Motorcycle, Motorized Bicycle and lectric- ssisted Bicycle ...

Motorcycle,
Motorized Bicycle and
electric-assisted bicycle

Manual

Minnesota Department of Public Safety
Driver and Vehicle Services Division
dvs.dps.mn.gov



Minnesota Motorcycle,
Motorized Bicycle and
Electric-Assisted Bicycle

Manual

The Minnesota Department of Public Safety Driver and Vehicle Services
Division prepared this manual. Visit the Department of Public Safety Website
at dvs.dps.mn.gov to access online versions of our driver’s manuals.

PS30001-13 (3/12)

About this Manual… For more information on Minnesota
driving laws and rules for all drivers,
This manual is about operating refer to the Minnesota Driver’s
motorcycles, motorized bicycles and Manual.
electric-assisted bicycles on Minnesota
streets and highways. This manual is printed by permission
of the Minnesota Department of
The first section concerns Minnesota Public Safety.
laws and requirements. For complete
standards, consult Minnesota state This manual is prepared by the
statutes and rules. This document is Division of Driver and Vehicle Services
not a proper legal authority to cite with permission of the Minnesota
in court. Department of Public Safety.

The second section (Operation This information can be made
Manual) contains information on safe available in alternative format to
motorcycling. The Operation Manual, individuals with disabilities. For
provided by the Motorcycle Safety assistance, call 651-297-3298 or
Foundation, is not about Minnesota TTY 651-282-6555.
law — it is about riding smart and
staying safe.

NEW RIDING INFORMATION
AND LAW FOR 2012

“Late Merge — Zipper Merge” • For multi-lane roundabouts, as
with any intersection, get into the
The Zipper Merge is a new driving appropriate lane as you approach
strategy that requires a change in the the roundabout.
mindset of motorists who traditionally
have been taught to merge early when • Yield to pedestrians and bicyclists
recognizing that a lane will end. The crossing the roadway.
results of early merging are longer
backups, an increase in crashes and • Watch for signs or pavement
road rage incidents. markings that require or prohibit
certain movements.
The new driving procedure to follow
is when you see the “lane closed ahead” • When entering a roundabout yield
sign and traffic is backing up, stay in your to vehicles already in the round­
current lane up to the point of merge. about. Do not cross into the round­
Then take turns with other drivers about until all traffic from the left
to safely and smoothly ease into the has cleared.
remaining lane. When traffic is heavy
and slow, it is much safer for motorists • After entering the roundabout, drive
to remain in their current traffic lane in a counter clockwise direction until
until the point where traffic can orderly you reach your exit.
take turns merging.
• Do not stop, pass or change lanes
The Zipper Merge benefits drivers by: within a roundabout.
• Reducing the difference in speeds
between two lanes. Changing lanes • If an emergency vehicle approaches,
when traffic is traveling at approxi- exit the roundabout.
mately the same speed is easier
and safer. It is especially important for motor­­
cyclists to use extra caution when
• Reducing the overall length of traffic approaching painted pavem­ ent
backup by as much as 40%. markings, especially in a roundabout.
Pavement markings can be hazar­
• Reducing congestion on freeway dous to motorcyclists due to a loss
interchanges, especially in the of traction, even when the pavement
metropolitan area. is dry.

• Creating a sense of fairness and Donation for Anatomical Gift
equity that all lanes are moving Program (M.S. 168.12 and
at the same rate. M.S. 171.06)

• Reducing incidents of road rage. Recent legislation established a $2
donation option related to anatomical
Roundabouts gifts to be collected as part of vehicle
registration and driver license appli­
Roundabouts are designed to increase cations.Funds received are to be pro­
traffic flow and provide a safer inter­ vided as grants to organ procurement
section than a normal four-way stop. organizations certified by the U.S.
When approaching a roundabout: Department of Health and to non-profit
organizations that advocate for organ,
• Slow down as you approach the tissue and eye donation.
roundabout.

SKILLS TEST CHECKLIST

Do you have all the infor­ If under 18 years of age:
mation you need for your o I have my certificate of course comple-­
skills test? Here is a checklist tion from an approved rider safety
to help you prepare: course.

o I have made a skills test appointment. Note: Riders under 18 will be required
to have a parent or court-appointed
o I have my valid driver’s license. guardian sign the application to add
the motorcycle endorsement.
o I have my valid motorcycle instruction
permit.

o I have my helmet and eye protection.

o I will provide a motorcycle on which
to take the test.

• Basic safety equipment must be in
working condition (see equipment
requirements on page IV).

• Vehicle registration must be current
(license plates and registration
stickers) or the motorcycle must
display a 21-day permit.

o I have valid proof of insurance (such
as the original insurance identification
card or policy) for the motorcycle I am
taking the test on. Photocopies or
copies from the Internet are not
acceptable.

o I have brought money (check, money
order, or cash) to pay the driver’s
license fee and the retesting fee,
if applicable. There is a $20 test fee
for a third or subsequent test (after
failing first two).

• Credit and debit cards are not
accepted.

contents

Preface Ride Within Your Abilities

Rider Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Basic Vehicle Control �����������������������8
Keeping Your Distance �������������������12
Motorcycles SEE �����������������������������������������������17
Intersections ���������������������������������18
License Endorsement and Permit . . . II Increasing Conspicuity �������������������21
Permit Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Crash Avoidance ���������������������������24
Skills Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Handling Dangerous Surfaces �������27
New Resident Information . . . . . . . . III Mechanical Problems ���������������������30
Endorsement Renewal . . . . . . . . . . III Animals �����������������������������������������31
License Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Flying Objects �������������������������������31
Motorcycle Registration/Insurance . . III Getting Off the Road ���������������������31
Equipment Requirements . . . . . . . IV Carrying Passengers
Operating Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV and Cargo �������������������������������������32
Alcohol and Motorcycles . . . . . . . . . V Group Riding ���������������������������������35
Red Light, Green Light . . . . . . . . . . V
Being in Shape to Ride
Motorized Bicycles and Moped
Why This Information
Motorized Bicycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI is Important �����������������������������������39
Operator’s Permit . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI
Instruction Permit Process . . . . . . . VI Alcohol and Other Drugs
Skills Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI in Motorcycle Operation ���������������39
Duplicate Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII
Vehicle Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . VII Alcohol in the Body �����������������������39
Insurance Requirements . . . . . . . . VII Alcohol and the Law ���������������������41
Equipment Requirements . . . . . . . VII Minimize the Risks �������������������������41
Operating Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII Step in to Protect Friends ���������������42
Fatigue �����������������������������������������42
Electric-Assisted Bicycles
Earning Your License ���������������� 43
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII
Permit and Registration . . . . . . . . VIII Three-Wheel Supplement
Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII
Equipment Requirements . . . . . . VIII Supplementary Information
Operating Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII for Three-Wheel Motorcycles ���������45

Motorized Foot Scooters Know Your Vehicle�������������������������45
Basic Vehicle Control�����������������������47
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII Carrying Passengers and Cargo�������50
Operating Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX
Equipment Requirements . . . . . . . IX Hand Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

The Rider and T-CLOCS Pre-Ride Checklist���� 61
the Motorcycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Preparing to Ride

Wear the Right Gear �����������������������2
Know Your Motorcycle ���������������������4
Know Your Responsibilities �������������7

Preface I

This manual is intended to help riders The hazards of riding a two-wheeled
prepare for the knowledge and skills vehicle constantly test the skills of even
tests required to obtain a permit and the most experienced rider. For this
endorsement. It includes rider informa- reason, Minnesota tests everyone
tion that will help beginner and experi- seeking permits and license endorse-
enced riders alike. This manual includes ments to legally operate a motorcycle
Minnesota state requirements as well or moped in the state.
as a guide to safe riding practices.
Rider Training
Skill and care are safety necessities
for riders. Two-wheeled vehicles have The Minnesota Department of Public
the disadvantage of being less stable Safety recommends rider training
and more vulnerable than other vehicles courses for both beginner and experi-
on the road. In a crash, riders often enced riders. Motorcyclists are encour-
sustain severe injuries because they lack aged to update their riding skills as
the protection provided to occupants often as possible. Studies have shown
of larger vehicles. that riders who have taken training
courses are better equipped to cope
Over the last ten years, crash studies with riding emergencies and less likely
show motorcyclists are seven times more to be involved in a crash.
likely to be injured and 34 times more
likely to die in a crash than passengers In 1982, the state of Minnesota
in any other type of vehicle. established a Motorcycle Safety Fund
to upgrade and improve training
Approximately 80 percent of motor- courses, test procedures, public
cycle crashes result in death or injury, awareness and motorcycle safety. The
compared with less than 30 percent of Minnesota Motorcycle Safety Program
auto crashes. These numbers emphasize administers these funds and offers
the importance of knowing the rules state-approved rider training courses.
of motorcycle and moped operation.
While cornering, steering and accelera- For more information on motorcycle
tion characteristics of motorcycles rules, safety or training classes, contact
can exceed other vehicles, their short the Minnesota Motorcycle Safety Center
comings with regard to safety should at 800-407-6677 or visit
not be ignored. www.motorcyclesafety.org

IImotorcycle

Motorcycle License Motorcycle Endorsement
Endorsement and Permit Skills Test

Every person who operates a When you feel that you have
motorcycle on public roads in Minne- reached an acceptable skill level, you
sota must have a valid driver’s license may return to a driver examining station
with the appropriate instruction permit and take the skills test on your motor-
or license endorsement. You must carry cycle. You can schedule your test in
these documents with you when riding person, by phone or online at
a motorcycle on public roadways. www.mndriveinfo.org. If you test on
a three-wheeled motorcycle, you will
Motorcycle Permit Process be restricted to operating three-wheelers
only. You can remove restrictions by
A valid Minnesota driver’s license is taking the skills test on the type of
required to obtain a motorcycle instruc- motorcycle you want to operate.
tion permit. To obtain a motorcycle
instruction permit, you must first pass The skills test consists of four riding
a knowledge (written) test at a driver exercises that measure your vehicle
examination station. If you are under control and hazard response skills.
18 years old, you must also present
a certificate of completion of a state- The two-wheel motorcycle skills test is
approved motorcycle rider training outlined in this manual on pages 56-59.
course. The three-wheel motorcycle skills test is
outlined on pages 60-63 in this manual.
The knowledge test may be taken These tests are administered on the same
only once per day. When you pass the course and will not be given if the sur-
test and pay the $21 permit fee, you face is wet, or if ice or snow is present.
will receive an instruction permit valid
for one year. You will then be entitled For the skills test, you must bring:
to practice riding your motorcycle on • Your current driver’s license and
public roadways so you can become motorcycle permit.
familiar with it and its controls. If your
instruction permit expires, you must • A motorcycle, properly equipped,
retake the knowledge test and pay with proof of current registration
the fee for a new permit. and insurance.

While you are operating a motor- • DOT-approved helmet and eye
cycle with your instruction permit, the protection.
following restrictions apply:
• If you are under 18 years old, a
• You must wear a helmet and eye certificate of course completion
protection approved by the federal from an approved motorcycle rider
Department of Transportation (DOT). training program.

