measurements, however, this design is made to be scaled to different users. Solidworks was used to model the shell and hinge mechanism. The models were then processed for 3D printing using CURA and printed in the NJIT makerspace using PLA (polylactic acid). . PROSTHETIC PHOENIX HAND Mason S. Guaman, Daniel A. Medina-Zarate & Micheal X. Morocho The objective of the project was to design and recreate a 3D-printed prosthetic phoenix hand. The purpose of the prosthetic hand is to help people with low mobility or a lost hand, daily, and that it can withstand demanding activities. The product would be able to fit multiple sizes of wrist for all ages. The prosthetic hand consists of different functions that would provide people with mobility and grip. The fingers would contract when the wrist is being bent or when the wrist actuator is being activated. This would enable the user to properly grab and hold items and carry on with their daily activities. The wrist actuator would provide an easier rotation for the hand when people want to move it around or open and close. This complement would also allow mobility of the fingers and joints to be easier. Solidworks was used to make all the designs, assemblies needed and parts. Ultimaker CURA was also used to process the printing and the makerspace printers were used for all of the parts and prototypes. The testing of the prototype was focused on durability, comfortability and also weight since our goal was to make it lightweight for the users. Overall, the idea is to innovate the prosthetic hand as much as possible, add slight changes that would benefit the user more and give them better use of the product daily. 26

AN ORTHOPEDIC DEVICE FOR FINGERS Nicole K. Loza, Alyssa M. Morales & Sachi S. Rele The objective of our project was to design an orthopedic device for the fingers. The purpose of this device was for those who have limited finger function and/or strength. This may be beneficial to people who have suffered strokes or people in general who have minimized finger strength. Our product brings more movement and strength to the fingers. This rehab device uses a frame that has a sliding base attached to springs for the four main fingers and a palm rest for comfort. The goal is to slide the fingers against the spring to exercise the fingers, and therefore, enhance finger performance. SOLIDWORKS was used to design 3D CAD models for each part of our device and to ultimately assemble our final product. It was designed for strength and stability. Through the use of 3D printing using CURA, the device is made of PLA using Ultimaker-3. The parts were assembled using 3D prints and springs. . DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING & TESTING A 3D-PRINTED ARM BRACE. Alex Gonzalez, Angelo Hendrickson & Dylan W. Lee B-Team The objective of the project was to design and build a 3D-printed arm brace. This arm brace would be able to help people who are missing a hand with activities that require additional items. Initial conceptual designs were developed based on the required functional requirements. Solidworks was used to design the 3D CAD models and assemblies based on the conceptual designs. The arm brace was designed for strength, security, and stability while on a person's arm. Additive manufacturing technology was used in the design and development process to build the prototypes. The CAD models will be processed for 3D printing using CURA and the prototypes were printed using Ultimaker-3, Following this, the part will be tested. Based on the results of the preliminary testing the design was modified to improve and optimize the performance. 27

