PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF TRANSPORTATION Sharipah Khadijah binti S.Hashim 2023 JABATAN PERDAGANGAN ©All rights reserved for electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from Politeknik Seberang Perai.
ii All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated or reproduced in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from Politeknik Seberang Perai. Published by Politeknik Seberang Perai Jalan Permatang Pauh, 13500 Permatang Pauh Pulau Pinang Editor Hasnieza bt Mokhtar Content Reviewer Hasmiza bt Taib Cover Designer Azilah binti Abd Rahim Tel : 04-538 3322 Fax : 04-538 9266 Email : [email protected] Website : www.psp.edu.my FB : politeknikseberangperai Ig : politeknikseberangperai eISBN 978-967-2774-38-9 Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Sharipah Khadijah binti S.Hashim, 1976- Transportation Overview / Sharipah Khadijah binti S.Hashim, Mode of Access: Internet eISBN 978-967-2774-38-9 1. Examine Transportation Logistics. 2. Apply Transportation Concepts. I. Sharipah Khadijah binti S.Hashim.
iii Acknowledgement I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who contributed to the creation of this eBook. Your expertise, dedication, and support have played a crucial role in bringing this project to fruition. This eBook represents a collaborative effort, and I am deeply appreciative of everyone who has been involved. To the students who embark on this educational journey, I extend my sincere appreciation. Your interest, curiosity, and enthusiasm for learning are the driving forces behind our collective pursuit of knowledge. It is my hope that the information presented within these pages proves to be a valuable resource in your quest for understanding and academic growth. Thank you for your valuable contributions and commitment to knowledge sharing. Sincerely, Sharipah Khadijah binti S.Hashim Senior Lecturer Commerce Department Politeknik Seberang Perai
iv Preface PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF TRANSPORTATION (DPL30053) emphasizes the importance of transportation in logistics activities. It aims to introduce the basic concepts and the principles and regulations used in transportation. This course covers transportation concepts, transportation infrastructures, transportation terminals, transportation planning, transportation regulations and transportation issues. It is a course that places a strong emphasis on recognizing the pivotal role of transportation within logistics activities. It provides students with a comprehensive understanding of how transportation is the backbone of efficient supply chain management, enabling timely deliveries and cost-effective operations. Basic Concepts and Infrastructure: In this course, students are introduced to fundamental transportation concepts, including the various modes of transportation such as road, rail, water, and air. Additionally, they learn about the significance of intermodal transportation, which involves using multiple modes seamlessly. Furthermore, students gain insights into the critical role of transportation infrastructures like roads, railways, ports, and airports, which form the physical foundation of transportation systems. Transportation Terminals and Planning: A key aspect covered in the course is transportation terminals. Students understand how these hubs serve as essential transfer points between different transportation modes, ensuring efficient cargo movement. Moreover, the course explores transportation planning strategies, focusing on route optimization, mode selection, and scheduling. This knowledge equips students with the skills to make informed decisions that minimize costs, reduce lead times, and enhance overall supply chain efficiency. Regulations and Contemporary Issues: The course delves into the intricate web of transportation regulations, spanning safety standards, environmental requirements, and international trade rules. Students are equipped with the knowledge to ensure compliance with these regulations, navigating complex regulatory landscapes effectively. Additionally, the course addresses contemporary transportation challenges, including urban congestion, sustainability considerations, and the impact of emerging technologies like autonomous vehicles. It encourages students to explore innovative solutions to these pressing issues. In conclusion, in this course, students will first gain a solid understanding of the basics of transportation logistics, encompassing principles, regulations, and the workings of transportation systems. Secondly, they will develop valuable interpersonal skills through tasks related to the management of transportation systems, fostering effective teamwork and communication abilities. Lastly, students will refine their verbal and written communication skills, specifically focusing on their capacity to articulate ideas and solutions related to transportation issues, enabling them to effectively engage in discussions and produce well-structured written documents in the context of transportation logistics and systems. This well-rounded education prepares students for effective transportation and logistics management, fostering their ability to address real-world scenarios and complexities.
