Graphs and Charts

GGRRAAPPHHSS && CCHHAARRTTSS

A Guide for Students of DUE50032

SABARIAH MOHD FAROUK
SRI SARMILA DEWI KHRISHNAN

JABATAN PENGAJIAN AM
POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI

A Guide for Students of
DUE50032

SABARIAH BINTI MOHD FAROUK
SRI SARMILA DEWI A/P KHRISHNAN

2021
[JABATAN PENGAJIAN AM]

©All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated or reproduced in
any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from
Politeknik Seberang Perai.

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No part of this publication may be translated or reproduced in any retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or

otherwise, without prior permission in writing from Politeknik Seberang Perai.

e ISBN 978-967-0783-88-8

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Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Sabariah Mohd Farouk
GRAPHS & CHARTS : A Guide for Students of DUE50032 / SABARIAH MOHD FAROUK,

SRI SARMILA DEWI KHRISHNAN.

Mode of access: Internet
eISBN 978-967-0783-88-8

1. Charts, diagrams, etc.

2. Government publications--Malaysia.
3. Electronic books.

I. Sri Sarmila Dewi Khrishnan. II. Title.

001.4226

Acknowledgement

To belief in me, in producing an e-book of this chapter, and staying strong through
the thick and thin – I give myself a pat on the back.

Praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for His showers of blessings throughout
the completion of this e-book.

This e-book becomes a reality with the kind support, contributions and help of many
individuals. We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to all of them.

We would like to express our special appreciation towards our e-book editors, Mr
GK Mariappen and Ms K. Gaytri, for, despite their hectic schedules, have
contributed their enormous support, valuable comments and suggestions that have
benefitted us much in the completion of this e-book.

We would also like to thank our institution and our colleagues who in one way or
another shared their support, without whom this e-book would have been a distant
reality.

And to our family, for the believe, support and patience throughout the completion
of this e-book, a big hug.

May God shower everyone reading this with more success, honour, and blessings
throughout your life.

SABARIAH BINTI MOHD FAROUK
SRI SARMILA DEWI A/P KHRISHNAN

Preface

A guide for students of DUE 50032: Graphs and Charts is written for all Malaysian
Polytechnic students, who are pursuing their diploma in various courses. This e-book
covers Chapter 1: Graphs and Charts under the DUE50032 course. This e-book
serves the right intension in exposing the students towards understanding different
types of graphs and charts, labelling of graphs and charts, and the use of
appropriate lexical items in the description of graphs and charts. This e-book also
aims to teach students the basic analysing skills of graphs and charts for mini
project assessment which is the first and one of the important assessment of
DUE50032.

The organization of this e-book comprises the following chapter:
• Chapter 1 – Graphs and Charts – Introduces students to various types of
graphs and charts, the use of graphs and charts, the use of necessary lexical
items to show trends, movements and distribution patterns.

Table of Contents Pages
Chapter
1
GRAPHS AND CHARTS
INTRODUCTION 2
3
1.1 TYPES OF GRAPHS AND CHARTS 3
A. BAR CHART 4
B. PICTOGRAM 5
C. LINE GRAPH 5
D. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART 6
E. GANTT CHART 6
F. PIE CHART
G. FLOW CHART 7
7
1.2 LABELLING OF GRAPHS AND CHARTS 8
A. BAR CHART 9
B. LINE GRAPH
C. PIE CHART 10
11
1.3 ANALYSIS OF GRAPHS AND CHARTS 18
A. BAR CHART 33
B. LINE GRAPH
C. PIE CHART 39
40
QUIZ
ANSWERS 44

REFERENCES

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 1

GRAPHS & CHARTS

INTRODUCTION

Graphs & charts are:
• Illustration of a set of data/values
• Used to interpret information
• Used for education/ business purposes
• 'Graph', 'chart' and 'diagram' are ambiguous terms, sometimes used

interchangeably.

GRAPHS & CHARTS: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?

GRAPHS CHARTS

Focused on raw data and Tables, diagrams or pictures that
show trends over time organize large amounts of data
clearly
Used to interpret current data and
make predictions

2 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

1.1 TYPES OF GRAPHS & CHARTS

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 3

A. BAR CHART

• Graphical representation of
data, quantities or numbers.

• Used to show comparison
between TWO variables.

