JUNE EMM 2019-INTERIOR for web

Native Plants
of the Endless Mts.

Woman Scientist
Spanish Hill
Library System of Bradford County
The Underground Railroad

of Northeastern, PA
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Endless Mountains Magazine 1

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Endless Mountains Magazine June 2019

CONTENTS Play Golf
4 Woman Scientist of Bradford County with Us!
10 Spanish Hill
16 The Library System of Bradford County 2019 GOLF
20 Native Plants of the Endless Mountains SPECIAL
34 The Underground Railroad of Northeastern, PA
New Membership $400
Publisher: Mike Gambal Mens-Ladies
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Printing: Gambal, LLC - Towanda, PA Contact us for additional information
Contributors: Mary Beth Voda, Kurt D. Lafy, Nancy Sharer,
Norma Paisley-Moore Many Different
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Endless Mountains Magazine 3

ALICE CATHERINE EVANS (1881-1975)

Woman Scientist
of Bradford County
Story by Mary Beth Voda, Photos submitted by BCHS

Alice C. Evans the Bradford County History includes var- Sometimes he read his poems. His class was
ious saw mills, creamery, blacksmith shop, “a course which was aimed to help us to see
As Alice Catherine Evans and her barrel-making business, a birch oil distill- the beauty of Nature – to sur-mount our
ery, a slaughterhouse, and a basket shop as scientific knowledge with esthetic sense.”
brother, Morgan, trekked toward the one- Neath area enterprises.
room Neath village schoolhouse in 1891, With her interest in science whetted
they could not have known the direction Education held a place of importance by the Cornell experience, Alice, “wanted
their lives would take. Alice could not among the Welsh families, and the Evans to continue her studies in that field – any
have known that her mother would sell Family was no exception. Writing in the branch of biologic science would satisfy me,”
sewing machines to earn her daughter’s Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, Rita she noted in her memoirs. A scholarship and
tuition money to the Susquehanna Colle- R. Colwell describes Alice’s early influences, free tuition enabled her eventually to earn a
giate Institute in Towanda. She could not “a love of learning was instilled in her…in a bachelor’s degree in bacteriology.
have known that she would go on to study home where politics, education, and religion
microbiology at Cornell and Wisconsin were often discussed.” While a senior at Cornell, another door
Universities. Nor could she have known opened for Alice. She was offered a graduate
she would make one of the most important Following Alice’s primary education, she scholarship at the University of Wisconsin’s
health discoveries of the early 20th century attended Towanda’s Susquehanna Collegiate College of Agriculture where she earned her
– that raw milk from apparently healthy Institute. It was operated by the Susquehan- master’s degree in bacteriology.
animals can transmit disease to humans. na Presbytery as a place of higher learning.
Later, it was moved to Selinsgrove, PA and Alice had become an early 20th century
These two children of William Howell became Susquehanna University. rarity – a woman scientist. Although en-
Evans and Anne B. Evans descended from couraged to continue her academic path to
Welsh farmers who immigrated to north- Once high school studies ended, however, a Ph.D., she had tired of the financial and
eastern Pennsylvania in the early 1800s, so did Alice’s formal education, at least for physical challenges of college pursuits. In-
many from Neath, Wales. This new home, a while. Lack of funds prevented her from stead, in 1910, she accepted a research po-
also called Neath, PA, occupied “portions of pursuing college. Teaching was the only sition in bacteriology at the Dairy Division
the townships of Pike, Warren and Middle- profession open to women at the time. Co- of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s
town,” according to The History of Bradford incidentally, the Neath country school not Bureau of Animal Industry. She writes in
County Pennsylvania 1891-1995. Writer only provided Alice her early education, it her memoir that when the staff learned “a
Nancy Sharer notes in Endless Mountains became her first employer. She took a job woman would be coming…they nearly fell
magazine, “Long ago, these settlers came in, teaching in the one-room schoolhouse where off their chairs.”
brought their families and language, settled she and Morgan trekked years earlier. There
on farms and worked hard. “ she taught grades 1-4 for two years followed Beginning her work on the University of
by two more years teaching in a neighboring Wisconsin campus, Alice became part of a
Dairy farming formed the backbone of school. In her memoirs, she writes that she team, “studying ways to improve the flavor
the community, and area business devel- found the children’s personalities interesting of cheddar cheese,” writes Rita R. Colwell.
oped to support the farms and families. but not the curriculum which was repeated After three years in Wisconsin, the Agricul-
Along with a post office and physicians, each year. Fortunately, “I was glad when I ture Dept. transferred her to Washington,
found a way to escape.” D.C. She soon learned that her colleagues
4 Endless Mountains Magazine there were not at all interested in working
Liberation came in the form of a tu- with women scientists. As she headed to-
ition-free nature course offered by Cornell ward what she anticipated would be a chilly
University to rural teachers. Alice eagerly welcome, she mused, “I was on my way to
enrolled. Courses included: botany, zool- Washington, where I had not wanted to go
ogy, entomology, ornithology, geology, and and where I was not wanted.”
meteorology. The distinguished faculty in-
stilled in the students, not only knowledge Relieved to find a warm welcome, she
of science, but an appreciation of nature. eagerly began her first assignment – “look-
One of these, Dean Bailey, was a scientist ing for ways that bacteria entered dairy
and administrator, and also a poet. In her products and to study the bacteria that ex-
memoir, Alice writes that on Sunday eve- isted in freshly drawn milk,” according to
nings Dean Bailey and his wife opened their Rita R. Colwell.
home to the students where he read to them.
Investigating bovine bacterial flora, Alice
continued on page 6

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Endless Mountains Magazine 5

noted, “my attention was gradually focused Left to right: William Howell Evans (father),
on one particular species [Bacillus abor- Annie B. Evans (mother), Alice, and her
tus],” the organism that causes animals to brother Morgan W. Evans. All shown
miscarry.” At the time, scientists believed standing, full length, full face.
many bovine diseases could not be transmit-
ted to humans,” according to the Encyclo- Showing the Women’s basketball team of the Susquehanna Collegiate Inst.:
pedia of World Biography. Rita R. Colwell Seated are Alice Evans, Theresa Piollet, Hilda Hinley (on floor), and Edith
notes that, “freshly-drawn, ‘certified’ milk Keelogg, standing are Mary Hale and Emily Piollet.
was particularly nutritious and, therefore,
healthy to drink.” Alice C. Evans, National Photo Company Portrait, Circa 1915

Alice’s research showed that assumption
was not accurate. She found there was a cor-
relation between Bacillus abortus and the
bacterium responsible for undulant fever
(later called Brucellosis).

These findings were presented in 1917
at the annual meeting of the Society of
American Bacteriologists. But her claim
that humans could contract undulant fever
by drinking raw milk, was considered medi-
cal blasphemy. She wrote, “the reaction to
my paper was almost universal skepticism…
if these organisms were closely related, some
other bacteriologist would have noted it.”

Although faced with hostility from fellow
scientists and anger from diary industry, her
persistence and patience paid off. Alice’s re-
search proved conclusively that “undulant fever
in a human could be traced directly to cattle –
the prevention of Brucellosis in animals meant
the prevention of undulant fever in humans,”
according to author Virginia Law Burns.

In 1920, the noted scientist, Karl F. Mey-
er, confirmed Alice’s findings. Scientists and
investigators in the United States, Germany,
Italy, Austria, Holland, and Tunisia soon fol-
lowed. There was finally a way to control
contamination in milk. Although it would
take decades for nation-wide pasteurization
to become law, the movement was underway
as state after state instituted its own laws.

Rita Colwell writes that in a cruel irony,
Alice contracted undulant fever in 1922
while conducting research, “just as her
findings began to be taken seriously.” She
suffered for decades, sometimes incapaci-
tated by the waves of pain and drenching
sweat. Despite the setbacks, Alice retained
her sense of humor, once commenting ‘…
those bugs had a special animosity’ for her
since her discovery.”