• You may not carry passengers. You will not be allowed to test if you
do not bring all of these items.
• You may not ride on any interstate
highway. If you fail the skills test, you may
retake it after you have had time to
• You may not ride at night. “Night” improve your riding skills. You will be
or “nighttime” means the time assigned practice time that must be
from one-half hour after sunset completed before your next skills test
to one-half hour before sunrise. is given.

motorcycle III

After passing the skills test, you will Duplicate of 1-year
need to apply for a duplicate driver’s operator’s permit . . . . . . . . . . $3.75
license and have your endorsement
added. Your receipt from the duplicate Renewal of operator’s
license application will allow you to ride permit to age 21 . . . . . . . . . . $9.75
your motorcycle without restrictions
until you receive your new license. Duplicate of operator’s permit. .$5.25

New Residents Renewal, age 21 or older . . . $15.75

If you are a new Minnesota resident Retesting Fees
and have a valid driver’s license with a * Third and subsequent
motorcycle endorsement from another
state (or one that has been expired for knowledge test
less than one year) you will need to take (after failing first two) . . . . . . $10.00
a knowledge test to get a Minnesota
driver’s license. You may take the motor- * Third and subsequent
cycle knowledge test at the same time road/skills test
you take the driver’s license knowledge (after failing first two) . . . . . . $20.00
test. The motorcycle skills test will be
waived when you pass the knowledge * Available at driver exam stations only.
test. An endorsement fee of $21 will
be added to the cost of your Minnesota ** Fee does not include the cost of
driver’s license. a new license.

Endorsement Renewal Motorcycle Registration

When your Minnesota driver’s license All motorcycles must be registered
has a two-wheeled motorcycle endorse- with the state and display a license plate
ment, you will pay the license fee plus showing that registration tax has been
a $13 motorcycle endorsement fee paid. The registration period is from
when you renew your license with March 1 through the last day of Febru-
your endorsement. ary. Re-registration is required annually
and expires at the end of February. New
License Fees residents have 60 days after becoming
Minnesota residents to register their
Fees are determined by law and are motorcycles. For more information,
subject to change. contact your local deputy registrar or
call 651-297-2126.
Motorcycle Fees
* Motorcycle instruction Motorcycle Insurance

permit/endorsement fee . . . . $21.00 All motorcycles registered in Minne-
sota must have liability insurance cover-
** Motorcycle endorsement age for property damage or injury
renewal (2 wheel only) . . . . . $13.00 to another party. No-fault injury and
uninsured motorist protections are
Duplicate driver’s license . . . . $13.50 optional. Coverage for damage, loss or
motorcycle theft is also optional. The
Motorized Bicycle Operator’s Permit Commissioner of Public Safety may
* Knowledge test and 30-day revoke the registration and suspend the
license of any motorcycle operator who
instruction permit . . . . . . . . . . $6.75 does not carry the required insurance.

* Skills test and 1-year
operator’s permit . . . . . . . . . . $6.75

IVmotorcycle

Motorcycle Equipment Motorcycle Operating Rules
Requirements
There are a number of basic operating
All motorcycles must have basic rules that are unique to two-wheeled
safety equipment in working condition. vehicles.
In addition to a rearview mirror, horn
and muffler, motorcycles must be • The operator may ride only on a
equipped with the following: permanent, regular seat.

• At least one, and not more than • A passenger may ride only on a
two, headlights with high- and permanent, regular passenger’s
low-beam settings. (Headlight seat on the motorcycle or in a
modulators are legal in Minnesota.) sidecar attached to the vehicle.

• One red taillight, including brake • Passengers may not ride on a
light/stop lamp. A blue dot of up motorcycle unless they can reach
to one inch in diameter on the tail- the footrests on each side of the
light is legal. motorcycle with both feet while
seated.
• Footrests for a passenger must
be provided if the motorcycle is • Operators and passengers under
equipped with a seat designed or 18 and those operating on a
suited for use by a passenger. motorcycle permit must wear
DOT-approved helmets.
• At least one brake, front or rear,
which may be operated by hand • The operator and the passenger
or foot. must sit astride the motorcycle seat,
facing forward, with one leg on
All provisions of Minnesota Statutes, each side of the motorcycle (passen-
Chapter 169, pertaining to other gers in a sidecar are exempt).
motor vehicle equipment also apply
to motorcycles, except those which • Operators may not carry packages
by their nature have no application. or articles that interfere with
keeping both hands on the
Protective Eyewear handlebars.
Motorcyclists are required to wear
• Operators may not ride a motor-
protective eyewear, such as glasses, cycle between lanes of moving or
goggles or a face shield, even if the stationary vehicles headed in the
motorcycle is equipped with a wind- same direction.
screen. Contact lenses do not qualify
as protective eyewear. • The operator must have the head-
light on at all times when riding
Helmets in Minnesota.
Motorcyclists and passengers under

18 years of age and those operating
on a motorcycle permit must wear a
DOT-approved helmet. Helmet use is
strongly recommended by the Depart-
ment of Public Safety for all motor-
cyclists and passengers.

motorcycle V

Live to Ride. Alcohol and Red Light, Green Light:
Motorcycles Don’t Mix Minnesota Law

Riding a motorcycle requires more Minnesota law addresses instances
skills — and different skills — than when motorcycles, bicycles and mopeds
driving a car or truck. Because of this, are not detected by control systems at
alcohol use impairs a rider’s skills sooner traffic lights, and a signal change does
and more severely than a driver’s, even not occur.
at blood alcohol levels below the legal
level of .08. The law gives motorcyclists, bicyclists
and moped riders the option to
Fact: drinking and riding kills motor- proceed through the intersection after
cyclists. State law requires that coroners a reasonable amount of time, and
test the blood alcohol level of traffic provides an affirmative legal defense to
crash victims who die within four hours this action, based on five conditions:
of a crash. About half of the motor-
cyclists tested since 1990 had alcohol • The motorcycle, bicycle or moped
in their systems. has been brought to a complete
stop.
Minnesota State Patrol officers, local
police and county sheriffs patrol Minne- • The traffic-control signal continues
sota highways every day to enforce to show a red light for an
DWI laws. From 2006 to 2008, they unreasonable time.
made more than 116,000 DWI arrests.
A DWI will affect all your driving • The traffic-control signal is appar-
privileges — not only your privilege ently malfunctioning or, if pro-
to operate a motorcycle. grammed to change to a green light
only after detecting the approach
If you drink, don’t ride, and if of a motor vehicle, the signal has
you ride, don’t drink. Do it for your apparently failed to detect the
family and friends as well as for your motorcycle, bicycle or moped.
own safety. Set the example for other
riders, and don’t be afraid to step in • No vehicle or person is approaching
when you see someone else about to on the roadway to be crossed or
make a mistake. Do it for their families entered, or
and their friends.
• Approaching vehicles or persons are
For a summary of Minnesota laws so far away that they do not consti-
on driving and riding under the influ- tute an immediate hazard.
ence of alcohol and other drugs, and
the consequences of doing so, please The affirmative defense applies only
refer to chapter 8 of the Minnesota to an alleged violation for entering or
Driver’s Manual, available online at crossing an intersection controlled by
dvs.dps.mn.gov a traffic-control signal against a red
light. It does not provide a defense
to any other civil or criminal action.

VImotorized bicycle and moped

Motorized Bicycle The knowledge test includes questions
on driving laws and rules of the road
Motorized bicycles are registered as as well as information specific to two-
mopeds. A motorized bicycle must meet wheeled vehicles. In addition to this
the following requirements: manual, study the Minnesota Driver’s
Manual.
• Electric motor or a liquid-fueled
engine with piston displacement When you have passed the knowledge
of 50 cubic centimeters or less. test and paid the $6.75 examination
fee, you will receive a 30-day moped
• Maximum of two brake horsepower. instruction permit. This instruction
permit allows you to practice riding
• Maximum speed of 30 mph on a a moped only within a one-mile radius
flat surface. of your residence.

Moped Operator’s Permit For operators under the age of 16,
during the instruction permit period,
Any person who has a valid driver’s only a parent or guardian of the operator
license may operate a moped without may ride on the moped as a passenger.
taking a moped test. Anyone without
a driver’s license, regardless of age, Moped Operator’s Permit
must obtain a moped operator’s permit Skills Test
to legally operate a moped (see section
below). You must carry your license or You must pass a skills test to obtain
permit with you when you ride. a moped operator’s permit.

Moped Instruction Permit When you take your skills test, you
Process must bring:

To obtain a moped operator’s instruc- • Your 30-day moped operator’s
tion permit you must: instruction permit.

• Be at least 15 years old. • Current proof of insurance for
the moped used for testing.
• Present proper identification.
• A DOT-approved helmet and eye
• Present a certificate of completion protection.
issued by a state approved moped
safety course. You will not be allowed to test if
you do not have all of the above items.
• Pass a vision screening.
A parental approval slip is required
• Pass a knowledge test. for persons under age 18. Approval
forms are available at license exam
If you are under 18 years old, you must stations.
meet these requirements and present a
certified approval slip from your parent The moped operator’s permit skills
or legal guardian before taking the test consists of:
knowledge test and skills test. Approval
forms are available at license exam • Starting
stations.
• Tight circles
To find out about moped safety courses
near you, contact your local driver exam • Quick stop
station or call 800-407-6677. Find
course information and exam station • Turns (right and left)
locations at www.mndriveinfo.org or
call 651-297-2005. • Lane changing

moped VII

• Stop signs and/or traffic lights and may be operated during daylight
hours only.
• Right of way
• A horn and mirror are required
This test is conducted on public streets, safety equipment for a moped.
unlike the motorcycle skills test. Upon
successful completion of the skills test • Moped riders must wear protective
you will need to apply for a moped eyewear.
operator’s permit which is valid for one
year. After one year, you may apply for a • Moped riders under 18 years old
renewal of the moped operator’s permit. must wear a DOT-approved motor-
cycle helmet.
If your moped operator’s permit is lost
or there is a change of name or address, • The Department of Public Safety
you may apply for a duplicate permit. recommends that moped operators
observe the same rules of safety
Moped Vehicle Registration and wear the same protective equip-
ment suggested for motorcycle riders.
Mopeds must be registered, and
registrations must be renewed annually. Moped Operating Rules
The vehicle must display current regis-
tration tabs. Registration and renewal These rules and restrictions apply to
can be done at any Driver and Vehicle operating mopeds:
Services deputy registrar’s office.
• Because of the relatively low speeds
Moped of mopeds, you should ride in the
Insurance Requirements traffic lane as far right on the road-
way as possible unless you are
All mopeds registered in Minnesota making a left turn. Riding on side-
must have liability insurance coverage walks is not permitted except where
for property damage or injury to another it would be necessary for a short
party. No-fault injury and uninsured distance to get from a driveway, alley
motorist protections are optional. Cover- or building to an adjacent roadway.
age for damage, loss or moped theft
is also optional. The Commissioner of • Mopeds are not allowed on lanes
Public Safety may revoke the registration or trails that have been set aside
and suspend the license of any moped for bicycles and the exclusive use
operator who does not carry the required of non-motorized traffic.
insurance.
• Moped riders on a roadway shall not
Moped ride more than two abreast and shall
Equipment Requirements not impede the normal and reason-
able movement of traffic.
These rules apply to required equip-
ment and gear for moped riders: • Mopeds are not allowed on inter-
state freeways.
• A moped must meet the same
lighting requirements as a motor- • A moped equipped with a headlight
cycle, with a headlight, taillight and and taillight that meet motorcycle
stop lamp. The headlight must be on lighting requirements may be oper-
during operation. Mopeds manufac- ated during nighttime hours. “Night”
tured before 1987 are not normally or “nighttime” means the time from
equipped with a headlight or taillight one-half hour after sunset to one-half
hour before sunrise.

electric-assisted bicycle
VIIIand motorized foot scooter

Electric-Assisted Bicycle Electric-Assisted Bicycle
Equipment Requirements
Electric-assisted bicycles are registered
as mopeds. An electric-assisted bicycle • Electric-assisted bicycle riders under
may have two or three wheels and must 18 years old must wear a motorcycle
meet the following requirements: helmet approved by the U.S. Depart-
ment of Transportation or a bicycle
• Saddle and fully operable pedals helmet approved by the American
for human propulsion. National Standards Institute (ANSI).