• All the columns/bars will be in
numbers NOT percentages.

• Consists of two axes: x-axis (horizontal) and y-axis (vertical) – refer to
1.2 Labelling.

The bars of a scale – numbers to show Labels of categories
bar chart can how many respondents to tell what each
be represented bar stands for
both vertically
and horizontally.

B. PICTOGRAM / PICTOGRAPH

• Uses icons and images to represent
data.

• Series of repeated icons to visualize
simple data.

• The icons are arranged in a single line
or a grid, with each icon representing a
certain number of units.

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C. LINE GRAPH

• Uses lines to connect
individual data points.

• Shows information that
changes over time.

• Helps to determine the
relationship between two sets of values, with one data set always
dependent on the other set.

• Consists of two axes: x-axis (horizontal) and y-axis (vertical).

• Four major movements: upward, downward, stable and up and down
movements.

• Data/values for line graph cannot be represented by Bar or Pie chart.

Trends of line
graph for the three
types of fast food

Data / values
for line graph

Line graphs can be

constructed

manually, or by using

software, such as

Microsoft Excel,

Microsoft Word and

Google Sheets

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 5

D. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

• A visual chart that represents the structure of a company and
individual roles and responsibilities.

E. GANTT CHART

• A timeline of a project. The top of the chart shows the time frame and
the left side of the chart lists the project activities.

• It shows what tasks and when it should be done to complete a project.

6 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

F. PIE CHART

• Pictorial representation of

data in the form of a

circular chart.

• Pie chart is in percentage

ONLY.

• Total value of a pie chart is

always 100%.

• Divided into sections/slices/segments, where each sector shows the

relative size of each value. • Pie charts are always
shaped in a circle.

• You should not have
more than 7 categories
as it becomes harder for
the eye to distinguish
relativity of size between
each section.

G. FLOW CHART

• A diagram that visualizes a process or workflow.
• Uses boxes or shapes to represent different steps in a process, and is

connected through lines or arrows.

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 7

1.2 LABELLING OF GRAPHS & CHARTS

Starting with labelling and analysis, we are going to focus on only THREE
types of Graphs & Charts - BAR CHART, LINE GRAPH and PIE CHART, as
the course will be focusing ONLY between these three types.

A. BAR CHART

Stall Preferences among Students Title

18 Bars / Columns Kak Naa
DNA Coffee
16 17 Ali Ice Blended
MyCafe
Number of Students 14 Hans Enterprise
Chilli Mayo
12
Legend
10 11

8 8
8

6

4

23 3

0

Kak Naa DNA Coffee Ali Ice MyCafe Hans Chilli Mayo

Blended Enterprise

Stall Name

y-axis / x-axis /
vertical axis, horizontal axis,
shows value shows variables

8 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

B. LINE GRAPH

Title

Stolen Vehicles in Malaysia

1200 600 650 700
350
Number of Vehicles 1000 Lines 2018

800

600 250 400 300
200 2017
400 2016
2015 Years
200 100
50

0
2014

Motorcycles Cars

y-axis / Legend x-axis /
vertical axis, horizontal axis,
shows value shows variables

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 9

C. PIE CHART

Frequency of Visit to PSP Library Title

Sections / 0-1 in a week
slices / 2-3 in a week
segments 3-4 in a week
Every day
20%

44%
18%

18%

Legend

10 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

1.3 ANALYSIS OF GRAPHS & CHARTS

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 11

The data in Graphs and Charts can be interpreted in numerous
ways. Different graphs have different style of analysis.

Therefore, it can be seen for Bar, Pie and Line, different
styles of analyses are used. A BAR CHART can be
interpreted using the RANK ANALYSIS method, A PIE
CHART used the FRACTION ANALYSIS, while LINE GRAPH
used TREND ANALYSIS.

So, it really depends on the type of graphs and charts
you have chosen, as it shows different outcomes.

Don’t forget, use PAST TENSE when you are doing the
analysis.

ANALYSIS- Compares 2 The differences
Uses RANK different bars or are shown in their
ANALYSIS columns at one height, whether it
is higher or lower
time

The ranks are
divided into
FOUR levels, each
level need to be
remembered

12 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

i. THE LEVELS

LEVEL 1 LEVEL 1 occurs when the
difference between the
TWO bars is very
significant. One bar is
very HIGH, and another
bar is very LOW.

