Economic Impact of Homelessness Is Significant ...

January 2005 Report No. 05-01

Economic Impact of Homelessness Is Significant;
Improvements Needed at State and Local Levels

at a glance ƒ What is the economic impact of homelessness
in Florida?
The economic impact of homelessness in Florida is
significant, with the state, local, and federal ƒ To what extent are local continuums of care
governments spending at least $168 million annually for accessing dedicated and mainstream federal
programs and services to assist the homeless. This funding for the homeless?
total excludes expenses incurred by local entities such
as the police, courts, emergency service providers, ƒ How can state agency practices be improved
hospital emergency rooms, and some private charities to better assist the homeless?
in dealing with homeless persons, as these costs are
not tracked by homeless coalitions, service providers, ƒ How can local providers better coordinate
or government agencies. services for the homeless?
Statewide, Florida is doing well in obtaining dedicated
federal funding for the homeless. However, some areas Background _____________
of the state have not done well in accessing federal
funding. Homelessness is a chronic problem in Florida. 1
State agencies assist local homeless efforts by In 2003, Florida’s homeless population was
providing technical assistance, direct services, and estimated to range from 68,785 to 76,675 persons
funding. However, some state agency practices and on any particular day. 2 Homeless populations
administrative requirements of mainstream programs include various subgroups, such as families,
could be improved. veterans, senior citizens, and youth. People may
Coordination among local homeless service providers is become homeless for many reasons, including
occurring, but could be improved by increased poverty, lack of affordable housing and
participation of service providers and full implementation transportation, unemployment, illness, and
of their computerized information systems. divorce. Homeless individuals also frequently
suffer from substance abuse and mental illness.
Scope __________________
Federal, state, and local governments, faith-based
organizations, and private and non-profit entities
provide services to assist the homeless in securing
housing, employment and health and treatment

Chapter 2001-98, Laws of Florida, directed the Office 1 Florida law defines a “homeless” person as an individual who lacks
of Program Policy Analysis and Government a fixed, regular, and adequate night time residence or someone
Accountability (OPPAGA) to examine state efforts to whose primary nighttime residence is a shelter, an institution, or a
address homelessness. As provided by law, our public or private place not designed for regular sleeping
report addresses the four questions below. accommodations.

2 Homeless population based on two estimated counts conducted in
Florida during 2003.

Office of Program Policy Analysis & Government Accountability
an office of the Florida Legislature

OPPAGA Report Report No. 05-01

services. Homeless individuals are typically coalitions representing all 67 counties were
assisted at the local level through a network of operating in Florida.
service providers that may include shelters, food
and clothing banks, and mental health and Homeless coalitions must establish continuum of
substance abuse treatment centers. care plans in order to be eligible to apply for federal
Funding to address homelessness in Florida is homeless grants from the U.S. Department of
provided by a variety of sources, including Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and
federal, state, and local governments and private certain state grants administered by the State
donations. See page 3 for further discussion of Office on Homelessness. 5 The coalitions or a
homelessness funding and Appendix A, page 8, designated lead agency are to use these plans to
for a list of funding sources. establish a framework for providing emergency,
State Office on Homelessness. At the state level, transitional, and permanent housing as well as
the Department of Children and Families’ Office supportive services to the homeless and persons at
on Homelessness serves as the central point of risk of becoming homeless. Sixty-one of Florida’s
contact on homeless issues. 3 The office’s primary 67 counties are currently covered under a
role is to coordinate state agencies and programs continuum of care system; the remaining six
that serve the homeless or persons at risk of counties are rural counties that have few homeless
becoming homeless. The office also administers service providers. (See Appendix B on page 13 for
state-funded grant programs to assist local a map of areas covered by continuums of care and
coalitions that serve the homeless. their lead agencies.)
The Legislature appropriated the Department of
Children and Families $726,655 and three full-time Questions and Answers ––
equivalent positions to administer the Office on
Homelessness in Fiscal Year 2004-05. 4 Our review of homelessness in Florida considered
Council on Homelessness. The Council on four questions.
Homelessness is responsible for developing
policies to reduce homelessness in the state and ƒ What is the economic impact of homelessness
advising the State Office on Homelessness. The in Florida?
council also annually prepares a report to the
Governor and Legislature recommending actions ƒ To what extent are local continuums of care
that can help reduce homelessness in Florida. The accessing dedicated and mainstream federal
council has 15 members representing state funds for the homeless?
agencies, gubernatorial appointees, statewide
organizations, and homeless advocacy groups. ƒ How can state agency practices be improved
Local Homeless Coalitions. Homeless coalitions to better assist the homeless?
plan, coordinate, and monitor the delivery of
services to the homeless at the local level. ƒ How can local governments and entities better
Homeless coalitions consist of local organizations coordinate services for the homeless?
and government agencies that provide services for
the homeless. Members include mental health What is the economic impact of
and substance abuse treatment providers, county homelessness in Florida?
health departments, entities that provide food
and shelter, law enforcement units, regional Homelessness has a significant economic impact
workforce boards, public housing authorities, on the state, including the costs of providing
school districts, and county and municipal direct services to homeless persons. As shown in
governments. As of November 2004, 29 homeless Exhibit 1, we identified $168 million in state,
federal, and local funding for programs and
services to assist the homeless, such as housing,
food preparation and distribution, transportation
and mental health counseling.