Disdain and disbelief in her research as
well as debilitating physical setbacks failed
to diminish Alice’s pioneering work. The
little girl whose natural curiosity grew in
the Neath, Pennsylvania countryside, sur-
rounded by dairy farms, developed a body
of work that saved lives and money, both
in public health costs as well as in the

continued on page 9

6 Endless Mountains Magazine

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8 Endless Mountains Magazine

livestock and dairy industries. called the American Society for Microbiology. the experience, “the course that was open for
Recognition and honors rewarded Alice’s Her remarkable life and work also paved my ship to sail was on the whole gratifying.
work. Among these was: election to the Na- the way for women in science. Facing The going was rough at times…, [but] there
tional Women’s Hall of Fame; an honorary skepticism and hostility, she doggedly per- were stretches of clear sailing too.”
degree in medicine from the Women’s Medi- sisted. Rita R. Colwell notes that Alice, She died in 1975 at the age of 94 and is bur-
cal College of Pennsylvania; honorary doctor- “broke new ground for her-self and other ied in the Neath Welsh Congregational Church
ate of science degrees from Wilson College in female scientists, [helping] women scien- cemetery surrounded by her ancestors.
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and the Uni- tists to be taken seriously and lauded for
versity of Wisconsin, her alma mater. She was their careful and accurate work at a time Alice continuing her dedicated research
elected the first female president of the Soci- when they were often stereotyped into sup- in her elder years.

ety of American Bacteriologists in 1928, now porting and unheralded roles.”
Although she formally retired from the
National Institutes of Health in 1945, her
reputation as an important bacteriologist
made her a sought-after advisor and speak-
er. Calling herself a “spry octogenarian,”
Alice published scientific papers as late as
80 years of age, according to Colwell.
Rita Colwell credits Alice Evans with a dis-
covery that, “is recognized as one of the most
important medical findings of the twentieth
century and constitutes an important chap-
ter in the history of infectious diseases.”
Alice Evans began her life in a Neath,
Pennsylvania, among Welsh farm families.
Overcoming financial and physical setbacks
as well as breaking ground as a woman sci-
entist led her to Cornell and Wisconsin Uni-
versities and, eventually, to a distinguished
career in scientific research for the U.S. Gov-
ernment in Washington, D.C.
Portrait of Alice C. Evans Writing in her memoirs she summarizes

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Endless Mountains Magazine 9

Spanish
Hill

Story by Kurt D. Lafy, Photos Submitted

Everywhere myths and legends abound. The Heart of the Endless Mountains certainly does not take
a backseat in this category. Numerous hauntings, Sheshequin’s ghost walk, more than one gravity
hill and various and assorted oddities dot our landscape and simultaneously peak our imaginations.
Usually, as with ghosts, there is no physical evidence left behind, just mythical stories spread over
the ages via the plain old fashion “word of mouth.” However, in South Waverly stands an anomaly
which has left scads of stories AND physical evidence from which we endeavor to understand what
happened there, (emphasis on the endeavor. ) Spanish Hill is, to borrow from Ellsworth C. Cowles,
a former curator of Tioga Point museum, “Famed in legend, prose and story, palisaded Spanish Hill

has a history varying between the ridiculous and the sublime.”

Before we delve into the tale of Spanish Hill, submitted by Deb Twigg

Spanish Hill, one would be remiss to not that make up this rather unusual shaped have been changes. There certainly must
mention Deb Twigg, a local who has stud- mound of earth. Glacial drift and silt is have been some erosion over the centu-
ied the history of the hill and should, for the primary composition, which means ries. Then too, there have been man-
all intents and purposes, be considered the the earthen mound is extremely old, as made twists in the very fabric of the hill.
principal expert on the subject. She duti- old as the Finger Lakes region of New The hill was denuded of trees throughout
fully recorded her research in a publication York State. Of course, over the eons there
printed in 2007. The Spanish Hill and continued on page 11
Carantouan: The History, the People, and
the Politics, was put out by the Susque-
hanna River Archaeological Center of Na-
tive Indian Studies. The center is located
on Main Street Waverly and is worth every
minute of a visit. This writer has been for-
tunate to draw upon her writings to pro-
duce this article. As someone who is also
interested in history, it is only left to say
many thanks to Ms. Twigg.

Let us first speak to the materials

10 Endless Mountains Magazine

the years and palisades, fortifications for defensive purposes, Kids
were thought to have been part of Spanish Hill’s history. Apparel

Next we should look into the name, Spanish Hill. It is a 754 Canton Street, Troy PA • 570-297-7770
spring board to everything about the attraction. One theory is HOURS: Monday-Saturday 8am-5pm
that Spaniards, who were looking for gold, came up the Susque-
hanna River from Chesapeake Bay. Having encountered not-so- Endless Mountains Magazine 11
friendly American Indians, the Spanish chose the hill as a defen-
sive ground. They fortified it, hence the palisades, and may have
even wintered there. Eventually the Spaniards fought a large
battle with Native Americans at the location. The numerical su-
periority of the Indians overcame the well-armed Spanish invad-
ers and entirely wiped them out, despite the Spanish inflicting
heavy losses on the natives. As a result of the battle, it was said
the Indians consequently hated the hill and, therefore gave it the
name Espana, or some say Hispan. This theory had supporting
evidence in that a bayonet with a Spanish inscription was found
near the base of the hill and, after the flood of 1865, a rude
wooden boat on the banks of the river was uncovered. Then too
there was an old Indian tale about any native who went there
would surely encounter the “Great Spirit” who lived there. The
Spirit spoke like thunder and made holes through Indians’ bod-
ies. Some consider this story to be “proof ” that the Spanish had
cannons. One supposes any of the preceding could be relegated
to the scrap heap of history, as it all seems so much conjecture.

Historical evidence may exist as far back as when an early
French explorer, Samuel Champlain, came to the New World.
He left behind six volumes of notes about his “Voyages,” as
he referred to them. One of the passages he wrote told of be-
friending the Carantouan, who were thought to inhabit our
area. The Carantouan were reported to be waring with savages
friendly to the Dutch, and many other Indian tribes as well.
History records the Carantouan as warlike and eager to fight a
battle with their neighbors. Perhaps they welcomed the French
assistance in defending themselves. Champlain heard that 500
Indian warriors were being offered for an upcoming battle. He
felt it prudent to contact this great nation, so he assigned Eti-
enne Brule, an interpreter, to go meet the Carantouan. Brule
eventually arrived and was greeted by celebration. Champlain
wrote that Brule explained his mission and the Carantouannias
agreed to send 500 warriors, which Brule led back to Cham-
plain, only to find the battle had already been fought! As well,
Champlain had moved on and Etienne had no idea where!
It would be eight years before the two would meet again! It
would be interesting to note that Etienne Brule is thought to
be the first white explorer in the Bradford County area and that
Spanish Hill was the site of his lodging.

In 1775, a French traveler, bound for Niagara, recorded that
he had seen the hill while on his journey. “Near the confines
of Pennsylvania a mountain rises from the bank of the river
Tioga (Chemung) in the shape of a sugar loaf upon which are
seen the remains of some entrenchments. These inhabitants
call the Spanish Ramparts, but I rather judge them to have
been thrown up against the Indians . . . . .”

In 1878, General John S. Clark, who hailed from Auburn,
New York, used his time to write history. He teamed up with
David Craft, another erstwhile historian, to locate Indian vil-
lage sites. He became so friendly with Iroquois Native Amer-
icans they adopted him into the Iroquois Confederacy and
bestowed upon an Indian name, Hehawwesuck (Pathfinder).

continued on page 12

In part this was due to unhesitatingly commit myself
to the conclusion that Span-
his writing the various, ish Hill is nothing more or
less that this ancient fortified
colorful, Indian, oral his- town, the stronghold of the
Carantouans.”
tory of the region. Clark
Oddities
extensively studied the lo-
There is always room for
cation of Carantouan. He expressing unusual events
that surround a story. Span-
became convinced; Span- ish Hill has a few associ-
ated with it. In 1915, Lou-
ish Hill was the center of ise Welles Murray and the
Bradford County Historical
the Carantouannias na- Society held a celebration to
commemorate the 300th an-
tioAnr.ecThhaerrgeewabelree five big niversary of Etienne Brule’s
clhueesarfirnogmdwevhiicceh fhoer drew visit to our area. Among those assembled
were two Civil War soldiers who shook
hims beolierf.niOnnegwans ethwat s to late night tv hands for a photograph on October 15,
1915. One was stationed at the north end
Carnatouan was located of the marker and the other at the south
end. The marker subsequently disap-
on a river branch that led peared! No trace of it has ever been found!
Another strange historical item pertaining
towards Florida (south). to Spanish Hill has to do with giant skeletons.
For over 100 years these larger than life skel-
Then there were the three etons have been periodically exposed through
people digging in the ground whether it is
villages. First was Ossolui, for wells, foundations for homes or assorted

SwmuAhhegeiaacrnaehrmAhircnCiewnhrgaergaoarecisrenhdgrkgatesen.hrwdvgaoeAeiiebucvnaenelgitebcohgelfettohfortwenorraebwteeawr,sinOstnhnteoovnitcliioangittaye. oIntf igNjoheuwrtnYetoyvrkfr.oTmoo“wwhasertehethmeenDtiuotnchof a 7 day continued on page 14
traffic.”
morning news to late night tvmeant “where the rivers meet” which would That would be Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
be Tioga Point. The last was Gahontoto. While it may be thought to be impossible
There is conjecture it was near Wyalusing to travel up the Susquehanna from Phila-
but, Deb Twigg, a noted authority on the delphia to Athens in 7 days, one should
remember much of the journey would have
Opn S.ssutebajdecltooc™aftSepdainnisNhiHchiolll,s,bNelieewveYso, r“kit, was in- been made by canoe, thus shortening the
specifi-
your whole day through.cally in the area of the Englebert site which journey’s time. Lastly, Clark surveyed the
was not found until the 1960’s,” Also was site extensively. His resulting map record-
the mention Carantouan was purported to ed a gateway and bastions spread over the
wonbdee3rfdualyssojuonudrnseyinfryoomurtheenvbiartotnlemsietne twinheare ten acre site. His investigations and sur-
per-faBsrtuclehwaragset.oTrheanndkeszvtooutshwe inthexCt-hgaemneprlaaitnio.n vey of the site caused him to write, “After
sounCdslaraknhdacdoanlrveeadrsyaloticoantsedwtihllisfesietel minoFreenner, very careful study of all accessible facts, I

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Endless Mountains Magazine 13