• Electric motor with a power output • Protective eyewear is recommended,
of 1,000 watts or less. but not required, for electric-assisted
bicycle operators.
• Motor incapable of propelling the
vehicle more than 20 mph. Electric-Assisted Bicycle
Operating Rules
• Motor incapable of increasing the
speed of the vehicle to more than • Electric-assisted bicycle operators
20 mph when human power is may ride on the shoulder of the
used to propel the vehicle. road going in the same direction
as adjacent traffic.
• Motor disengages or ceases to func-
tion when brakes are applied. • Electric-assisted bicycle operators
may ride in a marked bicycle lane.
• Meets Federal motor vehicle safety
standards. • Standard traffic laws apply with
regard to lane use, traffic signs
Electric-Assisted Bicycle and signals.
Operator’s Permit and
Registration • An electric-assisted bicycle equip-
ped with a headlight and taillight
Any person who has a valid driver’s that meet motorcycle lighting
license may operate an electric-assisted requirements may be operated
bicycle without taking a test or having during nighttime hours. “Night”
a driver’s license endorsement. Anyone or “nighttime” means the time
without a driver’s license, regardless of from one-half hour after sunset
age, must obtain a moped operator’s to one-half hour before sunrise.
permit to legally operate an electric-
assisted bicycle. You must carry these Motorized Foot Scooter
documents with you when you ride.
For details on obtaining a permit, refer A motorized foot scooter is designed
to the “Moped Operator’s Permit” to be stood or sat upon by the oper-
section on page VI. ator. It has handlebars and is powered
by an engine or electric motor capable
Electric-Assisted Bicycle of propelling the device with or without
Insurance Requirements human propulsion. A motorized foot
scooter has these requirements: wheels
No-fault liability insurance is not ten inches in diameter or smaller, or an
required for electric-assisted bicycle engine or motor capable of a maximum
operators. speed of 15 mph on a flat surface.

motorized foot scooter IX

Motorized Foot Scooter • Riding a motorized foot scooter
Operator’s Rights and on sidewalks is not permitted except
Responsibilities where it would be necessary for
a short distance to get from a
You must be 12 years old or older driveway, alley or building to an
to operate a motorized foot scooter. adjacent roadway.
You do not need an operator’s permit,
vehicle registration or insurance to • Motorized foot scooter operators
operate a motorized foot scooter. may not carry passengers.

Every person operating a motorized • A person may operate a motor-
foot scooter has the same rights and ized foot scooter on a bicycle path,
responsibilities as the operator of a bicycle lane, bicycle trail or bike-way
bicycle, except in respect to provisions that is not reserved for the exclusive
related only to motorized foot scooters use of non-motorized traffic, unless
and in respect to provisions that cannot restricted by local authorities.
reasonably be applied to motorized
foot scooters. Motorized Foot Scooter
Operator Equipment
Motorized Foot Scooter Requirements
Operation Requirements
and Prohibitions • Riders age 12 to 17 must wear
either a motorcycle helmet
• A person operating a motorized approved by the U.S. Department
foot scooter on a roadway shall ride of Transportation or a bicycle helmet
near the right-hand curb or edge of approved by the American National
the roadway, except in the following Standards Institute (ANSI).
situations:
• A motorized foot scooter equipped
– When overtaking and passing with a headlight and taillight may
another vehicle proceeding in be operated during nighttime hours.
the same direction. “Night” or “nighttime” means
the time from one-half hour
– When preparing for a left turn, after sunset to one-half hour
in which case the operator shall before sunrise.
stop and dismount at the right-
hand curb or right edge of the
roadway, and shall complete the
turn by crossing the roadway on
foot, subject to restrictions placed
by law on pedestrians.

– When necessary to avoid con-
ditions that make it unsafe to
continue along the right-hand
curb or edge, including, but not
limited to, fixed or moving
objects, vehicles, bicycles,
pedestrians, animals, surface
hazards, or narrow lanes.

minnesota rider training
Xand education

Basic Rider Course (BRC) Special Evening Hours for
State Riding Test
The basic rider course is intended for
novice riders — no experience is neces- The Minnesota Department of
sary — but experienced riders benefit Public Safety Office of Driver and
from this course, as well. Training Vehicle Services has a convenient
motorcycles are provided. A rider 18 evening testing program just for
years of age or older who has a valid motorcycle riders. Several exam stations
motorcycle permit can earn a motor- are open from 5 to 7 p.m. one night
cycle endorsement upon successful per week throughout the summer for
completion of the skills test at the motorcycle endorsement skills testing.
end of the course (skills test waiver). Visit www.motorcyclesafety.org or
Riders younger than 18 years of age 800-407-6677 for more information.
are required to take the BRC before
taking the state motorcycle knowledge
(permit) and skills tests.

Pcorenftaecnets XI

Welcome to the Sixteenth Edition of This latest edition has undergone
the MSF Motorcycle Operator Manual significant improvements, and contains
(MOM). Operating a motorcycle safely new, more in-depth information,
in traffic requires special skills and designed to:
knowledge. The Motorcycle Safety
Foundation (MSF) has made this manual • Guide riders in preparing to ride
available to help novice motorcyclists safely
reduce their risk of having a crash. The
manual conveys essential safe riding • Develop effective street strategies
information and has been designed
for use in licensing programs. While • Give riders more comprehensive
designed for the novice, all motorcyclists understanding of safe group riding
can benefit from the information this practices
manual contains.
• Describe in detail best practices for
The original Motorcycle Operator carrying passengers and cargo
Manual was developed by the National
Public Services Research Institute (NPSRI) In promoting improved licensing
under contract to the National Highway programs, the MSF works closely with
Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) state licensing agencies. The Foundation
and within the terms of a cooperative has helped more than half the states
agreement between NHTSA and the in the nation adopt the Motorcycle
MSF. The manual and related tests Operator Manual for use in their
were used in a multi-year study of licensing systems.
improved motorcycle operator licensing
procedures, conducted by the California Improved licensing, along with high
Department of Motor Vehicles under quality motorcycle rider education and
contract to NHTSA. increased public awareness, has the
potential to reduce crashes. Staff at the
The purpose of this manual is to Foundation are available to assist state,
educate riders and to help them avoid private and governmental agencies in
crashes while safely operating either efforts to improve motorcycle safety.
a standard two-wheel motorcycle or a
three-wheel motorcycle. Tim Buche
President,
Motorcycle Safety Foundation

2 Jenner, Suite 150
Irvine, CA 92619-3806

1 The Rider anPdrtehpearMiontgotrocyrcilde

Motorcycling is a Riding environment
unique experience.
Compared to a car, and supports the concept that, as the
you don’t sit in a Motorcycle Safety Foundation says,
motorcycle, you “Safe riding is as much a skill of the
become part of it. eyes and mind as it is of the hands and
Not as a passive feet.”
driver, but as an
active rider arcing Successfully piloting a motorcycle is a
into a string of much more involved task than driving a
smooth corners, car. Motorcycling requires a fine sense
playing along with of balance and a heightened sense of
the rhythm of the awareness and position amidst other
road; shifting, roadway users. A motorcycle responds
accelerating, more quickly to rider inputs than a car,
and braking but is also more sensitive to outside
with precision. forces, like irregular road surfaces or
Whether you crosswinds. A motorcycle is also less
ride to and from visible than a car due to its narrower
work or prefer profile, and offers far less protection by
the camaraderie of a group ride on the exposing its rider to other traffic and
weekend, motorcycling engages all your the elements. All these risks can be
senses and creates an invigorating sense managed through study, training, and
of freedom. practice.

Along with that freedom comes
responsibility. All states require
some form of license endorsement
demonstrating you possess a minimum
level of skill and knowledge. This
booklet and other motorcycle
publications can help prepare you to
be successful. You might also consider
taking a formal hands-on training
course, even if your state doesn’t require
that you complete one. You’ll learn how
to improve your riding skills and mental
strategies, so you can be a safer, more
alert rider.

The diagram above illustrates the
complex environment that awaits you,

PREPARING TO RIDE 2

What you do before you start a trip goes a long way toward determining
whether or not you’ll get where you want to go safely. Before taking off on any
trip, a safe rider makes a point to:

1. Wear the right gear.

2. Become familiar with the motorcycle.

3. Check the motorcycle equipment.

4. Be a responsible rider.

Wear the Right Gear a helmet kept a rider from spotting
danger.
When you ride, your gear is “right”
if it protects you. In any crash, you have • Most crashes happen on short
a far better chance of avoiding serious trips (less than five miles long), just
injury if you wear: a few minutes after starting out.

• A DOT compliant helmet. • Most riders are riding slower than
30 mph when a crash occurs. At
• Face or eye protection. these speeds, helmets can cut both
the number and the severity of head
• Protective clothing. injuries by half.

Helmet Use No matter what the speed, helmeted
riders are three times more likely to
Crashes can occur — particularly survive head injuries than those not
among untrained, beginning riders. wearing helmets at the time of the
And one out of every five motorcycle crash. The single most important thing
crashes results in head or neck injuries. you can do to improve your chances of
Head injuries are just as severe as neck surviving a crash is to wear a securely-
injuries — and far more common. Crash fastened, quality helmet.
analyses show that head and neck
injuries account for a majority of serious Helmet Selection
and fatal injuries to motorcyclists.
Research also shows that, with few There are two primary types of
exceptions, head and neck injuries are helmets, providing two different levels
reduced by properly wearing a quality of coverage: three-quarter and full face.
helmet.
Whichever style you choose, you can
Some riders don’t wear helmets get the most protection by making sure
because they think helmets will limit that the helmet:
their view to the sides. Others wear
helmets only on long trips or when • Is designed to meet U.S.
riding at high speeds. But, here are Department of Transportation
some facts to consider: (DOT) and state standards. Helmets
with a label from the Snell Memorial
• A DOT-compliant helmet lets Foundation also give you an
you see as far to the sides as assurance of quality.
necessary. A study of more than
900 motorcycle crashes, where • Fits snugly, all the way around.
40% of the riders wore helmets,
did not find even one case in which • Has no obvious defects such as
cracks, loose padding or frayed
straps.