v Table of Content 01 Page Examine Transportation Logistics. 1 1.1. Core Components of Transportation. 5 a. Transportation. b. Transportation systems. c. Freight transportation. d. Passenger transportation. 1.2 Transportation Roles in Logistics System. 31 a. Bridge over buyer seller gap. b. Value added. c. Global impact. d. Importance in company. e. Importance in economy. f. Cost service trade off. 02 Apply Transportation Concepts. 36 2.1 Transportation Functionality. 37 a. Product movement. b. Product storage. 2.2 Transportation Principles. 39 a. Economy of scale. b. Economy of distance. 2.3 Transportation Utilities. 40 a. Time. b. Place. 2.4 Transportation Players. 41 a. Shipper. b. Carriers: i. Common. ii. Contract. iii. Private. d. Consignee. e. Agents / Freight Forwarder. f. Government. g. Public. Tutorial/Exercise. 53 References. 57
1 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation EXAMINE TRANSPORTATION LOGISTICS Transportation is a crucial aspect of modern society that involves the movement of people and goods from one location to another. It plays a vital role in economic development, social interactions, and overall quality of life. Transportation is a multifaceted field that encompasses various modes, infrastructure, technologies, and challenges. Its evolution is closely tied to societal needs, environmental concerns, and technological advancements. The future of transportation will likely be shaped by sustainability, automation, and improved connectivity.
2 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Picture 1: Illustration Picture of Transportation Logistics Transportation logistics is a critical component of supply chain management that focuses on the planning, execution, and optimization of the movement of goods and people from one location to another. It plays a pivotal role in ensuring that products are delivered efficiently, reliably, and cost-effectively. KEY ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION LOGISTICS Key Points: Key Elements of Transportation Logistics
3 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Transportation logistics forms the backbone of modern supply chains, ensuring that products and people reach their destinations efficiently. In this exploration, we delve into the critical components that make up the world of transportation logistics. From selecting the right transportation modes to optimizing routes and adhering to regulatory requirements, these key elements are the building blocks of a well-functioning logistics system that drives commerce and connectivity across the globe. 1. Mode Selection Transportation logistics involves choosing the appropriate transportation modes, such as road, rail, air, sea, or multimodal, based on factors like distance, cost, speed, and nature of the cargo. 2. Route Planning Optimizing transportation routes is essential to reduce transit times, fuel consumption, and costs. Route planning considers factors like traffic, road conditions, and delivery schedules. 3. Carrier Selection It involves selecting carriers, whether common carriers (third-party logistics providers), contract carriers, or private fleets, based on their capacity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. 4. Load Optimization Efficiently utilizing cargo space to maximize the volume of goods transported and minimize empty space is crucial for cost savings and sustainability. 5. Freight Management Managing the movement of goods, including booking cargo space, tracking shipments, and handling customs documentation, ensures smooth logistics operations.
4 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation CHALLENGES IN TRANSPORTATION LOGISTICS Transportation logistics, while essential for global trade and connectivity, presents a myriad of complex challenges in today's fast-paced world. This exploration delves into the multifaceted obstacles faced by the transportation and logistics industry, from congestion and environmental concerns to supply chain disruptions and regulatory complexities. As we delve into these challenges, we seek to understand the evolving landscape of transportation logistics and the innovative solutions required to overcome these hurdles. Key Points: Challenges in Transportation Logistics IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION LOGISTICS Transportation logistics is the beating heart of commerce and connectivity, seamlessly linking producers, suppliers, and consumers across the globe. In this exploration, we unveil the pivotal role that transportation logistics plays in shaping economies, supporting supply chains, and enhancing everyday life. From ensuring the timely delivery of goods to promoting economic growth, the importance of transportation logistics cannot be overstated, as it forms the foundation upon which modern society and trade thrive.