Andaste Indian, submitted by Deb Twigg Welcome to Fairview Farm, where today
is an experience and tomorrow is a gift!
other reasons. The skeletons range between six and seven feet We are a family run farm specializing in
tall. While this does not seem to be such an outland-ish size by equine activities.
today’s standards (especially if you have ever watched a basketball Looking for a peaceful getaway with a
game) during the early settlement of our area, the average height farm experience? Or for an awesome
was much shorter. It ranged from four to five feet. Given that, it Summer Camp? Or a leisurely trail ride
is easy to see why these skeletons were considered giant. And there through beautiful scenery?
have been confirmation of these large finds. Researcher Louise Visit us in the beautiful Endless Mountains
Welles Murray wrote, “In what is now the main street, just below of Pennsylvania and enjoy our many
the Museum (Tioga Point Museum) in laying water pipes four feet equine and farm activities!
underground twenty years ago (1901) were found some very large • Overnight Cabin Accommodations
skeletons, one of which was carefully examined and described as a • Guided Trail Rides
man of gigantic size. Judging from his thighbone, 21 inches long, • Horseback Riding Lessons
he must have been 7 feet tall. The skull was much larger than usual, • Summer Youth Camps
very thick, the forehead unusually receding and the top flattened. • Horse Drawn Wagon RIdes
The jaws were extremely strong, full of large teeth. Altogether • Hiking Trails
the remains seemed to be those of a brutal and very powerful gi- • Fishing
ant.” This was not the only instance of giant skeletons recorded. • Mountain Biking Trails
Around the time of the opening of the Tioga Point Museum, one • Peaceful Evenings Around a Campfire
Warren Moorehead noted in his book that, “The owner (of Tioga
Point Museum property) like his forbearers, long refused to exam- We hope to see you soon!
ine the grave at the center of the plot but at last had consented to
celebrate the formal opening of the Historical Museum, and June 2998 Fairview Road
27th, 1895, the work was begun. The circle of stones proved to be Granville Summit, PA
over a sepulcher about 3 to 5 feet, with an upright stone at each
corner, apparently as a marker . . . .Finally, two large flat stones, 570-240-5780
full of Devonian fossils, proved to be the covering to a skeleton
of six feet or more in height.” Ms. Murray, who over the years www.fairviewfarmandguestranch.com
worked to identify what race they came from, finally discerned the
“who.” They were from the Andaste tribe. Alas, she also realized,
as she was not known as a scholar, that, to be believed, she would
need help. It came in the form of Warren K. Moorehead during
the Susquehanna River Expedition, which traveled the length of
the river in search of Indian sites. Mr. Alanson Skinner, who was

continued on page 30

14 Endless Mountains Magazine

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Endless Mountains Magazine 15

The Library System cmYtToooheumetmhdpmeoolarupnicetr’eoest.pjwwuTeoshirtttgehimtTYctTmYcewerooooefhooshtaeaehmueumtetymtmnhhehodpmtdpmereioao,uloltolyataurpurlope.niniccetfetrrtiW’e’feoaoeetst’stis.n.pnpyjjiwwwwuTutdTfeeohrioosshnihrierutytttgttgmehdehlirioae

of Bradford County Bro
...shares its story
Col

201
Say

570

Story by Nancy Sharer Terri Gray 607

607-426-5469

Terri Gray 566A7K00l0e77iTTsl-ee-l-h6y844rrar3r522SiiM7i6G6Gn--o-rrd9355aaso914y4iyen2066ri1299
607-426-5469

Kelly Sindoni © 2017 Cold
607-857-3102 Opportunity
Coldwell Ban
LLC in Canad
“sales assoc
6660K0K0M7ee77l-la--ll3y8y8r2y55SS9C7i7inn-swl--0idd3a3nilto9o1e1khn9ns00tii8ha22essCooclida

sO©“wCLasLopialtClpe2hdleos0witnsr1hateu7aCesllnssaCCsoBintooocyaacllindddaAikaawwtceet.teee.r.Ell”llaPEoBBcarrehaac“vnnhsaikkeagOeewleerrfsfnsi©C“wLOsoRws©“OLCctIsarLf”asLopeonpeiifealtaCltiClaplhet2phe2dhpcdlelileose0osse0wirwirtntsnrEersr1nh1ahateetoeIssu7aaCune7asCesilrletnlnstlsndsasaaniCCCCsoBisooBietnsnttteooooocoyncpayahaacllilclianetddadnaLddd

A-B-C-D-E-F-G … helpers. It’s about … its own special story. Although “Bradford County” is in the ti-
Let’s look at that story. In this and future tle, the system is independent of the county.
Aren’t you glad we have those letters? Be- The member libraries are: Green Free Li-
cause those letters give us words. And words editions we’ll talk about the overall system brary, Canton; Allen F. Pierce Free Library,
give us books. And books give us – Oh, so and the individual libraries in it … and what Troy; Bradford County Library, the head-
much! – information, ideas, beauty, adven- they can do for you. quarters, Burlington; Mather Memorial Li-
ture and fun, wisdom and wit. Stories and brary, Ulster; Spalding Memorial Library,
stories and stories. It started in the 1970’s Athens; Sayre Public Library; Towanda Pub-
Bradford County had nine individual li- lic Library; Monroeton Public Library; and
Around here, they give us something else. braries sprinkled around its towns and hills. Wyalusing Public Library.
The Library System of Bradford County. Someone got an idea: They all met the re-
quirements for state aid, so why not put The word “free” in some names means
And that system, of course, is about books. them together in a system to get that funding they’re open to the public. American Li-
Today, in 2019, it’s about much more: and coordinate how they used it? brary Magazine explains: “During the late
computers, CDs and DVDs, for example. 19th and early 20th centuries, the term ‘free
And … much more beyond even those: his- They did. And there you had it … the Li-
tory and architecture, giving and receiving, brary System of Bradford County. continued on page 17
unity and independence, education and
services, community and friends and caring

16 Endless Mountains Magazine

Valerie Raupers ON YOUR ON YOURggmehdehrioaeewewerrsuxyefeftssttaaahaphhrakymtynmtnaeeensasflohhnnoiroeitrttrfbcrvoeiaeiea,,odululremtpmtkiyyxtatfllolocwsye.ie.rotcroccffitaetideWttimWlrhffaahnto’et’isifecsecs’nnnemnordyaypiihsnrdtdtdncffuuoaC2Boiighhriiraittsylbftnne0etsuewuiroefyiyrebsoenmd1mpledglrcrdleooraradgkoirrea,leasDiusxuyxaynterwttpmtfyo,hi,hpoprtrrceeteiakt-akoeihaslaaeseoaaenhOnim,lnntnnuksltanmtcec.qneeeswodboBdedivpuipoilCxswxoefifwwateanebiireeltrpimtrncscaisnanreeetblr.lradhdrehiegaelkrfnfrcorcTcolcteaeoaoiidedntSthhaenhurrxreccursniu.igeigt”rtaaneastittrytomoPssseee‘ehernerfofpetgrpegrrortendrteiofehoioiw,thl,eileeaetaaafyandwfefye,ym,,lt,tcwcidadtorhtbtoihhllwethrhehoiaiayeruekhukatayoaey.e.erh,drerevptvkCeaywCwfwwoeaearer’aePpphefiiaaamrarseurtgpridredhreflcklnolnnouololteleehaiaiysprtdntnsunduxxtrew,edeftanotsanitsislsnemoemeoorrpneniedrtedctsetaeiau,driodrfeiofnstttstiniassrhsyndwyntdweov,thmdtmeaaedodaaItmlitoiicuottldooaycayocthhmntarthbr.rrrhhatagptnptkeekleffeoeeonnerraraeaaeipr.iesitaeserttgprtuxgpshlttkekscnobnhteeteeelssronlreuodditlrtreley,cea,r-prffsssnsenersreetetdgcdcataaaaisstustnsnrrstt,th,ihtdhgdaaSedeeIaIoouuheddccvoccmmrorw.er.raaafayueeoeennnosnlaard..ottukttshshnmeeie'enotoelllglaayprproossneegugtteaaiiuunnssiiggededeeoofyfyoouuShouldn't you
Valerie O’Neil SIDELea ChSisauymr-eC, hPaeffneen,ssyylsvteamniaad1m8i8n4is0trator, explains: “Libraries have someone
SIDEthat carry 5th7e0n-8am88e-‘2Fr8e0e1Li(bOraffriyc’em) ay be an original one from the
working

PPRROEPFEERRTRIEEDS

Valerie O’NeilPREFERRED PROPERTIESo1yldkrDeew,ree-PsbtlPOlahlmauetewsBebnTLeobl1dhaneninuca9enesoidtiLlykrnhmsdileSsibvtcC5vSBeny6rSB2ChS2CBreamtas7gAaner0or0P0tanraorsore0leootYo71yme1yliyrmluwler-a,ddedkkk-rRir8rroteDasDe7eefwiyewwea18hrldeeE,,2erdereOe8ere-ler-.ePmPi5slsdr-oOO8-blwlRel•Ollmo-2omeerni4lwo0wdnBfBan8nnmwe0r2oBroi9taan0nkansnihP0tinaent5sanlne1esnesersy@1rddd9atykrnyokreewoht(.lelDaoepOSS(krvavcerCarrrvaealret.eotdfyeerrPfePFnrnsvreiletfbdclrosimririrleeaoaeeeeP)ecewttmeteaosf)f1rn1eteeunlee88hirrpelbdrrfla8en8bereenrbd4a4Sddadoryro00itrfnwerPfaPeeieskdnec.rrd”edveedooetoaprpo,rP.bwtreceSiormscrorveaortteeeimiyfepenaotrtshsteeresed,,rthMtPosiepreAoelpinscb1orirfo8siasce8riatibo4elllsnyy0,