This figure does not include the expenses incurred
by various local entities, such as some private
charities as well as the police, the courts,

3 Chapter 2001-98, Laws of Florida, created the state Office on
Homelessness and the Council on Homelessness.
5 These grants include the state Challenge Grant and Homeless
4 The Office on Homelessness is funded primarily by general revenue. Housing Assistance Grant. See Appendix A.
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Report No. 05-01 OPPAGA Report

emergency service providers, and hospital values in areas frequented by homeless persons,
emergency rooms that deal with homeless lost economic activity, and disrupted education
persons. Homeless persons often are arrested for and family situations of children affected by
various minor crimes such as vagrancy, and often homelessness.
require emergency health treatment. These
expenses cannot be determined because they are To what extent is the state accessing
not separately tracked by homeless coalitions, dedicated federal homeless funds?
service providers, and government agencies;
however, they are likely to be significant. This can A major source of dedicated funding for homeless
be illustrated by the case of a homeless individual programs is the U.S. Department of Housing and
whose service-related expenses were tracked by Urban Development (HUD). HUD annually
the homeless coalition serving the City of awards dedicated funds for homeless programs
Jacksonville. This person was a 35-year-old created by the McKinney-Vento Homeless
chronically homeless male diagnosed with bipolar Assistance Act to local continuums of care. 6
disorder and alcoholism. The local homeless
coalition estimated that local entities incurred Florida is doing well on a statewide basis in
$43,545 in costs over a seven-month period in obtaining dedicated homeless funding from HUD.
dealing with this individual. These costs included As shown in Exhibit 2, HUD has awarded Florida
amounts resulting from four separate admittances more than its pro-rata amount of funds in each of
to a crisis stabilization unit for mental illness, three the last three fiscal years.
emergency room visits, two admittances to the
hospital intensive care unit, 120 total days spent in Exhibit 2
the county jail, and two stays at a local shelter. Florida Received More Than Its Pro-Rata Amount of
McKinney-Vento Act Funding From Federal
Fiscal Years 2001 to 2003

Exhibit 1 Federal Fiscal Year
Identifiable Funding for Homeless Services
Totaled $168 Million in Fiscal Year 2002-03 1 2001 2002 2003

Award Amount $48,692,766 $41,239,338 $51,396,280
Pro Rata Amount
Funding Source Difference 37,106,859 37,416,000 37,416,000
(Federal Fiscal Year 2003 and
State Fiscal Year 2002-03) Amount of $11,585,907 $ 3,823,338 $13,980,280
Funding
Source: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Federal funds dedicated to homeless
Continuum of Care programs $ 51,396,280 As part of its competitive grant process, HUD
Emergency Shelter Grants 6,977,570 initially estimates a “pro-rata need,” which is the
Other homeless grants dollar expression of relative homeless assistance
Federal funds available for general population, 28,980,993 needs it assigns to each community or groups of
but used to fund local homeless programs* communities using U.S. Census Bureau data.
8,331,611 2 HUD may award a community funding that
State funds dedicated to homeless - exceeds its pro-rata amount if the community’s
Office on Homelessness State Grants $ 9,731,564 continuum of care entity submits a funding
Florida Housing Finance Corporation 5,000,000 application that
Other homeless grants
10,986,805 2 ƒ meets HUD’s grant award criteria, such as
Local funds $46,464,496 2 providing permanent housing for disabled adults;
$167,869,319
Estimated Total ƒ clearly identifies a priority need and includes
documentation showing how a proposed
1OPPAGA collected information for the time period that includes project would eliminate or substantially
decrease the need; and
Federal Fiscal Year 2003 and State Fiscal Year 2002-03. Funding
amounts were reported by the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development, State Office on Homelessness, and local
homeless coalitions.
2 Estimates of these funding amounts were provided by only nine
homeless coalitions. Total funding is likely to be greater.

Source: OPPAGA analysis of various funding data.

This figure also does not include the societal costs 6 The federal McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act was passed
in 1987. It provides funding to state and local groups through
of homeless, which cannot be readily calculated. formula or competitive grants to assist communities to develop
These costs could include degraded property housing and provide services for the homeless.

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OPPAGA Report Report No. 05-01

ƒ requests renewal funding for projects that Exhibit 3
were funded in previous years. Most Continuums of Care Assist Homeless Persons
Access Mainstream Program Services
Continuums of care may receive less than their
pro-rata amount if HUD determines that their Mainstream Program Number of Continuums
funding applications do not adequately address Assisting Homeless
grant award criteria or if the continuum does not State Children’s Health Insurance (N=26)
seek renewal funding for its projects. Program (SCHIP)
Some Florida continuums have not done well in Workforce Incentive Act (WIA) 15
accessing HUD funding. Between 2001 and 2003, Supplemental Security Disability 18
15 continuums received less than their pro-rata Income (SSDI)
amount as initially determined by HUD. State Supplemental Security Income (SSI) 22
Office on Homelessness and HUD managers Veterans Health Care 23
reported that coalitions received less than their Medicaid 23
pro-rata amount because they failed to apply for Food Stamps 24
funding, submitted applications that contained Temporary Assistance for Needy 24
errors or included activities that were ineligible for Families (TANF)
funding, or did not have a permanent housing 25
project included in their plans.
Source: OPPAGA analysis of 26 Continuum of Care applications.
Access to mainstream services could be
We contacted representatives of six continuums of
improved. A major concern in serving homeless care that reported that their member agencies did
individuals is ensuring they have access to federal not routinely help homeless persons identify,
mainstream assistance programs. Mainstream apply for, and follow up to receive benefits for
programs are those that provide various forms of two or more mainstream programs. These
financial, health, and social support designed to representatives gave several reasons for not
remedy the disabling conditions and other assisting homeless individuals to access
problems that prevent homeless individuals from mainstream programs, including not being aware
becoming healthy and living as self-sufficiently as of programs such as SCHIP and the Workforce
possible in permanent, stable housing. These Investment Act and difficulty in working with
programs, such as Temporary Assistance to Needy their regional workforce agency that administers
Families (TANF), Medicaid, and Social Security the Workforce Investment Act. However, two
Income (SSI) are intended to help lower income representatives indicated that their continuums
people and not dedicated to serving the homeless. had incorrectly completed their HUD grant
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban applications and were in fact helping homeless
Development requires local continuums of care to persons access mainstream programs.
report on the extent to which they are One of the objectives in the Council on
systematically assisting homeless persons to access Homelessness strategic plan is to increase the
federal mainstream program services as part of percentage of homeless individuals assisted by
their grant applications. As shown in Exhibit 3, mainstream programs. In September 2004, the
most of Florida’s homeless continuums of care Office on Homelessness proposed that
reported they were assisting homeless people representatives of local continuums of care meet
access several mainstream programs. with state agency officials who administer
However, some continuums could improve their mainstream programs to (1) identify barriers that
efforts to help homeless individuals access federal limit the ability of the homeless to access program
programs. For example, 11 of 26 continuums did benefits, and (2) work cooperatively to develop
not report helping homeless persons access solutions that can eliminate those barriers. As of
services provided through the State Children’s November 2004, the Office on Homelessness had
Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), and eight did developed a list of programs that local homeless
not report helping them access Workforce coalitions need help accessing. These programs
Investment Act services. include the Department of Children and Families’
Emergency Financial Assistance for Housing