KNEE EXOSKELETON/BRACE HYBRID Siamee Ahmed, Emilia P. Lapidus & Lily M. Lorenz Brace Yourself The objective of the project was to design and build a knee exoskeleton/brace hybrid. It has the general structure of a knee brace but includes mechanical opponents (the gas strut) to help the knee move less painfully/more efficiently. A knee exoskeleton is a device that helps relieve pain by taking pressure off the knee. It can be used by anyone in any type of environment. When a person puts their weight on their knee, the knee is pressed against the brace. The brace restricts the knee's range of motion while also taking some of the weight off of the joint, preventing a recurring strain. Knee exoskeletons also help improve knee mobility in cases of knee disabilities. Our design includes a gas strut to further direct force toward the strut/brace rather than the potentially injured/weak joint. At first, sketches were made to envision the design of the object. Solidworks was used to create parts like the upper frame, lower frame, and loop. Then, the assembly feature was used to put together the parts. To create the prototype of the Solidworks model, 3D printing was used. For 3-D printing, CURA and Ultimaker-2 were used and the material used was PLA plastic. After this process, the exoskeleton was assembled using heat inserts and Velcro straps. Trials will be conducted to assess the efficiency of the product and to make adjustments. DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING & TESTING A SPORTS WHEELCHAIR Francois Malherbe, Aaron E. Ponce & Romario Simpson Lakers The objective of this project was to design and build a Sports wheelchair of our own muse while making the final product as cheap, light, and durable as possible. The overall objective of this project would be to design an easy-moving sports wheelchair that could be used by a person with minimal mobility/usage of their legs. The Project was broken up into its major parts and designed individually by team members while communicating with each other regarding the decidedupon dimensions and bearing in mind the strength components as well. The parts were designed on Solidworks and based on previous models and examples of sports wheelchairs to improve and ensure reliability. Once all the parts are completed and finalized the next step is to assemble the separate parts in Solidworks to make the final assembly of the project. This helps to ensure that the project will come together as planned and any discrepancies can be sorted out before the manufacturing of the parts is commenced. Before any manufacturing of parts can begin the team must have at least one member undergo the Makerspace Woodworking training course and Laser -cutting course. Once that is done the manufacturing of the parts will be done in the NJIT Makerspace in the Woodshop and Final parts will be assembled and put together. The Project once assembled fully, will then be tested and evaluated based on its performance in completing its purpose. . 28

CREATION OF AN IMPROVED PROSTHETIC HAND Robert F. Barrett, Iniobong I. Ofonime & Joseph A. Younan The Hand Merchants The purpose of our project was to design and build a functional prosthetic hand that can be used by amputees whose arms end at the wrist. A prosthetic hand can be broadly defined as a device that simulates the manipulating functions of the hand. Our design in particular simulates a hand’s ability to grasp objects and hold them stably. SolidWorks was used to design the 3D CAD models and assemblies as per the functional requirements of the device. The device was designed for long-term use, durability, strength, and applicability over a wide range of situations. To build the prototypes of the device, additive manufacturing technology was employed at both the design and manufacturing stages. The CAD models we made ourselves were transferred from a .sldprt File to a .stl file and then a .gcode file using Ultimaker Cura so that they could be physically created by the 3D printers in the Makerspace. We used PLA (Polylactic acid) as the material to make our parts so our hands, fingers, and all of the smaller intricate pieces are strong and rigid for everyday use. After printing our parts we tested them and found that we had to modify the joint holes in the finger parts to make the joints fit snugly. We found that before the final prototype, the joint holes in the fingers were too small and for the fingers to move smoothly without interference the holes would need to be larger. . 3D-PRINTED KNEE BRACE Brett S. Dorfman, Soham Nayak & Daniel O. Vietrogoski Halloween The goal of our project was to design and manufacture a 3D-printed knee brace. A knee brace is a system that is placed around the knee joint in order to reduce stress on the knee to foster recovery. The knee brace works by offloading pressure from the knee onto areas of the calf and thigh. The primary target audience of our product is people who have experienced knee injuries and need to reduce stress in order to recover. Our initial designs focused on creating a brace that supports the knee. We used Solidworks to design these models and assemblies based on our conceptual drawings, and we used McMaster-Carr to find a suitable gas strut for our design. The CAD models were designed in Solidworks and were processed for 3D printing using CURA and printed using Ultimaker-2. The material used is PLA (Polylactic acid) plastic for additional strength. After printing, the knee brace was tested for durability and comfort, and additional adjustments were made to make the movement and user experience as smooth as possible. 29