PREFERRED PROPPRERREEFTFEIEERRSRREEDD PPRROOPPEERRTTIIEESS70--875A827l085idlse-ho--6a20a3r“TmnM789Ih-ao05lai9onnsn919vikyed2er((1oo65TsCOi5656fhtt07Oh!7070e…fa70fIer07Wl70ierl--cl)----27oBwtieA78786onva62e)0nes8282fNl55koln785,58is--iDr-tel304--m!--et”C022A20ot91ato9s9898e45thku-ri50105r29ee•ost7e1919rnadi0p((g1geOC0w((((ha2tOCcOCithielfntafefeeBfhl.irfflclilei)sArllcclesy))ii,debse6)oAtBgr0))nfea,7mdehrC-ri8ee’asSr5anaw7tjGnsro-,hede9bpne7e.stre4iootlle0,smoTrnoooltalweSirnettae6hgapn0elhal7dlass-oyan7enspi3,etga8ePJr.-moa6Aht4,en41asl6tne8otdn-848
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60S7A-3Y51R-0E395• 201 Desmond Street,20517D0es-m8o6n7d-S2tr8ee8t 8 Sayre, PA 18840
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This proper-© 2017 Coldwell Banker Real Estate LLC. All Rights R
Opportunity Act. Each Office is Independently Owned
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ty is perfect for anyoneLLC in Canada. Each sales representative and broker is
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cccinanedddtddadnaaLdddAaAiAiiiSlkankaawwlvawwktaLtwawtcclceeeeletedut..eCt.5tobtee6eeeete6.ee.r.r.Ee.Er.Ez.gella”ll7”ll”0llll0naallPEaPEaAPEonooMr0BBoMcBBtcB7aBcrar7nlaraactyrgplaotadelrrleehrhayeaaihac-acahaece-pn-anlanora“w“vbRov7r“bvnnhnnh3nnhl3snsplseaoOsraieeirraiiurkkdkkde2eorkkyaeag2yaMAT2gyongtdOgwOcrdOeueeewarweeRlwlh1llshkee9Seeeee9eCrrfrrfhcdCrrfrnlstunotsfsenfnss-sgfdns-sss-eilcfaii-aolRoeiRRloeR0irectctb0iictee-p0uisdaIIrfr”ifI”swdnrnrnfe”ennReneemenyniefe7feleeifsen9tse9iianaa.hinathtkaibehitekpcypccpcane9etiieibcl9lieglc9etslrsersehsserrdIa,seinronrurree7Eie”rEhetErceEoer8etnontr8nldoenetsoseodIonIsssosersItseslaahan.nnaaniipvrirethetLtfrietnngtnterOtddraftasadrteaonfdniYunilCniCTo’Ceooeioeetotoitsepeesdtsntistteeteaooeneniesnporprahnahbpetea.hsarldvWlnloenarealetetratdaareLditLdLaCglsLdmiriibailSlnelnclvnSllvnLnwLhLslvwatLswollsaeltlttyleedle5dueelChduCaCt5y.Ceoblom5b“chobeeaerhredeehoaesz.7.dg.ysgezae.amga7lefeRalsei7rlwnnellnoeaAlaAAn.oalnoAneeou0nseelr,ur0tr0tBiaBrytalBenllndnedupeClll.dselslbld-alyaytra-yassalc-c’anayppn5posanolkrRhkR7rrbrsbR7rahbnrnonuollneOellOseeBeOmoadeai0airuriruidaairk2mknm2kggegoeeonswofcwsacdwcregroer6RrehfRnht1khp1ktaoekepeeenieeeKryrwgnnsrtrtlcneto-eeetroged-glldki-igdssewasi2eyeheaaRlRel0lrRarn0tbritiebdeliai-cswdsswdntoswdmReRAe4eneRehinie7riii7itmtBestnstoeosanandegieaesierdey3iehaaRt9ntaep9tnllrsrslrdhrmhsrsrhsbnsnot4wneebeeptaee7eEeeEe7CfoEoeaobauddtsadtshyksddtrsrrsdirusirshtrhlnhypnltlpapvlvelipiovnsttothaeellevOCeOseOa.saneeosaoEreamoyouem,scneome,otptpedndnnttaptsdSontmege”eeeerrltteaere..stnske.udsthv.vieivaarLrnerrriiLCLCnryionLCwmmiNmibebbmiaabteaacSnNwcrcLLutoLeoiollcct5otnleeeet5elaaebC5CaeeCleCli“d“elt“otppldsdtlaLrd7encdh.7ls?dt.sho7mda..msrffnRlmhfRwweLwrooliawAaA.i0oi.BkdalAa.0sk0nuwdeoCLduaCbsara“rlaelaernnleCaCnur-eyCegew-e,r-terolltrnlcTcpy7lyricniymyos5flosklhk5ohsllkhJWalnouikosesaokdlls2nBssBleahseaB0rrydai0deramilmdtyrlmerewee.eslflcefeafa1rfawwrrytoco6wotofa6ifrospfephpapnpanisBinpena’ieKwwF-dKhwllaets-etrlsr-euRtilerklikirntll0kiastsiye2yaeiael’2yllealulnonlsneaemesyleolgenieliirsst5witdsBtdpm4neneco4nnrsebariilrrikiBeBveihBoeooolpdg0nadogpendgl3co3eRwnRnanroaiRannnancotsce.rE6asgratiwt4eawbnebntt4webnurfkriahanvubsaxibnbiataykiykrarzloykmdieiltttsitorotyynttiyalleEtdieliglateeioeorhhvCvChrgcvC.eErErmtntyErygiy,ee,,iewhoo,tavoepelnoaoasssonoasof””h”,lteltlttctnsiwtnuudtndohup.hawdL.fhsa.iaagsaC.iyneyhwywNNpeLoewsyNnettirwSrtwlsiSwotewer6terCce,oc5oieetAcsd5eLoifea.ildaCCi,inoCtioontdlth0t,otlntltLoLtl7Ln7shlhhiln.horihtholTnhoenncwnndLaLwet7LrabiiB0tlBsdli0BdlrsiEsnmnasdeCdornCCChdipCedChehy-tauau-ryiauglg-ydwiwghtdwll7obogeao7,nlnmee7lmtfanfimaft,eelWluiuuuiWelesui4htkceskdldiynk2nWBmdThr2nrdoeelllluleflelewUmwhleslla2lwylaeel1oerytr1ytserytorriabtrhntheanBhBfen-oaeulBnLedi-di-dreslslgRiiiowRi9sekRilhll0arastlit0sktaiisstlactliumulluhnaseeseeesaeobnen6tono5rBa5dBpdptecBaschdpedsamrcaaawkenktvnkv7aiolpiolpa0.asaolmpl0slnosleaoeooePitcFSiccoincoIns4ictoncEEi6scrstrEna6esrandaniutiurrkenuuktkrhkuosusheeausttittstltlmmnhelCemrgstestofraoervstaorrssss--.aaeareereargigHangeeteetttttsnihiohoeenilnholnoeslnwsseaaa,e,e,teauttmwLwLiswiLdiiCnCnisinCninpLpsLspLsassidpdso6totPIot6rCnrC6rC,eneLiieLangliililinlono0gononedndab0nnndt0onopi6irtertiyrtaricwcwn7nnnydcdwKn0edeA7erce7rrmaerir7iriyeern-nnpenprlenzencepe-eCtl-tee-ty8i8didhdhtddlelallth7dgugelly75geSoeeleleele7i5eeneteeeusunatul4tssC©L“Ows4t-isBWBTWdd3Bodbd3oastLonedoopl7nlilaoUltCUl1apa2Ue2haa2dawsolhoarnntoeosd00wbitto-bibtttnntisbnterin1nnthf2afon-otlaef-oo5ileocieu7aCeiseellioleio9lklnksiotr9saklttatitoCCltitsoBicch6mnactnhtehnalepoooeehcnayeaea6tttn6ahtcllirrnedddraahdAsheieds1irBmrhedskmraeaewwntoetnctea7eet7...aat6eere.a.aria1.aEEnpPaPdllF”FSSP0aFnllScaIdIPEs4ttIts4tnoMtnBtBcnq7arstanrareactrrteheeataca-eoaoe“kevatoahnuenh3aiisrtiraiChsCkkrleraC2yfrfvgeovmaftOativeeawatrale9epeCeerrfaaeiisHrrafnHyansiantHl-anileoRecet0issInrrfn”smnennennfeoon9wwoisahtkweepcgeeaai9leaserauaurauEermm8niimstdsiedoIsssdnnnannesesninsretentdaaaniaCidipdpdodet6isdpdI6PItenPnIonnpnah,n,nm,nlelelaetadelLd0iggooe0SlngalovbaebLtwtabltpptledupC5eobeeyyeney7nenyyz.7gnneay7lAAeensAleaArromnmrmr0tyaBynlyde-nnlnnnl-cncnayntCC-caCpn,R7r8bn8alaeeeOadtedtuueaairtydt2ukoyogoowcreRt5hc1ntnke5esenestaaerslnlactoleii-gadisTddeTRtdo0ternonebitn7onnee7nswdRei7ihwtwshnrwnarntteihecrnddta9td-lttrs-rhseetnneee7aEeaooo5acoceeedo5tocsedhrsllhnlttpvlttlaaooleOllasatoeohlh6mht6mtlledttpdlntertetnnaheahrtne.ahseeveiir1BBrii1LCaBmiboontatenecoatnLeaodltrer5ewCarae1lE“Eann1dEddnadal7dn.smafRntwtnontaA.qnq0ssquesecarcleencCea-trokkttlchyhukut5oslhkuhrtrtrothholshBa0rioedeommmieoiaamee/iafarwo6ppefeppepnirrrrcKwrrlll-erlklki2yeallneelistt4neriiBeosndgh3Ranant4webnabhaykietytnleihvCwmtmaiffErye,o2vhaa$oansouia”ltdtnudh.eadyw2NetaSwp3cco-hgelmc5oeaeaCioslttl3L7njhlhoancrrLom5,ai0BdlsnindCCcw.au-yeebgnwio7nlmfyWlulicl0ekdm2ntabellyoewlalssee1irytrTheBnet-d,sRirl0anhastetiluhtse0ono5wBdpcsahnkhvoolpr0aloeeoingdconcE60swrsiourkghetusstfilsmestoroeuadartertg0etota,3rihohehlnosaa,efdstrweL5iCinmpLsraslisoto6rCnLeeLsisilabcnao’nd0noPirtscwndgeoa7rsmrtieoesrnpehrer-tgidhodll7geelreegecelhu4ts,WBsodolieUiia2saroattibrntnnv,pef-olaietlaoi9kkutitrecpfihnaee6ltlrb-ahedsmranoeaasse7.gaiadPFsSlaIs4tlntnwsaraatetororieacanidiCerltfvatveeehcaemabiHansg4eoywstnlnohcaweiaueseau?mti,sdensnnsaCfoaaeLhidpd6aPoIcnf,no.dell3i?B0godeaabagtapnloewty7nnyeAaelarmey.-nnnnceCl8ulpReadtdusyrsovB5nteTksnaulTiaaTddtone7nsntawehtrntdek-tpe,eaio5doectehylnahtilrafol5h6mtilrpnotnahreuir1lBf.ot.nelaftid2neriia1yEndcan5e5.itsn----qesecl-kth.urtoheomiarperrlColdwell Banker Re
Yet, within its box, each ingredient offers its own history and fla-
vor. Each has its own board, which hires its own director at its own the home offers an open