5 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Key Points: Importance of Transportation Logistics In conclusion, transportation logistics is a multifaceted discipline that is vital for businesses, economies, and global trade. It involves various elements, including mode selection, route planning, and freight management, and faces challenges related to congestion, regulations, and environmental impact. Its importance lies in its ability to ensure efficient product movement, cost management, and customer satisfaction, ultimately contributing to the success of businesses and economies alike. 1.1 CORE COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION The core components of transportation are essential elements that make up the functioning of any transportation system. These components work together to facilitate the movement of people and goods from one place to another efficiently and safely. These core components of transportation collectively form the foundation of any transportation system, whether at a local, regional, national, or global level. Successful
6 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation transportation systems require careful planning, investment, and management to meet the needs of society while addressing environmental and safety concerns. These core components are interrelated and form the foundation of any transportation system. They are essential for the functioning of modern society, supporting economic activities, connecting communities, and enabling the exchange of goods and ideas. The effectiveness and efficiency of transportation systems can have a significant impact on a region's economic development and quality of life for its residents. a. TRANSPORTATION Definition: Transportation refers to the movement of people, goods, or information from one location to another using various modes and infrastructure. Examples: Examples of transportation include cars, trains, ships, airplanes, bicycles, and walking. It also encompasses the movement of data through the internet and communication networks. Transportation: An Overview Transportation is the process of moving people, goods, or information from one place to another. It is a fundamental element of modern society and plays a pivotal role in various aspects of life, including economic development, social interactions, and access to essential services. Effective transportation systems are vital for the functioning of cities, countries, and the global economy.
7 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Picture 2: Illustration Picture of Transportation Overview MODES OF TRANSPORTATION The various modes of transportation are the arteries of modern civilization, facilitating the movement of people and goods across vast distances and expanding the horizons of trade, commerce, and human interaction. In this exploration, we embark on a journey through the diverse avenues of transportation, from the efficiency of roadways and railways to the global reach of air and sea travel. By understanding the unique strengths and applications of each mode, we gain insight into how these systems collectively shape our interconnected world. In Malaysia, the transportation network comprises various modes that facilitate the movement of goods and people across the country. The combination of these transportation modes caters to diverse travel needs, from daily commuting within cities to long-distance travel across regions. Malaysia's comprehensive transportation network plays a crucial role in facilitating trade, supporting tourism, and ensuring connectivity between different parts of the country.
8 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Key Points: Modes of Transportation 1. Road Transportation Definition: Road transportation involves the use of vehicles on a network of roads and highways. It is the most common mode of transportation for both passengers and freight. Examples: Cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, and bicycles are all part of road transportation. People use personal vehicles for daily commuting, while freight trucks transport goods to stores and factories. In Malaysia: Highways and Expressways: Malaysia boasts a well-developed network of highways and expressways connecting major cities and regions. The North-South Expressway is a prominent route linking the northern and southern parts of Peninsular Malaysia. Public Transport: Buses, including rapid transit buses, connect urban centres and rural areas. Taxis and ride-hailing services provide flexible point-to-point transportation.
9 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Picture 3: Illustration Picture of Road transportation 2. Rail Transportation Definition: Rail transportation relies on trains that run on dedicated railway tracks. It is particularly efficient for long-distance travel and transporting large quantities of goods. Examples: Passenger trains like and freight trains carrying commodities like coal or shipping containers are common in rail transportation. In Malaysia: KTM Intercity: The KTM Intercity rail service operates across Peninsular Malaysia, offering intercity travel options. Urban Rail Systems: Light Rail Transit (LRT) and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) systems serve urban areas like Kuala Lumpur, providing efficient intra-city transport.
10 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Picture 4: Illustration Picture of Rail Transportation 3. Water Transportation Definition: Water transportation involves the movement of goods and people using vessels on bodies of water, such as rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans. Examples: Cargo ships, container ships, ferries, cruise liners, and fishing boats are examples of water transportation. They transport goods internationally, facilitate tourism, and support fishing industries. In Malaysia: Ports: Ports like Port Klang and Penang Port serve as critical maritime hubs for cargo handling and shipping activities. Ferries: Ferry services connect Peninsular Malaysia to islands such as Penang Island and Langkawi.
11 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Picture 5: Illustration Picture of Water Transportation 4. Air Transportation Definition: Air transportation utilizes aircraft to transport passengers and cargo through the air, enabling rapid long-distance travel. Examples: Commercial airlines like Delta and cargo carriers like FedEx operate in air transportation. Passengers fly for business or leisure, while cargo planes transport goods worldwide. In Malaysia: Airports: Malaysia has several airports, including Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) and Penang International Airport, catering to domestic and international flights. Airlines: Malaysia Airlines and various budget airlines offer domestic and international air travel services.