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Report No. 05-01 OPPAGA Report

Program, Public Housing Authorities’ Section 8 Some local coalition directors expressed concern
Program, and Temporary Assistance for Needy that state agencies were not adequately planning
Families. According to Office on Homelessness for the discharge of persons who could potentially
managers, workshops to address barriers posed by become homeless. For example, the Department
these programs will take place during the first of Correction’s current discharge planning efforts
quarter of 2005. relies on showing inmates instructional videos
The council’s strategic plan also notes that it is prior to their release.
seeking to establish working agreements with The state Council on Homelessness is working to
agencies that administer mainstream programs to address these concerns and identified discharge
ensure there is a concerted effort to reduce planning as a priority issue in its strategic plan. The
barriers to homeless individuals. To date, it has council is working with state agencies to formulate
fully executed an agreement with the Agency for program-level discharge planning agreements for
Workforce Innovation and Workforce Florida to various populations at risk of becoming homeless.
assist the homeless in achieving greater These discharge plans are to address whether
independence through employment. The council individuals will have housing, services such as
is in the process of finalizing agreements with the transportation, medication, and clothing, personal
Department of Community Affairs and the identification and documentation, employment,
Department of Corrections. benefits (TANF, Food Stamps, Medicaid), and a
support network (family, friends) once they are
How can state agency practices be improved released. The Department of Corrections is
to better assist the homeless? currently developing a discharge plan that it expects
to finalize by the end of 2004. The Office on
State agencies perform a variety of functions that Homelessness expects the Department of Children
benefit the homeless, including providing and Families, which administers state public
technical assistance and funding to local assistance, foster care, and mental health programs,
coalitions. (See Appendix C on page 14 for a and the Agency for Persons with Disabilities to start
description of services provided by state agencies developing discharge plans in 2005.
to assist the homeless.)
Most (11 of 15) local coalition directors responding Requirements of some assistance programs pose
to an OPPAGA survey gave high ratings to the
assistance provided by the state Office on barriers to homeless applicants. Coalition
Homelessness. However, coalition directors directors identified several state administrative
identified some state agency functions that could requirements that impede homeless persons in
be improved to enhance services for the homeless, accessing assistance programs. They told us that
such as better discharge planning for homeless the administrative requirements of programs such
persons and streamlining certain administrative as Medicaid, Food Stamps, and Temporary
requirements. Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) make it
difficult for them to provide services to the
Few state agencies have developed or homeless.
implemented discharge planning policies. Specifically, coalition directors noted client
identification and application requirements, and
Discharge planning is important for people leaving the eligibility determination process for these
state services who are at risk of becoming programs as barriers to assisting clients. Many
homeless. These persons include inmates exiting programs require applicants to provide
state correctional facilities, children aging out of documents proving their identity, citizenship,
foster care, families coming off public assistance, income, and financial resources. However,
developmentally disabled individuals being de- homeless people often do not have these
institutionalized, and mentally ill persons leaving documents because they may not have a safe and
state institutions. Discharge planning refers to secure place to store important papers. This may
preparing a person in an institution for return to delay the processing and approval of their
the community and linking these individuals to applications for services.
needed community support services.

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OPPAGA Report Report No. 05-01

These barriers are consistent with those noted in a time or the personnel to devote to the
2002 report by the U.S. Government Accountability continuum’s activities or were not interested in
Office (GAO). The GAO report noted that being involved. Coalition directors noted that
homelessness complicates the ability of people to the limited involvement of these and other
access program services because paperwork stakeholders makes it difficult to coordinate
requirements and the need to regularly services, reduces their ability to acquire federal
communicate with agencies and service providers funding, and impedes efforts to share information
tend to be more difficult for individuals lacking a about homeless individuals .
permanent address or phone number. 7
Most homeless coalitions have not yet fully
How can local entities better coordinate implemented homeless management information
services for the homeless?
systems. HUD requires communities that receive
Homeless coalitions depend on numerous local federal dedicated homeless funding to track
agencies to provide various services to homeless information about their clients with a computerized
persons. Local service providers include shelters, information system. These information systems are
food and clothing banks, and mental health and expected to allow local providers to systematically
substance abuse treatment centers. Ideally, share information, integrate services, and maximize
homeless individuals can access these services the use of resources. Sharing client information also
through a coordinated system of local service should reduce duplication in provider intake
providers. activities, facilitate referrals among providers, and
improve the coordination of services.

Most local service providers are trying to Most homeless coalition directors responding to
coordinate their activities. Our review of local our survey reported their coalitions have not fully
continuum of care plans submitted to HUD in implemented homeless management information
2003 determined that most providers attended systems. For example, two coalition directors said
meetings held to coordinate delivery of homeless their systems had not yet been developed. Other
services. Over half of the local homeless coalition coalition directors told us that only a few of their
directors who responded to an OPPAGA survey local service providers were entering information
reported that service providers participated in into their systems.
their local continuum of care. Although the U.S. Congress initially intended
However, efforts to further improve coordination homeless management information systems to be
are hindered by two factors: fully implemented by 2004, this goal has not been

ƒ some homeless service providers are not met. According to Office on Homelessness
participating in their local continuums of care; managers, HUD’s 2005 Notice of Funding
and Availability will encourage local continuums of
care to speed up implementing their information
ƒ most homeless coalitions have not yet fully systems. They said that participation in a system
implemented homeless management will be a factor in determining the amount of
information systems. funding local continuums of care receive from