salary. It handles its own money, and most have their 501c3 stand- concept floor plan, vault-

ed ceilings, a beautiful

ing as non-profit. (The whole system recently filed for incorporation soap stone hearth wood
and soon will apply to become 5013c.) The libraries set their own stove and a three zoned oil boiler system. Enjoy watch-
hours and may offer different on-site programs. ing the sunset from your front porch, the sunrise while you
have your morning coffee and fishing or boating on the lake
“A lot of them have a very cool history,” Lea notes. in the afternoons. Make this your home away from home or
“They all have these really cool little quirks that make them who perhaps stay and enjoy all four seasons year round.
they are. … There’s that great small-town feel all the time.”
The Bradford County Library, in Burlington, however, is a little dif-
ferent. Run by the county government, it receives some state funds, like © 2017 Coldwell Banker Real Estate LLC. All Rights Reserved. Coldwell Banker Real Estate LLC
the other eight libraries, and also county money. The county appoints its fully supports the principles of the Fair Housing Act and the Equal Opportunity Act. Each Offi ce is
board and employs its staff, which it pays based on its salary rates. The Independently Owned and Operated. Coldwell Banker, the Coldwell Banker logo, Coldwell Banker
system is one of only two in Pennsylvania that include a county library. Previews International and the Coldwell Banker Previews International logo are registered service
But we’ll talk more about the county library in a future edition. marks owned by Coldwell Banker Real Estate LLC in the United States and by Coldwell Banker LLC
in Canada. Each sales representative and broker is responsible for complying with any consumer
Webster’s dictionary talks about “synergy.” It’s “combined action or disclosure laws or regulations. In Canada, any use to the term “sales associate” or “agent” herein shall
be replaced with the term “sales representative”. Nothing in this document is intended to create an
employment relationship with the Coldwell Banker offi ce or Coldwell Banker Real Estate LLC. Any affi
liation by you with Coldwell Banker is intended to be that of an independent contractor sales associate.

operation, as of muscles, nerves, etc.” It means the letters and words www.coldwellpreferred.com
make good stories.

continued on page 18

Endless Mountains Magazine 17

The Library System of Bradford County
has its own synergy....How so?

The Library System of Bradford County has for extra such as Ebsco,” she explains. “Total -- (Lea also shares some statewide numbers:
its own synergy. How so? electronic content usage was 40,804.” Of 9.1 million adults in Pennsylvania, 51.6
percent visited a public library in person dur-
Lea shares some impressive system num- --Add up all those and you get 249,319 ing a year’s time, and 13.2 percent connected
bers from 2018: – nearly a quarter-million – physical and with one online. In all, public libraries in
computer-based items circulated last year. (If Pennsylvania reported 40.8 million in-person
--First of all, it had no less than 173,480 those items were dollar bills and you stacked visits in the year preceding the study.)
print materials -- basic books, magazines, them, do you know how TALL they’d be?
anything printed. Well … we don’t know either. But wouldn’t And as for money:
you like to HAVE them?!) --The system received $267,735 from the
--Add in DVDs, CDs, digital magazines, oth- state in 2018 and divided it among the nine
er e-content, audio and visual items, databases --A total of 29,519 library cards were reg- libraries, according to their circulations and
and so on and the number increases to 190,841. istered. (For a county of 62,000 people, that’s holdings. Lea notes: “All libraries in Pennsyl-
very good, Lea says.) vania have been level-funded for the last few
--Of all these, 208,515 physical items years, meaning even as costs rise, the funding
circulated. That’s physical books, magazines --The system offered 77 computers with from the Commonwealth has not changed.”
and so on. Internet service for public use, with 20,000 --It received $416,105 in local funding.
uses recorded. “Some of our libraries … actu- That includes taxes as well as donations,
--And then 15,228 e-content items were ally offer computer classes,” Lea notes.
circulated – e-books and audio and visual continued on page 19
items. There were 25,576 retrievals of elec- --The system offered 1,791 programs,
tronic content. “This would be our databases with an attendance of 23,100.
available through the state plus any we pay

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18 Endless Mountains Magazine

Books and a DVD from one of the libraries
in the system set on a table, awaiting eager
eyes and minds. Besides books, today’s librar-
ies offer a variety of materials, programs and
services.

Lea Chisum-Chaffee, administrator of the Library System of Bradford County, at
her desk. The organization includes nine separate libraries, all functioning indi-
vidually and as part of the system.

endowments, money from fund-raisers and grants. (Some of the system’s librar-
ies have private funds, such as certificates of deposit and properties.) From that
total, the system must pay salary and, in some cases, benefits for 13 full-time
and 33 part-time staff as well as mortgages, rent, utilities, upkeep, collection
purchases and programs, Lea points out.

--She reports the state’s 630 library outlets, serving 12 million Pennsylva-
nians, provide a return on investment of $5.50 in benefits for every $1 of tax
support. “Also, if we didn’t have public libraries,” she notes, “the economic loss
would amount to $1.34 billion annually.”

We mentioned programs. You didn’t misread … that number of 1,791 is right.
The system’s programs are many. And varied. You have story times, local history and

continued on page 32

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Endless Mountains Magazine 19

What’s that smell?
Native Plants of the Endless Mountains
Article by Lora Wiggins, exceptional photos by Curt Weinhold

Creeping Phlox
Photo by Curt Weinhold

20 Endless Mountains Magazine

In Northeastern Pennsylvania
in the early spring to summer sea-
son you may find yourself walking
in areas that offer rich habitats in
aTtohoiwsuatsoalknwidnitmnneaisrstaucrlees its many stages of bloom. Thus
emitting abundant smells from
—Mary Davis many a direction...that if you
choose to close your eyes it might
smell something like this...balmy,
beautiful, bubbly, celestial, clean,
cool, delicious, delightful, dewy,
faint, familiar, favorite, fine, floral,
fresh, green, gentle, heady, heaven-
ly, heavy, holy, light, lovely, mild,
and even musky, just a few aromas
that might come to mind. And if
you look around you—not at the
views ahead or the canopies of trees
and heavens above...instead look
at your feet and what’s right there
around you, as simple and as abun-
dant as ever are the native plants
within the Endless Mountains of
Pennsylvania.
continued on page 22