3 PREPARING TO RIDE

Whatever helmet you Helmets
decide on, keep it securely
fastened on your head Clothing
when you ride. Otherwise,
if you are involved in a The right clothing protects you in
crash, it’s likely to fly off a collision. It also provides comfort,
your head before it gets a as well as protection from heat, cold,
chance to protect you. debris and hot and moving parts of the
motorcycle. It can also make you more
Eye and Face visible to others.
Protection
• Jacket and pants should cover
A plastic shatter-resistant arms and legs completely. They
faceshield can help protect should fit snugly enough to keep
your whole face in a from flapping in the wind, yet
crash. It also protects you loosely enough to move freely.
from wind, dust, dirt, rain, insects and Leather offers the most protection.
pebbles thrown up from cars ahead. Sturdy synthetic material provides
These problems are distracting and a lot of protection as well. Wear
can be painful. If you have to deal a jacket even in warm weather to
with them, you can’t devote your full prevent dehydration. Many are
attention to the road. designed to protect without getting
you overheated, even on summer
Goggles protect your eyes, though days. Some riders choose jackets
they won’t protect the rest of your face and pants with rigid “body armor”
like a faceshield does. A windshield inserts in critical areas for additional
is not a substitute for a faceshield or protection.
goggles. Most windshields will not
protect your eyes from the wind. Neither • Boots or shoes should be high
will eyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasses and sturdy enough to cover your
won’t keep your eyes from watering, ankles and give them support. Soles
and they might blow off when you turn should be made of hard, durable,
your head while riding. slip-resistant material. Keep heels
short so they do not catch on rough
To be effective, eye or faceshield surfaces. Tuck in laces so they won’t
protection must: catch on your motorcycle.

• Be free of scratches.

• Be resistant to penetration.

• Give a clear view to either side.

• Fasten securely, so it does not
blow off.

• Permit air to pass through, to
reduce fogging.

• Permit enough room for
eyeglasses or sunglasses, if needed.

Tinted eye protection should not be
worn when little light is available.

4

• Gloves allow a better grip and help KNOW YOUR
protect your hands in a crash. Your MOTORCYCLE
gloves should be made of leather or
similar durable material. There are plenty of things on the
highway that can cause you trouble.
• Hearing protection reduces Your motorcycle should not be one
noise while allowing you to hear of them. To make sure that your
important sounds such as car horns motorcycle won’t let you down:
or sirens. Long term exposure to
engine and wind noise can cause • Start with the right motorcycle
permanent hearing damage even for you.
if you wear a full face helmet.
Whether you choose disposable • Read the owner’s manual.
foam plugs or reusable custom
molded devices, be sure you adhere • Be familiar with the motorcycle
to state laws regarding hearing controls.
protection.
• Check the motorcycle before
In cold or wet weather, your clothes every ride.
should keep you warm and dry, as
well as protect you from injury. You • Keep it in safe riding condition
cannot control a motorcycle well if between rides.
you are numb. Riding for long periods
in cold weather can cause severe chill • Avoid add-ons and modifications
and fatigue. A winter jacket should that make your motorcycle harder
resist wind and fit snugly at the neck, to handle.
wrists and waist. Good-quality rainsuits
designed for motorcycle riding resist The Right Motorcycle For You
tearing apart or ballooning up at high
speeds. First, make sure your motorcycle is
right for you. It should “fit” you. Your
clothing feet should reach the ground while
you are seated on the motorcycle, and
the controls should be easy to operate.
Smaller motorcycles are usually easier
for beginners to operate.

At a minimum, your street-legal
motorcycle should have:

• Headlight, taillight and
brakelight.

test yourself 1

A plastic shatter-resistant face
shield:
A. Is not necessary if you have a

windshield.
B. Only protects your eyes.
C. Helps protect your whole face.
D. Does not protect your face as well

as goggles.
Answer - page 44

5 Preparing to ride

• Front and rear brakes. involve riders with less than five months
of experience on their motorcycle.
• Turn signals.
Get Familiar with the
• Horn. Motorcycle Controls

• Two mirrors. Make sure you are completely familiar
with the motorcycle before you take
Borrowing and Lending it out on the street. Be sure to review
the owner’s manual. This is particularly
Borrowers and lenders of motorcycles, important if you are riding a borrowed
beware. Crashes are fairly common motorcycle.
among beginning riders — especially
in the first months of riding. Riding If you are going to use an unfamiliar
an unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the motorcycle:
problem. If you borrow a motorcycle,
get familiar with it in a controlled area. • Make all the checks you would on
And if you lend your motorcycle to your own motorcycle.
friends, make sure they are licensed and
know how to ride before allowing them • Find out where everything is,
out into traffic. particularly the turn signals, horn,
headlight switch, fuel-supply valve
No matter how experienced you and engine cut-off switch. Find and
may be, ride extra carefully on any operate these items without having
motorcycle that’s new or unfamiliar to look for them.
to you. More than half of all crashes

motorcycle controls

6

• Know the controls. Work the • Try the front and rear brake levers
throttle, clutch, brakes, and shifter a one at a time. Make sure each feels
few times before you start riding. firm and holds the motorcycle when
fully applied.
• Ride very cautiously and be aware
of surroundings. Accelerate gently, C — Controls
take turns more slowly and leave
extra room for stopping. • Make sure the clutch and throttle
operate smoothly. The throttle
Check Your Motorcycle should snap back to fully closed
when released. The clutch should
A motorcycle needs more frequent feel tight and should operate
attention than a car. A minor technical smoothly.
failure on a car is seldom more than an
inconvenience for the driver. The same • Try the horn. Make sure it works.
failure on a motorcycle may result in a
crash or having to leave your motorcycle • Clean and adjust your mirrors
parked on the side of the road. If before starting. It’s difficult to ride
anything’s wrong with your motorcycle, with one hand while you try to
you’ll want to find out about it before adjust a mirror. Adjust each mirror
you get in traffic. so you can see the lane behind and
as much as possible of the lane next
The primary source of information to you. When properly adjusted, a
about how a motorcycle should be mirror may show the edge of your
inspected and maintained is its owner’s arm or shoulder – but it’s the road
manual. Be sure to absorb all of its behind you and to the side that are
important information. A motorcycle will most important.
continue to ride like new if it is properly
maintained and routine inspections L — Lights and Electrics
become part of its maintenance cycle.
• Check both headlight and taillight.
A pre-ride inspection only takes Test your switch to make sure both
a few minutes and should be done high and low beams work.
before every ride to prevent problems.
It’s quick and easy to check the critical • Turn on both right and left hand
components and should be as routine turn signals. Make sure all lights are
and automatic as checking the weather working properly.
forecast before heading out for the day.
A convenient reminder developed by • Try both brakes and make sure each
MSF is T-CLOCSSM. There is a T-CLOCS one turns on the brake light.
“tear-out” sheet at the back of this
manual for you to keep with you when O — Oil and Other Fluids
you ride. A T-CLOCS inspection should
be conducted before every ride, and • Check engine oil and transmission
includes checks of: fluid levels.

T — Tires and Wheels • Check the brake hydraulic fluid and
coolant level weekly.
• Check tire inflation pressure,
treadwear and general condition of • Be sure your fuel valve is open
sidewalls and tread surface. before starting out. With the fuel
valve closed, your motorcycle may
start with only the fuel that is still in
the lines, but will stall once the lines
are empty.

7 Preparing to ride

• Look underneath the motorcycle for responsibility to look before pulling out.
signs of an oil or fuel leak. Both of you are at fault. Someone else
might be the first to start the chain of
C — Chassis events leading to a crash, but it doesn’t
leave any of us free of responsibility.
• Check the front suspension. Ensure
there is no binding. The rear shocks As a rider you can’t be sure that other
and springs should move smoothly. operators will see you or yield the right
of way. To lessen your chances of a
• Be sure the chain is adjusted crash occurring:
according to the manufacturer’s
specifications and that the sprockets • Be visible — wear proper clothing,
are not worn or damaged. use your headlight, ride in the best
lane position to see and be seen.
S — Stands
• Communicate your intentions —
• Ensure the side stand operates use the proper signals, brake light
smoothly and that the spring holds and lane position.
it tightly in the up position. If
equipped, the center stand should • Maintain an adequate space
also be held firmly against the frame cushion — when following, being
whenever the motorcycle is moving. followed, lane sharing, passing and
being passed.
Additionally, regular maintenance
such as tune-ups and oil changes are as • Search your path of travel 12
important for a motorcycle as routine seconds ahead.
checkups by your doctor are for you.
Wear and tear is normal with use; • Identify and separate hazards.
routine maintenance will help prevent
costly breakdowns. The schedule for • Be prepared to act — remain alert
regular upkeep for motorcycle parts and know how to carry out proper
and controls is contained in your crash-avoidance skills.
motorcycle’s owner’s manual.
Blame doesn’t matter when someone
KNOW YOUR is injured in a crash. The ability to ride
RESPONSIBILITIES aware, make critical decisions and carry
them out separates responsible riders
“Accident” implies an unforeseen from the rest. Remember, it is up to you
event that occurs without fault or to keep from being the cause of, or an
negligence. In traffic, that is not the unprepared participant in, any crash.
case. In fact, most people involved in a
crash can claim some responsibility for test yourself 2
what takes place.
More than half of all crashes:
Consider a situation where someone A. Occur at speeds greater than
decides to drive through an intersection
on a yellow light turning red. Your 35mph.
light turns green. You pull into the B. Happen at night.
intersection without checking for C. Are caused by worn tires.
possible traffic. That is all it takes for the D. Involve riders who have less than
two of you to crash. It was the driver’s
responsibility to stop, and it was your five months of experience on their
motorcycles.

Answer - page 44

r ide within your abilities 8

This manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed or balance.
That’s something you can learn only through practice, preferably in a formal
course of instruction like an MSF RiderCourse. But control begins with knowing
your abilities and riding within them, along with knowing and obeying the rules
of the road.

BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL throttle. Also, adjust the handlebars
so your hands are even with or
Body Position below your elbows. This permits
you to use the proper muscles for
To control a motorcycle well: precision steering.

• Posture — Position yourself • Knees — Keep your knees against
comfortably so you are able to the gas tank to help you keep your
operate all the controls and can use balance as the motorcycle turns.
your arms to steer the motorcycle,
rather than to hold yourself up. • Feet — Keep your feet firmly on the
This helps you bond with your footrests to maintain balance. Don’t
motorcycle and allows you to react drag your feet. If your foot catches
quickly to hazards. on something, you could be injured
and it could affect your control of
• Seat — Sit far enough forward so the motorcycle. Keep your feet near
that arms are slightly bent when the controls so you can get to them
you hold the handgrips. Bending fast if needed. Also, don’t let your
your arms permits you to press on toes point downward — they may
the handlebars without having to get caught between the road and
stretch. the footrests.

• Hands — Hold the handgrips Shifting Gears
firmly to keep your grip over rough
surfaces. Start with your right There is more to shifting gears than
wrist flat. This will help you keep simply getting the motorcycle to pick
from accidentally using too much up speed smoothly. Learning to use the
gears when downshifting, turning or
holding handgrips starting on hills is equally important for
safe motorcycle operation.