12 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Picture 6: Illustration Picture of Air Transportation 5. Pipeline A pipeline is a system of pipes, typically made of materials like steel, plastic, or concrete, used to transport liquids, gases, or other substances from one location to another. Pipelines are designed to move these substances efficiently and often over long distances, and they may include various components such as pumps or compressors, valves, and control systems. Example of Pipeline: One of the most common examples of a pipeline is an oil pipeline. These pipelines are used to transport crude oil, refined petroleum products, and natural gas liquids (NGLs) from oil production fields, refineries, or ports to distribution points or refineries for processing. In Malaysia: Pipelines serve various purposes across different industries and sectors. Pipelines in Malaysia serve as critical infrastructure components supporting energy distribution, water supply, industrial processes, and infrastructure development. They play a significant role in the country's economy and the daily lives of its citizens while adhering to environmental and safety standards.
13 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Picture 7: Illustration Picture of Pipeline Key Points: Pipeline Aspects
14 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Public transportation consists of shared transportation services, including buses, trams, subways, and commuter trains, serving urban and suburban areas. Public transportation in Malaysia comprises various modes that cater to urban and intercity travel needs. 1. Rail Systems KTM Komuter: Operates commuter train services connecting major towns in the Klang Valley, northern, and southern regions of Peninsular Malaysia. LRT (Light Rail Transit) and MRT (Mass Rapid Transit): Kuala Lumpur has LRT lines (Kelana Jaya, Sri Petaling, and Ampang lines) and MRT lines (MRT Sungai BulohKajang Line and MRT Putrajaya Line). These systems provide efficient travel within the city and surrounding areas. 2. Bus Services RapidKL Buses: Extensive bus network covering Kuala Lumpur and its suburbs, including regular and express bus services. Interstate Buses: Long-distance buses connect major cities and towns across Peninsular Malaysia. 3. Taxis and E-hailing Services Taxis: Traditional metered taxis and ride-hailing services like Grab operate in urban areas, offering point-to-point transportation. E-hailing Services: App-based services like GrabCar and MyCar provide convenient on-demand rides using private vehicles. 4. Ferries Ferry services connect mainland Malaysia to various islands, including routes to Penang Island and Langkawi. 5. Monorail Systems Monorails operate in certain urban areas, providing an additional mode of transportation, particularly in Kuala Lumpur.
15 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation 6. Integrated Ticketing System: The Touch 'n Go card is a contactless smart card used for fare payment across various public transportation modes, offering convenience to commuters. CYCLING AND WALKING Cycling and walking are sustainable and healthy modes of transportation. They are particularly suitable for short-distance trips within urban areas. Examples: People use bicycles for commuting or exercise, while walking is a common means of moving within neighbourhoods and city centres. INFRASTRUCTURE Transportation infrastructure refers to the physical components necessary for each mode of transportation, including: 1. Roads, highways, bridges, and tunnels for road transportation. 2. Railway tracks, stations, and terminals for rail transportation. 3. Ports, docks, and harbours for water transportation. 4. Airports, runways, terminals, and air traffic control systems for air transportation. Infrastructure is critical for the efficient and safe movement of people and goods. Maintaining and expanding transportation infrastructure is a significant challenge for governments and organizations. TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION In the dynamic landscape of transportation logistics, technology and innovation are the driving forces propelling the industry forward. From the advent of GPS navigation systems to the development of autonomous vehicles and smart logistics platforms, this exploration delves into the transformative impact of technology on how we move goods and people. As we journey through the world of transportation, we will witness how cutting-edge advancements are not only enhancing efficiency but also reshaping the very foundations of transportation logistics.