Endless Mountains Magazine 21

Wild Leeks are (burdickii, Al- Prepared Fiddleheads
There are approximately 2,100 liaceae) also known as
native plants in Pennsylvania that include Wild Leeks or Ramps , relatively large by Mother’s Day and fill a saddle
Ferns, Clubmosses, Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, they are a wild onion, quite bag quite quickly. I mostly travel on horseback
Wildflowers, Woody trees, Shrubs and Vines. fragrant and abundant in with our family dog who loves the trails, or
Let’s take a look at a few that you may come patches. Wild leeks are native we hike through the woods with the dogs and
across while you’re hiking in Northeast Penn- to the Appalachian mountain sometimes our barn cat following.
sylvania, walking the dog in your backyard, region in eastern North
traveling a back road, or however you may America. Ramps can be It is important to dig just a few plants from
explore nature, because we all know what each patch, that way they will spread the follow-
they say about Nature...it makes you ‘Nicer’, found growing in ing year. If the entire patch were dug up the Leeks
and who doesn’t want to feel that way. patches in rich, would not grow back. I use a flat screwdriver to
One of the most delicious smells of spring moist, decidu-
ous forests continued on page 23
as far
north
as Can-
ada, west
to Missouri
and Minnesota,

and south to North
Carolina and Ten-
nessee. Wild Leeks
grow in hardwood
bush. Early in the spring
the hardwood forest floor is covered in leaves
and moss. Wild Leeks grow in clusters be-
tween the hardwood trees and nestled among
the roots of the trees. You can find them about
mid-April and by Mother’s Day the plants
have reached their peak. Some people in this
area dig them in February or March, but I
like to wait for them to mature, since they are

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dig as my choice of tools, as it can be used for other plants as well. Interrupted Fern
While digging be observant of other small plants and animals that can

be injured or destroyed. For instance, I like to keep an eye out for the
Red Spotted Newt. In it’s striking bright orange juvenile stage, which is
land-dwelling, is known as a red eft. The red eft (juvenile) stage is a bright
orangish-red in color, with darker red spots outlined in black. These
newts enjoy environments in both coniferous and deciduous forests. They
need a moist environment with either a temporary or permanent body of
water, and they thrive best in a muddy environment. During the eft stage
(juvenile), they may travel far from their original location. I see them
mostly on moist trails and trail banks, especially after a rainstorm. They
do not have a particular smell to them but they are capable of locating its
home pond through true navigation, using its sense of smell and a light-
dependent magnetic compass built into its body.

Moving down the trail from the patches of Leeks you will most likely
find the fern. It has a fresh and woodsy smell and is found a short distance
from, or on the borders of the Leak patches. Northeastern native ferns have
lots of texture and thrive in a variety of habitats. Many ferns present a com-
bination of both fertile (with spores) and infertile (without spores) fronds
that add an additional element of interest to their growth and texture.

These shady ferns prefer moist soil, and spread quickly. As a new plant
they start as what is called a fiddlehead fern. Fiddleheads or fiddlehead
greens are the furled fronds of a young fern, harvested for use as a veg-
etable. Left on the plant, each fiddlehead would unroll into a new frond
(A frond is a large, divided leaf. In both common usage and botanical no-
menclature, the leaves of ferns are referred to as fronds. ... Like all leaves,
fronds usually have a stalk connecting them to the main stem.) As fiddle-
heads are harvested early in the season before the frond has opened and
reached its full height, they are cut fairly close to the ground.

Look for a deep, “U”-shaped groove on the inside of the fiddlehead
stem, as well as brown, papery scales covering newly emerging fiddleheads.
Many ferns have fiddleheads. Know what you’re picking and what is safe

continued on page 24

The red eft (juvenile) stage
is a bright orangish-red in color,

with darker red spots
outlined in black.

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Endless Mountains Magazine 23

Chicken of the Woods—an unmistakable to eat. Here is an easy recipe for some tasty fiddleheads:
mushroom—easily identifiable. Directions
Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Cook
Choosing a memorial is no time
to settle for imperfection. fiddlehead ferns in the boiling water until barely ten-
der, 7 to 10 minutes; drain.
As an Authorized Rock of Ages Memorialist, we take quality
and workmanship very seriously. We’re not surprised when the families Heat olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high
heat. Stir in the prepared fiddlehead ferns, garlic, and
we serve do, too. After all, when choosing the most permanent thing the salt and pepper.
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802 N. Main St. Athens, PA 18810 es...and underneath their bows stretching to the floor
of the forest you may find mushrooms on the ground,
570-888-2462 or growing on the bark of trees. I’ve always enjoyed all
Ted Dydynski, Owner the various sights of mushrooms, but never have I been
brave enough to choose a mushroom from the forest for a
24 Endless Mountains Magazine delicacy. One easily identifiable and unmistakable mush-
room is Chicken of the Woods. This large, brightly col-
ored fungus is often found in clusters but sometimes may
be found alone. You may find this mushroom during the
summer and fall but rarely in winter or spring. The top
surface of Chicken of the Woods is bright orange which
can be either more reddish or yellowish. This mushroom
has no gills, instead its bright yellow undersurface is cov-
ered with tiny pores. Chicken of the Woods grows in trees
that are either living or decaying. These mushrooms cause
a reddish brown heart-rot of wood. If the mushrooms are
seen fruiting, you can be sure that the fungus has already
attacked the tree. They can destabilize a tree by hollowing
out its center–this can be problematic for forest owners.

continued on page 26

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Bloodroot, photo by Curt Weinhold Bloodroot’s has Magical Attributes and Folklore Its distinctive, three-leaf structure has
Historically, this fungus was known to dam- believers consider bloodroot as a marriage pro- generated names such as “three-leaf night-
tector and aids in promoting harmony with ex- shade,” and “Indian shamrock,” and the
age the wooden ships of the British Naval Fleet. tended family members, especially in-laws and tendency of the red, flower head to droop
And the fragrance...is that of a sack of potatoes, helps prevent people from interfering in your downward is described in the names “nod-
a different scent you can find on the trail. marriage. Place a bloodroot over your door to ding trillium” and “nodding wake-robin”...
encourage anyone who enters to respect your according to the Spring 2006 section of Bi-
Winding down to the creek bed very early in marriage. If you fear someone is trying to break ology 220W at Penn State New Kensington.
spring you may find the Bloodroot wildflower - up your marriage, sew some dried bloodroot
a native wildflower that is one of the most easily into yours and your spouse’s pillows. Bloodroot Trillium blooms in the early to mid spring
recognizable of wildflowers but also dangerous can be carried or placed around the home (very depending on weather and local conditions. The
in many ways as it has been linked to oral can- high out of the reach of pets and children) as red trillium is most commonly in flower from
cer, glaucoma, edema, heart disease, miscarriage, general protection from negative energy or spells mid April to mid May. Flowers are typically
fainting, collapse, vision changes and diarrhea. or it can be burned to cleanse an area of negative deep red in color (but may vary from pink to a
Better left to look at and enjoy it’s beauty from energy….feeling like you need some privacy, in lavender red). The White trillium can symbol-
afar, I’d say. Bloodroot is found mainly in undis- desperation you may want to try using Blood- ize the Christian Trinity, a doctrine stating that
turbed woodlands, on flood plains and on slopes root for it’s magical attributes, but remember it’s the Father, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit are one
near streams or ponds. The flowers bloom from poisonous attributes as well. I enjoy the fragrant being. Picking white trillium off a mountain is
March to May depending on the region and smell and sights of the Bloodroot, and it’s dainty said to bring rain, and the flower often symbol-
weather. They have 8–12 delicate white petals, but beautiful flowers in the early spring. izes purity, beauty or recovery. Trillium petals sit
many yellow stamens, and two sepals below the atop a 2 to 8 cm tall stalk. Color change in the
petals, which fall off after the flowers open. Each One wild flower in particular that petals is an indication that pollination has oc-
flower stem is clasped by a leaf as it emerges from doesn’t have the most appealing fragrance curred. The three, lancelet-shaped flower petals
the ground. The flowers open when they are in is the Red Trillium Flower. It has faint, but are 3 to 7 cm long and up to 3 cm wide. Blooms
sunlight. The root is a rhizome which stores a pungently foul odor which has variously on an individual plant may, under ideal condi-
bright red sap, reminiscent of blood, which gives been described as resembling the scent of tions, persist for a month. Plants need to reach
the plant its name. It grows just below the surface a wet dog or of rotting meat. This stench an age of 15 years before they bloom. Plants can
of the soil. They form colonies which become has led to names such as “stinking Willie” live for up to 30 years.
small mounds or clumps that look just beauti- and “stinking Benjamin.” Extracts of
ful in the early spring. According to wikipedia, the roots and poultices of the entire continued on page 28
plant have astringent and antisep-
tic properties and were used by Red Trillium
Native Americans in a variety of
medicinal applications including
the control of uterine bleeding
during parturition. So, names
such as “birthroot” (which was
mispronounced as “Beth root”
and “bath root”) have been
applied. It is sometimes
also referred to as “nosebleed
trillium” because of these as-
tringent applications. It is also
called “snakebite plant,” “rattle-
snake root,” “cough root,” “milk
ipecac,” and “Indian balm.”