The gearshift lever is located in front
of the left footrest and is operated by
the left foot. To shift “up” to a higher
gear, position your foot under the
shift lever and lift. To downshift, press
the shift lever down. The shift lever
changes one gear each time it is lifted
or pressed down. Whenever the lever
is released, spring loading returns it to
center, where the mechanism resets
for the next shift up or down. A typical
gear pattern is 1-N-2-3-4-5. The N is

9 ride within your abilities

for neutral, which is selected by either enough before downshifting safely.
a “half lift” from 1st gear or a “half
press” from 2nd gear. Most motorcycles When downshifting, use a 3-step
have five gears, but some have four or process: 1) Roll off the throttle as you
six gears. squeeze the clutch lever, 2) press the
shift lever down firmly, 3) ease out the
Shifting gears clutch lever as you roll on the throttle.
Once the shift is completed, release
As your motorcycle increases the shift lever to permit it to reset for
speed, you will need to shift up to a the next shift. Rolling on the throttle
higher gear. Shift up well before the slightly while smoothly easing out the
engine RPM reaches its maximum clutch can help the engine come up
recommended speed. As a general rule, to speed more quickly and make the
shift up soon enough to avoid over- downshift smoother. Shifting to a lower
revving the engine, but not so soon to gear causes an effect similar to using
cause the engine to lug. the brakes. This is known as engine
braking. To use engine braking, shift
When upshifting, use a 3-step down one gear at a time and ease out
process: 1) Roll off the throttle as you the clutch through the friction zone
squeeze the clutch lever, 2) lift the between each downshift. Keep the
shift lever firmly as far as it will go, 3) clutch in the friction zone until the
smoothly ease out the clutch and adjust engine speed stabilizes. Then ease out
the throttle. Once the shift is completed, the lever fully until ready for the next
release the shift lever to permit it to downshift. Usually you shift gears one at
reset for the next shift. a time, but it is possible to shift through
more than one gear while the clutch is
You should shift down through the squeezed.
gears with the clutch as you slow or
stop, and can also shift down when you Remain in first gear while you are
need more power to accelerate. stopped so that you can move out
quickly if you need to.
Make certain you are riding slowly
enough when you shift into a lower Work toward a smooth, even clutch
gear. If not, the motorcycle will lurch, release, especially when downshifting. It
and the rear wheel may skid. When is best to change gears before entering
riding downhill or shifting into first gear a turn. However, sometimes shifting
you may need to use the brakes to slow while in the turn is necessary. If so,
remember to do so smoothly. A sudden
change in power to the rear wheel can
cause a skid.

Braking

Improper braking technique remains
a significant contributing factor in many
motorcycle crashes. Your motorcycle
has two brake controls: one for the
front wheel and one for the rear wheel.
Always use both brakes every time you

10

slow or stop. The front brake is more To stop as quickly and as safely as
powerful and can provide at least 70% possible in a curve, and depending on
of your total stopping power. The front road and traffic conditions, try to get the
brake is safe to use if you use it properly. motorcycle as perpendicular to the road
as possible, then brake. If conditions do
Maximum straight-line braking is not allow, brake smoothly and gradually,
accomplished by fully applying both but do not apply as much braking force
front and rear brakes without locking as you would if the motorcycle were
either wheel. straight up. As you slow, you can reduce
your lean angle, and as more traction
To do this: becomes available for braking, you can
more firmly apply the brakes, so that
• Squeeze the front brake by the time the motorcycle is stopped,
smoothly, firmly and with the motorcycle is straight up, and the
progressively more force. Do not handlebars are squared.
grab the brake lever or use abrupt
pressure. Linked and Integrated
Braking Systems
• As the motorcycle’s weight
transfers forward, more traction Some motorcycles have linked braking
becomes available at the front which connects the front and rear
wheel, so the front brake can be brakes on the motorcycle and applies
applied harder after braking begins. braking pressure to both brakes when
either the front lever or rear pedal is
• Keep your knees against the applied. An integrated braking system
tank and your eyes up, looking is a variation of the linked system in
well ahead. This helps you stop the which partial front braking is applied
motorcycle in a straight line. whenever the rear brake is activated.
Consult your owner’s manual for a
• Apply light-to-lighter pressure detailed explanation on the operation
to the rear brake pedal to prevent a and effective use of these systems.
rear wheel skid. As weight transfers
forward less traction is available Anti-Lock Braking Systems
at the rear. Use less rear brake (ABS)
pressure.
ABS is designed to prevent wheel
Using both brakes for even “normal” lock-up and avoid skids when stopping
stops will permit you to develop the in straight-line, panic situations. ABS
proper habit or skill of using both brakes operates when maximum pressure on
properly in an emergency. Squeeze the both the front and rear brake controls
front brake and press down on the rear. is applied. If electronic sensors detect
Grabbing at the front brake or jamming the possibility of a wheel lock, brake
down on the rear can cause the brakes hydraulic pressure, is released then
to lock, resulting in control problems. reapplied to maintain maximum braking
effectiveness.
Braking in a Corner
The system is capable of releasing and
Any time a motorcycle is leaned over, reapplying pressure more than 15 times
the amount of traction available for per second.
braking is reduced. The greater the lean
angle, the more the possibility of the
tires losing traction.

11 ride within your abilities

Turning In normal turns, the rider and the
motorcycle should lean together at the
Approach turns and curves with same angle.
caution. Riders often try to take curves
or turns too fast. When they can’t hold Normal turns
the turn, they end up crossing into
another lane of traffic or going off the In slow, tight turns, counterbalance by
road. Or, they overreact and brake too leaning the motorcycle only and keeping
hard, causing a skid and loss of control. your body straight.

Use four steps for better control: slow, tight turns

• SLOW — Reduce speed before the
turn by closing the throttle and, if
necessary, applying both brakes.

• LOOK — Look through the turn
to where you want to go. Turn
just your head, not your shoulders,
and keep your eyes level with the
horizon.

• PRESS — To turn, the motorcycle
must lean. To lean the motor-
cycle, press on the handgrip in
the direction of the turn. Press left
handgrip — lean left — go left.
Press right handgrip — lean right —
go right. The higher the speed in a
turn, the greater the lean angle.

• ROLL — Roll on the throttle to
maintain or slightly increase speed.
This helps stabilize the motorcycle.

test yourself 3

When riding, you should:

A. Turn your head and shoulders
to look through turns.

B. Keep your arms straight.

C. Keep your knees away from
the gas tank.

D. Turn just your head and eyes
to look where you are going.

Answer - page 44

12

KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE • Avoid windblast from other
vehicles.
The best protection you can have is
distance — a “cushion of space” — • Provide an escape route.
separating yourself from other vehicles
on the roadway. This will provide you • Set up for turns.
with a clear view of emerging traffic Many motorcyclists consider the left
situations, so that if someone else third of the lane – the left tire track of
makes a mistake, you will have: automobiles – to be their default lane
position. You should then consider
• More time to respond. varying your lane position as conditions
warrant, keeping mind that no portion
• More space to maneuver, including of the lane need be avoided —
an escape route if necessary. including the center.
You should position yourself in the
Lane Positions portion of the lane where you are most
likely to be seen and you can maintain
Successful motorcyclists know that a space cushion around you. Change
they are safer when clearly seen. In position as traffic situations change.
some ways the size of the motorcycle Ride in path 2 or 3 if vehicles and other
can work to your advantage. Each traffic potential problems are on your left
lane gives a motorcycle three paths of only. Remain in path 1 or 2 if hazards
travel, as indicated in the illustration. are on your right only. If vehicles are
being operated on both sides of you,
Your lane position should help you: the center of the lane, path 2, is usually
your best option.
• Increase your ability to see and be Remember, the center third of the
seen. lane is the place where debris and oil
drippings from cars collect and where
• Avoid others’ blind spots. hazards such as manhole covers are
located. Unless the road is wet, the
• Avoid surface hazards.

• Protect your lane from other drivers.

• Communicate your intentions.

lane positions

13 ride within your abilities

following

average center strip permits adequate count off the seconds: “one-
traction to ride on safely. You can thousand-one, one-thousand-two.”
operate to the left or right of the grease • If you reach the marker before
strip and still be within the center third you reach “two,” you are following
of the traffic lane. Avoid riding on big too closely.
buildups of oil and grease usually found A two-second following distance
at busy intersections or tollbooths. leaves a minimum amount of space to
stop or swerve if the driver ahead stops
Experienced riders rely on their own suddenly. It also permits a better view of
best judgment and instincts. One potholes and other hazards in the road.
absolute, however, is to avoid riding in A larger cushion of space is needed
another vehicle’s blind spot. if your motorcycle will take longer
than normal to stop. If the pavement
Following Another Vehicle is slippery, if you cannot see through
the vehicle ahead, or if traffic is heavy
“Following too closely” is a factor in and someone may squeeze in front of
crashes involving motorcyclists. In traffic, you, open up a three-second or more
motorcycles need as much distance following distance.
to stop as cars. Normally, a minimum Keep well behind the vehicle ahead
of two seconds distance should be even when you are stopped. This will
maintained behind the vehicle ahead. make it easier to get out of the way
if someone bears down on you from
To gauge your following distance: behind. It will also give you a cushion of
• Pick out a marker, such as a space if the vehicle ahead starts to back
up for some reason.
pavement marking or lamppost, on
or near the road ahead.
• When the rear bumper of the
vehicle ahead passes the marker,

14

When behind a car, ride where the Passing
driver can see you in the rearview mirror.
Riding in the center portion of the lane 1. Ride in the left portion of the
should put your image in the middle of lane at a safe following distance
the rearview mirror — where a driver is to increase your line of sight and
most likely to see you. make you more visible. Signal
and check for oncoming traffic.
Riding at the far side of a lane may Use your mirrors and turn your
permit a driver to see you in a sideview head to look for traffic behind.
mirror. But remember that most drivers
don’t look at their sideview mirrors 2. When safe, move into the left
nearly as often as they check the lane and accelerate. Select a lane
rearview mirror. If the traffic situation position that doesn’t crowd the
allows, the center portion of the lane is car and provides space to avoid
usually the best place for you to be seen hazards in your lane.
by the drivers ahead and to prevent lane
sharing by others. 3. Ride through the blind spot as
quickly as possible.
Being Followed
4. Signal again, and complete
Speeding up to lose someone following mirror and headchecks before
too closely only ends up with someone returning to your original lane
tailgating you at a higher speed. and then cancel the signal.

A better way to handle tailgaters Remember, passes must be
is to get them in front of you. When completed within posted speed
someone is following too closely, limits, and only where permitted.
change lanes and let them pass. If you Know your signs and road markings!
can’t do this, slow down and open up
extra space ahead of you to allow room passing
for both you and the tailgater to stop.
This will also encourage them to pass.
If they don’t pass, you will have given
yourself and the tailgater more time and
space to react in case an emergency
does develop ahead.

Passing and Being Passed

Passing and being passed by another
vehicle is not much different than with a
car. However, visibility is more critical. Be
sure other drivers see you, and that you
see potential hazards.