16 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Key Points: Technology and Innovation CHALLENGES Below is the explanation on the challenges in transportation. Key Points: Challenges
17 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation FUTURE TRENDS Below is the explanation on the future trends in transportation. Key Points: Future Trends URBAN PLANNING Cities are reevaluating their transportation systems as part of urban planning efforts: Key Points: Urban Planning
18 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 1. International Trade Transportation, especially maritime and air transportation, is integral to international trade, facilitating the movement of goods across borders. 2. Safety and Security Standards International organizations and agreements set safety and security standards for various modes of transportation to ensure global compatibility. In conclusion, transportation is a multifaceted field that affects virtually every aspect of modern life. It continually evolves with advancements in technology, changing societal needs, and environmental concerns. An efficient and sustainable transportation system is crucial for economic growth, social connectivity, and a cleaner planet. b. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Definition: Transportation systems encompass the complex networks and organizations that facilitate the movement of people, goods, or information. These systems integrate various modes and components to ensure efficient and reliable transportation. Examples: A transportation system can include road networks, public transit systems, logistics companies, and air traffic control. For example, a city's transportation system might include buses, subways, and roads, all coordinated to enable the daily commute of its residents. Transportation systems are complex networks and organizations designed to facilitate the movement of people, goods, or information from one location to another. These systems are fundamental to modern society, enabling economic activities, social interactions, and access to essential services. Here, we'll elaborate on transportation systems in detail:
19 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Picture 8: Illustration Picture of Transportation Systems COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Transportation systems are intricate networks of infrastructure, vehicles, and services that underpin the movement of goods and people. In this exploration, we dissect the essential components that come together to create efficient and interconnected transportation systems. From the physical elements like roads and railways to the intangible facets of scheduling and management, we unravel the complexity of these systems and their pivotal role in modern society.
20 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Picture 9: Illustration Picture of Infrastructure of Transportation Systems Key Points: Components of Transportation Systems
21 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Transportation systems come in various forms, each tailored to specific needs and environments. In this exploration, we embark on a journey through the diverse types of transportation systems that serve our modern world. From the bustling road networks of urban areas to the efficiency of mass transit systems and the vast networks of air and sea travel, we'll discover the unique characteristics and applications of each, highlighting how they collectively shape the way we move and connect. Key Points: Types of Transportation Systems
22 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS Transportation systems play a vital role in modern society, but they are not without their share of challenges and complexities. In this exploration, we delve into the myriad obstacles and factors that influence the functioning of transportation systems. From congestion and environmental concerns to safety and regulatory compliance, we examine the critical challenges and considerations that require thoughtful solutions to ensure efficient and sustainable mobility. Key Points: Challenges and Considerations in Transportation Systems Transportation systems are multifaceted networks that play a vital role in modern society. They connect people, goods, and information efficiently, enabling economic development and improving quality of life. The future of transportation systems is likely to be shaped by sustainability, automation, and improved connectivity, making transportation more efficient, safer, and environmentally friendly.
23 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation c. FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION Definition: Freight transportation focuses on the movement of goods and cargo from one place to another. It plays a critical role in supply chain management and the distribution of products. Examples: Freight transportation includes the use of trucks, cargo ships, freight trains, and air cargo carriers. For instance, a shipping company that transports containers of goods from a manufacturing plant to a distribution centre is a part of the freight transportation industry. Freight transportation refers to the movement of goods, cargo, or freight from one location to another using various transportation modes and infrastructure. It is a crucial element of logistics and supply chain management, as it involves the physical transportation of products and materials that are essential for businesses, industries, and consumers. Here, we will elaborate on freight transportation, including its modes, significance, challenges, and key considerations: Picture 10: Illustration Picture Modes of Freight Transportation
24 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation MODES OF FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION Freight transportation is the lifeblood of global trade, and the modes through which goods are transported play a pivotal role in this intricate system. In this exploration, we venture into the world of freight transportation modes, from the versatility of trucks to the efficiency of railways and the global reach of maritime and air transport. Each mode has its unique strengths and applications, contributing to the seamless movement of goods and the functioning of supply chains across the world. Key Points: Modes of Freight Transportation
25 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation SIGNIFICANCE OF FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION The significance of freight transportation can be divided into 4 such as economic vitality, supply chain efficiency, global trade, and job creation. Key Points: Significance of Freight Transportation CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS Freight transportation is the lifeblood of global trade, but it comes with its own set of intricacies and challenges. In this exploration, we delve into the multifaceted challenges and considerations that shape the world of goods mobility. From congestion and infrastructure limitations to sustainability concerns and the evolving demands of the digital age, we will uncover the critical factors that demand innovative solutions to ensure efficient, reliable, and sustainable freight transportation.