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 2 occurs when the
difference between one
bar and another bar is
almost a half.

LEVEL 3 LEVEL 3 occurs when the
LEVEL 4 difference between the
lower height bar is more
than a half compared to
the other bar (more than
LEVEL 2 difference).

LEVEL 4 occurs when the
difference between the two
bars is almost reaching the
same height. There is very
small difference between
the two bars.

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 13

ii. THE WORD DESCRIPTORS

Descriptors are WORDS to be used for analysis purposes. Together with these
descriptors, the word ‘higher’ or ‘lower’ need to be added according to the
difference of the height of bars.

DO NOT FORGET, BAR CHART ANALYSIS ARE ALWAYS IN COMPARISON! TWO
BARS ARE NEEDED TO DO THE COMPARISON. However, it depends on students
on which bar to choose to make the comparison. Try your best TO NOT USE
the same bars for the comparison over and over again.

Now, let us look at the descriptors and sample of sentences for BAR CHART

ANALYSIS.

LEVELS GRAPHS DESCRIPTORS SAMPLE
SENTENCES
LEVEL 1 A
B A) a great deal
B) drastically ‘A’ was a great
C) dramatically deal higher than
‘B’

LEVEL 2 A A) significantly

‘B’ was significantly

B B) considerably lower than ‘A’

C) subsequently

LEVEL 3 A A) slightly
B B) a little
‘A’ was slightly
C) much higher than ‘B’

LEVEL 4 A
B A) fractionally ‘B’ was fractionally

B) marginally lower than ‘A’

14 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]
Here is the summary on the LEVELS and WORD DESCRIPTORS.

Now, do you want to look at sample sentences?

Are you Are you
confused? stressed?

Giving up if you are, let us look into
more examples of
already? sentences…

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 15

More examples on BAR CHART analysis:
Cleanest Stall in PSP Canteen

1. Tom stall was marginally lower than Barbara stall with a difference of 2
respondents.

2. Highest number of respondents voted for Angela stall, which was drastically
higher than Hank stall.

3. Barbara stall with 18 respondents were subsequently lower than Angela stall.

HOURS PER DAY STUDENTS SPEND 1. Respondents who chose
TIME ACCESSING THE INTERNET
1-3 hours were
25
21 considerably higher

20 than 24 hours on the

15 14 time spent accessing
11
Number of respondents the internet.
10
2. 9-16 hours were
5
2 fractionally lower than

0 4-8 hours.
1-3 HOURS 4-8 HOURS 9-16 HOURS 24 HOURS
Hours 3. 1-3 hours with 21

respondents were

significantly higher than

9-16 hours with 11

respondents.

16 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

Practice A1
Give 4 analysis for bar chart below:

Electric Vehicles in Use Worldwide from 2016 to 2020

80000 68000
70000
60000 59000
50000
Number of Vehicles 40000 31000
30000
20000 5600 17000
10000 2016 2017

0

2018 2019 2020
Years

source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/

1. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 17

Practice A2
Give 4 analysis for bar chart below:

350 Teenagers' Favourite Pizza Toppings

300 330

Number of Teenagers 250 200 250
125 150
200
25
150
Pepper Onion Pepperoni Chicken Mushroom Cheese
100 Toppings
50

50

0
Tomato

1. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

18 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

ANALYSIS- Shows information Uses lines to
Uses TREND that changes connect
ANALYSIS over time
individual data
points

The lines can Have FOUR
descend and movements/trends:
ascend based on
UP, DOWN,
the data FLUCTUATE & STABLE

condition

When we are looking at LINE GRAPH ANALYSIS, we need to look into the
TWO BOXES below (BOX 1-pg19 and BOX 2-pg20).
BOX 1 explained on the words to be used to explain the movements (Up,
Down, Fluctuate, Stable).
BOX 2 explains on the description of the movements.
These TWO descriptors from BOX 1 and BOX 2 always comes together
(for Upward and Downward trend). However, for Fluctuate and Stable
condition, it is sufficient to only use the descriptors in BOX 1.