Some homeless service providers do not HUD. HUD is also providing technical assistance
participate in their local continuums of care. Six
coalition directors responding to our survey to continuum of care agencies to assist them in
implementing their homeless management
reported that some providers of homeless services information systems.
in their community were not participating in the
local continuum of care, including some public A problem that could limit the usefulness of the
housing authorities, public defenders, and state information systems is that some local providers
attorneys. They believed that these entities may do not wish to use the systems due to concerns
not be participating because they do not have the with the confidentiality of client data. For
example, one provider director told us he did not
want to participate in the information system
7 Homelessness: Improving Program Coordination and Client Access because he was concerned that law enforcement
to Programs, Government Accountability Office, GAO-02-485T, agencies would access the system and use it to
March 6, 2002.
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Report No. 05-01 OPPAGA Report

locate and arrest homeless persons. Until such implementing their computerized information
issues are resolved, it is likely that some local systems.
providers will not enter client data into local To improve the provision of services to homeless
homeless information systems. in Florida, we recommend that the State Office on
Homelessness take the actions described below.
Conclusions and _______ ƒ Expand their assistance to local continuums of
Recommendations
care experiencing difficulty receiving the pro-
The economic impact of homelessness in Florida is rata amount of dedicated federal funding for
significant. We identified $168 million in state, the homeless. The office should help these
federal, and local funding for programs and continuums develop plans and proposals that
services to assist the homeless, such as housing, meet federal grant award criteria and priorities;
food preparation and distribution, transportation ƒ Develop and disseminate guidelines for
and mental health counseling. However, this accessing and qualifying for mainstream
figure excludes additional expenses incurred by program benefits. In addition, the Council on
various local entities, such as the police, the Homelessness also should continue its efforts
courts, emergency service providers, and hospital to establish working agreements with
emergency rooms, in dealing with homeless mainstream program agencies to reduce
persons. These expenses cannot be precisely barriers to access by homeless individuals.
determined because they are not routinely ƒ Revise the terms of its grants to require sub-
tracked by homeless coalitions, service providers, grantees (local service providers) to participate
and government agencies. in a homeless management information
Florida is doing well on a statewide basis in system. Such information systems are expected
obtaining dedicated federal funding for the to benefit local providers by allowing them to
homeless; however, some local homeless systematically share information, integrate
continuums of care have not been successful in services, and maximize the use of resources.
accessing dedicated and mainstream federal In addition, we recommend that the Council on
funding for the homeless. Homelessness work with state agencies to
State agencies assist local homeless efforts by develop discharge plans to help prevent
providing technical assistance, direct services, and individuals transitioning out of institutions and
funding. However, some state agency practices other forms of state care from becoming homeless.
such as discharge planning could be improved, and
some administrative requirements of programs such Agency Response________
as Medicaid, food stamps, and TANF pose barriers
to homeless persons seeking benefits. In accordance with the provisions of s. 11.51(6),
Coordination among local homeless service Florida Statutes, a draft of our report was
providers is occurring, but could be improved by submitted to the Secretary of the Department of
getting more entities to participate in local Children and Families for review and response.
continuums of care and by local coalitions fully The Secretary’s written response is reproduced in
its entirety on page 16 (Appendix D).

OPPAGA supports the Florida Legislature by providing evaluative research and objective analyses to promote government accountability and the efficient
and effective use of public resources. This project was conducted in accordance with applicable evaluation standards. Copies of this report in print or
alternate accessible format may be obtained by telephone (850/488-0021 or 800/531-2477), by FAX (850/487-3804), in person, or by mail (OPPAGA
Report Production, Claude Pepper Building, Room 312, 111 W. Madison St., Tallahassee, FL 32399-1475). Cover photo by Mark Foley.

Florida Monitor: www.oppaga.state.fl.us

Project supervised by Larry Novey (850/487-3768)
Project conducted by Michelle Harrison (850/487-9220) and Shunti H. Taylor

Gary R. VanLandingham, OPPAGA Interim Director

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OPPAGA Report Report No. 05-01

Appendix A Eligible Populations
Homeless children and youth, including
Many Funding Sources Exist to Assist Homeless preschool children.
Educationally deprived homeless children are
Program Purpose Funding Source Target Lead Agency Allocation eligible.
Education for Homeless Children Ensures homeless children, including and Level Funds Florida Process Homeless veterans.
and Youths - McKinney Act pre-schoolers, equal access to free and Yes Department of Formula grant Veterans who are disabled, from the Vietnam
Elementary and Secondary appropriate public education. U.S. Department of No Education Formula grant era, or have applied for service within 12
Education Act Part A of Title I Provides before/after school programs, Education Federal Fiscal Florida months of military separation.
Homeless Veterans Reintegration summer school, preschool, alternative Year FFY04 $2.8 million. Yes Department of Project grants Youth with education and employment
Project - McKinney Act school programs, home visits, parent U.S. Department of No Education (competitive) barriers. Adults with employment barriers,
Veterans Employment Program - education, and childcare. Education State Fiscal Direct to locals Formula grant certain dislocated workers.
Title IV-C of JTPA Funds projects designed to expedite the Year (SFY) 2003-04 Formula grant Hungry and homeless people and those at
Workforce Investment Act (WIA) reintegration of homeless veterans into $523,834,879 Agency for Formula grant risk of becoming homeless.
Emergency Food & Shelter the labor force. U.S. Department of Labor Workforce Provides low Very low income individuals and families.
Program Provides employment and training FFY04 $150,000 Innovation interest loans
State Apartment Incentive Loan grants. Agency for (competitive) Residents of medically underserved areas.
U.S. Department of Labor Workforce Project grant The poor and near-poor.
Community Health Centers FFY04 $8,421,000 Innovation (discretionary)
Community Services Block Grant United Way of Formula grant Primarily children ages 3-5 from low-income
Increase employment, retention, and U.S. Department of Labor No Florida families.
Head Start earning of participants. FFY04 $143,371,066 Florida Housing Project grant Homeless individuals and families.
Health Care for the Homeless - Finance Project grants
McKinney Act Provides a broad range of food, shelter, Federal Emergency Yes Corporation (discretionary)
and supportive services. Management Agency No
FFY04 $7,695,570 Florida
Provides financial assistance to Florida Housing Finance No Department of
construct or renovate apartments for Corporation SFY03-04 No Health
those with very low incomes; 8% set- $56,499,140 Florida
aside specifically targeted for formerly No Department of
homeless. U.S. Department of Health Yes Community
Supports development and operation of and Human Services 2003 Affairs
community health centers in medically $51,873,732 Direct to locals
underserved areas/populations. U.S. Department of Health
For services and activities to reduce and Human Services Direct to locals
poverty, includes employment, FFY04 $18,678,760
education, housing assistance, nutrition,
energy, emergency, and health U.S. Department of Health
services. and Human Services
Provides health, educational, nutritional, FFY04 $262,647,907
social and other services to preschool U.S. Department of Health
children from low-income families. and Human Services
Provides primary health care, substance Calendar year 03
abuse treatment, case management, $5,323,136
outreach and mental health treatment