15 ride within your abilities

Being Passed Do not move into the portion of the
lane farthest from the passing vehicle. It
When you are being passed from might invite the other driver to cut back
behind, stay in the center portion of into your lane too early.
your lane. Riding close to the passing
vehicle could put you in a hazardous Lane Sharing
situation.
Cars and motorcycles need a full lane
Avoid being hit by: to operate safely. Lane sharing is usually
• The other vehicle — A slight prohibited.

mistake by you or the passing driver Riding between rows of stopped or
could cause a sideswipe. moving cars in the same lane can leave
• Extended mirrors — Some drivers you vulnerable to the unexpected. A
forget that their mirrors hang out hand could come out of a window;
farther than their fenders. a door could open; a car could turn
• Objects thrown from windows suddenly. Discourage lane sharing by
— Even if the driver knows you’re others. Keep a center-portion position
there, a passenger may not see you whenever drivers might be tempted
and might toss something on you or to squeeze by you. Drivers are most
the road ahead of you. tempted to do this:
• Blasts of wind from larger
vehicles — They can affect your • In heavy, bumper-to-bumper
control. You have more room for traffic.
error if you are in the middle portion
when hit by this blast than if you • When they want to pass you.
are on either side of the lane.
• When you are preparing to turn at
being passed an intersection.

• When you are moving into an exit
lane or leaving a highway.

test yourself 4

Usually, a good way to handle
tailgaters is to:

A. Change lanes and let them pass.

B. Use your horn and make
obscene gestures.

C. Speed up to put distance
between you and the tailgater.

D. Ignore them.

Answer - page 44

16

Merging Cars Cars Alongside

Drivers on an entrance ramp may Do not ride next to cars or trucks in
not see you on the highway. Give them other lanes if you do not have to. You
plenty of room. Change to another lane might be in the blind spot of a car in the
if one is open. If there is no room for a next lane, which could switch into your
lane change, adjust speed to open up lane without warning. Cars in the next
space for the merging driver. lane also block your escape if you come
upon danger in your own lane. Speed
up or drop back to find a place clear of
traffic on both sides.

merging blind spots

17 ride within your abilities

SEE rider radar

Good, experienced
riders are always aware of
what is going on around
them. They reduce their
risk by using MSF’s three-
step SEESM strategy:

• Search

• Evaluate

• Execute

SEE will help you
assess what is going on
in traffic so you can plan
and implement the safest
course of action as traffic
situations change. Let’s
look at each of these
steps.

Search

How assertively you considered enough time and space to
search, and how much swerve and/or brake for fixed hazards or
time and space you have, for someone or something entering your
can eliminate or minimize path of travel.
risk. As you search, focus
on finding potential escape routes, Finally, experienced riders search for
especially in or around intersections, hazards that are further out, looking
shopping areas and school and ahead to an area it would take about
construction zones. 12 seconds to reach. This provides
time to prepare for a situation before it
One way to search is to use your becomes immediate.
“RiderRadar” to aggressively scan the
environment ahead of you, to the sides, Using the SEE strategy will help you to
and behind you to avoid potential Search for a variety of factors such as:
hazards even before they arise. There
are three “lead times” experienced • Oncoming traffic that may turn left
riders consider. First, be alert and scan in front of you.
for hazards that are about 2 seconds
ahead of you, or within your following • Traffic coming from the left and
distance. Scanning your 4-second from the right.
immediate path can allow you time for
a quick response if something should • Traffic approaching from behind.
go wrong. Anything that is within 4
seconds of your path is considered
immediate because 4 seconds is

18

• Hazardous road conditions that Apply the old adage “one step at a
require you to be alert, especially in time” to handle two or more hazards.
areas with limited visibility. Visually Adjust speed to permit two hazards
“busy” surroundings could hide you to separate. Then deal with them one
and your motorcycle from others. at a time as single hazards. Decision-
making becomes more complex with
Evaluate three or more hazards. Evaluate the
consequences of each and give equal
Evaluate means to think about how distance to the hazards.
hazards can interact to create risks for
you. Anticipate potential problems and In potential high-risk areas, such as
have a plan to reduce risks, particularly intersections, shopping areas and school
when faced with: and construction zones, cover the clutch
and both brakes to reduce the time you
• Road and surface characteristics need to react.
such as potholes, guardrails,
bridges, telephone poles and trees INTERSECTIONS
that won’t move into your path, but
may influence your riding strategy. The greatest potential for conflict
between you and other traffic is at
• Traffic control devices including intersections. An intersection can be
traffic signals, warning signs, and in the middle of an urban area or at
pavement markings, which will a driveway on a residential street —
require you to carefully evaluate anywhere traffic may cross your path of
circumstances ahead. travel. Over one-half of motorcycle/car
crashes are caused by drivers entering a
• Vehicles and other traffic that rider’s right-of-way. Cars that turn left in
may move into your path and front of you, including cars turning left
increase the likelihood of a crash. from the lane on your right, and cars on
Think about your time and space side streets that pull into your lane, are
requirements in order to maintain a the biggest dangers. Your use of SEE
margin of safety, and give yourself at intersections is critical.
time to react if an emergency arises.
test yourself 5
Execute
To reduce your reaction time, you
Finally, Execute your decision. To should:
create more space and minimize harm A. Ride slower than the speed
from any hazard:
limit.
• Communicate your presence with B. Cover the clutch and the brakes.
lights and/or horn. C. Shift into neutral when slowing.
D. Pull in the clutch when turning.
• Adjust your speed by accelerating,
stopping or slowing. Answer - page 44

• Adjust your position and/or
direction by swerving, changing
lanes, or moving to another position
within your lane.

19 ride within your abilities

Large intersections

There are no guarantees that Increase your chances of being
others see you. Never count on “eye seen at intersections. Ride with your
contact” as a sign that a driver will headlight on and in a lane position that
yield. Too often, a driver looks right at a provides the best view of oncoming
motorcyclist and still fails to “see” him traffic. Provide a space cushion around
or her. The only eyes that you can count the motorcycle that permits you to
on are your own. If a car can enter your take evasive action. When approaching
path, assume that it will. Good riders an intersection where a vehicle driver
are always “looking for trouble” — not is preparing to cross your path, slow
to get into it, but to stay out of it. down and select a lane position to
increase your visibility to that driver.
Small intersection Cover the clutch lever and both brakes
to reduce reaction time. As you enter

test yourself 6

Making eye contact with other
drivers:

A. Is a good sign they see you.

B. Is not worth the effort it takes.

C. Doesn’t mean that the driver will
yield.

D. Guarantees that the other driver will
yield to you.
Answer - page 44

20

the intersection, move away from the blind intersections
vehicle. Do not change speed or position stop signs
radically, as drivers might think you
are preparing to turn. Be prepared to parked cars
brake hard and hold your position if an
oncoming vehicle turns in front of you,
especially if there is other traffic around
you. This strategy should also be used
whenever a vehicle in the oncoming
lane of traffic is signaling for a left turn,
whether at an intersection or not.

Blind Intersections

If you approach a blind intersection,
move to the portion of the lane that will
bring you into another driver’s field of
vision at the earliest possible moment.
In this picture, the rider has moved to
the left portion of the lane — away
from the parked car — so the driver on
the cross street can see him as soon as
possible.

Remember, the key is to see as much
as possible and remain visible to others
while protecting your space.

If you have a stop sign or stop line,
stop there first. Then edge forward
and stop again, just short of where the
cross-traffic lane meets your lane. From
that position, lean your body forward
and look around buildings, parked cars
or bushes to see if anything is coming.
Just make sure your front wheel stays
out of the cross lane of travel while
you’re looking.

Passing Parked Cars

When passing parked cars, stay
toward the left of your lane. You
can avoid problems caused by doors
opening, drivers getting out of cars
or people stepping from between
cars. If oncoming traffic is present, it
is usually best to remain in the center-
lane position to maximize your space
cushion.

21 ride within your abilities

A bigger problem can occur if the Parking at curbs
driver pulls away from the curb without
checking for traffic behind. Even if he However, you can do many things to
does look, he may fail to see you. make it easier for others to recognize
you and your motorcycle.
In either event, the driver might cut
into your path. Slow down or change Clothing
lanes to make room for someone
cutting in. Most crashes occur in broad daylight.
Wear bright-colored clothing to increase
Cars making a sudden U-turn are your chances of being seen. Remember,
the most dangerous. They may cut your body is half of the visible surface
you off entirely, blocking the whole area of the rider/motorcycle unit.
roadway and leaving you with no
place to go. Since you can’t tell what a Bright orange, red, yellow or green
driver will do, slow down and get the jackets/vests are your best bets for being
driver’s attention. Sound your horn and seen. Your helmet can do more than
continue with caution. protect you in a crash. Brightly colored
helmets can also help others see you.
Parking at the Roadside
Any bright color is better than drab
If parking in a parallel parking space or dark colors. Reflective, bright-colored
next to a curb, position the motorcycle clothing (helmet and jacket/vest) is best.
at an angle with the rear wheel to the
curb. (Note: Some cities have ordinances Reflective material on a vest and on
that require motorcycles to park parallel the sides of the helmet will help drivers
to the curb.) coming from the side to spot you.
Reflective material can also be a big
Increasing Conspicuity help for drivers coming toward you or
from behind.
In crashes with motorcyclists, drivers
often say that they never saw the Headlight
motorcycle. From ahead or behind, a
motorcycle’s outline is much smaller The best way to help others see your
than a car’s. Also, it’s hard to see motorcycle is to keep the headlight on
something you are not looking for, — at all times (new motorcycles sold
and most drivers are not looking for in the USA since 1978 automatically
motorcycles. More likely, they are
looking through the skinny, two-
wheeled silhouette in search of cars that
may pose a problem to them.

Even if a driver does see you coming,
you aren’t necessarily safe. Smaller
vehicles appear farther away and
seem to be traveling slower than they
actually are. It is common for drivers
to pull out in front of motorcyclists,
thinking they have plenty of time. Too
often, they are wrong.

22

signaling Once you turn, make sure your signal is
off or a driver may pull directly into your
have the headlights on when running). path, thinking you plan to turn again.
Studies show that, during the day, a Use your signals at every turn so drivers
motorcycle with its light on is twice as can react accordingly. Don’t make them
likely to be noticed. Use low beam at guess what you intend to do.
night and in fog.
Brake Light
Signals
Your motorcycle’s brake light is usually
The signals on a motorcycle are similar not as noticeable as the brake lights on
to those on a car. They tell others what a car — particularly when your taillight
you plan to do. is on. (It goes on with the headlight.)
If the situation will permit, help others
However, due to a rider’s added notice you by flashing your brake light
vulnerability, signals are even more before you slow down. It is especially
important. Use them anytime you plan important to flash your brake light
to change lanes or turn. Use them even before:
when you think no one else is around.
It’s the car you don’t see that’s going to • You slow more quickly than
give you the most trouble. Your signal others might expect (turning off a
lights also make you easier to spot. high-speed highway).
That’s why it’s a good idea to use your
turn signals even when what you plan • You slow where others may not
to do is obvious. expect it (in the middle of a block or
at an alley).
When you enter a freeway, drivers
approaching from behind are more likely If you are being followed closely, it’s
to see your signal blinking and make a good idea to flash your brake light
room for you. before you slow. The tailgater may be
watching you and not see something
Turning your signal light on before ahead that will make you slow down.
each turn reduces confusion and This will hopefully discourage them from
frustration for the traffic around you. tailgating and warn them of hazards
ahead they may not see.

