Hammer HAMMER SAFETY Inspect the handle for damage Make sure hammer head is firmly attached to handle Hold with a power grip Keep other hand away
Chisel • To chip and cut metal • To remove waste metal from workpiece
Chisel
Chisel
Chisel Point Head Body Cutting angle
Chisel Mushroom head
Chisel Chisel Safety Inspect the blade Inspect the handle Do not use if impact head is mushroomed Point blade away from your body
Taps & Dies Taps Tapping is the operation of cutting an internal thread. The three taps differ in the length of chamfer at the point, known as the lead. The one with the longest lead is referred to as the taper or first tap. The next as the second or intermediate tap and the third, which has a very short lead, as the bottoming or plug tap,
Taps & Dies Set of Taps
Taps & Dies Taps wrenches A square is provided at one end so that the tap can be easily rotated by holding it in a tap wrench The chuck type of wrench is used for the smaller tap sizes.
Taps & Dies Taps A : Square B : Axis of Tap C : Shank D : Body E : Chamfer. F : Cutting Face G : Flute H : Cutting Faces I : External (Male) Center J : Internal (Female) Center
Taps & Dies Taps
Taps & Dies Tap drill size (TDS) Before a tap is used, the hole must be drilled to the correct tap drill size. This is the drill size that would leave the proper amount of material in the hole for a tap to cut a thread. Tap drill size (TDS) for metric taps is calculated by; • TDS = major diameter (mm) – pitch (mm) For inch • TDS = major diameter (inch) – 1 / N [thread per inch]
Taps & Dies Tap drill size (TDS)
Taps & Dies Tap drill size (TDS) A = body size B = tap drill size C = minor diameter
Taps & Dies Tap drill size (TDS)
Taps & Dies Procedure to tap hole Drill the hole with the proper size tap drill. Clamp the workpiece in a vise with the hole in an upright position. Install a taper or plug tap of the correct size in a tap wrench. Insert the end of the tap in the hole, then grasp the tap wrench with both hands close to the tap.
Taps & Dies Procedure to tap hole Press down firmly on the tap while turning it clockwise. It is very important that the tap be started parallel with the hole.
Taps & Dies Dies used to cut external threads on around work pieces. There are two type of dies: • Adjustable round split dies • Plain round spilt dies
Taps & Dies Dies Adjustable Round Split Dies Feature : Has an adjusting screw that can be tightened so that the die is spread slightly. By adjusting the die, the diameter and fit of the thread can be controlled.
Taps & Dies Dies • Plain Round Split Dies Feature : Solid dies are not adjustable; therefore, a variety of thread fits cannot be obtained with this type.
Taps & Dies External Threading 1. Grind a chamfer on the end of the rod as shown in the working drawing. 2. Then hold the rod vertically in the vise to cut the threads.
Taps & Dies External Threading 3. Turn the tap or die in quarter turns and "back off" quarter turns to remove metal chips so that they don't clog the tool. 4. Always use a cutting oil
Classify hand tools in fitting work Classify the use of hand tools Classify the use of common measuring tools and equipment
Basic Measuring Tools Various types of basic measuring devices that commonly used in mechanical engineering workshops. There are steel ruler, external and internal caliper, micrometer, vernier caliper. STEEL RULER – Made of stainless steel or steel tools Scale in inches and metric unit Three sizes- metric, fractions and decimals
Basic Measuring Tools External and internal calipers are differentiated by the shape of the legs. External Internal external calipers - out side internal caliper - internal Caliper are used along with steel rule, and the accuracy is limited to 0.5 mm; parallelism of jobs etc.
Basic Measuring Tools Tape
Basic Measuring Tools MICROMETER Using as precision measuring instruments that can measure the smallest size accurately. Type: Blade micrometer Point micrometer Disk micrometer Direct micrometer Inside micrometer Tubing micrometer
Basic Measuring Tools Blade micrometer So called because of its spindle and anvil Measure narrow slots and grooves
Basic Measuring Tools Point micrometer Used in applications where limited space is available
Basic Measuring Tools Disk micrometer Measuring thin materials such as paper useful for measurements where the distance from the slot to the edge is to be determined.
Basic Measuring Tools Direct reading micrometer High precision micrometer Reads directly to 0.0001 in.
Basic Measuring Tools Inside micrometer caliper Has jaws that resemble those on vernier caliper. The versatility of the caliper and the reliability of the micrometer are combined.
Basic Measuring Tools Tubing Micrometer To measure the wall thickness of tubing. Determined the distance of a hole from an edge. Determined the wall thickness of tube and pipe
Basic Measuring Tools
Basic Measuring Tools A micrometer should be gripped by the frame, leaving the thumb and forefinger free to operate the thimble. Turn the thimble until the object is gripped gently between the anvil and spindle. Turn the ratchet knob until a "click" sound is heard. This is to prevent exerting too much pressure on the object measured. Take the reading of sleeve scale and thimble scale Reading = Sleeve scale reading + Thimble scale reading x least count
Basic Measuring Tools Example 1 • Sleeve scale reading = 16.00mm • Thimble scale reading = 35x0.01 = 0.35mm • Final reading= 16.00mm + 0.35mm = 16.35mm
Basic Measuring Tools Example 2 Sleeve scale reading = 12.50mm Thimble scale reading = 16x0.01 = 0.16mm Final reading= 12.5mm + 0.16mm = 12.66mm
EXERCISE Basic Measuring Tools
Basic Measuring Tools
Basic Measuring Tools
Basic Measuring Tools
Vernier Caliper more precise tools capable for measuring external dimensions, internal dimensions, and depths. Besides the two pairs of measuring jaws and the depth gauge, its main features also include a main scale and a vernier Basic Measuring Tools
Vernier Caliper Sliding jaw carries the vernier scale, which has ten equal divisions. Length of vernier scale is 0.9cm therefore each vernier scale division length is 0.09cm. Least count = main scale division-vernier scale division 0.1cm-0.09cm = 0.01cm Basic Measuring Tools
Vernier Caliper Basic Measuring Tools
Step using Vernier Caliper Place the object whose diameter is to be measured between the jaws of the callipers. Close the jaws till they just grip the object. Record main scale reading just behind zero mark of vernier scale. Read the vernier scale mark coinciding exactly with any mark of the main scale and multiply it with least count. Eg 4x0.01 = 0.04cm Add main scale reading and vernier scale reading to get the diameter of the object. Diameter = Main scale reading + vernier scale reading Basic Measuring Tools
Vernier Caliper Basic Measuring Tools
Vernier Caliper Basic Measuring Tools
Vernier Caliper Basic Measuring Tools
Self -Test Answer = 1.304 in.