8

Report No. 05-01 Purpose Funding Source Target Lead Agency Allocation OPPAGA Report
Supports activities to improve the health and Level Funds Florida Process
Program status of pregnant women, mothers, No Department of Formula grant Eligible Populations
Maternal and Child Health infants, and children. U.S. Department of Health No Health Entitlement Pregnant women, mothers, infants and
Services Block Grant Provides services including in-and out- and Human Services Agency for Health children, and children with special health care
Medicaid patient hospital services, physician FFY04 $20,994,684 Yes Care Formula grant needs.
services, medical and surgical dental State General Revenue & Administration Low-income persons over age 65, blind, or
Projects for Assistance in services, and nursing facility services. trust funds $5,222,630,155 Yes Project grants disabled; low-income children and pregnant
Transition from Homelessness U.S. Department of Health Yes Florida (discretionary) women.
(PATH) - McKinney Act Provides residential treatment and and Human Services Department of Project grants
Runaway and Homeless Youth - support services to those with mental $7,738,461,947 SFY03-04 Yes Children and (discretionary) Persons with mental illness, including those
Basic Center illnesses and co-occurring substance TOTAL $12,961,092,102 No Families with substance abuse disorders, who are
Runaway and Homeless Youth - abuse, who are homeless or at risk of U.S. Department of Health Direct to locals Project grants homeless or at risk of becoming homeless.
Education and Prevention Grants being homeless. and Human Services Direct to locals (discretionary) Runaway and homeless youth and their
to Reduce Sexual Abuse of Provides funds to establish and operate FFY04 $2,566,000 Formula and families are eligible for benefits.
Runaway, Homeless, and Street local centers for runaway or homeless Direct to locals project grants Adolescents up to the age of 24 who are
Youth youth. U.S. Department of Health (discretionary) living on the streets.
Runaway and Homeless Youth - Funds street-based education and and Human Services Title I - direct to Formula grant
Transitional Living for Older outreach, emergency shelter, and FFY04 $2,363,285 locals. Title II – Homeless youth aged 16 to 21.
Homeless Youth related services for runaway and U.S. Department of Health Florida Formula grant
Ryan White Care Act Titles I and II homeless youth who have been, or are and Human Services Department of Block grant Low-income, uninsured, and underinsured
at risk of being, sexually exploited and FFY04 $490,000 Health HIV infected individuals and their families.
KidCare - State Children's Health abused. Agency for Health
Insurance Program (SCHIP) Supports residential services (up to 18 U.S. Department of Health Care Low income children and children who are
mo.) to homeless youth to ensure and Human Services Administration not eligible for medical assistance under
Substance Abuse Prevention and successful transition to self-sufficient FFY04 $1,609,519 Medicaid or are not covered under a group
Treatment Block Grant living. U.S. Department of Health Florida health or other health insurance plan.
Temporary Assistance for Needy Provides funds to improve the quality and Human Services Department of
Families (TANF) and availability of care for individuals FFY04 $112,196,959 Children and All individuals suffering from alcohol and
and families living with HIV/AIDS. Families other drug abuse.
Florida Needy families with children.
Provides funds to states to enable them Agency for Health Care No Department of
to initiate an expanded child health Administration Children and
assistance to uninsured, low-income $143,062,333 U.S. No Families
children Department of Health and No
Human Services
Provides financial assistance to states $354,242,918 SFY03-04
for planning, implementing, and TOTAL $497,305,251
evaluating activities to prevent and treat U.S. Department of Health
substance abuse. and Human Services
Provides funding for state-designed SFY03-04 $95,483,056
programs of time-limited and work-
conditional aid to families with children. U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services
SFY03-04 $223,343,035

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OPPAGA Report Report No. 05-01