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 19

i. THE MOVEMENTS

DIRECTION DESCRIPTORS (verb/noun)
rise, increase, went up, climb,
boomed, surge, soar, expand,
take off, rocket, shoot up, ascend,
grow, jump, recover, improve

fall, decline, descend, decrease,
dip, drop, went down, deteriorate,
weaken, hit a low, plunge, plummet,
collapse, crash, bottom out

fluctuate, vary, to be volatile,
rise and fall, zig zag

remained stable, remained steady,
stayed constant, levelled out,
no change, remain flat,
no movement

20 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

Apart from the trends above, below are extra trends you should know:

(One line is higher
value than another)
(Two lines cross
each other at the
same value)
(Flattens out at a
low value)

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 21

The trends which are shown in BOX 1 can be further explained using the
differences in degree (Degree of change and Speed of change) in BOX 2.
These TWO degrees shows the movement of the line graphs, whether it is moving
fast, slow, steady, etc. REMEMBER, this degree is ONLY AVAILABLE in describing
UPWARD and DOWNWARD movements.

DEGREE OF CHANGES

SPEED OF CHANGES

Let us see some examples of sentences on the degree or speed of change:
1. There was a slight rise in the sales of Proton cars for the year of 2021.
2. The consumption of fast food among Malaysians decreased
dramatically for the past 15 years.
3. According to the survey, there was a moderate decline in the number of
students registering for the 2021 intake in KDU college.

Were you wondering how is the arrangement of words above? Between BOX 1 (red)
& BOX 2 (blue)? Then, you need to learn a lil’ bit of grammar below

22 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

ii. THE GRAMMAR

ADJECTIVE and ADVERB are a crucial part of BAR

GRAPH analysis. Therefore, in order to make the description more accurate,

adjectives and adverb are to be used to describe the speed and size of

change.

Before we move on to these two parts of speech, let us look quickly into NOUN

and VERB first, as without them, there can’t be an ADJECTIVE and ADVERB.

WHAT IS A NOUN?

NOUN- Word that refers

to a thing, person,
animal, place, quality,

idea or an emotion

NOUN

THING PERSON ANIMAL PLACE

QUALITY IDEA EMOTION

JUSTICE BEAUTY

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 23

SO, what about ADJECTIVES?

An ADJECTIVE describes or modifies a NOUN.
They provide further information about an object's size, shape, age, color,
origin or material. Here are some examples of adjectives in action:

• It's a big table. (size) An adjective usually
• It's a round table. (shape) comes before NOUN.
• It's an old table. (age)
• It's a brown table. (color)
• It's an English table. (origin)
• It's a wooden table. (material)
• It's a lovely table. (opinion)
• It's a broken table. (observation)
• It's a coffee table. (purpose)

Many ADJECTIVES sometimes ends with suffixes too. A SUFFIX is the ending
portion of a word, such as -y, -ar, -an, -en, -able/-ible, -ful, -ive, -ous, -less
and many more. Example of words with suffixes are lovely, Mexican, harmful,
careless, dangerous, informative, wooden and comfortable.

Here is an interesting video on Adjectives to watch in YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NjXbgvrVlM

24 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

WHAT IS A VERB?

VERB- Word that

expresses a physical
action, a mental action,

or a state of being

VERB
A physical action
run, dance, slide, jump, walk, install, write, eat, sleep, sweep, sell
A mental action
considers, guess, think, believes, love, wish, understand, excel, prefer
A state of being
is, are, was, were, am, will be, be, being, been (verb-to-be)
SO, what about ADVERBS?

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 25

An ADVERB describes or modifies a VERB, ADJECTIVE or another ADVERB.
Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective, such as slowly,
quickly, peacefully, easily, occasionally, frequently, gracefully and secretly.

Here is an interesting video on Adverbs to watch in YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-lfdDD9lpds&t=51s

Adverbs Exercise
The following exercises will help you gain greater understanding
about how adverbs work. Choose the best answer to complete each
sentence.

1. The driver stopped the bus _______________.
A. financially
B. exactly
C. abruptly
D. now
Answer: C. The driver stopped the bus abruptly.

2. During autumn, colorful leaves can be seen falling ______________ from trees.
A. everywhere
B. very
C. gently
D. loudly
Answer: C. During autumn, colorful leaves can be seen falling gently from trees.

3. My grandmother always smiled _______________.
A. cheerfully
B. sadly
C. never
D. yesterday
Answer: A. My grandmother always smiled cheerfully.