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Endless Mountains Magazine 27

I’ve only touched on very few of the Na- Mountain Laurel, close-up of native American shrubs. There is even a
tive plants of the Endless Mountains. So in forest management that’s slowly going away PA State Laurel Queen, chosen from a group
closing, let’s not leave out the Pennsylvania – and quick-growing Mountain Laurel of beautiful young ladies that represent high
State Flower, Mountain Laurel, enacted by spread across the landscape. But don’t mess schools from throughout Pennsylvania.
the General Assembly on May 5, 1933, a with it. From leaf to stem to branch, moun-
choice of Governor Gifford Pinchot. tain laurel is poisonous in all its forms. The Every year in mid-June the community
U.S. Department of Agriculture says it can of Wellsboro celebrates the blooming of
Mountain Laurel, resembling the rhodo- even be fatal to both humans and some ani- our State flower with the annual PA State
dendron is in full bloom in mid-June, when mals. Consume it in high enough quanti- Laurel Festival. Plans are already under-
Pennsylvania’s woodlands are filled with its ties and your lips, mouth and throat burn. way for the 78th PA State Laurel Festival
distinctive pink flower. Mountain laurel is an Nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, convul- to be held June 8th - 15th, 2019. You
evergreen shrub native to the eastern United sions, and increasingly paralysis follow. are sure to find something for everyone’s
States (from southern Maine to northern Then comes coma and death. Not exactly taste, as the star-shaped white and pink
Florida and west to Indiana and Louisiana). It the flower you would want as centerpieces flowers have attracted travelers from all
varies from four to ten feet in height, although at a state function. regions since our early colonial days.
specimens 40 feet tall are found in some south-
ern states. It is commonly found growing on Mountain Laurel certainly contributes to Sources for this article include: Penn State
rocky hilltops. Its leaves are lance-shaped, the one of the preferred fragrances in the wind New Kingston Journal, Wikipedia, and the Penn-
glossy and dark green in color, three to four and in my opinion, one of the most beautiful sylvania Forest Service as well as chosen photographs
inches long, and are leather- like in texture, by Curt Weinhold. Curt is a professional photog-
resembling the leaves of the rhododendron rapher specializing in fine art, event, wedding and
but generally are smaller in size. It is one of a portrait photography. He is the recipient of the Key-
few broad leaved plants native to Pennsylvania stone Press Award HM Sports Photography Award
whose leaves are evergreen and do not fall to for photos appearing in Mountain Home maga-
the ground during the winter months. zine, April 2012 illustrating fly fishing & stream
conservation & improvement; as well as the HM
According to the Forest Service, Moun- Sports Photography Award for photos appearing in
tain laurel has done exceedingly well over the Mountain Home magazine, April 2012 illustrat-
last century, says the Forest Service. Three ing fly fishing & stream conservation & improve-
factors, among others, account for much of ment and received PA Wilds a “Champion of the
that...the loss of the American chestnut tree Pennsylvania Wilds” awards during 2011 as a
to blight opened the forest canopy, as did juried artisan.—Thank you Mr. Weinhold for the
oak deforestation caused by gypsy moths. use and inspiration of your amazing photographs.
Add to that fire suppression – a hallmark of curtweinholdphotography.com

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Endless Mountains Magazine

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Endless Mountains Magazine 29

on the expedition with Moorehead, worked expedition! He had read Moorehead’s version of history is picked up and retold over
with Ms. Murray and helped confirm her book and thus came to this conclusion. and over sometimes despite glaring evidence
beliefs. Moore-head wrote of this; “. . . to the contrary. Evidence like pottery and ar-
.Skinner confirmed our own conclusion And so a discussion erupted in the area. row heads that were found on Spanish Hill for
resulting from years of study that this was Many locals to the Athens area were in- instance. Then too are the written accounts,
an Andaste cemetery, yielding in connec- censed Spanish Hill could be brushed aside first hand evidence of observations from as far
tion with other finds hereabouts, this first as not being significant. One gentleman, back as the 18th century. These accounts are
evidence of a culture indicated in Captain L. D. Shoemaker, who helped during the brushed off or explained away without being
John Smith’s narrative . . .” And so, Ms. Spanish Hill research, wrote to Ms. Murry debunked because, obviously they cannot be
Murry’s conjectures were accepted, at least in an effort to debunk Moorhead’s tooth- disproved. The “experts” have drawn their
for a little while. less claim that no evidence of an Indian own conclusions and written tomes which,
village had been found. Regarding Moore- merely because of the sheer volume of their
What of the reference to Captain John head’s stated lack of evidence, Shoemaker work, are given an approving nod and held up
Smith, made more famous because of his flatly stated, “This is wrong.” He went as the end all on a particular subject.
Pocahontas story? He was an English Ex- on to write that the village covered sev-
plorer who set his sights on searching the eral acres and burned stones, charcoal and Indian Arrowheads, Tioga Point Museum
Susquehanna River and writing down his black earth were indicators of the existence
discoveries. He wrote of the encounter with of the village. Regardless, a cloud now In the arrogance of our youths, there is a
the Indians: “. . . . 60 of those Susqueha- hovered over Spanish Hill’s history. tendency to know just about everything. Aca-
nocks came to us .. . . such great and well demia is no different. As we age, we are sup-
proportioned men are seldom seen, for they Indian Hoe, Tioga Point Museum posed to become much wiser. Perhaps it is be-
seemed like giants . . . The calf of whose leg cause what we have thought to know is shown
was ¾ of a yard around and all the rest of In 1931, the Tioga Point Museum hired to be acutely wrong or irrelevant. Thankfully,
his limbs so answerable to that proportion James Griffin to engage in the Tioga Point we learn from this and, as we move forward in
that he seemed the goodliest man we ever Museum Expedition. Spanish Hill was on the time, come to realize there is very little that we
beheld!” So impressed with these goliaths, list. The exact purpose of looking at the hill truly know for certain. One could only wish
Smith included a drawing of one of them on was in an effort to shed light on the fortifi- that authors on historical subjects would not
a map he drew of the Susquehanna River. cations that had been reported as far back as be so absolute about their findings or, perhaps
the 18th century. Mr. Griffin painstakingly in their older age revise what they had previ-
Ms. Twigg made note of the name Susque- chronicled historical references. They ranged ously produced to include the word maybe.
hannock vs. Andaste. She explained Smith from 1795 to 1870. The earliest mention was Likely, that would never happen since the ex-
named them after the river from which he from Duke Rochefoucault de Liancourt, a perts have obtained a lofty status in their field.
discovered them while it was French mission- French traveler. Any later “observations” post Even if they were to realize their thoughts, and
aries who told of the most warlike of all the 1870 were likely from previous accounts as the their thoughts are simply conjectures, were ab-
savages being the Andastes. 1870 mention placed somewhat of a timeline solutely wrong, there would be no regression
on the demise of the fortification. Mrs. Per- on their part.
Questions Arise kins, a local, was the source of the 1870 infor-
mation wrote, “Many now living remember The result of all this differing of writ-
In 1916, Warren Moorehead started an the beautiful flat lawn of several acres on top ten history is that Spanish Hill may forever
expedition from Ostego Lake, where the of the hill and an enclosure of earth 7-8 feet be mired in the controversy of present day
Susquehanna River emanates. A book, the high, which was within a quarter of a century knowledge, pulled between hard evidence
“Susquehanna River Expedition of 1916” leveled by the plow and harrow.” and supposition. The reality of it all is that
was published 20 years later. Unfortu- Spanish Hill, whose secrets lay hidden for
nately, many of the notes and files of the Sadly, there seems to be a wide ranging centuries, will remain a mystery here in the
expedition were lost when Alanson Skin- consensus on the real history of Spanish Hill. Heart of the Endless Mountains.
ner passed. Many of these files may have Authorities have stated their “findings” and
been on the Spanish Hill investigation, as because they are authorities, their work is
Skinner headed up this part of the adven- many times accepted without repute. Their
ture. As well, during the investigation of
Spanish Hill by Skinner, Moorehead was
away in Massachusetts. Moorehead wrote,
in 1918, that Spanish Hill was an Andaste
village, and that it was the same one Ste-
phen Brule visited in 1615. The 20-year-
later book only devoted 2 pages to the hill
and, perhaps suffering from no personal
knowledge and lost files, he ingloriously
wrote, “Space does not permit us to enter
into lengthy discussion of Spanish Hill.” A
gentleman by the name of Barry Kent, of
the Pennsylvania Historical Commission,
wrote in 1984 that very little was found
on Spanish Hill during the Moorehead’s