26 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Key Points: Challenges and Considerations KEY CONSIDERATIONS IN FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION Freight transportation forms the backbone of global trade and supply chains, and its efficiency is essential for economic prosperity. In this exploration, we dissect the pivotal considerations that underpin the world of goods mobility. From infrastructure and technology to sustainability and regulatory compliance, we delve into the core factors that demand attention and strategic planning to ensure the seamless movement of goods across the world. 1. Route Optimization Planning the most efficient and cost-effective transportation routes is crucial to minimize fuel consumption and reduce transit times. Example: Logistics companies use sophisticated software to plan optimal routes, considering factors like traffic patterns and fuel efficiency.
27 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation 2. Intermodal Transportation Combining different modes, such as rail and truck, can optimize the transportation of goods. Example: Freight can be transported via a combination of modes, like using trains for long-haul transportation and trucks for final delivery. 3. Technology Advanced technologies like GPS, tracking systems, and logistics software enhance the efficiency and visibility of freight transportation. Example: The use of GPS and real-time tracking allows shippers to monitor the location and condition of their goods during transit. 4. Safety Measures Implementing safety protocols, training, and security measures is essential for the protection of goods and personnel. Example: Warehouses and distribution centres implement security protocols to protect cargo from theft and damage. Freight transportation is a multifaceted and vital component of the global economy. It involves the movement of goods using various modes, each with its advantages and challenges. Efficient freight transportation is essential for businesses, trade, and supply chain management, and it plays a central role in the movement of goods that impact our daily lives. Sustainable and innovative solutions are being developed to address the challenges and improve the efficiency of freight transportation systems. d. PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION Definition: Passenger transportation is centred on the movement of people for various purposes, such as commuting, travel, or leisure. Examples: Modes of passenger transportation encompass public transit like buses and trains, personal vehicles (cars, motorcycles), airlines for long-distance travel, and even walking or
28 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation cycling for short trips. An example is a family taking a road trip in their car for a vacation, or a commuter using a subway to get to work. Passenger transportation involves the movement of individuals from one place to another, primarily for commuting, travel, or leisure. It encompasses various modes and services designed to meet the diverse needs of passengers. In the context of Malaysia, let's elaborate and discuss passenger transportation, including key modes, examples, challenges, and considerations. MODES OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN MALAYSIA Passenger transportation is a vital aspect of Malaysia's modern society, offering diverse modes of travel that enable people to connect with various destinations across the country. In this exploration, we embark on a journey through the different modes of passenger transportation available in Malaysia, ranging from the efficient road networks and urban public transit systems to the convenience of air travel and the scenic beauty of rail journeys. Each mode serves a unique purpose and plays a crucial role in facilitating mobility, enabling Malaysians and visitors alike to access their desired destinations effectively and comfortably. 1. Road Transportation Examples: Malaysia's road transportation system includes private cars, motorcycles, buses, and taxis. Most of the daily commuting occurs through road transport, with Kuala Lumpur having an extensive network of highways and expressways. 2. Rail Transportation Examples: Malaysia has an efficient rail network, including the KTM Komuter (commuter train), ETS (Electric Train Service) for intercity travel, and the Light Rail Transit (LRT) and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) systems in Kuala Lumpur. These systems connect urban areas and neighbouring regions. 3. Public Transit Examples: Cities like Kuala Lumpur and Penang have established public transit systems comprising buses and rapid transit services. The My Rapid Transit (MRT)
29 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation and RapidKL buses are integral components of public transportation, catering to daily commuters. 4. Aviation Transportation Examples: Major airports like Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) and Penang International Airport serve as gateways for domestic and international travel. Airlines like Malaysia Airlines and AirAsia operate numerous flights connecting Malaysia to global destinations. 5. Maritime Transportation Examples: Malaysia boasts several busy ports, including Port Klang and Penang Port, with passenger ferry services to nearby islands like Langkawi and Pulau Pangkor. These services are vital for both tourism and local transport. 6. Cycling and Walking Examples: Initiatives like bike-sharing programs in Kuala Lumpur and pedestrianfriendly areas promote eco-friendly transportation and encourage walking and cycling within cities. Key Points: Modes of Passenger Transportation in Malaysia
30 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation SIGNIFICANCE OF PASSANGER TRANSPORTATION IN MALAYSIA, AND CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS Passenger transportation is a fundamental aspect of Malaysia's modern society, offering people the freedom to move, connect with loved ones, and access opportunities. Passenger transportation in Malaysia is a diverse and evolving sector that plays a crucial role in the nation's economic growth, urban mobility, and tourism industry. Addressing challenges and promoting sustainable transportation options will be essential to ensuring efficient and accessible passenger transportation in the future. Key Points: Passenger Transportation