26 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

4. After the party, confetti was strewn _________________.
A. blandly
B. everywhere
C. later
D. carefully
Answer: B. After the party, confetti was strewn everywhere.

5. It’s time to go ____________.
A. before
B. now
C. yesterday
D. lightly
Answer: B. It’s time to go now.

THEREFORE, AS A SUMMARY:

ADJECTIVE always comes BEFORE NOUN
- ADJ + NOUN
o Round + Table
o Pretty + Girl
o Expensive + Restaurant

VERB always comes first BEFORE ADVERB
- VERB + ADVERB (-ly)
• Run + Slowly
• Eat + Soundly
• Talk + Cheerfully

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 27

iii. THE SENTENCE

For an accurate line graph description, we can use adjectives and adverbs
to describe the degree and speed of the movement of upward and downward
movement of a line graph.

REMEMBER: These line graph description with adjectives and
adverbs ONLY happens for UPWARD & DOWNWARD movement

E.g.: the sales in 2020 increased. How does it increase?
Increased RAPIDLY, increased GRADUALLY, MODERATE decline…
- (this shows the movement or speed of the line graph)
- the words in capital (RAPIDLY, GRADUALLY, MODERATE) describes the
trend of Line Graph.

SAMPLE SENTENCES:

A) There was a steady increase in sales for the month
of July to December.

Adj Noun
B) The sales for the month of July to December increased steadily.

Verb Adv

C) There was a significant rise in the production of DELL laptop from July

to September. Adj Noun

D) The production of DELL laptop rose significantly

from July to September. Verb Adv

28 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

MORE EXAMPLES:

Verb Adv

A) The sales of Toyoda Camry rose steadily from January to June in 2017.

A) There was a steady rise in the sales of Toyoda Camry from January to
June in 2017. Adj Noun

B) The enrollment of Science courses in Stanford College grew dramatically
due to more demands in the medical field.

B) There was a dramatic growth in the enrollment of Science courses in
Stanford College due to more demands in the medical field.

C) The sales of i-Phone decreased significantly in the first quarter of 2021.

C) There was a significant decrease in the sales of i-Phone in the first
quarter of 2021.

Verb will automatically Adverb always ends with –ly.
become PAST TENSE. E.g.: E.g.: dramatically, steadily,
Rise- rose, increase- gradually
increased
Noun & Verb comes from
Sentence of Adj-Noun BOX 1.
always starts with Adjectives & Adverbs
‘There was a ….’ comes from BOX 2.

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 29

SAMPLE LINE GRAPH ANALYSIS:

Figure 1: Consumption of spreads over 26 years

The line graph illustrates the amount of three kinds of spreads (margarine, low fat and
reduced spreads and butter) which were consumed over the duration of 26 years. Units
are measured in grams.

Overall, the consumption of margarine and butter 5. (increased, decreased, fluctuated)
over a period given, while for low fat and reduced spreads, it rose. At the start of the
period, butter was the most popular spread, which was replaced by margarine from 1991
to 2001, and following that, low fat and reduced spreads became the most widely used
spreads in the final years.

With regards to the amount of butter used, it began at around 140 grams and then 6.
(peaked, plunged, dipped) at 160 grams in 1986 before 7. (remaining constant, declining
gradually, falling dramatically) to about 50 grams in the last year. Likewise, approximately
90 grams of margarine was eaten in the first year after which the figure 8. (expanded,
hiked, fluctuated) slightly and 9. (dropped, stabilized, ascended) to a low of 40 grams in
2007.

On the other hand, the consumption of low fats and reduced spreads only started in 1996
at about 10 grams. This figure, which reached a high of just over 80 grams 5 years later,
10. (rose gradually, fell slightly, recovered significantly) in the final years to approximately
70 grams in 2007.

30 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]
Practice B1
Choose which of the following diagram best fits the description below.

1. Production grew rapidly in the first
quarter, but reached a plateau of
about 70. Since then, it has remained
more or less stable.

2. Production has dropped slowly but
steadily over the year.

3. Production started climbing steadily but
levelled out at a level of around 70.
Since then, it has fallen steadily.

4. Production started in a stable position,
but then plunged in the third quarter. It
has now flattened out at a level of 20.