Program Purpose Funding Source Target Lead Agency Allocation Eligible Populations
Community Development Block Assists urban communities to provide and Level Funds Florida Process Persons with low and moderate incomes.
Grant (CDBG) decent housing, a suitable living No Department of Formula and
environment and expanded economic U.S. Department of Yes Community project grants
Emergency Shelter Grant - opportunities. Housing and Urban No Affairs and (competitive)
McKinney Act Development FFY04 No direct to locals
Provides for shelter bedspace and $189,116,184 Florida Formula grant Homeless individuals and families.
supportive services for homeless. No Department of
U.S. Department of Children and
Home Investment Partnerships For acquisition, reconstruction, Housing and Urban No Families Formula grant Individuals and families with low and very low
Program (HOME) rehabilitation, and new construction of Development FY04 Florida Housing incomes.
affordable rental and ownership units. $6,977,570 Finance
U.S. Department of Corporation and
Housing Opportunities for Persons Provides for long-term comprehensive Housing and Urban direct to locals Formula and Low-income individuals with HIV or AIDS and
with AIDS (HOPWA) strategies to meet housing needs of Development FFY04 U.S. Department project their families.
persons with AIDS or related diseases $84,125,727 of Housing and (competitive)
and their families. U.S. Department of Urban
Housing and Urban Development and
Development FFY04 Florida
$32,393,000 Department of
Health
Section 8 Project-Based Rental Pays a portion (generally 70%) of U.S. Department of Local housing Payment contract Individuals and families with very low
Assistance (Public and Indian residents' rent for housing owned by Housing and Urban authorities with a private incomes.
Housing) private landlords, public housing Development landlord or an Families with very low incomes.
authorities, and state housing finance FFY04 $62,878,287 Local housing annual contract
agencies. authorities with a housing
finance agency or
Section 8 Rental Voucher Program Voucher subsidy that aids families with U.S. Department of a public housing
(Public and Indian Housing) very low incomes to obtain decent, safe, Housing and Urban authority.
Section 8 Single Room Occupancy and sanitary rental housing. Development FFY04 Paid directly to
Moderate Rehabilitation - $695,181,036 housing
McKinney Act Rental assistance for homeless persons U.S. Department of authorities
Shelter Plus Care Program - living in single-room occupancy units. Housing and Urban
McKinney Act Funds the moderate rehabilitation of Development FFY03 Yes Direct to locals Project grants Homeless single individuals.
Supportive Housing Program - residential properties that will contain $470,400 (competitive)
McKinney Act multiple single-room dwelling units.
Provides rental assistance for homeless U.S. Department of Yes Direct to locals Project grant Homeless persons with disabilities including
persons with disabilities (supportive Housing and Urban (competitive) serious mental illness, AIDS, chronic drugs
services provided by other sources). Development FFY03 and/or alcohol problems; and if also
$9,066,338 homeless, their families.
Provides for short-term transitional and U.S. Department of
permanent housing with support Housing and Urban Yes Direct to locals Project grant Homeless individuals and families with
services for homeless persons. Development FFY03 (competitive) children eligible for all but the permanent
$41,859,544 housing for persons with disabilities.
Homeless persons with disabilities eligible for
all components.

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Report No. 05-01 OPPAGA Report

Program Purpose Funding Source Target Lead Agency Allocation Eligible Populations
Supplemental Security Income Provides monthly payments to elderly, and Level Funds Direct to Process Individuals who are; aged 65 or older; blind;
(SSI) blind, or disabled individuals with low No recipients Entitlement disabled and meet monthly income and
incomes and few resources. Social Security No resources limit requirements.
Child and Adult Care Food Provides meals and snacks to children Administration Calendar Florida Entitlement Children up to age 12, migrant children up to
Program (includes Child Care and adults in nonresidential day care year 02 $1,814,408 No Department of Formula grant age 15, certain children with disabilities over
Centers, Family Day Care Homes, facilities U.S. Department of No Health – children; Entitlement age 12, functionally impaired adults and
After School Snack Program for Agriculture SFY03-04 Yes Florida adults aged 60 or older who are not residents
Children) $98,573,266 No Department of of an institution.
No Elder Affairs -
Emergency Food Assistance Provides free, healthful foods. Provides U.S. Department of No adults Needy persons who meet the eligibility
Program states with commodity foods and funds Agriculture FFY04 No Florida criteria established by the state.
Food Stamps to help cover costs of transporting, $6,839,663 in Yes Department of
processing, storing, and distributing the commodities. Agriculture and Low income families and individuals.
Homeless Children Nutrition commodities. U.S. Department of Consumer
Program Provides financial assistance for people Agriculture SFY03-04 Services Children under 6 years of age who are in
National School Lunch Program to buy food and improve their diets. $917,836,348 Florida emergency shelters.
Homeless persons may purchase Department of All children enrolled in schools where the
School Breakfast Program prepared meals from authorized U.S. Department of Children and program is operating. Free to children at or
providers. Agriculture SFY03-04 Families below 130% of poverty level, reduced price
Provides meals to homeless children $501,212 (max. 40 cents) to children between 130%
under age 6 in emergency shelters. U.S. Department of Florida Formula grant and 185% of poverty level.
Agriculture FFY03 Department of Entitlement All children enrolled in schools where the
Assists the states, through cash grants $403,403,045 in funding Health program is operating. Free to children at or
and food donations, in making the and commodities Florida below 130% of poverty level, reduced price
school lunch program available to Department of (max. 30 cents) to children between 130%
school students. Education and 185% of poverty level.
Low-income pregnant, postpartum, and
Provides the states with cash U.S. Department of Florida Entitlement breastfeeding women; infants; and children
assistance for nonprofit breakfast Agriculture FFY03 Department of up to the age of 5 determined to be at
programs. $99,284,968 Education nutritional risk.
Children aged 18 or younger. Operating site
Special Supplemental Nutrition Provides supplemental nutritious foods, U.S. Department of Florida Formula grant must be in eligible area (50% of children at or
Program for Women, Infants, and nutrition education, and health care Agriculture FFY04 Department of Entitlement below 185% of poverty level); or 50% of
Children (WIC) referrals. $232,902,249 Health Direct payments participating children are eligible for free or
Summer Food Service Program to VA medical reduced school lunch.
Provides funds for program sponsors to U.S. Department of Florida centers Veterans who are homeless or at risk of
Domiciliary Care for Homeless serve free, nutritious meals to children Agriculture FFY03 Department of becoming homeless and have a clinical need
Veterans in low-income areas when school is not $14,038,782 in funding Agriculture and for VA-based biopsychosocial residential
in session. and commodities Consumer rehabilitation services.
Services
Provides health and social services to U.S. Department of U.S. Department
homeless veterans in a domiciliary Veterans Affairs FFY03 of Veterans
setting. $1,284,175 Affairs - Medical
Centers

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OPPAGA Report Report No. 05-01