31 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation 1.2 TRANSPORTATION ROLES IN LOGISTICS SYSTEM Transportation is a cornerstone of logistics, serving as the linchpin that ensures the efficient flow of goods and services from producers to consumers. Within the broader field of logistics, transportation plays several pivotal roles that are integral to the success of businesses, economies, and global trade. The roles of transportation within the logistics system encompass various critical functions that contribute to the efficient movement of goods and support economic activities. Understanding these roles helps in leveraging transportation effectively within the logistics system, ensuring seamless operations, customer satisfaction, and overall economic vitality. Five roles of transportation in logistics system are: a. Bridge Over Buyer-Seller Gap Transportation plays a pivotal role in bridging the gap between buyers and sellers within a logistics system. It ensures that products are physically moved from the point of production or supply to the point of consumption or sale. This function is crucial for ensuring that products are available to customers when and where they are needed. This role is fundamental to the functioning of supply chains, enabling the delivery of raw materials, components, and finished products. Efficient transportation networks enable the timely delivery of goods manufactured in industrial areas to retail outlets in urban centres, ensuring products reach consumers. Example: Bridge over Buyer-Seller Gap
32 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation b. Value Added Transportation adds value to products within a logistics system by ensuring that they are delivered to the right place at the right time. This timeliness and reliability enhance customer satisfaction, reduce lead times, and enable businesses to respond to market demands effectively. Reduced lead times and improved product availability contribute to the overall value proposition, making businesses more competitive in the market. Example: A company that delivers fresh produce swiftly to markets not only ensures quality but also adds value by meeting consumer demands for freshness. Example: Value Added c. Global Impact Transportation has a global impact within logistics systems by connecting regions, nations, and continents. It plays a vital role in facilitating international trade, supporting the movement of goods across borders, and contributing to economic growth on a global scale. It facilitates the movement of goods across international borders, connecting regions, nations, and continents. The ease with which products can be transported worldwide has a profound impact on industries, economies, and the standard of living. Example: Malaysia's ports and air cargo facilities serve as critical gateways for the global movement of goods, fostering trade relationships with various countries.
33 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Example: Global Impact d. Importance in Company At the company level, transportation is of paramount importance within logistics systems. It affects various aspects of a company's operations, including supply chain management, inventory control, and customer service. Efficient transportation enables companies to meet customer demands, reduce costs, and maintain competitiveness. Example: Manufacturing firms in Malaysia rely on efficient transportation to receive raw materials from suppliers and deliver finished goods to distribution centres or customers. Example: Importance in Company
34 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation e. Importance in Economy Transportation is not only essential for individual companies but also crucial for the overall economy of a country or region. A well-functioning transportation infrastructure fosters trade, job creation, and industrial development. It facilitates trade, job creation, and economic development by enabling the movement of goods and people. Example: A robust transportation network in Malaysia supports diverse industries, such as manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism, stimulating economic activities and fostering growth. Example: Importance in Economy f. Cost-Service Trade-off Transportation involves a trade-off between cost and service. Different transportation modes and services offer varying levels of speed, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Companies must strike a balance between minimizing transportation costs and providing the level of service that meets customer expectations. Example: Balancing the cost of air freight against the speed of delivery to meet customer deadlines illustrates the trade-off between cost and service in transportation.
35 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Example: Cost-Service Trade-off As overall, the transportation plays multifaceted roles within logistics systems, including bridging gaps, adding value, supporting global trade, benefiting individual companies, driving economic growth, and managing cost-service trade-offs. These roles are interconnected and collectively contribute to the efficient movement of goods and services in both local and global contexts.
36 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation APPLY TRANSPORTATION CONCEPTS Transportation is a fundamental pillar of modern society, facilitating the movement of goods and people, connecting communities, and driving economic growth. The intricate web of transportation systems, modes, and principles plays a pivotal role in shaping our daily lives and the global economy. In this exploration of transportation concepts, we delve into the core principles that underpin the movement of goods and people, the diverse modes that cater to a multitude of needs, and the imperative of sustainability in an everchanging world. Join us on a journey through the intricacies of transportation, where we uncover the essential knowledge and insights that drive efficient and sustainable mobility.