5. Production started off steady, but fell
sharply in the last quarter.

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 31

Practice B2
Reconstruct the following sentences by using appropriate adjectives
and nouns.

Example: The sales increased dramatically in September 2021.
(verb) (adverb)

A: There was a dramatic increase in the sales in September 2021.
(adjective) (noun)

1. The number of students entering universities in the USA fell significantly in
June 2020 due to Covid-19 pandemic.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. The use of social media for business marketing grew dramatically due to
its ability to boost brand awareness.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

3. The web traffic of CIDOS increased drastically over the last two months
which likely to be related to students studying from home.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

4. The sales of Volvo XC90 rose steadily from January to April 2021.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

5. The exports of rubber declined slightly in April 2020 due to the
development of artificial rubber in the market.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

32 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

Practice B3
Reconstruct the following sentences by using appropriate verb and
adverb.

Example: There was a dramatic increase in the sales in September 2021.
(adjective) (noun)

A: The sales increased dramatically in September 2021.
(verb) (adverb)

1. There was a dramatic decrease in the number of people using public
transportation in 2020 due to the fact that everyone owns a car.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. There was a sudden drop in the turnover of I-Company between 2018
and 2019.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

3. There was a marginal fall in the unemployment rate among graduates due
to more job openings in the job market.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

4. There was a consistent rise in the enrolment of international students in
Malaysia due to the quality education offered in the country.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

5. There was a rapid expansion in the total trade between Malaysia and the
ASEAN countries from January to March 2017 since the new trade policy.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 33

ANAYSIS- Uses Displays data Total value of
FRACTION in a circular the pie is
ANALYSIS
graph always 100%

Divided into Each segment
sections/ slices/ comes in a
percentage
segments to
represent values of

different sizes

34 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

i. THE FRACTIONS

When the value of % is much
lower than the % in BOX 1
When the value of % is lower THAN
box 1 but nearing to the %.

When the value of % is exactly
the same as the % in BOX 1
When the value of % is a little
more than 1-5% from BOX 1
When the value of % is
above 5% (>5%) from BOX 1

Just like Line Graph, Pie Chart also have TWO boxes (above) that is used for
analysis. BOX 1 is the fractions, while BOX 2 is the description of the fraction
in order to describe the analysis (whether it is lower, more or exactly the same
as the percentage). Let us look into some examples below:

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 35

SAMPLE 1

PERCENTAGE DESCRIPTION

15% More than one-tenth / Less than a fifth

75% (Notice here we can use either one – 10% or 20%, since 15% is
between the two % in BOX 1)
92%
Exactly three-quarter
52.6%
(This % is exactly the same as % in BOX 1- so, the word ‘exactly’ is
9% used)
78%
81% Over a majority
25%
34.4% (The last % in BOX 1 is 80% -majority, 92% is way over 80%, so, the
27% word ‘more than/over’ is used)

Slightly more than a half / Below two-third

(this % is in-between 50% and 66.66%, so, both of the % in BOX 1 can
be used, if 50% is used, means 52.6% is a bit more ‘slightly more than’,
if 66.66% is used, means, 52.6% is way below 66.6%, so ‘less
than/below’)

Nearly a tenth
Slightly over three-quarter / Nearly a majority
Slightly more than a majority
Exactly a quarter
Less than a half / Slightly more than a third
Slightly over a quarter

Can you try to do it on your own now?

5%
62%
99.8%
18%
11.5%
80%

36 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

SAMPLE 2

PREFERRED SHOPPING MALLS AMONG
PENANGITES IN 2021

1st Avenue Sunway Carnival
8% 11%

Prangin Mall Sunway Carnival
20% Queensbay Mall
Gurney Plaza
Gurney Plaza Prangin Mall
5% 1st Avenue

Queensbay Mall
56%

1. Almost a tenth of respondents preferred to shop in 1st Avenue Mall.
2. More than a half of respondents’ (56%) mentioned that Queensbay Mall

was their preferred shopping mall compared to others, making it as the
most preferred mall among Penangites in 2021.
3. Exactly a fifth of respondents chose Prangin Mall as their preferred
place to shop.
4. The least preferred place among Penangites with less than a tenth of
respondents was Gurney Plaza.
5. Slightly more than one-tenth of respondents chose Sunway Carnival as
their most preferred mall to shop.