DESIGNING & MANUFACTURING A WRIST-POWERED HAND PROSTHETIC Tatiana I. Mejia, Rumeysa Mert & Robyn V. Ulrich The objective of the prototype is to create a functional hand prosthetic that is affordable and easy to manufacture and assemble. The wrist-powered hand prosthetic provides mobility and functionality to a user with a functional wrist and enough palm to hold, grip, push, pull, grasp, and grab objects and overall amplify their ability to interact with the world as closely as people with a biological hand. Based on a previous design, we optimized each part of the assembly to reduce the amount of material needed, the time it takes to produce the individual parts of the prosthetic, and the price the prosthetic can be bought for. For starters, we redesigned the knuckles of the hand so they are aligned with each other. As the knuckles are the same size, instead of designing four different sizes distal and proximal, we designed one distal and one proximal for the thumb and a different design for proximal and distal to be printed 4 times for the rest of the fingers. Another change in the design the team made was designing the arm guard with the desired shape instead of designing an extra part - the thermoforming - to give it shape after printing. This change saved time and money as less was designed and printed. In addition, to make it easier to assemble, we made the tensioner block part of the arm guard in the CAD model, which makes assembly easier. The CAD models were processed for 3D printing using CURA and the prototypes were printed using Ultimaker-2, the material used is PETG for additional strength with the exemption of the hand which was printed with PLA. The hand was assembled and tested for performance. Based on the results we changed some parts (snap pins), making them fit better. DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING & TESTING A WOODEN WHEELCHAIR Pablo A. Baez, Hans S. Hugo & Ayoola S. Kalejaiye The objective of this project is to engineer a robust and efficient wheelchair that can serve as a reliable mode of transportation for people who encounter difficulty or incapacity in walking due to age-related health concerns or illness. The wheelchair is a chair that is equipped with wheels, footrests, and armrests, designed to facilitate mobility and independence. The initial conceptual design was created to meet the functional requirements that were specified, taking into consideration the individual needs of the users. The 3D CAD model of the wheelchair was meticulously designed and sketched out using the advanced software, Solidworks. Each part was designed separately, prioritizing efficiency in its structure. The model prioritizes strength and stability, ensuring that it is capable of safely carrying an average-sized person. The development process entails the use of woodworking techniques to construct and assemble the different parts. Various types of professional saws and sanders were used to cut and model lumber and plywood to our specified models which were then assembled and tested for performance to guarantee optimal functionality and safety. . 30

DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING & TESTING A SPORTS WHEELCHAIR Chadley C. Gede, Michael Moudatsos & Timothy M. Nessim The goal of this project was to manufacture a sports wheelchair that is cheaper since they are quite expensive. We were tasked with making a cheaper version while still having a durable and supportive build that is easily maneuverable and comfortable for the player. The Rotielle PVC Sports wheelchair is made of almost entirely 1 ½ in PVC pipes and connectors. It rolls on wheelchair wheels set on a 12mm bolt on each side. The front two wheels are caster wheels held onto by pipe clamps/brackets that are held by nuts and screws. All the parts are screwed together. The seat is a flat board with a wedge cushion screwed into place. The wheelchair was inspired by the Redpill Innovations PVC wheelchair (which is in turn inspired by PVC Beach chairs). The measurements were taken from a regular wheelchair. The angle of the wheels was achieved by angling the pipe attached to the wheel by having it angled by 20 degrees. The CAD models were made in Solidworks. The frame of the wheelchair was made for structural integrity and maneuverability. Based on the CAD Assembly, the model was built using parts purchased online and from Home Depot. We worked with the part specifications along the way since the CAD assembly is not capable of accounting for real-life errors. We adjusted accordingly. THE CRAZY INSANE FLYING MONKEY SPACE INVADERS Brian T. Ozkan, Thomas F. Sabates & Jeffrey G. Trinca The goal of this project is to create a wrist-powered prosthetic hand that would open and close as the wrist moved up or down. We were tasked with designing many of the components for a better overall composition and higher durability of our assembly. The fingers and forearm piece were both designed from scratch to better emulate a human finger and to try a different construction technique to see if there is a difference in strength. The original forearm piece was built on a flat plane and later bent to fit around another piece for its rounded shape. Our piece is rounded from the start and is made from a more flexible material to better ensure the long-run capabilities of our final assembly. 3D printing this forearm piece will require “stilts” to support the piece being printed since it will be built with the arc. The forearm will attach to the arm itself utilizing velcro straps. And the rest of the assembly will be connected using pins and washers. The movement of the hand and fingers will be mainly done using a fishing line connected through the fingers, through the palm, and ultimately to an attachment atop the forearm piece. As the line loosens, the fingers tighten, and the opposite is true for tightening the fingers. This will allow the hand to open and close picking up an object within 20 pounds in weight, as the fishing line can only support weights of up to 20 pounds. 31