37 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation 2.1 TRANSPORTATION FUNCTIONALITY Transportation functionality refers to the fundamental roles and purposes served by transportation systems within a logistics and supply chain context. It encompasses various aspects of how transportation facilitates the movement of goods and people from one location to another. In summary, transportation functionality encompasses the essential roles of transportation systems in moving products, managing inventory, supporting supply chain flow, enhancing customer service, managing costs, and enabling global reach. It is a critical component of logistics and supply chain management, influencing the efficiency and effectiveness of business operations. a. Product Movement Transportation is primarily responsible for the physical movement of products or goods from one location to another within a supply chain. It ensures that products are delivered to their intended destinations efficiently and reliably. This movement can occur across short distances within a local area or cover long distances across national or international borders. Picture 11: Illustration of Product Movement Key Aspects: i. It ensures the physical flow of products along the supply chain. ii. It allows for the timely delivery of goods to customers or distribution points. iii. It can involve various modes such as road, rail, air, sea, or a combination of these.
38 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation Example: Scenario Product Movement b. Product Storage While transportation involves moving products, it can also include temporary storage during transit. Products may be stored in warehouses, distribution centres, or transport containers. Picture 12: Illustration Picture Product Storage Example: Scenario Product Storage
39 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation 2.2 TRANSPORTATION PRINCIPLES Transportation principles form the bedrock of efficient and sustainable mobility systems, providing the guiding framework for the movement of goods and people across the globe. In this exploration, we delve into the fundamental principles that underpin transportation, from the economies of scale and distance to the critical considerations of time and place. By understanding these principles, we gain insight into how transportation systems are designed, optimized, and adapted to meet the diverse needs of societies and economies worldwide. a. Economy of Scale This principle suggests that as the volume or scale of transportation increases, the cost per unit of product transported decreases. It is more cost-effective to transport larger quantities of goods at once. Example: Scenario Economy of Scale b. Economy of Distance The economy of distance principle suggests that transportation costs tend to increase with the distance goods need to travel. It is generally more cost-effective to transport products shorter distances. Example: Scenario Economy of Distance
40 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation 2.3 TRANSPORTATION UTILITIES Transportation utilities are the essence of modern mobility, shaping how we bridge the gaps of time and space in our interconnected world. In this exploration, we embark on a journey through the critical dimensions of time and place in transportation, delving into their significance in facilitating the movement of goods and people. By examining these utilities, we uncover the core elements that drive transportation systems, enabling us to comprehend how efficient transportation networks are vital in connecting the farthest corners of our global society. a. Time Transportation plays a critical role in reducing the time it takes for products to move from producers to consumers. Timely deliveries are crucial for meeting customer expectations. Example: Scenario of Time b. Place Transportation allows products to be available at the right place. It ensures that goods are distributed to various markets, retailers, and consumers as needed. Example: Scenario of Place
41 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation 2.4 TRANSPORTATION PLAYERS The world of transportation is a symphony of players, each with a unique role in ensuring the smooth and efficient movement of goods and people. In this exploration, we introduce you to the diverse cast of transportation players, from shippers and carriers to government authorities and logistics agents. By understanding the roles and responsibilities of these key actors, we gain insight into the intricate dance that shapes the global transportation landscape, ensuring that the show goes on, connecting societies and economies around the world. As Malaysia continues to develop and expand its transportation infrastructure, each player's role becomes increasingly vital in ensuring the efficient, safe, and sustainable movement of goods and people throughout the country and beyond. These scenarios and examples illustrate the diverse and interconnected roles and players within the transportation landscape, highlighting how transportation concepts and principles are applied in real-world logistics scenarios. a. Shipper Example: Scenario, Example of Shipper in Malaysia
42 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation b. Carriers Example: Scenario, Example of Carriers in Malaysia Key Points: Types of Carriers
43 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation c. Consignee Example: Scenario, Example of Consignee in Malaysia d. Agents / Freight Forwarder Example: Scenario, Example of Agents / Freight Forwarder in Malaysia
44 eBook PSP | Principles & Practices of Transportation e. Government Example: Scenario, Example of Government in Malaysia f. Public Example: Scenario, Example of Public in Malaysia