Using Your Mirrors

While it’s most important to keep
track of what’s happening ahead, you
can’t afford to ignore situations behind.
Traffic conditions change quickly.
Knowing what’s going on behind is
essential for you to make a safe decision
about how to handle trouble ahead.

Frequent mirror checks should be part
of your normal searching routine. Make
a special point of using your mirrors:

• When you are stopped at an
intersection. Watch cars coming up

23 ride within your abilities

from behind. If the drivers aren’t USing mirrors
paying attention, they could be on
top of you before they see you. Frequent head checks should be
your normal scanning routine, also.
• Before you change lanes. Make Only by knowing what is happening
sure no one is about to pass you. all around you are you fully prepared
to deal with it.
• Before you slow down. The driver
behind may not expect you to slow, Horn
or may be unsure about where you
will slow. For example, you signal a Be ready to use your horn to get
turn and the driver thinks you plan someone’s attention quickly.
to turn at a distant intersection,
rather than at a nearer driveway. It is a good idea to give a quick beep
before passing anyone that may move
Most motorcycles have rounded into your lane.
(convex) mirrors. These provide a
wider view of the road behind than Here are some situations:
do flat mirrors. They also make cars • A driver in the lane next to you
seem farther away than they really are.
If you are not used to convex mirrors, is driving too closely to the vehicle
get familiar with them. (While you ahead and may want to pass.
are stopped, pick out a parked car in • A parked car has someone in the
your mirror. Form a mental image of driver’s seat.
how far away it is. Then, turn around • Someone is in the street, riding a
and look at it to see how close you bicycle or walking.
came.) Practice with your mirrors until In an emergency, sound your horn
you become a good judge of distance. loud and long. Be ready to stop or
Even then, allow extra distance before swerve away from the danger.
you change lanes.

Head Checks

Checking your mirrors is not enough.
Motorcycles have “blind spots” like cars.
Before you change lanes, turn your head,
and look to the side for other vehicles.

On a road with several lanes, check
the far lane and the one next to you. A
driver in the distant lane may head for
the same space you plan to take.

test yourself 7

Reflective clothing should:
A. Be worn at night.
B. Be worn during the day.
C. Not be worn.
D. Be worn day and night

Answer - page 44

24

Keep in mind that a motorcycle’s horn Crash Avoidance
isn’t as loud as a car’s — therefore, use it,
but don’t rely on it. Other strategies, like No matter how careful you are, there
having time and space to maneuver, may will be times when you find yourself in a
be appropriate along with the horn. tight spot. Your chances of getting out
safely depend on your ability to react
Riding at Night quickly and properly. Often, a crash
occurs because a rider is not prepared or
At night it is harder for you to see skilled in crash-avoidance maneuvers.
and be seen. Picking your headlight
or taillight out of the car lights around Know when and how to stop or
you is not easy for other drivers. To swerve, two skills critical in avoiding
compensate, you should: a crash. It is not always desirable or
possible to stop quickly to avoid an
• Reduce Your Speed — Ride even obstacle. Riders must also be able to
slower than you would during the swerve around an obstacle. Deter-
day — particularly on roads you mining which skill is necessary for the
don’t know well. This will increase situation is important as well.
your chances of avoiding a hazard.
Studies show that most crash-
• Increase Distance — Distances involved riders:
are harder to judge at night than
during the day. Your eyes rely upon • Underbrake the front tire and
shadows and light contrasts to overbrake the rear.
determine how far away an object
is and how fast it is coming. These • Did not separate braking from
contrasts are missing or distorted swerving or did not choose
under artificial lights at night. swerving when it was appropriate.
Open up a three-second foll­owing
distance or more. And allow more The following information offers
distance to pass and be passed. some good advice.

• Use the Car Ahead — The Quick Stops
headlights of the car ahead can give
you a better view of the road than To stop quickly, apply both brakes
even your high beam can. Taillights at the same time. Don’t be shy about
bouncing up and down can alert using the front brake, but don’t “grab”
you to bumps or rough pavement. it, either. Squeeze the brake lever
firmly and progressively. If the front
• Use Your High Beam — Get all the wheel locks, release the front brake
light you can. Use your high beam immediately then reapply it firmly. At
whenever you are not following the same time, press down on the
or meeting a car. Be visible: Wear rear brake. If you accidentally lock the
reflective materials when riding at rear brake on a good traction surface,
night. you can keep it locked until you have
completely stopped; but, even with a
• Be Flexible About Lane Position. locked rear wheel, you can control the
Change to whatever portion of the motorcycle on a straightaway if it is
lane is best able to help you see, be upright and going in a straight line.
seen and keep an adequate space
cushion.

25 ride within your abilities

Stopping Quickly stopping distance
in a Curve

If you know the can be applied. Always straighten
technique, using both the handlebars in the last few feet of
brakes in a turn is possible, stopping to maintain your balance and
although it should be done remain upright.
very carefully. When leaning
the motorcycle some of Maximum Straight-Line
the traction is used for Braking
cornering. Less traction is
available for stopping. A Maximum straight-line braking is
skid can occur if you apply accomplished by fully applying front
too much brake. Also, using and rear brakes without locking either
the front brake incorrectly on a slippery wheel. Keep your body centered over
surface may be hazardous. Use caution the motorcycle and look well ahead,
and squeeze the brake lever, never grab. not down. This will help you keep
the motorcycle in as straight a line as
If you must stop quickly while turning possible, minimizing lean angle and the
in a curve, first straighten and square likelihood of the wheels losing traction.
the handlebars, then stop. If you find
yourself in a situation that does not
allow straightening first, such as when
there is a danger of running off the
road in a left-hand curve, or when
facing oncoming traffic in a right-
hand curve, apply the brakes smoothly
and gradually. As you slow, you can
reduce your lean angle and apply more
brake pressure until the motorcycle is
straight and maximum brake pressure

swerve, then brake brake, then swerve

26

Front-Wheel Skids locks, your ability to change direction is
lost. To regain control the brake must
If the front wheel locks, release the be released. However, if the rear wheel
front brake immediately and completely. is out of alignment with the front, there
is a risk of a high-side crash. This occurs
Reapply the brake smoothly. Front- when the wheels are out of alignment
wheel skids result in immediate loss of and a locked rear wheel is released. The
steering control and balance. Failure to motorcycle can abruptly snap upright
fully release the brake lever immediately and tumble, throwing the rider into the
will result in a crash. air ahead of the motorcycle’s path. Even
slight misalignment can result in a high-
Rear-Wheel Skids side crash.

A skidding rear tire is a dangerous Cornering
condition that can result in a violent
crash and serious injury or death. Too A primary cause of single-vehicle
much rear brake pressure causes rear- crashes is motorcyclists running wide in
wheel lockup. As soon as the rear wheel

constant curves multiple curves

decreasing curves Widening curves

(tighter turns)

27 ride within your abilities

a curve or turn and colliding with the possible. Approach it at as close to a 90˚
roadway or a fixed object. angle as possible. Look where you want
to go to control your path of travel. If you
Every curve is different. Be alert to have to ride over the obstacle, you should:
whether a curve remains constant,
gradually widens, gets tighter or • Slow down as much as possible
involves multiple turns. Ride within your before contact.
skill level and posted speed limits.
• Make sure the motorcycle is
Your best path may not always follow straight.
the curve of the road. Change lane
position depending on traffic, road • Rise slightly off the seat with your
conditions and curve of the road. If no weight on the footrests to absorb
traffic is present, start at the outside the shock with your knees and
of a curve to increase your line of sight elbows, and avoid being thrown off
and the effective radius of the turn. As the motorcycle.
you turn, move toward the inside of the
curve, and as you pass the center, move • Just before contact, roll on the
to the outside to exit. throttle slightly to lighten the front
end.
Another alternative is to move to the
center of your lane before entering a If you ride over an object on the
curve — and stay there until you exit. street, pull off the road and check your
This permits you to spot approaching tires and rims for damage before riding
traffic as soon as possible. You can also any farther.
adjust for traffic “crowding” the center
line, or debris blocking part of your lane. Slippery Surfaces

HANDLING DANGEROUS Motorcycles handle better when
SURFACES ridden on surfaces that permit good
traction. Surfaces that provide poor
Your chance of falling or being traction include:
involved in a crash increases whenever
you ride across: • Wet pavement, particularly just after
it starts to rain and before surface oil
• Uneven surfaces or obstacles. washes to the side of the road.

• Slippery surfaces. • Gravel roads, or where sand and
gravel collect.
• Railroad tracks.
• Mud, leaves, snow, and ice.
• Grooves and gratings.
• Lane markings (painted lines),
Uneven Surfaces steel plates and manhole covers,
and Obstacles especially when wet.

Watch for uneven surfaces such as To ride safely on slippery surfaces:
bumps, broken pavement, potholes or
small pieces of highway trash. • Reduce Speed — Slow down
before you get to a slippery
Try to avoid obstacles by slowing or surface to lessen your chances of
going around them. If you must go skidding. Your motorcycle needs
over the obstacle, first determine if it is more distance to stop. And it is
particularly important to reduce
speed before entering wet curves.

• Avoid Sudden Moves — Any
sudden change in speed or direction

28

Obstacles

can cause a skid. Be as smooth as and overpasses. Wet surfaces or wet
possible when you speed up, shift leaves are just as slippery. Ride on the
gears, turn or brake. least slippery portion of the lane and
• Use Both Brakes — The front reduce speed.
brake is still effective, even on a
slippery surface. Squeeze the brake Cautious riders steer clear of roads
lever gradually to avoid locking the covered with ice or snow. If you can’t
front wheel. Remember, gentle avoid a slippery surface, keep your
pressure on the rear brake. motorcycle straight up and proceed
• The center of a lane can be as slowly as possible. If you encounter
hazardous when wet. When it starts a large surface so slippery that you
to rain, ride in the tire tracks left by must coast, or travel at a walking pace,
cars. Often, the left tire track will consider letting your feet skim along
be the best position, depending on the surface. If the motorcycle starts to
traffic and other road conditions. fall, you can catch yourself. Be sure to
• Watch for oil spots when you put keep off the brakes. If possible, squeeze
your foot down to stop or park. You the clutch and coast. Attempting this
may slip and fall. maneuver at anything other than the
• Dirt and gravel collect along the slowest of speeds could prove hazardous.
sides of the road — especially on
curves and ramps leading to and from test yourself 8
highways. Be aware of what’s on the
edge of the road, particularly when The best way to stop quickly is to:
making sharp turns and getting on or A. Use the front brake only.
off freeways at high speeds. B. Use the rear brake first.
• Rain dries and snow melts faster C. Throttle down and use the front
on some sections of a road than on
others. Patches of ice tend to develop brake.
in low or shaded areas and on bridges D. Use both brakes at the same time.