Program Purpose Funding Source Target Lead Agency Allocation Eligible Populations
Homeless Chronically Mental III Provides care, treatment, and and Level Funds U.S. Department Process Homeless veterans with substance abuse
Veterans Program rehabilitative services to homeless Yes of Veterans Direct services and/or chronic mental health problems.
veterans suffering from chronic mental U.S. Department of Affairs - Medical and contract
HUD-VASH (Supported Housing) illness. Veterans Affairs FFY03 Yes Centers awards
HUD partnership, VA provides $2,337,605 U.S. Department
permanent housing and ongoing of Veterans Direct to U.S. Homeless veterans with mental illness and
treatment to eligible veterans. U.S. Department of Affairs Department of substance abuse disorders.
Veterans Affairs FFY03 Veterans Affairs Homeless women veterans.
$306,007 Medical Centers Funding may be used to support projects
Direct to U.S. serving homeless veterans and persons who
Homeless Women's Veterans Provides outreach and social services to U.S. Department of Yes U.S. Department Department of are not veterans.
Program homeless and potentially homeless Veterans Affairs FFY03 of Veterans Veterans Affairs
women veterans. $219,083 Affairs Medical Centers
Competitive
Loan Guarantee for Homeless Authorizes VA to guarantee loans for U.S. Department of No U.S. Department application
Vets Multi-family Housing construction or rehabilitation of Veterans Affairs Pending Yes of Veterans process / formula
VA Homeless Providers Grant and multifamily/rental transitional housing for project in Miami No Affairs - Medical
Per Diem Program homeless veterans. U.S. Department of Centers Project grant Veterans who were discharged or released
Veterans Industries/ Compensated Funds new programs and service Veterans Affairs FFY03 Direct to locals (competitive) under conditions other than dishonorable.
Work Therapy/ Transitional centers to furnish supportive services $1,574,316
Employment and supportive housing for homeless U.S. Department of U.S. Department Direct to U.S. At-risk and homeless veterans with physical,
veterans. Veterans Affairs FFY03 of Veterans Department of psychiatric and substance abuse disorders
Offers structured work opportunities and $123,827 Affairs Veterans Affairs Homeless individuals and families.
supervised therapeutic housing. Medical Centers
Competitive
Challenge Grant Funds the lead agency of local State Florida Housing Yes Florida application
Emergency Financial Assistance homeless continuum of care systems to Trust Fund SFY03-04 Yes Department of process
for Housing implement that system of assistance to $1,648,525 Children and
the homeless State Florida Housing Families Apply at DCF Families with dependent children, at or below
Provides a one time payment up to Trust Fund $900,000 Florida field offices. 200% of federal poverty rate, and who are
$400 to homeless families, or those at Federal TANF $900,000 Department of Funds allocated homeless or face the threat of homelessness.
immediate risk of homelessness, to SFY03-04 TOTAL $1.8 Children and by the date of the Homeless individuals and families.
cover rent or mortgage payments to million Families applications Homeless individuals and families.
prevent homelessness. received.
Formula grant by
Homeless Grant-in-Aid Program Direct service to homeless clients, State General Revenue Yes Florida district; allocated
Homeless Housing Assistance includes education and outreach, SFY03-04 $665,938 Yes Department of by DCF district
Grant eviction prevention assistance, meals, Yes Children and administrator.
Local Homeless Coalition Grant supportive services. State Florida Housing Families Competitive
(Staffing Grant) Funds the construction or rehabilitation Trust Fund SFY03-04 Florida application
of transitional and permanent housing $4,438,776 Department of process
for homeless people State General Revenue Children and
SFY03-04 $343,750 Families Direct allocation Homeless individuals and families.
Helps to fund staff capacity in each of Florida to each
Florida’s local homeless coalitions. Department of recognized
Children and coalition
Families

Source: OPPAGA analysis.

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Report No. 05-01 OPPAGA Report

Appendix B

Most Florida Counties Are Covered By a
Continuum of Care

Escambia Okaloosa Holmes Jackson Northeast Zone -- Districts 3, 4, 12
Santa Rosa Walton Washington Suwannee Valley - Columbia, Hamilton, Lafayette, and Suwannee counties
Bay North Central Florida Continuum of Care - Alachua, Levy, and Putnam counties
Emergency Services & Homeless Coalition of Jacksonville - Duval and Clay counties
Emergency Services & Homeless Coalition of St. Johns County, Inc. - St. Johns County
Volusia/Flagler County Coalition for the Homeless - Volusia and Flagler counties

Gadsden Jefferson Nassau
Leon Madison
Calhoun Hamilton
Taylor
Duval

Liberty Wakulla Suwannee Columbia Baker

Gulf Franklin Lafayette UnioBnradford Clay St. Johns

Panhandle Zone -- Districts 1 & 2 Dixie Gilchrist Alachua Putnam
Escarosa Coalition on the Homeless – Escambia and Santa Rosa counties
Okaloosa/Walton Coalition for the Homeless – Okaloosa and Walton counties Levy Flagler
Homeless & Hunger Coalition of N.W. Florida, Inc. - Bay, Calhoun, Gulf, Holmes,
Jackson, and Washington counties Marion
Tallahassee Coalition for the Homeless - Franklin, Gadsden, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty,
Madison, Taylor, and Wakulla counties Volusia

Citrus Lake

Sumter Seminole
Orange
Central Zone -- Districts 7, 13, 14 Hernando Brevard
Brevard County Department of Housing and Human Services – Brevard County
Homeless Services Network of Central Florida - Orange, Osceola, and Seminole counties Pasco
United Way of Marion County - Marion County
Mid-Florida Homeless Coalition - Citrus, Hernando, Lake, and Sumter counties Hillsborough Osceola
Homeless Coalition of Polk County, Inc. - Polk County
Florida Heartland Rural Consortia - DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, and Pinellas Polk
Okeechobee counties
Indian River

Manatee Hardee Okeechobee
St. Lucie

Highlands

Suncoast Zone DeSoto Martin
Coalition for the Homeless of Pasco County - Pasco County Sarasota
Pinellas County Coalition for the Homeless - Pinellas County Glades Lake
Homeless Coalition of Hillsborough County – Hillsborough County Charlotte Okeechobee
Sarasota/Manatee Continuum of Care - Manatee and Sarasota counties
Hendry Palm Beach

Lee

South Zone -- Districts 8, 9, 10, 15 Collier Broward
Charlotte County Homeless Coalition - Charlotte County
Collier County Department of Financial Administration & Housing - Collier County Monroe
Lee County Department of Human Services - Lee County
Homeless Coalition of Palm Beach County, Inc. - Palm Beach County Dade
Broward County Homeless Initiative Partnership Administration - Broward County
Treasure Coast Homeless Services Council, Inc. - Indian River, Martin, and St. Lucie counties

Miami Zone -- District 11
Miami-Dade County Homeless Trust - Miami-Dade County
Southernmost Homeless Assistance League - Monroe County

Source: Office on Homelessness.