MANUFACTURING & TESTING A 3D PRINTED KNEE BRACE Louis R. Barbarisi, Kevin M. Lockburner & Joseph Nguyen Our objective for the project was to design, build, and test a 3D-printed knee brace. A knee brace is designed to prevent unwanted and possibly dangerous movement in the knee by restricting side-to-side movement and hyperextension in the leg. Our initial concept designs were based on other basic knee brace designs that fulfill all functional requirements, such as proper sizing and restriction of certain movements. Solidworks was used to design, assemble, and test an upper frame, lower frame, and snap-in joint. The CAD models were converted to g-code files through CURA to be 3D printed. The prototype was printed with PLA using an Ultimaker 3 Extended. The knee brace was designed to balance strength and flexibility. Testing has shown that the knee brace has satisfied most of the requirements. Adjustments to CAD models were made after testing (adjusted angles, measurements, and slight design changes). DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING & TESTING A 3-D PROSTHETIC HAND FOR KIDS Barsina A. Abdy & Genesis A. Jara Loor The objective of the project was to design and build a 3-D printed Prosthetic hand for kids who are missing their hand from about a little over their wrist up. A prosthetic hand is a device that is used for people who are missing their hands but have their wrists. It is for daily use for people to be able to pick stuff up, or need help with items like eating or playing. Our initial concept design was based on one that already existed. It was out of function for kids, and further, we changed it by making our palm and wrist and slightly changing the mechanisms. We used solid works to make the designs, transferred them to CURA, and printed them off of there. The CAD model was printed out in an Ultimaker-2. The wrist was made in a way that it would wrap around the child's hand more than the original design so it is more stable. We would also have slots on the side to add Velcro in it, to ensure it does not fall off of the child's arm. We will also add comfortable material on the inside with outside material for all the children to wear this arm for a long period of time with no issue or discomfort. We then printed out the wrist with these changes and then continued to motif it. The wrist first came out looking good however it was not as hollow as we wanted it so we went back to the Solidworks file modified it as we liked and printed it out again. . 32

DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING & TESTING OF A PROSTHETIC HAND FOR A CHILD Carlos A. Peralta & Aiden Purrinos The objective of this project was to design and manufacture a prosthetic hand for a child who is missing their fingers but still possesses their wrist. We wanted to create a way for small children who need a prosthetic, to receive them at a cheaper price and equally as effective. We found a design that we liked and saw that it could use improvements to suit a young child. The original design was geared towards adults so we wanted to simplify the design by making a new forearm brace and fingertips. We created our brace and fingertips using SOLIDWORKS and we uploaded it to CURA for them to be printed. These parts were later 3-D printed on the Ultimaker 3. The fingers are attached to the pal via separate join pieces and the braces would attach to the palm via a peg. We designed to put a strap on the brace so that it could be fastened to the child's arm and would not come loose. The hand is made from PLA which is a durable plastic and the joints are made from PETG which is more flexible so that the fingers can be closed. We still have yet to scale the fingertips properly so that they would fit on the original palm. When the scaling is done, we will be able to assemble the final product and test for any flaws. DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING & TESTING OF A KNEE EXOSKELETAL BRACE Matthew A. Melara, Brejesh Patel & Cooper A. Segall The objective of the product is to design and create a 3D-Printed Knee Exoskeletal Brace. The Knee Exoskeletal Brace aims to make movement easier for people suffering from knee issues such as rheumatoid arthritis, ligament instability, osteoarthrosis, and any sprains and strains of the knee. We want this device to be inexpensive and have easier producibility to ease stress on patients and manufacturers. To do this, we modeled a design that alleviates force from the knee joint. We accomplish this by redistributing the force acting on the knee joint to the thigh and calf of the user’s body through a joint. The program Solidworks was used to design the 3D models of the theoretical designs. We are aiming to make this device able to fit a range of leg measurements and keep relative free movement during a range of activities. We printed these models by first slicing them in CURA before printing them on Ultimaker-3 printers in PLA (Polylactic Acid) Plastic. PLA provides a good balance between durability and flexibility, which is important to make this brace usable. The end product will be a comfortable improvement for those suffering knee pain in their daily lives. 33

