suspension system

Types of Tyres

Cross-ply Radial type
construction

Tubeless Tyre Tube Tyre
(Bicycles & 2 Wheelers)
(4 Wheelers, Heavy
Duty Vehicles)

Nomenclature of Tyres

General Tyres Industrial Tyres

Nomenclature of Tyres

Nomenclature For General Tyres

Aspect Tyre Rim
Ratio construction diameter

Tyre
width in

mm

205 / 65 R 15 94 V

Load Index Speed Rating

Nomenclature For Industrial Tyres

All Width Ply
Terrain Inch Rating

Tubeless

AT 27 x 10 – 12 6Pr WING TL

Overall Rim Pattern
diameter in diameter

Inch Inch

Tyre Construction

Casing Bead wires & Steel wires &
side drums are treads are
(by resting of placed after
rubber & cord placed shaping tyre
layers on a flat

drum)

Uncured tyre Moulding(final Trimming(remo
united by the shape with ve excess burrs
treads in one
roller object) & unwanted
material)

Process flow diagram for tyre manufacturing

Tyre Tread Designs

Directional The wheel revolves in a An arrow on sidewall
particular direction indicates direction of

Forward Travel.

Asymmetric Dissimilar designs on Allows better grip on
both the sides flat out roads & also
while making turns

Symmetric Similar continuous Normally non-
design across the tread directional
on either sides of tyre

Different Tyre Treads Design

Inspection & Maintenance(1)

Maintain tyre pressure
(as recommended by

manufacturer)

Higher & Lower tyre Do not overload the
pressure has vehicle as it will

significant effect on transferred on wheel
vehicle performance
Always check inflation pressure
when tyre is cold (cold tyre

indicates that tyre hasn’t been
driven more than 2 to 3 hours)

Inspection & Maintenance(2)

Hidden Damage

Open side
circumference check
Cracked or damaged Wheel
(bolt holes, disc area & rim

area)

Effect of inflation on Tyre

Tread Wear Indicators

Cracked or Damaged Wheel

Tyre Pressure Monitoring System

Tyre Pressure • A system which monitors the real time air
Monitoring System pressure & reports the same to the driver
through indication light or gauge

Direct Type • Sensors are used on each tyre , internally
or externally

• Shows under or over inflation condition for
individual tyres

Indirect Type • Air pressure monitors are based on the
wheel rotation sensors

• Doesn’t measure the physical pressure

Tyre Rotation

Tyre rotation To improve the Wear on each
should be done tyre life & tyre is different
around 8000 kms due to position
(value provided reduce uneven
tyre wear & load
by the condition of the
manufacturer) More load at the
front wheel drive vehicle

due to Braking
,Steering & other

forces

Types of Tyre Rotation

Cross Pattern Type Five Tyre Rotation Method

(it can be performed on Front (insert the spare tyre in the
or Rear Wheel Drives with 4 rear right position & place the
non-unidirectional tyres-it old rear right tyre to the spare
interchanges from front to
rear and from rear to front) place)

Tyre Rotation Methods

Four tyre rotation method Five tyre rotation method

Wheel Balancing

Uniform mass
distribution
necessary for wheel
balancing

Tyre can be balanced Wheel The vibration at
through: high speed in
Balancing
Static Balancing vehicle or wheel
The method of wobble is symptoms
Dynamic Balancing checking uneven
mass distribution of the wheel
around the axis of unbalance
rotation of the wheel
is called wheel

balacing

Reasons of Wheel Imbalancing

Wheel Run-out
Radial Run-out
Lateral Run-out
Static Balance
Dynamic Balance





Wheel Bearing Maintenance

Lift the
vehicle

Re-install Remove the
bearing hub bearing hub

assembly assembly

Re-install the Procedure Remove the
bearings & seal hub

seal

Re-pack Clean &
grease into check the
old bearings
bearing

Inspect the
bearings

References

1) http://www.hugtheroads.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/types-of-tyre-
1024x313.png

2) http://www.salsonsautomotivetyres.com/gifs/tyre-manufacturing-process1.jpg
3) http://tyresonbroadway.co.za/images/services/correct-tyre-inflation.jpg
4) http://atmaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/tread-wear-indi.jpg
5) http://www.diamondalloys.co.uk/sysimages/rszimages/prices-

img2_gl4_ba13_1.jpg
6) https://www.utires.com/articles/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/tire-balancing-

methods.jpg
7) http://www.aa1car.com/library/wheel_runout1.jpg



Yes



• Wheel being perpendicular to
the surface of road.

•The alignment of wheels in

various angle & parallel to

each other.



Caster
Toes Camber



It is the angle made by

steering pivot.

It is measured as line between

upper & lower pivot points



Caster

Positive Negative
caster Caster

Angled towards back of the car
Angled towards front of the car





Concerned With Steering Axis.

Positive caster improves high
speed performance.



Angle of the wheels viewed

from the front of the car.

It is measured with the tilt of tire.



Camber

Positive Negative
camber Camber

Top of the tire lean away from the car

Top of the tire lean towards the
vehicle.





Driving Style

Fast Driving Slow Driving
Negative Camber Positive Camber

Fast Driving

Choose

Negative
Camber

Because

Gives
Better Grips

Slow Driving

Choose

Positive
Camber

Because

Keeps Trade
Wear

Balanced



Indicates the alignment of
wheels to each other.

It is measured as line between

front and rear tires.