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OPPAGA Report Report No. 05-01

Appendix C

State Agency Activities to Assist the Homeless

State agencies perform a variety of functions that benefit the homeless, including providing direct
services to homeless individuals and technical assistance and funding to local coalitions. The table
below lists the services that assist the homeless provided by nine state agencies.

Agency Type of Assistance

Agency for Health Care Administration • Provides Medicaid services for homeless adults who are elderly or
Children and Families disabled. Children and Families determines eligibility.

Community Affairs • Provides hospitals with Medicaid disproportionate share money used to
Education compensate them for services they render to low-income patients,
Environmental Protection including people who are homeless.
Florida Housing Finance Corporation
• Provides Medicaid providers an appropriation for services they render to
eligible Medicaid recipients.

• Administers state and federal grant programs to assist homeless
coalitions, homeless service providers and people who are homeless or at
risk of becoming homeless.

• Determines Medicaid eligibility for homeless families or single adults who
are disabled or elderly.

• Determines Food Stamp Program eligibility for homeless families or single
adults.

• Provides mental health treatment beds.
• Administers Projects for Assistance in Transition from Homelessness

(PATH) for persons who have been diagnosed with both mental illness and
substance abuse problems. Provides housing assistance and outreach for
substance abuse treatment.
• Provides medical and cash assistance to refugees, including refugees who
are homeless.
• Provides services and temporary shelter to victims of domestic violence.

• Administers the federal Community Services Block Grant Program that
assists low-income households by providing such services as job training,
education, employment assistance. The program also provides temporary
assistance with emergency needs such as rent, utilities, transportation,
food, clothing, and prescription drugs.

• Develop and adopt the State of Florida Consolidated Plan, which is a
federally required document that outlines the state’s plans and efforts in
housing and community development.

• Administers federal grant programs to assist school districts in serving
homeless children.

• Administers a water supply restoration program providing short-term and
long-term safe drinking water supplies in the areas where there is a public
health threat.

• Administers federal revolving loan programs that provide low interest loans
to small communities for wastewater and drinking water infrastructure
construction.

• Administers grants to disadvantaged small community water and
wastewater systems.

• Provides affordable housing training and technical assistance to homeless
providers.

• Provides grants and low interest loans to develop affordable rental and
ownership units.

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Report No. 05-01 OPPAGA Report

Agency Type of Assistance

Health • Administers the federal Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS
(HOPWA) Program that provides financial assistance and services (i.e.,
transitional housing, assistance with rent, mortgage, and utilities, and case
management) for persons with HIV disease and AIDS.

• Provides specialized services for people who are homeless and have
tuberculosis.

• Provides sexually transmitted disease screening and education for people
living in homeless shelters.

• Provides HIV testing and prevention counseling.
• Administers the federal Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for

Women, Infants and Children (WIC) that assists pregnant and
breastfeeding women, new mothers, infants, and children up to the age of
five who have a low or moderate income, are at nutrition risk, and who live
in Florida. This may include homeless women and children. WIC provides
healthy foods, nutrition education and counseling, breastfeeding support,
and referrals for health care at no cost to eligible persons.

• Administers the Healthy Start initiative that provides for universal risk
screening of all Florida's pregnant women and newborn infants to identify
those at risk of poor birth, health and developmental outcomes. Children
and Families determines eligibility.

• Assists homeless families by explaining the application and eligibility
process for the Florida KidCare program that provides health insurance for

children from birth through age 18 who do not have insurance. Children

and Families determines eligibility.

• Administers the Homeless Children Nutrition Program provides cash
reimbursement for certain meals and snacks served to children living in
temporary residential settings.

Transportation Disadvantaged • Provides transportation services to people whose physical or mental
Commission disability, income status, or age makes them unable to transport
themselves or to purchase transportation.

Workforce Innovation • Provides services to job seekers through the One-Stop delivery system,
including job training, education, and employment options and integrates
several services provided by co-located agencies, such as the Welfare-to-
Work, TANF, and Food Stamp programs.

Source: Governor’s Commission on the Homeless Final Report for 2001 and OPPAGA analysis.

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OPPAGA Report Report No. 05-01

Appendix D Jeb Bush
Governor
December 30, 2004 Lucy D. Hadi
Secretary

Mr. Gary VanLandingham
Interim Director
Office of Program Policy Analysis and

Government Accountability
111 West Madison Street, Room 312
Tallahassee, Florida 32399-1475

Dear Mr. VanLandingham:

The department has reviewed the preliminary findings and conclusions in your report
on the Economic Impact of Homelessness. The department concurs with the findings
and conclusions, including the recommendations to improve services to the homeless
by state and local entities.

The Office on Homelessness will continue to provide technical assistance to local
continuums of care by encouraging them to apply for HUD funding and assisting
them in meeting the necessary criteria for acquiring federal grant awards. Our office
will also continue our efforts to help homeless individuals acquire assistance from
mainstream programs. Workshops to address barriers posed by these programs will
be held during the first quarter of 2005. We have made changes to our 2005 grant
agreement to require sub-grantees to participate in a computerized information
system to help maximize resources by integrating services and sharing information.
Additionally, the Office of Homelessness will support the work of the Council on
Homelessness as they develop discharge planning procedures within state agencies
to reduce the risk of people leaving state services and facilities from becoming
homeless.

The department wishes to express our appreciation to the research team for this
report. The cooperative working relationship with our Office on Homelessness was
appreciated, and allowed for continuous input to the report's findings.

Sincerely,

/s/
Lucy D. Hadi
Secretary

1317 Winewood Boulevard, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0700

The Department of Children and Families is committed to working in partnership with local
communities to ensure safety, well-being and self-sufficiency for the people we serve.

16