30 Endless Mountains Magazine

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Endless Mountains Magazine 31

continued from page 19 Youngsters can try spelling bees, Reading made her “feel protected
science programs, forage activities, Write-Your-Own-Book contests and safe.” It also satisfied her curiosity.
meet-the-candidates events and in- and reading programs with prizes “You get to have these lives that you
formative sessions on gerrymander- never could have had on your own
ing. Youngsters can try spelling bees, varying from place to place and have these experiences that you
Write-Your-Own-Book contests never could have had on your own.”
and reading programs with prizes Then, it wants to help people find jobs in
varying from place to place – the these areas. Later maybe it will focus on all She liked hearing other points
idea is to keep kids in libraries as careers. “We’re busy bees!” Lea declares. of view and learning about the
they get older. To present programs, world. Later, it gave her courage
the libraries sometimes partner with So how did she become this busy Brad- to go out into that world.
other organizations, like the Brad- ford County bee?
ford County Humane Society and Lea has also lived in Tennessee
Mt. Pisgah State Park. Lea was born in Texas. “My family moved and Ohio and attended college
a lot,” she says. They also didn’t have a lot of in North Carolina. She earned a
One major program, of money for luxuries so the first thing they did master’s degree in library science,
course, is the well-known Bookmobile, in a new home was find a library (something specializing in teen services.
based in Burlington, which travels area she still does). She was a “super big nerd,” she Over the years, she worked in retail and
roads bringing materials to day cares, se- claims and has “always been a reader.” for the housing authority. Last year, though,
nior centers or other places a distance from she was able to plunge into libraries full
that library. The current Bookmobile is time, when she took the administrator job.
part of the county library. The position had been open four years, after
previous Administrator June Houghtaling
The United States and especially Pennsyl- became district library consultant in Wil-
vania have fallen behind in science education, liamsport. Today, Lea also serves on the
Lea says. So the system’s trying to support Pennsylvania Library Association Intellec-
STEM (science, technology, engineering and tual Freedom committee.
math) efforts, especially for girls, working Well, there’s the whole system, the whole
with technology and gas companies to teach word. Soon, we’ll start looking at individual
people about these fields. It’s also focusing on libraries in the Bradford County system –
teaching about trades and crafts. the ABCs, you could say.
They should tell a fun story…read more
“That’s where we’re focusing at the mo- about the system in future editions of the
ment,” she says. Endless Mountains Magazine.

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32 Endless Mountains Magazine

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Endless Mountains Magazine 33

TRheUainlrdoeardgrinound

Northeastern Pennsylvania
Story by Norma Paisley-Moore

To appreciate the involvement of our underground road for no one had witnessed Slaves seeking freedom headed north
him above ground. This story was repeated where slavery was abolished. Many came
region in the Underground Railroad it is until “Underground Road” became “Under- through Pennsylvania on their way to
good to understand exactly what it was. The ground Railroad” and the term stuck. Canada. This is where our region comes
Underground Railroad was a term used to in. There were many “stations” through-
describe the people, procedures and places Another popular explanation for the term out our Endless Mountains offering shel-
that a slave or ex-slave could use to gain suggests that the term came about due to the ter, a meal or transportation to those in
safety and hence, freedom. There is no way start of the American Railroad becoming need. The railroad was a secretive col-
to accurately pinpoint when the railroad very popular. Because this network of people lection of folks who used passwords and
began. For certain there have always been was moving people from one place to anoth- cryptic phrases to identify themselves to
those willing to help escaping slaves “dis- er they decided to call it a “railroad.” Because one another in the quest to ferret some-
appear” and reach a safe haven from where it was secret it was “underground.” They ad- one out of slavery and into freedom. They
they could begin new lives. There is specula- opted many of the words associated with the left signs and symbols as well for those on
tion about where the phrase “Underground railroad so that anyone listening might think the run so they could identify a safe place
Railroad” came from but the most com- they were simply discussing trains. to hide or get a meal. The operation was
monly used, if indefinite, explanation came so clandestine that documentation is dif-
about around 1831. In this story a slave by “Conductors” were those who helped peo- ficult to come by and most of what we
the name of Tice Davids had escaped his ple escape and could be trusted. know has been handed down through the
owner in Kentucky and was heading north generations. It is believed that many signs
to freedom. A posse and many others were “Stations” were safe places to hide, such as and symbols were used by those involved
close on his tail and they were certain they a farmer’s barn or the basement of a church, to help convey messages, letting the fugi-
would have him trapped at the Ohio River. even underground tunnels. tives know if a place was safe or if they
He would have to give up or jump in and should use a wooded trail or stay along
swim. When the posse reached the river A “Railroad Line” was a route to be taken. the waterway. Quilts hung on clotheslines
there was no trace of Davids. They found a “Station Masters” were in charge of the sta- were also telling signs of which way a pas-
boat and used it to get to the other side but tions and included farm owners and pastors. senger should go or indicate a certain type
found no sign of the escaped slave. “Ticket Agents” were anyone who scouted of structure that was safe.
out routes.
According to reports the slave owner de- “Passengers” “cargo,” “freight” or “bag- There is still speculation about the use of
clared that there was no way the slave could gage”, referred to the escapees or travelers. continued on page 38
have disappeared, he must have taken an “Stockholders” were those who donated
money, food, clothing or other items.
34 Endless Mountains Magazine A “Jumping off Place” was a safe shelter.

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Endless Mountains Magazine 37

quilts but many agree that the pattern of the Several routes were popular through the threatened fines or imprisonment for aid-
quilts told the traveler whether to look for a northeast when traveling up from Maryland. ing and abetting a slave the real punishment
log cabin, to change clothing or to take a path was much worse. Anyone associated with the
along a stream rather than over a mountain. One was from Pottsville PA, up through Underground Railroad might be burned out,
Wilkes-Barre, into Montrose then on to NY. beaten or tortured along with their families.
Songs were said to have hidden mean-
ing and messages telling of routes and safe Another route brought folks up the When slaves escaped, their owners often
houses. Coded knocks were used to let sta- Susquehanna into Williamsport then placed ads or put up signs seeking help and
tion masters know that the passengers had through Trout Run, Wellsboro and on to offering rewards for their return. A typical ad
been sent by other station masters or con- Elmira. Also following the Susquehanna would name the slave and the date he/she es-
ductors. One very famous song used in the was the route that came similarly along Sul- caped. An ad posted by B. Laport from 1799
Underground Railroad is entitled Follow livan’s March then picked up the river in offers a $2 reward for the return of his property.
the Drinking Gourd, and the lyrics convey Sugar Run, heading through Rummerfield,
a safe route for passengers. Towanda and Ulster. Yet another route The ad goes on to warn that anyone found
came from Sunbury, through Muncy, Loy- guilty of assisting the escapee could depend
When the sun comes back alsock and Estella to the Schrader Branch upon being “prosecuted as the law directs.”
And the first quail calls then along that creek to Towanda. Pas- The Railroad in our region lasted roughly 20
Follow the Drinking Gourd. sengers were often transported in wagons years from ~1840 to ~1860.
For the old man is waiting for hidden under loads of hay or vegetables or
to carry you to freedom, whatever would conceal them. Most trans- To complicate matters, tensions were high
If you follow the Drinking Gourd porting was done at night and stations were with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 set forth by
The river bank makes a mighty good road, about a night’s distance apart. congress. This act urged everyone to hunt and
The dead trees show you the way. return escaped slaves to their rightful owners
Left foot, peg foot, traveling on Many well-known people and families were and threatened treason, punishable by death, to
Follow the Drinking Gourd involved in the railroad and some did little to anyone harboring or abetting a slave. The Dred
The river ends between 2 hills hide their involvement in spite of the risks. Scott decision (1857) came shortly afterward.
Follow the Drinking Gourd. Just a sampling of names of those who risked Scott had been born into slavery in Virginia.
There’s another river on the other side their own safety and freedom were: Dr. Carter
Follow the Drinking Gourd. of Towanda, Alanson Smith of Ulster, William He and his family had lived in the free states
When the great big river meets Griffis of Rummerfield, George Perkins of Ath- of Illinois and Wisconsin for four years and felt
ens, Dr. George Hornton of Sugar Run, Nelson they could win their freedom. Unfortunately,
the little river, Pardoe of Lincoln Falls (south of Shunk) Samu- the Supreme Court decided that a person of
Follow the Drinking Gourd. el and Reuben Battin of Shunk, Valentine Sax- African descent could not claim American citi-
For the old man is a-waiting ton of Granville, Andrew Bunyon of Canton, zenship and therefore could not sue in federal
and Rev. James Parsons of Canton. The most court as Scott had attempted in a fight for his
to carry you to freedom famous name associated with the Underground freedom and the freedom of his family.
If you follow the Drinking Gourd. Railroad was that of Harriet Tubman. There is
evidence that Tubman visited the Towanda area There are many tales and folklore about secret
These words tell passengers to travel in on several occasions. tunnels built beneath houses and running to the
the spring while it is still cold. The drink- river for passengers to effectively disappear. To be
ing gourd is the Big Dipper which points These brave Conductors and Station Mas- certain, tunnels have been discovered in several of
north. The old man is believed to be Peg ters risked a lot to help passengers see their the houses considered to be part of the railroad
Leg Joe, an Underground Railroad opera- dream of freedom. In spite of the diligent from Maryland to New York. Stories also abound
tive who had been a sailor and command- work done, mostly by Quakers, to abolish about the inventiveness of the signs and symbols
ing officer. The route began in Alabama slavery, and the induction of the Gradual used to direct and warn passengers of what was to
and follows the rivers north. The dead trees Abolition Act in 1780, the other side was come ahead. In today’s world it is hard to imagine
were marked with charcoal or mud. The working hard to make sure that anyone help- that a mere 150 years ago we went to war over the
route ended in Kentucky where Peg Leg ing a slave would be severely punished. They “right” to own another human being. I am grate-
Joe waited to help them get away. were busy passing laws to seize anti-slavery ful that this great country of ours is about freedom
brochures or papers and while they publicly and that we have come so far from where we were.

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