Answer - page 44

29 ride within your abilities

Railroad Tracks, Trolley Tracks For track and road seams that run
and Pavement Seams parallel to your course, move far enough
away from tracks, ruts, or pavement
Usually it is safer to ride straight within seams to cross at an angle of at least
your lane to cross tracks. Turning to take 45˚. Then, make a deliberate turn.
tracks head-on (at a 90˚ angle) can be Edging across could catch your tires and
more dangerous — your path may carry throw you off balance.
you into another lane of traffic.
Grooves and Gratings
crosstracks—right
Riding over rain grooves or bridge
gratings may cause a motorcycle to
weave. The uneasy, wandering feeling is
generally not hazardous. Relax, maintain
a steady speed and ride straight across.
Crossing at an angle forces riders to
zigzag to stay in the lane. The zigzag is
far more hazardous than the wandering
feeling.

crosstracks—wrong grate crossings—right

parallel tracks—right grate crossings—wrong

parallel tracks—wrong test yourself 9

When it starts to rain it is usually
best to:

A. Ride in the center of the lane.

B. Pull off to the side until the rain
stops.

C. Ride in the tire tracks left by cars.

D. Increase your speed. Answer - page 44

30

MECHANICAL PROBLEMS power from the rear wheel, though
engine sound may not immediately
You can find yourself in an emergency decline. Once the motorcycle is “under
the moment something goes wrong control,” pull off and stop.
with your motorcycle. In dealing with
any mechanical problem, take into After you have stopped, check the
account the road and traffic conditions throttle cable carefully to find the source
you face. Here are some guidelines of the trouble. Make certain the throttle
that can help you handle mechanical works freely before you start to ride again.
problems safely.
Wobble
Tire Failure
A “wobble” occurs when the front
You will seldom hear a tire go flat. wheel and handlebars suddenly start
If the motorcycle starts handling to shake from side to side at any
differently, it may be a tire failure. This speed. Most wobbles can be traced to
can be dangerous. You must be able to improper loading, unsuitable accessories
tell from the way the motorcycle reacts. or incorrect tire pressure. If you are
If one of your tires suddenly loses air, carrying a heavy load, lighten it. If you
react quickly to keep your balance. Pull can’t, shift it. Center the weight lower
off and check the tires. and farther forward on the motorcycle.
Make sure tire pressure, spring pre-
If the front tire goes flat, the steering load, air shocks and dampers are at the
will feel “heavy.” A front-wheel flat is settings recommended for that much
particularly hazardous because it affects weight. Make sure windshields and
your steering. You have to steer well to fairings are mounted properly.
keep your balance.
Check for poorly adjusted steering;
If the rear tire goes flat, the back of worn steering parts; a front wheel that
the motorcycle may jerk or sway from is bent, misaligned, or out of balance;
side to side. loose wheel bearings or spokes; and
worn swingarm bearings. If none of
If either tire goes flat while riding: these is determined to be the cause,
have the motorcycle checked out
• Hold handgrips firmly, ease off the thoroughly by a qualified professional.
throttle, and keep a straight course.
Trying to “accelerate out of a
• If braking is required, gradually wobble” will only make the motorcycle
apply the brake of the tire that isn’t more unstable. Instead:
flat, if you are sure which one it is.
• Grip the handlebars firmly, but
• When the motorcycle slows, don’t fight the wobble.
edge to the side of the road,
squeeze the clutch and stop. • Close the throttle gradually
to slow down. Do not apply the
Stuck Throttle brakes; braking could make the
wobble worse.
Twist the throttle back and forth
several times. If the throttle cable is • Move your weight as far forward
stuck, this may free it. If the throttle and down as possible.
stays stuck, immediately operate the
engine cut-off switch and pull in the • Pull off the road as soon as you
clutch at the same time. This will remove can to fix the problem.

31 ride within your abilities

Drive Train Problems approach it, accelerate and leave the
animal behind. Don’t kick at the animal.
The drive train for a motorcycle uses Keep control of your motorcycle and
either a chain, belt, or drive shaft to look to where you want to go.
transfer power from the engine to
the rear wheel. Routine inspection, For larger animals (deer, elk, cattle)
adjustment, and maintenance makes brake and prepare to stop — they are
failure a rare occurrence. A chain or belt unpredictable.
that slips or breaks while you’re riding
could lock the rear wheel and cause FLYING OBJECTS
your motorcycle to skid.
From time to time riders are struck
If the chain or belt breaks, you’ll by insects, cigarettes thrown from cars
notice an instant loss of power to the or pebbles kicked up by the tires of
rear wheel. Close the throttle and brake the vehicle ahead. If you are wearing
to a stop in a safe area. face protection, it might get smeared
or cracked, making it difficult to see.
On a motorcycle with a drive shaft, Without face protection, an object
loss of oil in the rear differential can could hit you in the eye, face or mouth.
cause the rear wheel to lock, and you Whatever happens, keep your eyes
may not be able to prevent a skid. on the road and your hands on the
handlebars. When safe, pull off the road
Engine Seizure and repair the damage.

When the engine “locks” or GETTING OFF THE ROAD
“freezes” it is usually low on oil. The
engine’s moving parts can’t move If you need to leave the road to check
smoothly against each other, and the the motorcycle (or just to rest), be sure to:
engine overheats. The first sign may be
a loss of engine power or a change in • Check the roadside — Make sure
the engine’s sound. Squeeze the clutch the surface of the roadside is firm
lever to disengage the engine from the enough to ride on. If it is soft grass,
rear wheel. Pull off the road and stop. loose sand or if you’re just not sure
Check the oil. If needed, oil should be about it, slow way down before you
added as soon as possible or the engine turn onto it.
will seize. When this happens, the effect
is the same as a locked rear wheel. Let • Signal — Drivers behind might not
the engine cool before restarting. expect you to slow down. Give a
clear signal that you will be slowing
Animals down and changing direction.
Check your mirror and make a head
Naturally, you should do everything check before you take any action.
you safely can to avoid hitting an
animal. If you are in traffic, however, test yourself 10
remain in your lane. Hitting something
small is less dangerous to you than If your motorcycle starts to wobble:
hitting something big — like a car.
A. Accelerate out of the wobble.
Motorcycles seem to attract dogs. If
you are being chased, downshift and B. Use the brakes gradually.
approach the animal slowly. As you
C. Grip the handlebars firmly and close
the throttle gradually.

D. Downshift. Answer - page 44

32

• Pull off the road — Get as far off the motorcycle about 10 feet from a
the road as you can. It can be very wall in an unlighted garage and mark
hard to spot a motorcycle by the the headlight beam location on the
side of the road. You don’t want wall with chalk. With a full load and
someone else pulling off at the passenger, recheck the headlight beam
same place you are. location. Use the adjusting screws on
the headlight to lower the beam to
• Park carefully — Loose and sloped the same height. Check your owner’s
shoulders can make setting the side manual for adjustment procedure.
or center stand difficult.
Equipment for
CARRYING PASSENGERS Carrying a Passenger
AND CARGO
• Be sure your passenger is properly
The extra weight of a passenger attired, wearing the same level of
or cargo will affect the way your personal protective gear as you.
motorcycle behaves, requiring extra
practice, preparation and caution. For • Be sure your motorcycle is equipped
this reason, only experienced riders with passenger footrests.
should attempt to carry passengers or
large loads. Before taking a passenger • Your motorcycle should have a proper
or a heavy load on the street, prepare seat, one large enough to hold both
yourself and your motorcycle for safe you and your passenger without
operation in traffic. crowding. You should not sit more
forward than you usually do.
Preparing Your Motorcycle
• Check that there is a strap or solid
Tire Pressure – Check the air handholds for your passenger to
pressure of both tires. Refer to the hold onto.
owner’s manual or the label affixed
to the motorcycle for the correct Preparing Your
inflation specifications. Though most Passenger to Ride
of the added weight will typically be
on the rear wheel, don’t forget to also Ensure your passenger is able to reach
check the pressure on the front tire. the passenger footrests, and is able to
Correct inflation pressures will maintain hold on to your waist, hips, belt, or the
maximum stability, steering precision bike’s passenger handholds. Children
and braking capability. should be placed immediately behind
the rider. A child sitting in front of the
Suspension – With a heavy load, rider will not be able to properly balance
the riding characteristics and balance of him/herself and may interfere with the
the motorcycle will change. On some rider’s control of the motorcycle.
motorcycles, it will be necessary to
adjust the suspension settings (spring Passenger safety begins with
preload, compression/damping settings, proper instruction. Riders should not
etc.) to compensate for the lowered rear assume that passengers are familiar
of the motorcycle. Refer to the owner’s with motorcycle handling, control, or
manual for adjustment procedures and balance. As a routine practice, always
specifications. instruct your passenger on cycling basics
prior to starting the trip, even if your
Headlight – Prior to loading, position passenger is a motorcycle rider.

33 ride within your abilities

As you prepare for your ride, tell your • Approach surface hazards such as
passenger to: bumps or uneven road surfaces.

• Get on the motorcycle only after • Are about to start from a stop or
you have started the engine and begin moving into traffic.
have the transmission in neutral. As
the passenger mounts, keep both • Are about to turn sharply or make a
your feet on the ground and the sudden move.
brakes applied.
Riding With Passengers
• Sit as far forward as possible
without hindering your control of Your motorcycle will respond slowly
the motorcycle. when you ride with a passenger. The
heavier your passenger, the longer it will
• Hold firmly onto your waist, hips, take to speed up, slow down, or turn.
belt or passenger handholds for
balance and security. When riding with passengers:

• Keep both feet firmly on the cycle’s • Ride a little slower, especially when
footrests, even when stopped. Firm taking curves, corners, or bumps. If
footing will prevent your passenger any part of the motorcycle scrapes
from falling off and pulling you off. the ground at lean angle, steering
control can be lost.
• Keep legs away from the muffler(s),
chains or moving parts. • Start slowing earlier as you
approach a stop, and maintain a
• Stay directly behind you and lean larger space cushion whenever
with you through turns and curves. slowing or stopping.
It is helpful for the passenger to
look over the rider’s shoulder in the • Wait for larger gaps to cross, enter,
direction of turns and curves. or merge in traffic.

• Avoid unnecessary conversation and Carrying Loads
avoid leaning or turning around.
Make no sudden moves that might Everything you are likely to need for
affect the stability of the motorcycle a riding holiday or weekend trip can
when it is in operation. be packed on your motorcycle in many
different ways. There are complete
• Rise slightly off the seat when luggage systems, saddlebags that are
crossing an obstacle. permanently attached to the motorcycle,
soft bags that do not require a carrier
Also, remind your passenger to system and can be tied to the seat,
tighten his or her hold when you: and a tank bag for other small items.
You can also travel simply with only a
test yourself 11 backpack. Whatever you decide, do not
exceed gross vehicle weight rating when
If you are chased by a dog: traveling with cargo and a passenger,
A. Kick it away. and always make adjustments to the
B. Stop until the animal loses interest. motorcycle to compensate for the
C. Swerve around the animal. added weight.
D. Approach the animal slowly, then

speed up.
Answer - page 44