DESIGNING & MANUFACTURING A 3-D PRINTED ARM & WRIST PROSTHETIC Kaivan A. Cuellar, Emma G. Knape & Ioan Undilashvili The objective was to develop and manufacture a prototype for a device with a focus on human-centric design while creating open-source solutions for a well-defined issue. The goal was to develop a 3D-printed arm prosthetic. This prosthetic attaches to the upper and lower arm, hinges at the elbow joint, and has an interchangeable wrist joint. The prosthetic will be multi-functional due to the wrist joint and its ability to be removed and replaced with additional attachments that allow for customization and dynamic performance. The prosthetic will also be adjustable to fit any person with an amputation above the wrist and below the elbow. The initial designs were inspired by faults that were observed in other prosthetics. For example, other prosthetics were bulky, uncomfortable, and one-size-fits-all. The prosthetic’s design was intended to be functional, comfortable, and adjustable. Solidworks was used to design the 3D CAD models and assemblies. The CAD models were processed for 3D printing using CURA software, the prototypes were printed using the Ultimaker-2 3D printers, and the material used was PLA (Polylactic Acid). Following the design and manufacturing, the prosthetic was assembled using outsourced padding and Velcro. DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING & TESTING OF 3-D PROSTHETIC HAND FOR THOSE WHO’VE LOST THEIR FINGERS Julius A. Libutsi, Damian P. Rogowski & Ethan Romero The goal of this project was to design a prosthetic meant to mimic the capabilities of a hand. This is modeled for those who don't have their fingers. The hand is supported by a chassis that wraps around the palm and is further supported by a mount on the wrist which would be its main control. Due to the hand being controlled via wrist movement the capabilities of the fingers are restricted to being open and closed. Initial designs were created with a rough sketch of what the vision would look like, the initial design was printed to test the functionality of the system. 3D models and assemblies were developed utilizing Solidworks. The finger is split into 3 joints that are being held with custom pins that allow the fingers full range of motion while being flush with the model. The model needed to allow the user to regain the usage of a hand, it needed to be durable, yet comfortable. Thus, the models were designed with that in mind. Ultimaker 2 printers and CURA were used to print the models, they're printed using PLA material. Following the printing the models were taken and sanded to remove any needed supports during the printing process and assembled. Any issue with the print was taken into account and later resolved by trying to make changes by hand and then later modeling the changes. 34

KNEE SUPPORT DEVICE Justin Barnes & Krish A. Rana The primary goal of the project is to provide a knee support device for individuals who are being rehabilitated from an injury of some sort. This design is intended to minimize the forces experienced on the knee while walking and doing everyday activities. However, it is important to note that the device is not suited for excessive movement (in intense activities such as sports). The knee brace is composed of two main components, upper and lower halves, which were designed using Solidworks. These two components will be bound together by a single pin joint using nuts and bolts. The compression, which is essential in reducing the load on the knee, was possible with the help of gas struts. The ends of the gas struts are attached to both halves on the outer side to ensure convenience. 35

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Brochure Creation & Publication B. S. Mani, Senior University Lecturer, MIE Flipbook Facilitation Linus Learning, NY 12 years, no gap