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 37

PRACTICE C1
Give 4 analysis for pie chart below:

STUDENTS ARRIVING LATE TO CLASS FOR DEC 2020
SESSION

Once a week,
10%

Twice a week, 5%

Never, 45% Once a week
Twice a week
Three times a week
Never

Three times a
week, 40%

1. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

38 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

PRACTICE C2
Give 5 analysis for pie chart below:

BRANDS OF SMARTPHONES OWNED BY PSP
STUDENTS

Vivo Xiaomi OPPO
9% 2% 11%

Samsung Huawei
4% 10%

OPPO Huawei

I PHONE Samsung

I PHONE Vivo Xiaomi
64%

1. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 39

To recap, let’s do Quizzes on Graphs & Charts. You can scan the 2 codes
below for two different quizzes.

QUIZ 1

QUIZ 2

40 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]

ANSWERS

BAR CHART
Practice A1 (pg 16)

1. In 2016, the electric vehicles used were a great deal lower than in 2020.
2. Electric vehicles used in 2020 (68000) were fractionally higher than in 2018

(59000).
3. In 2019, electric vehicles used were 31000, considerably lower than in 2018

with 59000 vehicles.
4. 2016 scored the least number of electric vehicles used worldwide with only

5600 compared to other years.

Practice A2 (pg 17)

1. Most favourite pizza toppings among teenagers were Pepperoni with 330 votes
compared to Tomatoes, pepper, Onions, Chickens, Mushrooms and Cheese.

2. Onion toppings were slightly lower than Mushroom toppings with a difference
of 50 respondents.

3. 25 teenagers voted for Cheese toppings, dramatically lower than Pepperoni
toppings with 330 votes.

4. Pepper toppings were subsequently higher than Tomato toppings.

LINE GRAPH
Practice B1 (pg 30)

1. C
2. D
3. A
4. E
5. I

Practice B2 (pg 31)

1. There was a significant fall in the number of students entering universities in the
USA in June 2020 due to Covid-19 pandemic.

2. There was a dramatic growth in the use of social media for business marketing
due to its ability to boost brand awareness.

3. There was a drastic increase in the web traffic of CIDOS over the last two
months which likely to be related to students studying from home.

4. There was a steady rose in the sales of Volvo XC90 from January to April 2021.
5. There was a slight decline in the exports of rubber in April 2020 due to the

development of artificial rubber in the market.

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 41

Practice B3 (pg 32)

1. The number of people using public transportation decreased dramatically in
2020 due to the fact that everyone owns a car.

2. The turnover of I-Company dropped suddenly between 2018 and 2019.
3. The unemployment rate among graduates fell marginally due to more job

openings in the job market.
4. The enrolment of international students in Malaysia rose consistently due to the

quality education offered in the country.
5. The total trade between Malaysia and the ASEAN countries expand rapidly

from January to March 2017 since the new trade policy.

PIE CHART
SAMPLE 1 (pg 35)

1. 5% - Less than one-tenth
2. 62% - over a half / Nearly two-third
3. 99.8% - More than a majority
4. 18% - Close to a fifth / Over a tenth
5. 11.5% - Slightly over one-tenth
6. 80% - Exactly a majority

Practice C1 (pg 37)

1. Less than a half of respondents Never arrived late to class for December 2020
session.

2. Exactly a tenth of respondents (10%) arrived late to class Once a Week for
December 2020 session.

3. Below a tenth of respondents (5%) arrived late to class Twice a Week.
4. Over a third of respondents (40%) mentioned that they arrived late to class

Three Times a Week for December 2020 session.

Practice C2 (pg 38)

1. Less than one-tenth of PSP respondents owned Xiaomi phones, which was for
only 2%.

2. Close to two-third of respondents (64%) owned i-Phones, which was the most
famous brand of smartphone owned by PSP students.

3. Students who owned Huawei phones were exactly a tenth.
4. Below one-tenth of respondents (4%) owned Samsung brand of smartphones.
5. Almost one-tenth (9%) of PSP students owned Vivo smartphones.

42 eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS]
QUIZ
QUIZ 1
Answers are provided in the question paper.
QUIZ 2

Scan the QR Code above to unlock the answers for QUIZ 2.

eBook PSP | [DUE50032: GRAPHS & CHARTS] 43